第一篇:商务英语翻译教案
商务英语翻译
总学时:36(2节/周)• 开课时间: • 适用班级: • 专业:商务英语
• 使用教材:《商务英语翻译》 • 出版社:高等教育出版社 • 授课教师: 教学目的
本教程旨在让学生掌握英汉互译的基本技巧,包括词汇翻译技巧、句子翻译技巧以及商务文体的翻译,不断扩大学生的词汇量和双语互译水平,能准确通顺地翻译一般难度的商务文体和其他各种材料。教学方法
• 在课堂上主要讲授专题翻译技巧,通过讨论互动形式让学生翻译,并讲解翻译要点。
• 在课后主要是通过布置作业巩固所学的翻译技巧,以章节文体翻译为任务驱动,并要求学生查阅资料,不断提高翻译水平。教学要求 1.掌握本单元翻译技巧; 2.熟悉本单元的篇章翻译主题; 3.熟记与本单元主题相关的词汇; 4.基本句子翻译训练与篇章翻译; 5.课外作业及翻译笔记。考核方式
•平时成绩占 30%(出勤、课堂表现、作业)• 期末考试占 70% • 考试方式:试卷
Chapter One: General introduction to Business translation
1.Teaching Objectives ● To learn basic knowledge about translation ● To master the translation theory: translation process and translation standard ● To be familiar with translation skills: literal translation and liberal translation 2.Teaching Focus ● translation theory: translation process and translation standard ● translation skills: literal translation and liberal translation 3.Teaching Difficulties ● What to consider in the translating ● How to transfer the original meaning into acceptable target language 4.Characteristics of the Teaching ● Integration of theory and practice 5.Teaching Methods ● Lecturing, exemplification, heuristic method, class discussion 6.Teaching Facility ● Multi-media(PPT), blackboard writing 7.Teaching procedure and content 7.1 Lead-in Work(5mins): Importance, task, and requirements.7.2翻译的定义(Definition of translation)
定义1: 把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表示出来。(translation means translating meaning)《现状汉语字典》 定义2:把一种语言翻译成另一种语言。(translation is an activity of bilingual transformation)《韦氏新大学辞典》 定义3:翻译是按照作者的意图把一篇文章的意思用另一种语言描述出来的过程。Peter Newmark: Translation is rendering the meaning of a text into another language in the way that the author intended the text.)定义4:所谓翻译,是指首先从语意、其次从文体在译语中用最贴近、最自然的对等语再现源语的信息。Eugene A.Nida: Translation consists in reproducing in the target language the closest natural equivalent of the source language message, first in terms of meaning and secondly in terms of style.)定义5: 翻译是异种文字语言或符号语言通过人脑思维或电脑预算进行标准化的等价交换行为。黄龙 • 定义6:翻译是带着镣铐跳舞。钱钟书 • 定义7:翻译即叛逆。法国:斯皮瓦克
• 定义8:翻译是把一种语言的言语产物在保持内容方面,也就是意义不变的情况下改变为另一种语言的言语产物的过程。苏联:巴尔胡达罗夫
• 定义8:翻译是运用一种语言把另一种语言所表达的思维内容准确而完整地重新表达出来的语言活动。张培基:《英汉翻译教程》 • 定义9:广义的翻译是指语言与语言、语言变体与语言变体、语言与非语言等的代码转换和基本信息的传达。狭义的翻译是一种语言活动,是把一种语言所表达的内容忠实地用另一种语言表达出来。杨莉藜: 《英汉互译教程》
• 定义10:翻译是许多语言活动中的一种,它是用一种语言形式把另一种语言形式里的内容重新表现出来的语言实践活动。翻译是门艺术,是语言的再创作艺术。冯庆华:《实用翻译教程》 • 定义11:翻译是跨语言、跨文化的交际活动。翻译是科学、翻译是艺术、翻译是技能。陈宏薇:《汉英翻译基础》 7.3翻译的分类 • 按代码分:语内翻译(intralingual translation)、语际翻译(interlingual translation)、语符翻译(intersemiotic translation)• 按主体的性质分:人工翻译(manual translation)、机器翻译(machine translation)• 按翻译的工具和成品形式分:口译(interpretation)、笔译(translation)• 按翻译的性质分:文学翻译(literary translation: 包括小说、诗歌、戏剧等文学作品)和实用翻译(pragmatic translation:包括科技、商务、公文、法律等翻译)
• 按翻译的模式分:全译、摘译、编译、缩译、改译等。7.4翻译的过程
• 理解(comprehension)
理解的内涵:理解语言现象(原文词汇意义、句法结构、修辞手段和惯用法等)、理解文化背景、逻辑关系和语境。一般从四个方面着手:语篇分析、语体分析、语法分析和语义分析层层入手。
例1:Suddenly the line went limp.“I’m going back,” said Kurth.“We must have a break somewhere.Wait for me.I’ll be back in five minutes.”(词汇意义的理解)
(队伍突然乱了。“我回去看看,”科斯说,“我们得找个地方休息一会。你们等一会儿,我五分钟就回来。”)例2:It’s three years since I smoked.(我抽烟三年了)此处对since有错误的理解,其余延续性和非延续性动词一起使用时语法意义不同。与延续性动词一起使用表示一个动作的结束;与非延续性动词一起使用表示一个动作的开始。It’s three years since I began to smoke.才是抽烟已经三年了的意思。(语法结构的理解)例3:What a lawyer would do after his death?-Lie still.(律师死后会做什么?-静静地躺着。[继续撒谎] 修辞手段的理解 例4:Her performance brought down the house.(她的表演赢得了满堂喝彩.)(习语的理解)
例5:She is as fair as Helen.(她是一位绝代佳人。或她和海伦一样漂亮。)(文化背景的理解)
例6:I don’t teach because teaching is easy for me.(我教书并非因为教书对我来说很容易。)(弄清逻辑关系)例7:The sun gives light and heat.The leading lights of diplomacy are having a meeting in New York.Could you give me a light? A smile of triumph lit up her face.I Had a light meal.Aluminum is a light metal.书上例1和例2.(语境的理解)● 表达(reproduction)表达是翻译的第二步,是译者把所理解的内容正确、充分而又自然地传达给读者的过程。要注意体现原文的思想内容、语体色彩,做到内容和风格上忠实原文,而且又要符合译入语的语法和表达习惯。例1:Don’t cross the bridge till you get it.例2:A doctor’s duty is to make every effort to save the dying and the wounded.书上例子1和2.● 校 核(Revision)• 校核内容:检查译文中的人名、地名、日期、方位、数字等是否正确;
• 修改译文中错译或不妥之处; • 检查是否有段、句或重要的词漏译。7.5 翻译方法
• 直译(Literal Translation):把一种语言所传达的内容和形式变换为另一种语言和形式的过程,力求保持原文的形式。• 汉语和英语属于两种不同的语系,但在词汇、句子结构、语序和文化内涵等方面又有一定的对等性,这也是直译的基础。例如,在英语的几种句型结构中,英语和汉语有很大程度上是对应的。1)主语+系动词+表语 2)主语+不及物动词 3)主语+及物动词+宾语 4)主语+及物动词+双宾语
5)主语+及物动词+复合宾语(宾语和宾语补足语)6)There+be+主语
• 适用范围:词义对等的词语、借用的概念和术语、大部分句子。• 书上例子1, 2, 3.例如:1)Today, technology has made us all virtual neighbors.• 今天,科技使我们所有国家实际上成为邻邦。
2)As you build a new China, American wants to build a new relationship with you;We want China to be successful, secure and open, working with us for a more peaceful and prosperous world.• 当你们建设一个新中国的时候,美国希望同你们建立一种新型关系,我们希望中国成功、安全、开放,同我们一道为一个更加和平、繁荣的世界而工作。
3)首先,请允许我代表在座的,向我们的贵宾表示热烈的欢迎和真诚的问候。
• First of all, please allow me, on behalf of all present here, to extend our warm welcome and cordial greetings to our distinguished guests.意 译(liberal translation):意译是由于两种语言的差异性造成而选择的一种翻译方法,如果直译对翻译造成意思含糊不清,不能确切地表达原语的信息和文化内涵,甚至还引起严重误解,牛马不相及时,这时译员要采取其他变通方法,做适当的语法和词汇调整,或进行解释性翻译,但关键是要翻译出原语的真正含义。
直译和意译比较
• 例如:
直译 意译
Queen’s English 女王的英语 标准英语
I will show you the ropes.我给你看些绳子。我教你做法。• 拳头产品 fist products competitive-edge products • It’s an order from President Bush.” “I don’t care if it is from bush, tree, or grass.”
• 直译:“这是布什总统的命令。”“我不在意它是来自灌木、树,还是草。
• 意译:“这是布什总统的命令。”“管它什么布什、布头,还是布片呢,与我无关。
• 三个人品字式坐下,闲聊了一会。
• The three men sat facing each other in a triangle way and talking for a while.• 实际上,直译和意译有时很难区分,意译也要受原文的约束,不是完全的“自由”。例如:
• Wasted and withering years 蹉跎岁月
• Just to reap easy-to-reach profit 坐收近水楼台之利 译员的素养(qualification of translators)• Solid foundation of languages • Wide knowledge • Strict working attitude • Knowledge of translation skills and theories • Strong sense of duty 7.6 中国翻译史
中国翻译史历史悠久,约有2000多年的光辉历史,已经形成了自己的体系。共出现了五次翻译高潮。第一次高潮:佛经翻译。
a.民间私人事业阶段:1)东汉桓帝建和二年(公元148年),译者为安世高,其人为安息(波斯)人,翻译了《安般守意经》等95部;2)支娄迦谶也来到中国,他的学生有个叫支亮,支亮有个弟子叫支谦,号称“三支”,佛经翻译很有名。月支派还有个叫竺法护,是个大翻译家,翻译了175部佛经,对佛法的流传贡献很大。
b.有组织的活动:苻秦时代,释道安主持设置译场。期间还来了个天竺(印度)人鸠摩罗什,他主张意译,并提倡翻译署名。翻译了《金刚般若波罗密经》、《妙法莲华经》等384卷佛经;真谛,应梁武王邀请来花译经传教,其《摄大乘论》影响最大。玄奘(唐三藏、高僧)在我国家喻户晓,与鸠摩罗什和真谛一起号称佛教三大翻译家,他是“有史以来翻译家的第一人,主持新译,吧佛经由梵文翻译成汉文,还把老子著作的一部分翻译成梵文,成我我国历史上第一个吧汉文著作向国外介绍的人,提出:“既须求真,又须喻俗”的翻译标准。第二次翻译高潮:科学翻译
时间:明代万历年间到清代;翻译家:徐光启、林纾(林琴南)、严复(严又陵)等为代表介绍西欧的科学、文学、哲学。徐光启:与利玛窦合译《几何原本》,《测量法义》;
林纾:文学家、文论家、诗人和画家,他以口授的方式翻译了160多部文学作品,著名的有《巴黎茶花女遗事》(La Dame au Camelias)、《黑奴呼天录》(Uncle Tom’s Cabin)、块肉余生述(David Copperfield)、王子复仇记(Hamlet),他不懂外文,故删减、遗漏之处甚多;
严复:天演论(Evolution and Ethics and Other Essays)、社会通诠(A History of Politics)、原富(An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations);提出“信、达、雅”的翻译标准;
第三次翻译高潮:五四运动,近代翻译的分水岭,翻译活动和规模和影响超过了近代任何一个时期,有政治目的,翻译了关于马列主义的,西方思想家的和科学家的著作,推动社会改革和进步;
第四次高潮:1946-1956年上半年-我国翻译队伍初具规模;1956下半年-1966上半年-我国翻译事业有组织、有计划地发展; 第五次翻译高潮:1978-至今,我国翻译事业蓬勃发展。作业参考译文:
对投资者而言,今年初夏泰国经济严重衰退的消息乍看上去似乎有些骇人听闻,但只要越过标题认真了解一下有关的具体内容就会发现,泰国经济增长的阵痛,对投资者来说意味着巨大的收益。也就是说,危机中蕴含着巨大的机遇。姗姗来迟的经济改革和基础经济结构调整肯定会吸收外来投资者。
国际货币基金组织(IMF)的经济复苏计划使泰国必须进行必要的改革。金融部门不能继续处于失控状态,经济也不能再由过热的发展。现在泰国正在强有力地控制经济发展速度,避免经济过渡增长。新出台的保护措施意味着未来几年经济将稳定增长。泰国正从沉重的教训中总结经验,指导今后的发展。
Summery and assignments: Exercise3 on page 10.第二章: 商务英语和商务英语翻译Business English and its
translation
1.商务英语的界定: • 商务英语与普通英语的关系:A functional variety of common English, one kind of ESP(English for Special Purpose)• 商务英语范畴: Language knowledge;Communication skills, Professional content;Management skills;Cultural background.-Nick Brieger • 商务英语: English used in the international business activities such as technology introduction, business advertising, foreign trade, business invitation, foreign labor services contract, business insurance, international investment, international transportation etc.which involve with at least two enterprises or agents from different countries.2.商务英语的文体特点
● 大量使用商务专业词汇(Terms or jargons):商务英语的语言形式、词汇以及内容等方面与专业密切相关,所承载的是商务理论和商务实践等方面的信息。例如:银行业:BIS:Bank for international settlement(国际清算银行)、D/D: demand draft(即期汇票)、D/P: document against payment(付款交单);运输业:Ex Dock(码头交货)、F.A.S.(Free alongside ship 船边交货)、FOB(离岸价)、保险业:A.P.(Additional premium 附加费)、W.P.A.(with particular average 水渍险)GSP(generalized system of preferences普惠制)等等。例句:
1)Our terms of payment are by confirmed, irrevocable L/C by draft at sight.我方付款方式是凭保兑的、不可撤消的即期信用证付款。2)As agreed, the terms of payment for the above orders are letter of credit at 60 days’ sight or D/P sight draft.按照协定,上述订货的付款方式是见票60天的信用证,或付款交单的即期汇票。
3)The issuing bank is bound to pay drawings under the credit negotiated by the advising bank.开证行对通知行议付的信用证负有付款责任。● 语言正式、精炼,用词严谨、规范,词义准确 多用 不用
approval approbation prior to /previous to before think cogitate continue keep on/go on discuss have a discussion apply file an application investigate
hold an investigation in the nature of like for the purpose of for on the grounds that since / because with reference/regard to about ● 语句复杂,句式规范,文体正式
例1:Three full sets of negotiable, clean on board, original ocean Bill of Lading made out to the order of shipper and blank endorsed, notifying China Nation Foreign Trade Transportation Corporation at the port of destination.全套可转让清洁已装船海运提单正本三份,以托运人指定的人为抬头,空白背书,通知目的港的中国外贸运输公司。
例2: 买方应在货到目的港30天内向卖方提交索赔通知,在此期间如卖方未接到买方索赔通知及授权检验机构出具的证明材料,则认为买方无索赔要求。
Buyer shall give Seller notice of any claim within 30 days after arrival of goods at the port of destination.Unless such notice, accompanied by proof certified by an authorized surveyor, arrives at the Seller’s office during such 30 days periods, Buyer shall be deemed to have waived any claim.●常使用现在时、被动语态、祈使句和情态动词表达时效性、客观性、礼貌性
例1: Unless otherwise stipulated in the L/C, the expression “shipment” used in stipulating an earlier and/or latest shipment date shall be understood to include the expression “loading on board”, “dispatch” and “taking in charge”.除非信用证另有规定,用于规定最早及/或最迟装运期的“装运”一词应理解为包括“装船”、“发运” 和“接受监管”
例2:Also under separate cover we are sending you some samples and feel confident that when you have examine them you can be certain that the goods are both excellent in quality and very reasonable in price.译文:此外,另邮寄样品一些,相信贵公司审视后,可确定这些产品物美价廉。3.商务英语翻译标准
• • 翻译标准:
严复提出的“信、达、雅”(faithfulness, expressiveness and elegance)• • Eugene A.Nida: 功能对等(functional equivalence)Peter Newmark: 语义翻译和交际翻译
张培基:忠实、通顺(faithfulness, smoothness)刘重德:信、达、切(fidelity, expressiveness, closeness)商务英语翻译标准:“忠实、准确、统一” —刘法公 4.商务英语翻译要点
1)正确理解文中的专业术语、背景知识、句子结构
例1:I read all the anti-trade literature I could get my hands on.Yet throughout it all, not once did I hear a logical, never mind reasonable, case against free trade.我阅读了所有能够找到的反自由贸易的宣传资料,但从头至尾,找不出任何合乎逻辑的反自由贸易实例,姑且不谈它们是否有道理。
分析:literature与“文学”无关,而是指小册子之类的印刷品,hear不是“听见”,而是“获取信息”之意,never mind reasonable不是修饰case,而是插入语。
例2.三来一补(指来料、来图、来样加工和补偿贸易)The “three-plus-one” trading mix(custom manufacturing with materials, designs or samples supplied and compensated trade)2)学一些商务知识,熟悉两种语言对同一概念的表达习惯 escape clause(免责条款)concessionary loans(优惠贷款)consignment(寄售)In a foreign transaction, an open account is a convenient method of payment and may be satisfactory if the buyer is well established, has demonstrated a long and favorable payment record, or has been thoroughly checked for creditworthiness.在对外贸易中,记账赊销是一种方便的付款方式。如果买方资信优良,长期以来又有良好的支付记录,或其信誉经过彻底核实,那么,采用此种方式可能是令人满意的。
3)做到译文准确、统一
例1:The bank in Ecuador will instruct its agent bank in the United States to establish a letter of credit.Price: RMB 30 per yard, C.I.F.C, 5%, Lagos.Payment: by confirmed, irrevocable L/C payable by draft at sight to be opened 30 days prior to the date of shipment.厄瓜多尔银行将通知它在美国的代理银行开具信用证。价格为:成本、保险加运费到拉格斯,每码30元人民币,包括5%的佣金。付款方式为:使用保兑的、不可撤消的即期信用证付款
Assignments and summary: Page 20: Exercise 3(3,5,7,9,10).Teaching reflection: The students feel quite difficult for the translation of business English, for there are so many difficult words that are quite different from their usuall meanings.They need to accumulate more terminology in the process of study.第三章: 英汉翻译中的词语翻译(Diction选词用字)1.复习:商务英语文体的风格及其翻译;
2.简介:词汇选择在翻译中的重要性;词汇的选择如何理解。Diction(i.e.choice of words)is as important in E-C translation as in C-E translation.As we said, English is as complex and sophisticated a language as Chinese is, and, as is the case with Chinese, a word is capable of being used in five, ten or even more different senses, depending on the different collocations or contexts.3.英汉词语的对比
3.1英语词汇一词多义的现象颇为普遍,其涵义范围比较宽,比较丰富多彩,词义对上下文的依赖性比较大,独立性比较小。-----刘宓庆 3.2英语词汇孤立的时候,词汇的意义是无法确定的,即是游移不定的,所以说词汇的意义即是其在语言中的运用。
(The meaning of a word is its use in language.)Weigenstein 维根斯坦
3.3 现代汉语词汇的涵义范围比较窄,词义比较精确、固定、严谨,其伸缩性和对上下文的依赖性较小,具有较强的独立性。没有上下文的情况下语义的差别不大。
3.4 英语在现代科技飞速发展的今天,不断更新词汇,词义范围越来越大;而汉语语言有着悠久的历史传统,有特殊的民族文化底蕴和内涵,故汉语的词义很不容易受外部环境的影响,并在一定程度上“流于执着、凝滞,不易变通”。
3.5 英语词语的语体分为五种:超正式体,正式体,普通体,非正式体,超非正式体;汉语分为三种:书面体,普通体和口语体。4.词语翻译注意事项
4.1 注意常用的字和词语,切忌望文生义。因为其一词多义的现象,所以翻译时要根据词性和上下文来判断一个词语或字的意义。例如: Run: run作为不及物动词有31个释义,作为及物动词有25个释义,作为名词有38个释义,作为形容词有4个释义。给我们翻译带来困难的不仅是一词多义,还有词语搭配中的虚实两用,即一个词的原义,或者是实义以及它的引申义,或者是虚义。例如: Run across: 跑过 偶然碰见 Run away: 跑开 失去控制 Run back over: 跑会 回顾
Run counter to: 跑离 违反 与„.背道相驰;Run down:跑下 用完;撞到;贬低 Run in: 跑进 顺便探望; Run into:跑进 限于,偶然碰到 Run to seed:变得不修边幅 Run for: 竞选 Run aground:搁浅 Run wild: 发疯;
Run a sword through sb.: 用刀刺死 汉语也是如此:
上班:go to work;be on duty;上报:appear in the newspaper, to report to a higher authority;上膘: become fat;上场:appear on the stage;上当:be taken in He was badly wounded in the head.他头部受重伤。You should use your head a bit.你该用一下自己的头脑。He has a good head for mathmatics.他的数学能力很强。Prick with the head of a neele.用针尖挑。4.2 翻译时对不确定的词义要勤查字典;
4.3 选词就是找到最好的表达方法:一般说来,词义的选择是在一组同义词或近义词之间进行的。翻译时要注意原文与译文在文体、语域、比喻形象和感情色彩上的对应程度。如:
死:亡,故,卒,誓,崩, 亡故, 身故,物化,谢世,过世,就世,仙逝,归西,回老家,玩儿完,粉身碎骨,溘然长逝,寿终正寝,一命呜呼等表达。
Perish, succumb, suffocate, expire, decease, depart, drown, fall, hang, cease respiration, relinquish life, lose one’s life, emit the last breath, cease to exist, come to a violent death, come to naught, meet one’s death, commit suicide, end one’s days, be no more, drop dead, pass away, fade away, check in, check out, burn out, kick in, kick off, go up, cash in, go west 等; 1)go to sleep 长眠; 2)to be no more 没了,不在了; 3)to close one’s eyes 闭眼,合眼; 4)to lay down one’s life: 献身; 5)to die martyr: 牺牲;6)to expire 逝世; 7)to pass away 与世长辞,去世 8)to end one’s way 寿终; 9)to go west 归西 10)to breathe one’s last:咽气,断气;11)to come to a violent death 横死;死于非命
12)to give up the ghost: 见阎王;13)to kick the bucket 翘辫子,翻白眼; 14)abandon the world 弃世,谢世 15)to pay the debt of nature 了解尘缘 再如: 1)2)3)4)
是我的好友。
以上翻译不需选词,但是在比较正规的书面语体里就不能一味地用“好”来翻译good, 应根据上下文来选用有一定文采的比较正规的褒义词。如: 1)
这是一位举止得体的姑娘。2)
There were all labeled as good It was a girl with good manners.He is a good man.他是个好人。This is a good book.这是本好书。I wish you good luck.祝你好运。She is a good friend of mine.她eggs.这些都被标为新鲜的鸡蛋。3)
Dogs are often regarded as man’s good friends.狗经常被认为是人们的忠实朋友。4)
He was told, when complaining that he could not follow Nasser’s movies, that Nasser was a good chess player.有一次,当他抱怨纳赛尔棋步难以捉摸时,有人对他说,纳赛尔是个高明的棋手。5)
He once again imparted to us his great knowledge, experience and wisdom.我们又一次领受了他那广博的知识、丰富的经验和无穷的智慧。6)
In every Chinese city, we got into the streets, shops, parks, theatres and restaurants.在中国我们每到一个城市,就逛大街、逛公园、上剧场、下饭馆。注意区别褒义词和贬义词。
1)Then Hilter’d black empire would suddeny collapse in rubble, blood, and flame.希特勒的黑暗帝国,顷刻之间就会在血泊与烈火中崩溃,夷为废墟。5.翻译书上例子讲解。练习:
1)I have a short memory.2)Liu Hu-lan’s life was short brilliant.3)He complained that the notice was too short.4)Indeed he has a shourt temper.第四章: 英汉翻译中的增词法与减词法
1.复习英汉翻译“词汇的选择”;
Be careful about the “polysemy” phenomena;Be mindful of “collocation” in Chinese;Making distinction between “derogatory” terms and “commendatory” terms;Pay attention to the style, register, and rhetorics of the language;2.介绍新课内容增词法和减词法的翻译(Amplification and Omission);
Usually a translator is not supposed to add any meaning to or subtract any meaning from the original work.This is the principle not to be violated in translation.However, it does not follow that a translator should refrain from supplying or reducing the necessary words to make his version both accurate and in keeping with the usage of the language translated into.Both amplification and omission are often employed in E-C and C-E translation.3.增词法理解:1)就是在原文的基础上添加必要的单词、词组、分句或完整句,从而使得译文在语法、语言形式上符合译文习惯和在文化背景、词语联想方面与原文一致,即译文和原文在内容、形式和精神三方面都对等起来。--冯庆华
2)指翻译时按照意义(或修辞)和句法的需要,增加一些词来更忠实、通顺地表达原文的思想内容。4.增词法的理据:
1)为了语法上的需要(英语的复数形式,时态等);例如:
例1:The English language is in very good shape.It is changing in its own undiscoverable way, but it is not going rotten like a plum dropping off a tree.英语目前的情况很好,它正按照它那不易为人发现的方式在起着变化,而不是像一只树上掉下来的李子那样在逐渐腐烂。
例2:I had imagined it to be merely a gesture of affection, but it seems it is to smell the lamb and make sure that it is her own.原来我译文这不过是一种亲热的表示,但是现在看来,这是为了闻一闻羊羔的味道,来断定是不是自己生的。(增加时间状语)
例3.I have not been satisfied with my efforts to date and I have been constantly searching for some sort of organized and systematic contribution wihich I could make to bridging the gaps between the Eastern and Western worlds.我对到目前为止所做的努力并不满意,我一直在寻求能够有组织地、系统地写点东西,以弥合东西方世界之间的沟壑。(增加时间状语)例4:Courage in excess becomes foolhardiness, affection()weakness, thrift()avarice.勇敢过度即成蛮勇,感情过度即成溺爱,节俭过度即成贪婪。(增加省略的成分)
2)为了表达的清晰和自然;常增加动词、形容词、名词、副词、量词、语气词、范畴词、概括性的词和承上启下的词。
例1:the financing of the sale often involves bills of exchange and documentary credits 商品买卖的货款收付情况体现在汇票或跟单信用证中。
例2:After the football match, he’s got an important meeting.在观看足球比赛之后,他有一个重要的会议去参加。(增加动词)例3:Basically, the theory proposed, among other things, that the maximum speed possible in the universe is that of light;就其基本内容而言,这一学说提出的论点包括:光速是宇宙中最快的速度;(增加修饰语,以示强调)
例4:Not to educate him(the child)is to condemn him to repetitious ignorance.如果我们部队儿童进行教育的话,那就要使儿童沦入世世代代的愚昧状态。(增加名词)
例5:Sino-British links have multiplied – political, commercial, educational, cultural, defensce, science and technology.中英两国在政治、商务、教育、文化、国防和科技等方面的联系成倍地增加了。(增加概括词)
例6:Old age is like a palne flying through a storm.Once you are aboard, there’s nothing you can do.老年就像一架在暴风雨中穿行的飞机,一旦你上去了,一切都将无能为力。(增加量词)3)
识或文化知识而增词。
例1:Le Monde, the B.B.C., the New York Times, the entire Arab press, all quote Heikal at length.法国的《世界报》、英国广播公司、美国《纽约时报》以及整个阿
为了沟通不同的文化:增加背景知拉伯世界,都经常大量引用海卡尔的话。(增加背景知识)例2:The blond boy quickly corossed himself.那个金发小男孩立刻在胸前划十字,祈求上帝保佑。(增加文化知识)
例3:This greatest scientist was born in New England.这位伟大的科学家出生在美国东北部的新英格兰。(增加背景知识)例4:三个臭皮匠,胜过诸葛亮。
The wit of three cobblers combined surpasses Zhuge Liang the master mind.(增加文化内涵)练习:
1.They have done for the State far more than we have.(句法省略的词汇)2.We recognize-and share-China’s resolve to resist the attempts of any nation which seeks to establish global or regional hegemony.3.We in Britain have every reason to wish for better relations with the states of Eastern Europe.And we do sincerely want them.(使用代词避免重复)4.Those werethe words that were to make the world blossol for me, “like Aaron’s rod, with flowers”.英汉翻译中的减词法
1.复习增译法主要内容。2.介绍本节课内容。
3.减词法(omission):As noted in the last class, because of the difference in syntax and usage between Chinese and English the metods of “amplification” and “omission” are called for, depending on the real meaning of the original and the usage of the language to be translated into.4.减词法依据:与英语相比,汉语中代词(尤其是人称代词)和连接词(尤其是并列连接词“和”)使用得很少,能省略的代词和连接词一般不在句子里出现。此外,英语中有冠词,汉语中没有。因此,在英译汉时应避免在句子里过多地使用代词和连接词,否则译文就会显得不自然、不流畅,这时就要采用减词法翻译。5.减词法使用的场合 1)冠词的省略。例如:
That veteran scientist says, ‘Remote sensing of the earth form man-made satellites seems to have an extremely pomising future.’
译文:那位老科学家说,‘从人造卫星上对地球进行遥感勘测,其前途看来是不可限量的。2)物主代词的省略(omission of possessive pronoun)
例如:He put his hands into his pockets and then shrugged his shoulders.译文:他把双手放进口袋里,然后耸了耸肩膀。3)省略关系代词(omission of relative pronouns)。
例如:Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist.译文:不承认这个事实,就不是唯物主义者。
“We have seven days in a week,” said the teacher to the pupils.老师对小学生说:“一个星期有七天。” 4)结构词的省略。(omission of structural words)例如:The transfer of administrative personnel in that colony was so frequent as to create a kaleidoscopic effect.在那个殖民地,行政官员调换频繁,就像走马丁似的。5)系动词的省略(omission of linking verbs)。
例如:It was hot and humid yesterday.昨天的天气又热又潮湿。These developoing countries cover vast territories, encompass a large population and abound in natural resources.这些发展中国家,土地辽阔,人口众多,资源丰富。6)比较标志词的省略(omission of signs of compoarsion)。First, there are quite a few English expressions wihich, though of a “comparative degree” in form, stand for a specific concept or state of affairs;and this kind of “comparative degree” is usually not to be expressed in the Chinese version.e.g.higher education高等教育;younger generation年轻的一代;better students优秀学生;weaker states弱国, etc.例如:Jiangsu Province is smaller in area, but denser in population, than Xinjiang Uighur Autonomous Region.译文:江苏省面积比新疆维吾尔自治区小,人口却比新疆稠密。6.解释书上例子。
1.The retailers perform many functions.First, he may provide a convenient location.Also, he often guarantees and services the merchandise he sells.Third, the retailer aids in promoting the product, often through displays and advertising.Fourth, the retailer may finance the customer by extending credit.Further, the retailer performs storage function in his outlet, by having goods available.练习:
1.He is not well today, but he still comes to class.他今天身体不好,但(他)还是来上课了。2.It is better to do well than to say well.说得好不如做得好。
3.The sun is bright, and the sky is clear.阳光灿烂,晴空万里。
4.In September 1939, the Second World War broke out.(在)1939年9月,第二次世界大战爆发。5.这架电视机真是价廉物美。
This television is really cheap(in price)and fine(in quality).第五章:英汉翻译中的重复翻译法
1.教学目标
● 英汉语重复的目的; ● 英汉语重复的缺点; ● 英语避免重复的方法; ● 汉语重复表达的特点; ● 英汉重复翻译技巧。2.教学重点
● 英语避免重复的方法; ● 汉语重复表达的特点; ● 英汉重复翻译技巧。3.教学难点
● 两种语言的特点比较及翻译技巧的掌握。4.教学特点 ● 理论与实践相结合 5.教学方法
●讲授法,示例法,课堂讨论对比法,交际法。6.教学设施
● 多媒体(PPT), 黑板 7.教学步骤:
7.1 复习翻译的减词法:
Q1:Why is omission necessary for the English-Chinese translation?(语言对比)Q2:How many cases should be used the translation skill of omission? What are they? 7.2 英汉语重复表达的目的:
1)表达强调语势;2)表达生动活泼;3)表达明确。7.3 英汉语重复的缺点:重复使得表达啰嗦,单调乏味。
7.4 英语避免重复的方法:英语中尽量采用替代、省略或变换方法来避免无意图的重复,这样不仅能使行文简洁、有力,而且符合英语民族的语言心理习惯。替代(substitution)有名词性替代、动词性替代、分句性替代。省略有名词性省略、动词性省略、分句性省略、句法的省略、情景的省略等。变换主要指利用同义词、近义词复现和句式变化等来避免重复。
7.4.1 指代法:使用代词(人称代词、物主代词、指示代词以及用于非限制性定语从句的关系代词)来避免重复。
例如:The U.S.infantryman, while requiring far too luxurious logistical support, put up a nice fight in France;he was fresh, well-fed, and unscarred by battle.译文:虽然美国步兵部队需要的后勤供给过于奢侈,但在法国的一仗却打得十分漂亮。他们精神饱满,营养充足,战争没有给他们留下任何创伤。书上例子。
7.4.2 换词法:使用范畴词、同义词或准同义词来避免重复。例1:John’s bought himself a new Ford.He practically lives in the car.约翰给自己买了一部新的福特牌汽车,他几乎就住在这部汽车里。例2:I don’t know where to stay when I arrive in New York.I have never been to that place.我不知道到了纽约要住在哪里,我从来没有去过那个地方。
例3:The monkey’s most extraordinary feat was learning to operate a tractor.By the age of nine, the animal had learned to solo on the vehicle.这只猴子最了不起的技能是学会驾驶拖拉机。到了九岁的时候,这只猴子已经学会单独表演驾驶拖拉机了。书上例子。
7.4.3 替代法:使用替代词语或替代句型来避免重复。
1)名词性替代(nominal substitution):用代词或某些名词来取代名词(词组),如第三人称代词、指示代词(this, that, thiese, those)、关系代词(who,whom,whose, that, which)、连接代词(who, whom, whose, what, which)、不定代词(all, wach, every, both, either, neither, one/ones, none, little, few, several, many, much, other, some, any, no)以及名词(enough, half, the same, the kind, the sort, the former, the latter)等。
例1:A chemical change is one in which the structure of particles is changed and a new substance is formed.化学变化是改变粒子结构、形成新物质的一种变化。
例2: He hated failure;he had conquered it all his life, risen above it, and despised it in others.他讨厌失败,他一生中曾战胜失败,超越失败,并且藐视别人的失败。2)动词性替代:用替代词来取代动词或词组。主要类型见书上。例1:The Americans are reducing their defence expenditure this year.I wonder if the Russians will do too.美国人今年已在削减国防开支,我怀疑俄国人也会这样做。例2: You don’t want to lag behind.Neither does she.你不愿意落后,她也不愿意落后。
例3:Mary speaks Chinese, and that very well.玛丽会讲汉语,而且讲得很好。
3)分句性替代(clausal substitution):用替代词so 或not来取代充当宾语的that 从句,用if so 或if not 来取代条件从句,用as来取代分句的一部分。例1:People believe that the American team will win the football game.Peter thinks so, but I believe not.人们认为美国队将赢得这场足球比赛,彼得也是这样认为的,我却认为并非如此。
例2:The Chinese have always been a great, courageous and industrious nation;it is only in modern times that they have fallen behind.And that was due entirely to oppression and exploitation by foreign imperialism and domestic reactionary governments.中国人从来就是一个伟大的勇敢的勤劳的民族,只是在近代落伍了。这种落伍,完全是被外国帝国主义和本国反动政府所压迫和剥削的结果。
7.4.4.省略法:删去句中相同的词语来避免重复。
例1:A man is called selfish, not for pursuing his own good, but for neglecting his neighbor’s.说一个人自私自利,并非因为他只图自己的利益,而是因为他不顾邻人的利益。
例2:One cannot learn to produce a sound from an explanation only, or get a correct idea of a flavor from a description: a sound must be heard, a color seen, a flavor tasted, an odor inhaled.人不能只从讲解中学会发音,也不能光靠看说明而真正体会出某种滋味来:声音必须耳闻,颜色必须目见,滋味必须口尝,气味必须吸入。7.4.5 保留介词法:即保留同一个介词以回避名词、动词或形容词的重复。例子:见书上。
7.4.6 紧缩法:就是将语句中两个或几个相关联的成分合成在一起,以避免一些词语的重复,使文字变得简洁紧凑。
例1:He was particularly interested in the articles on and by Lu Xun.他特别喜欢评论鲁迅的文章,也特别喜欢鲁迅写的文章。见书。
7.5 汉语重复表达特点:与英语不同,重复是汉语的一个特点,表现在语音上的需要,语法的需要和修辞上的需要。汉语的重复倾向与其语音文字的特点有密切的关系。汉字属于音节文字,一个汉字代表一个音节,音节分为声。韵、调单个部分,元音在音节中处于主要的地位,配上不同声调的升降抑扬,使得汉语具有铿锵动听的音乐美。现代汉语中双音节占优势,讲究词语的偶数音节的组合,读起来顺口,给人整齐、匀称而又平稳、舒畅的感觉。7.5.1 重叠(reduplication): 名词重叠:AA: 人人 天天 事事 年年 声声 字字 道道 家家
AABB: 男男女女 世世代代 风风雨雨 沟沟洼洼 日日夜夜 数量词重叠、动词重叠、形容词重叠、附加式重叠(毛毛雨 月月红)、偏正并列式、动宾并列式、主谓并列式等。7.5.2 重复(repetition):在修辞上称为反复。例1:我为人人,人人为我。One for all and all for one.例2: 大处着眼,小处着手。
Keep the general goal in sight while taking hold of the daily tasks.7.6 英汉翻译中的重复翻译技巧:通过比较,我们可以看出两种语言的特点,在以上这些场合尽量使用重复的方法来翻译英语。
例1:Most notably, China has avoided the large output declines and severe macroeconomic instability that have tended to characterize the transition experiences in central and eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union.最值得注意的是,中国避免了生产的大滑坡和宏观经济的严重不稳定性,生产的大滑坡和宏观经济的严重不稳定性曾经是中、东欧以及前苏联经济过渡时期的特点。7.7 句子翻译练习:
1)Happy families also had their own troubles.幸福家庭也有幸福家庭的烦恼。
2)Work with, and not against , nature.要顺应自然工作,不要违反自然工作。
3)Gathering facts, confirming them, suggesting theories, testing them, and organizing findings – this is all the work of science.收集事实并加以论证,提出理论并加以检验,以及归纳整理研究成果这就是科学工作的全部内容。Do exercise on page 53.-
第二篇:浅谈商务英语翻译
浅谈商务英语翻译
本文围绕商务英语翻译的特点、提高商务英语翻译能力的方法和商务英语翻译应注意的事项三个主题展开论述,以求在今后的翻译工作中做到运用自如
1.引言
商务英语是一种包含各种商务活动内容、满足商业需要的专门用途英语。其内容涉及贸易、金融、法律、广告等诸多专业,除外贸英语书信、合同等商业公文外,广告、仿单、经贸文章,相关法律公文等都可列入其中。因此,商务英语的语言现象比较复杂,文字风格也各不相同,翻译时是很难全凭某些程式,套语或经验来解决。但是就其重要性而言,商务英语的翻译在双方贸易中起着桥梁纽带的作用,甚至与整个公司的命运紧密联系在一起,所以我们在翻译过程中应根据某专业的特点和需要好好斟酌所选用的词汇。商务英语翻译的困难在于如何准确而又流畅地翻译出原语所要真正传达的信息,而解决这一问题的关键是如何在理论上和实践上加深对翻译的认识和了解。
马会娟在《商务英语翻译教程》(2004)一书中指出:商务英语翻译教程翻译是一种思想交流过程,它能使通晓不同语言的人通过了解原文所包含和传达的信息来交流思想。美国翻译理论家奈达认为翻译是“用最贴近而又自然的对等语言再现原语的信息,首先是意义,其次是文体。”也就是说,翻译要用自然、地道的译入语把另一种语言所表达的内容以切合原文的文体,准确而完整地重新表达出来。
商务英语翻译是一种跨文化的语际交流,它要求译者熟悉多种文化,掌握语言运用技巧,具备熟练的语言知识,从而完成具有一定语用目的的商业文化交流。提高商务英语翻译技能就应关注商务英语的语言文化关联,巧妙灵活的达到原语的语言运用目的。在商务英语翻译工作中应灵活处理因不同文化背景、语言表达习惯等因素造成的交际障碍,根据语境做必要的调整,避免语用失误,造成交流和理解的困难。虽然奈达的功能对等原则在文化因素翻译方面有一些负面作用,但是对于商务英语翻译仍旧具有重大的意义,尤其是在以往历史上文化因素的翻译中起到了非常积极的作用。奈达的功能对等原则以交际为目的,以读者为中心,以目的语文化为归宿,避免了文化冲突,克服了文化障碍,促进了双方的文化交流。
2.研究现状
在国际贸易日益频繁的今天,很多企业为拓宽自己的市场,放眼国外以提高自己品牌的知名度和经济效益,因此商务英语翻译越来越为人们所重视。商务英语翻译的重要性,可以说,在一定程度上,决定了这个公司在国际上的潜力,就像一所学校的师资力量对于这所学校的发展起着决定性作用一样。在国内,类似商务英语翻译的书籍也应运而生,进一步促动了中国对外贸易的进程。尤其在改革开放后,随着国际贸易的不断增加,越来越多的专家和学者对商务英语翻译展开了研究,并撰写了诸多的论文,如:段梦敏的“现代商务英语翻译策略”,来东慧的“商务英语翻译中的跨文化因素”等;此类的教材也应运而生,如马会娟的《商务英语翻译教程》;周振邦的《商务英语翻译》,叶玉龙、王文翰、段云礼合著的《商务英语汉译教程》等。商务英语翻译将继续成为商务英语研讨会的主题、各大院校开设的主要课程及各有关学者关注和研究的方向。
3.商务英语翻译的特点
3.1 准确性
翻译是把一种语言所表达的内容用另一种语言准确地表达出来。为了使不通晓原语的读者能够看得明白,译文表达应该简洁明了。最重要的是,翻译的原则和标准应当忠实和通顺。“忠
实”主要是指译者要准确地表达原作者的意思,并且要表达全面;“通顺”是指译文语言要通顺易懂,便于读者的理解和接受。
例1:
原文:This support can be as detailed as the writing of contracts, for example, looking at shareholder structure or analyzing investment concepts.It can mean up-dating a company’s development concept, help in improving a company’s management or in modernizing its recruitment, marketing or distribution.It also means support in identifying new partners, in opening up international markets or in bringing the company to the point where it can go public or be sold.原译文:公司提供的支持包括撰写合同,分析股东结构或投资理念等。这意味着更新一个公司的发展理念,使其经营或招聘机制更趋现代化,改善其市场营销和销售策略。此外,这一支持系统还意味着我们能协助客户在国际市场上找到新的合作伙伴,帮助他们上市和出售。分析:将本译文与原文相比,可以看出译文多处翻译不够准确,令人费解。比如,原文说的是公司的提供的支持 “as detailed as the writing of contracts”(像撰写合同一样具体。)而原译文则是“包括撰写合同”;原文“in improving a company’s management or in modernizing its recruitment, marketing or distribution”(改善公司经营管理,使其招聘机制、市场营销和销售更趋现代化),而原译文则成了“使其经营或招聘机制更趋现代化,改善其市场营销和销售策略”;原文的“identifying new partners, opening up international markets”(寻找新的合作伙伴,开拓国际市场),在原译文中却成了“协助客户在国际市场上找到新的合作伙伴”!这种似是而非的翻译,使原文信息大为失真,不仅极有可能误导读者,而且可能给公司造成很大的损失。
修改后译文:我们提供的支持就像撰写合同一样具体,如:帮助分析股东结构或投资理念,也就是说帮助更新一个公司的发展理念,改善其经营管理,使其招聘机制、市场营销和销售更趋现代化。此外,这一支持还包含为公司寻找新的合作伙伴、开拓国际市场以及他们的上市和出售。
3.2 专业性
各行各业都有其不同的文化背景、特点及要求,并有其特定的专业术语。在翻译过程中,如果译者不能吃透其专业特点和掌握其专业术语,翻译结果则可能大相径庭。如,due diligence 在商务英语中不应译为“适当尽职”,而是“尽职调查”;option plan 应为“期权计划”,而不是“职工购买股票计划”等。
例2:
原文: Next, the participation agreements are negotiated and – if agreed – they are signed and certified by a lawyer.原译文:然后,双方就公司参与企业管理的问题进行磋商,如果达成共识,就会在协议上签字,并由一名律师公证。
分析:律师是不能公证的,只能见证合同的签署;公证是公证员的事。
修改后译文:然后,双方对提出的协议进行磋商,如果达成共识,双方在协议上签字。这一过程由一名律师进行见证。
例3:
原文:After we have checked the L/C carefully, we request you to make the following amendment: “Partial shipments and Transshipment allowed”.原译文:经过仔细核对信用证,兹要求贵方做如下修改:“允许部分转运和转船”。分析:将“Partial shipments”译成“部分转运”似乎欠妥;行话应是“分批”。
修改后译文:经仔细核对信用证后,兹要求贵方做如下修改:“允许分批运货和转船”。
3.3 文化性
由于东、西方种族、地理环境、宗教信仰等存在的差异,造成了东西方国家大相径庭的文化体系,商务英语翻译中也不可避免地受到文化的限制和影响。而我们所要做的就是在翻译时,选词要多斟酌,做到慎之又慎,以免造成“文化冲突”,引起不必要的麻烦。
例如:在美国的大商场有“rest room”,译成中文的“休息室”就会出笑话,因为“rest room”在此指“厕所”,而并非国际机场里所指的“休息室”。
又如:在西方,“十三”被认为是不吉利的数字,这与圣经故事中耶稣被他的第十三个门徒犹大出卖有关。所以,在西方国家,人们通常避免使用“十三”这个数字,正如中国人避免说或用数字“四”一样,(在中国,“四”与“死”同音)。在中国的传统文化中,数字“十三”没有这种文化含义,也就不忌讳使用了。但随着西方文化的深入影响,近来“十三”这种隐性的含义也被国人所接受。因此,我们在做翻译中应特别注意类似的问题。否则我们会在无意识间伤害对方或造成误会。
4.提高商务英语翻译能力的方法
中国加入WTO后,越来越多的中国企业已不满足国内市场,他们纷纷跨出国门,走向世界去寻求业务合作。英语作为沟通语言的作用非同小可。外贸谈判是一种交际活动,是拓展对外贸易的重要途径。交际活动则必须通过语言媒介来完成。因此,如何使用语言表达意愿和要求,如何恰当使用语言来表达谈判目的,这是商务英语使用者经常探索的问题之一。
4.1 熟悉英语相关专业知识
商务英语的翻译较普通英语翻译而言,其范围更广,涉及的内容也更多。如果说普通的英语翻译注重的是文化底蕴,那么商务英语的翻译则注重的是知识面。因此,我们在学习翻译理论的同时,应加强商务方面的知识,比如:国际贸易,国际兑汇,会计学,运输学等方面的知识。同时,还需要我们有比较丰富的法律知识和文化素养。商务英语翻译的人员对本国和他国经济领域的法律法规也应该有所了解,因为在商业活动中,一方在必要的时候,需要用合作对象国家的法律来维护自己的权利。在翻译一些协议或合同时,还需注意到各自的法律责任,以此保证各方的经济行为是正当的,不会有法律上的风险。近些年来屡次发生的反倾销斗争就是实例,因此在商务英语翻译过程中谨慎为上。
4.2 了解文化差异
上面提到了商务英语翻译中的文化性原则,为了更好地遵循这个原则,我们就必须了解文化差异,以免引起不必要的文化冲突。每个民族都有着其不同的文化背景,风土人情,而语言作为某种文化的载体,所反映出来的是一个民族的意志与底蕴。翻译作为一种加强文化交流的手段,更加会涉及到这方面的问题。尤其是在商务英语翻译中,稍有不慎便会引起重大损失以及尴尬。
比如:“dragon”(龙)这个词是我们中华民族的象征,是中国的吉祥物,“龙腾虎跃、龙马精神、龙飞凤舞、龙吟虎啸”等成语均体现了龙的精神和气势。而在西方国家“dragon”这个词却是罪恶的象征。因此在翻译“韩国,中国台湾,香港和新加坡亚洲四小龙”的时候,我们不用“Four Asian Dragons”,而用“Four Asian Tigers”。这就是文化差异的典型表现。总而言之,在翻译中我们必须尽量了解他国的文化与差异,并做出正确的翻译,以免造成不必要的误解。
4.3 掌握商务英语语言技巧
目前,语言技巧在商务活动中逐渐被忽略,我们需要进一步去研究。各种语言技巧在商务英语谈判中有不同的运用特点,以及语言技巧在外贸谈判中的作用,进一步分析外贸谈判英语语言特征,从而帮助外贸谈判工作者认识到英语语言在商务英语谈判中的运用技巧,使他们能灵活运用语言技巧,取得谈判成功。了解语言的特征的有助于谈判员有效地使用一些技巧,这样能更确保在谈判中取得胜利。有大量的语言技巧值得我们仔细研究,掌握了这些技巧不
仅能促进谈判的进程,而且在谈判过程中也不会使对方感到尴尬。因此,谈判顺利地完成,在商务英语谈判中谈判员就必须注意语言交流及技巧的使用。
4.4 遵循翻译原则
商务英语的翻译要求做到准确和专业化,这就要求翻译者具有相当熟练的英语水平。平时,我们必须广泛阅读商务英语的知识,并且注意语言与案例的结合,然后通过分析来掌握商务英语知识点。同时,商务英语翻译并不像文学英语的翻译那样,需要用丰富的词藻来描绘,它所要做到的就是“精、准”。因此商务英语不需要过多、过详细地描述某件事情,我们要做到是“精炼而又不失准确”。
综上所述,我们必须谨遵翻译的原则,努力把翻译做到精益求精。
5.商务英语翻译应注意的事项
5.1 注意细节问题
我们都知道,英汉对译中的一大特点便是英语重静态,汉语重动态。在汉语的表达过程中,我们经常运用动词来描绘,使得句子更加生动。因此,在商务英语翻译过程中,我们也应该时刻注意这些细节问题。
例4:
原文:An increase in business requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation.译文:交易增加,要求流通的货币量也增加。
分析:英文原文中用了2个“increase”的名词形式来表达,而在中文翻译中,则选用了动词,尊重了汉语的特点。
古人云“一字值千金”。在商务英语中我们必须做到一个“准”字,以免造成“失之毫厘,谬以千里”的结果。标点符号亦是如此,在书写金额时,要注意小数点(.)与分节号(,)的位置,绝对不能马虎。在商务英语翻译的过程中,因为涉及到商业系统的规则与交易利润,这些细节上的问题需引起我们特别的注意。“细节”决定成败,这句话很有道理。
5.2 不断加强实践能力
正所谓“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”,书本上的知识只能代表我们拥有了理论能力,但工作的能力是靠实际的锻炼得到培养的。如果我们缺乏实战经验,在翻译工作中很可能会上当受骗。例如,在外商草拟的合同草案中,我们不仅要理解其字面意思,更要弄清其潜在含义。当买方要求卖方提供某些与设计或技术有关的资料、数据、公式时,卖方很可能会用合同上的诸如 “The seller shall submit the data concerned to the buyer if possible”(如果可能,卖方将向买方提供有关数据)之类的句子推脱。因为“如果可能(possible)”在很大程度上意味着“不可能(impossible)”。总之,我们必须通过不断的实践来丰富自我,锻炼自我,提高我们的判别能力和工作能力。
结论
商务英语翻译是一种跨文化的语际交流,它要求译者熟悉多种文化,掌握语言运用技巧,具备熟练的语言知识,从而完成具有一定语用目的的商业文化交流。提高商务英语翻译技能就应关注商务英语的语言文化关联,巧妙灵活的达到原语的语言运用目的。在商务英语翻译工作中应灵活处理因不同文化背景、语言表达习惯等因素造成的交际障碍,根据语境做必要的调整,避免语用失误,造成交流和理解的困难。虽然奈达的功能对等原则在文化因素翻译方面有一些负面作用,但是对于商务英语翻译仍旧具有重大的意义,尤其是在以往历史上文化因素的翻译中起到了非常积极的作用。奈达的功能对等原则以交际为目的,以读者为中心,以目的语文化为归宿,避免了文化冲突,克服了文化障碍,促进了双方的文化交流。
可以这么说,商务英语翻译不仅关系着个人的命运,而且也关系着公司的前途和国家的形象。
商务英语的重要性决定了我们必须认真对待商务英语翻译,而认真对待的前提就是遵守翻译理论中的准确性、专业性、文化性这三个原则,这样才能力求在翻译实践中做到少犯低级错误。在此基础上,我们应多学理论知识,充实自己的头脑。机会是留给有准备的人的,所以我们必须做到有所准备,这样才能在翻译过程中做到游刃有余、左右逢源。当然光靠理论知识是完全不够的,正如上面提到的“实践是检验真理的唯一标准”,我们也必须抓住机遇,多参加企业的商务活动,以加强自己的实践能力,这样既可以提高自己的翻译能力,也可以锻炼自己的实践能力。
第三篇:商务英语翻译
Chinese-English translation
1.只要我们秉承平等与互利的原则,双方的合作一定会进一步深化。
As long as we keep to the principle of equality and mutual benefit, trade between our two parties is sure to develop further.2.如果一方不执行合同,另一方有权撤销该合同。
In case one party fails to carry out the contract, the other party is entitled to cancel the contract.3.关于包装问题,我方将与厂商联系,要求他们对此加以重视。
As to packing, we will contact our manufacturers and call their attention to the matter.4.坚固的包装和箱内严密的填充可防止木箱受震、开裂。
Solid packing and overall stuffing can prevent the cases from vibration and jarring.5.很遗憾,这是我们的低价。如果你觉得价格不可行,我们只好取消这笔交易。I'm awfully sorry.This is our floor price.If you find it unworkable, we may as well call the deal off.6.请贵方惠寄商品目录并报价,谢谢。
I shall be glad if you will send me your catalogue together with quotations.7.我们一直在提高我们产品的设计水平,以满足世界市场的要求。
We are always improving our design and patterns to conform to the world market.8.我们通常采用的付款方式是保兑不可撤销的信用证。
The terms of payment we usually adopt are confirmed and irrevocable letter of credit.9.由于所订货物已备妥待运,请即开信用证,我方一收到信用证,立即装船。As the goods ordered are ready for shipment, please expedite your L/C, we will effect shipment as soon as it reaches us.10.我们已在中国人民控股公司替上述货物按4000美元投保了一切险。
We have covered the above shipment with PICC Holding Company against All Risks for $4,000.11.我们只投保水渍险,包括仓对仓条款,有效期为15天。
We cover only WPA including warehouse to warehouse clause valid for 15 days.12.只要在保险责任范围内,保险公司就应赔偿。
The insurance company is responsible for the claim, as far as it is within the scope of coverage.13.货物如果转运,我们得多付运费。
In case of transshipment, we have to pay extra transportation charges.14.由于贵方订货数量太大,目前无法订到足够的舱位,望贵方同意分批装运。As your order is a large one, we are not in a position to book enough shipping space, so we hope you will agree to partial shipment.15.请填写这份进口货物交运单和进口货物包装声明。
Please fill out the Import Cargo Shipping Instructions and the Import Cargo Packing Declaration here.16.由于你方未能及时交货,我方将向你方提出由此而遭受的全部损失的索赔。We shall lodge a claim for all the losses incurred as a consequence of your failure to ship our order in time.17.我方检验证明,货物受损是由于包装不当而造成的。因此,我方不得不将此事提交你处解决。
Our investigation shows that improper packing caused damage.Therefore we have to refer this matter to you.18.考虑到我们之间的业务关系,我们准备接受35吨短装的索赔。
In view of our friendly business relations, we are prepared to meet your claim for the 35 tons shortage in weight.19.这是由香港一个著名实验室提供的一份检验报告,证据绝对可靠。
Here’s a survey report by a well-known lab in Hong Kong, whose testimony is absolutely reliable.20.根据我们的检验报告,货物破损的原因是包装太差。
According to our survey report, the damage was caused by poor packing.
第四篇:商务英语翻译
(加黑部分重点掌握,其余部分只做了解。)
1.Please accept our thanks for the trouble you have taken.有劳贵方,不胜感激。
2.We are obliged to thank you for your kind attention in this matter.不胜感激贵方对此事的关照。
3.We tender you our sincere thanks for your generous treatment of us in this affair.对贵方在此事中的慷慨之举,深表感谢。
4.Allow us to thank you for the kindness extended to us.对贵方之盛情,不胜感谢。
7.We should be grateful for your furnishing us details of your requirements.如承赐示具体要求,不胜感激。
8.It will be greatly appreciated if you will kindly send us your samples.如承惠寄样品,则不胜感激。
9.We shall appreciate it very much if you will give our bid your favorable consideration.如承优惠考虑报价,不胜感激。
10.We are greatly obliged for your bulk order(大宗订货,in bulk 大量的)just received.收到贵方大宗订货,不胜感激。
14.We spare no efforts in endeavoring to be of service to you.我方将不遗余力为贵方效劳。
15.We shall be very glad to handle for you at very low commission charges.我方将很愉快与贵方合作,收费低廉。
18.We are always in a position to quote you the most advantageous prices for higher quality merchandise.我们始终能向贵方提供品质最佳的产品,报价最为优惠。
19.This places our dealers in a highly competitive position and also enable them to enjoy a maximum profit.这样可以使我方经营者具有很强的竞争力,还可获得最大的利润。
1.Having had your name and address from the Commercial Counselor's office of the Embassy of the People's Republic of China in..., we now avail ourselves of this opportunity to write to you and see if we can establish business relations by a start of some Practical transactions.从中华人民共和国驻……大使馆商务参赞处获悉贵公司名称和地址,现借此机会与贵方通信,意在达成一些实际交易为开端,以建立业务系。
5.We learn from...that your firm specializes in..., and would like to establish business relationship with you.从……获悉你公司专门经营……,现愿与你公司建立业务关系。
承……的介绍,获悉你们是……有代表性的进口商之一。
承贵地……银行通知,你们是……的主要进口商(出口商),并有意与中国进行这些方面的贸易。
8.The...Bank in your city has been kind enough to inform us that you are one of the leading importers(exporters)of...and are interested in trading with China in these lines...据了解,你们是中国……(商品)有潜力的买主,而该商品正属我们的业务经营范围。
9.We are given to understand that you are potential buyers of Chinese...,which comes within the frame of our business activities.Autonomous company 具有自主经营权的公司 availability 可销售能力 Award 裁决、判给 award dinner 颁奖宴会 Back 支持、资助、赞助 Backer 资助人 Backlog 积压
Back pay 补发工资(常为追补的加薪金额)
Bad debt 坏帐,呆帐,倒账(无法收回的应收账款)Bad publicity 负面影响
Baggage allowance 行李重量限额
Bagstuffer 公告传单,小型宣传品,通常在街头散发或在付款台前塞进顾客购物袋。Balance 余额,平衡
balance of payment 国际收支,简称BOP Bancassurance 银行保险业, 亦作bankassurance Bank charges 银行手续费
Banking business 金融业,银行业
Banner towing 条幅广告
Bar chart 矩形图,条形图,直方图 也称bar graph or histogram(是以宽度相同的长条,按其长短或高低来表示指标或数值大小的一种图形。有单式。复式和分段式三种。其中纵轴线称为vertical axis,横轴线称为horizontal axis.)
Bar code(打印在商品上,与电脑系统连接可读出商品价格和参考数据的)条形码,条码 Bar graph 矩形图,条形图,直方图,也称bar chart 或histogram Base pay 基本工资
base rate 基本利率,基础利率 Batch 成批的产品
Bear market 熊市(通常指股市、汇市等金融市场价格下跌或疲软)Benchmark 基价,基准尺度 Beneficiary 受益人
Benefit premium.(基本工资之外的)福利津贴
Benefits package 一揽子福利,福利套餐(指工资以外的福利,如健康保险,住房或股票等等)
best selling author 畅销书作家 Bill 要求……支付
Billboard 露天大广告牌 Bill of entry 报关单 Bill of lading 提单
Binding machine 装订机
Black Friday(尤指经济领域内灾难性的)黑色星期五,灾难性的一天 Black Monday(股市狂跌的)黑色星期一 Blockbuster 大力促销,生意兴隆 Blue chip 1 蓝筹股, 绩优股
accounts 1 账目例:The financial director was accused of falsifying the company accounts.accounts 2 会计部门 即 accounts department 例: She works in accounts.ccounts manager 会计部经理 accounts payable 应付账款例: Accounts payable is created when a firm deals with suppliers who extend credit.advance 预付款, 垫款例: I asked for an advance on my salary.advanced orders 预订货量例: The development of the game has taken two years but advanced orders are impressive.after-sales warranty 售后保单
against all risks 保全险例:These are goods insured against all risks.agency 代理行,经销处,公众服务机构,代理公司,中介公司例:The firm has agencies all over the world.agency recruitment通过职业介绍所招聘例:Recruitment in the UK is divided into agency recruitment, advertising or executive search.agenda 议程例:An agenda is a list of things to discuss at a meeting.agent 1 代理商,代理人例:He is an authorized agent for a large insurance company.airlines 航空公司(多用于航空公司名称中)例: English Royal Dutch Airlines(均大写)all-risk policy 全险,综合险,全险保单例: We have taken out an all-risk policy on the electronic equipment.annual general meeting 股东大会(根据法律规定每年举行,出席的包括公司成员,股东和董事),简称AGM.口语里也称the yearly shareholders' meeting.例: The financial results will be announced at the annual general meeting.as of 自......起,等于as from 例:I would like to inform you that as of September 6, 2001,the new name for our company will be Sunrise.Certificate of Origin certificate of origin of China showing
中国产地证明书 stating 证明 evidencing specifying 说明 indicating 表明 declaration of 声明
certificate of Chinese origin
中国产地证明书
Certificate of origin shipment of goods of … origin prohibited 产地证,不允许装运……的产品
packing list detailing…
详注……的装箱单
packing list showing in detail…
注明……细节的装箱单 weight list 重量单
weight notes 磅码单(重量单)detailed weight list 明细重量单 parcel post receipt 邮包收
certificate customs invoice on form 59A combined certificate of value and origin for developing countries 适用于发展中国家的包括价值和产地证明书的格式59A海关发票证明书 pure foods certificate 纯食品证书
combined certificate of value and Chinese origin
价值和中国产地联合证明书
loading port and destinaltion
装运港与目的港 date of shipment 装船期
partial shipments and transhipment 分运与转运
partial shipments are(not)permitted
(不)允许分运 partial shipments(are)allowed(prohibited)
准许(不准)分运 without transhipment
不允许转运
transhipment at Hongkong allowed
允许在香港转船
partial shipments are permissible,transhipment is allowed except at…
允许分运,除在……外允许转运
partial/prorate shipments are perimtted
允许分运/按比例装运 valid in…for negotiation until…
在……议付至……止
draft(s)must be presented to the negotiating(or drawee)bank not later than…
汇票不得迟于……交议付行(受票行)
expiry date for presention of documents…
交单满期日
draft(s)must be negotiated not later than…
汇票要不迟于……议付
this L/C is valid for negotiation in China(or your port)until 15th,July 1977
本证于1977年7月15日止在中国议付有效
bills of exchange must be negotiated within 15 days from the date of bills of lading but not later than August 8,1977
汇票须在提单日起15天内议付,但不得迟于1977年8月8日.this credit remains valid in China until 23rd May,1977(inclusive)
本证到1977年5月23日为止,包括当日在内在中国有效 expiry date August 15,1977 in country of beneficiary for negotiation
于1977年8月15日在受益人国家议付期满
expiry date 15th August,1977 in the country of the beneficiary unless otherwise
除非另有规定,(本证)于1977年8月15日受益人国家满期 draft(s)drawn under this credit must be negotiation in China on or before August 12,1977 after which date this credit expires
凭本证项下开具的汇票要在1977年8月12日或该日以前在中国议付,该日以后本证失效
expiry(expiring)date…
满期日……(有效期).…if negotiation on or before…
在……日或该日以前议付
negoation must be on or before the 15th day of shipment
自装船日起15天或之前议付 this credit shall remain in force until 15th August 197 in China
本证到1977年8月15日为止在中国有效
the credit is available for negotiation or payment abroad until…
本证在国外议付或付款的日期到……为止
the amount and date of negotiation of each draft must be endorsed on reverse hereof by the negotiation bank
每份汇票的议付金额和日期必须由议付行在本证背面签注
this copy of credit is for your own file,please deliver the attached original to the beneficaries
本证副本供你行存档,请将随附之正本递交给受益人 without you confirmation thereon
(本证)无需你行保兑
documents must be sent by consecutive airmails
单据须分别由连续航次邮寄(注:即不要将两套或数套单据同一航次寄出)
all original documents are to be forwarded to us by air mail and duplicate documents by sea-mail
全部单据的正本须用航邮,副本用平邮寄交我行
please despatch the first set of documents including three copies of commercial invoices direct to us by registered airmail and the second set by following airmail
请将包括3份商业发票在内的第一套单据用挂号航邮经寄我行,第二套单据在下一次航邮寄出
original documents must be snet by Registered airmail,and duplicate by subsequent airmail
单据的正本须用挂号航邮寄送,副本在下一班航邮寄送 documents must by sent by successive(or succeeding)airmails
单据要由连续航邮寄送
all documents made out in English must be sent to out bank in one lot
用英文缮制的所有单据须一次寄交我行 method of reimbursement 索偿办法
available by your draft at sight payable by us in London on the basis to sight draft on New York
凭你行开具之即期汇票向我行在伦敦的机构索回票款,票款在纽约即期兑付
in reimbursement,please claim from our RMB¥ account held with your banking department Bank of China Head Office Beijing with the amount of your negotiation
偿付办法,请在北京总行我人民币帐户中索回你行议付之款项
upon presentation of the documents to us,we shall authorize your head office backing department by airmail to debit the proceeds to our foreign business department account
一俟向我行提交单证,我行将用航邮授权你总行借记我行国外营业部帐户
after negotiation,you may reimburse yourselves by debiting our RMB¥ account with you,please forward all relative documents in one lot to us by airmail
议付后请借记我行在你行开立的人民币帐户,并将全部有关单据用航邮一次寄给我行
all bank charges outside U.K.are for our principals account,but must claimed at the time of presentation of documents
在英国境外发生的所有银行费用,应由开证人负担,但须在提交单据是索取
negotiating bank may claim reimbursement by T.T.on the…bank certifying that the credit terms have been complied with
议付行须证明本证条款已旅行,并按电汇条款向……银行索回货款 abandonment clause: 委付条款 act of god: 不可抗力 actuary: 保险精算师
all-risks policy:一切险保单 Assignment clause: 转让条款 Average: 海损、海损分摊 Average adjuster: 海损理算人
Average clause: 共同海损分担条款 Certificate of insurance: 保险证明书 Claim: 索赔
Claim assessor: 索赔人 Damage: 损坏赔偿金
Damage certificate: 损坏证明书 Damage claim: 损坏索赔 Endorsement: 签注
Endowment policy: 人寿定期保险单 Faa(free of all average): 全损赔偿 Fpa(free of particular average): 单独海损不赔 Free of average: 全损赔偿 Insurance broker: 保险经纪人 Insurance policy: 保险单 Insurance premium: 保险费 Jettison: 投弃
Knock-for-knock agreement: 互撞免赔协议 Liability insurance: 责任保险 Life assured: 人寿保险投保人 Life fund: 人寿保险基金 Loading: 人寿保险附加费 Loss adjuster: 损失理算人 Loss ratio: 赔付率
Marine insurance: 海上运输保险
Mortality tables: 死亡率表(用于计算保险风险)Motor insurance: 汽车保险
Mutual insurance company: 互助保险公司 No-claims bonus: 无索偿奖金 Reinsurance: 再保险;转保 Renewal: 续保;延期 Renewal premium: 续保费
Salvage value: 残值;获救货物或船舶的价值 Third party insurance: 第三方保险 Time policy: 定期保险单 Unvalued policy: 不定值保单 U/w(underwriter): 承保人
第五篇:商务英语翻译
Abstract:
This article introduces the services and development of the Internet of Things, and analyzes the driving forces and obstacles behind such development.Looking at application types and the different development stages of the Internet of Things, this article categorizes its services into four types: identity related services, information aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services.For the first two types of services, applications and system framework are discussed;for the last two types, development trends are discussed.Services provided by the Internet of Things will gradually be integrated into human life and society;with the development of the Internet of Things, applications will evolve from relatively simple identity-related and information aggregation-related applications, to collaboratively-aware, and finally ubiquitous applications.It will then be possible for the Internet of Things to be fully integrated with Internet and telecommunications networks.摘要:
本文介绍了物联网的服务和发展和分析这种发展背后的推动力和障碍。寻找在应用程序类型和不同发展阶段的物联网,这篇文章总结为四种类型的服务:身份相关服务,信息聚合服务,协作感知的服务和无处不在服务。对于前两种类型的服务,对应用程序和系统框架进行了讨论,对于最后两个类型,对发展趋势进行了讨论。物联网提供的服务将逐步融入人类的生活和社会;随着互联网的发展,应用程序会从相对简单的身份到有关的信息聚合到协作感知相关的应用发展,并最终成为无处不在的应用。然后,它将充分结合互联网和电信网络。Development of the Internet of Things
The concept“Internet of Things”was coined by Kevin Ashton of Massachusetts Institute of Technology(MIT)in 1999, and is defined as follows: all things are connected to the Internet via sensing devices such as Radio Frequency Identification(RFID)to achieve intelligent
identification and management.Early in 1995, the book The Power to Predict [1] first described application scenarios of the Internet of Things.In recent times, the Internet of Things has developed rapidly and globally due to increasing government and enterprise investment in projects in regions such as the USA, Europe, Japan, and
South Korea.IBM’s Smarter Planet initiative will see an investment of 3 million dollars made in smart grid and digital healthcare projects.The EU has proposed an i2010 policy framework that aims to enhance economic efficiency and promote the development of Information and
Communication Technologies(ICT)through widespread use of these technologies.In Japan, the i-Japan strategy is based on E-Japan and U-Japan.South Korea has also proposed a new project for the Internet of Things.In China, Prime Minister Wen Jiabo presented the concept
of“Experiencing China”in August 2009.Driven by the Chinese Government, the Internet of Things industry has developed rapidly in China.1、互联网发展的因素
由凯文·阿什顿的美国麻省理工学院(MIT)于1999年提出的“物联网”的概念,定义如下:所有的东西都连接到互联网,如射频识别(RFID)传感装置,以实现智能化识别和管理。早在1995年,这本书的动力预测首先介绍了物联网的应用场景。
在最近几年,随着物联网和全球化的迅速发展,越来越多的政府和企业在美国,欧洲,日本,韩国等地区进行项目的投资。IBM的智慧地球倡议,将在智能电网和数字医疗保健项目中得到3亿美元的投资。欧盟已经提出了一个2010年的政策框架,其目的是提高经济效率和促进通过这些技术的广泛使用使信息和通信技术(ICT)得到发展。在日本,他的战略是基于E-日本和U-日本。韩国也提出了关于物联网的新项目。2009年8月,中国总理温家宝提出的“体验中国”的概念。在中国政府的推动下,物联网产业在中国发展迅速。
1.1 Driving Forces for Development of the Internet of Things
First, the development of the Internet of Things conforms to the trend of using information technologies to better serve society.On the one hand, modern society suffers development bottlenecks in the fields of energy, transport, logistics and financing.On the other, people have direct demands in health, and medical treatment and services.With a general belief that
information technologies make for smarter terminals, wider networks, and better services than other technologies, they are naturally chosen to solve problems encountered in social and economic development as well as to enhance standards of living.Second, the Internet of Things is regarded as a new source of economic growth by many
governments.The Information Superhighway Plan implemented by the Clinton administration brought 10 years of rapid economic development to the USA.Now, the Obama administration has put forward“Smarter Earth,”which probably has relations with the Information Superhighway Plan.In China, the Internet of Things is regarded as the practice of using information technologies to promote industrialization.In regions such as Europe, Japan, and South Korea, government plays an important role in Internet of Things planning.Third, with its businesses reaching saturation point, the telecom industry also regards the Internet of Things as a new breakthrough.In many European countries, mobile phone penetration rate has reached 100%.As a result, person-to-thing and thing-to-thing communication has been placed high on the agenda.The Internet of Things therefore represents a new stage in the development of the telecom industry.1.1 物联网的发展动力
首先,物联网的发展,符合在使用信息技术下可以更好地为社会服务的趋势。一方面,现代社会发展遭受瓶颈,包括能源,运输,物流和融资等领域。另一方面,人有直接的需求在卫生,医疗和服务方面。智慧型终端将更广泛的应用于网络,与其他技术相比,可以更好的服务于信息技术,可以用来解决在社会和经济发展中遇到的问题和提高人民生活水平。第二,物联网被许多国家的政府视为一个新的经济增长源。克林顿政府实施的“信息高速公路计划购买美国10年来经济快速发展。现在,奥巴马政府已提出“智慧地球”,这可能与信息高速公路计划的关系。在中国,物联网被视为利用信息技术推动工业化的方法。在欧洲,日本和韩国等地区,政府在物联网规划中起着重要的作用。
第三,互联网业务达到饱和点,电信业也被视为物联网发展的一个新的突破点。在欧洲许多国家,移动电话普及率已达100%。因此,人对事物和事物对事物通信已被提上议事日程。因此,物联网的发展代表电信业发展的一个新阶段。Services of the Internet of Things
There are a large number of applications that can be included as Internet of Things services, and these can be classified according to different criteria.According to technical features, Internet of Things services can be divided into 4 types: identity-related services[2], information
aggregation services, collaborative-aware services, and ubiquitous services[3].It is generally agreed that an inevitable trend for the Internet of Things will be its
development from information aggregation to collaborative awareness and ubiquitous
convergence, and that not all services of the Internet of Things will develop to the stage of ubiquitous convergence.Many applications and services only require information aggregation, and are not intended for ubiquitous convergence as the information is closed, confidential, and applicable only to a small group.2联网服务
物联网服务包括了大量的应用,而这些应用可以根据不同的标准分类。根据技术特点,就互联网服务可分为4种类型:[1]身份相关的服务[2],聚合信息服务,[3]协同感知的服务,和[4]无处不在的服务。
人们普遍认为,一个必然的趋势物联网将是其发展的信息聚合协作意识和无处不在的收敛,并非所有的联网服务将无处不在的融洽。很多应用和服务的发展阶段,只需要信息聚合,不用于无处不在收敛的信息是封闭的,保密和适用只有一小群。
2.1 Identity-Related Services
Identity-related services adopt identity technologies such as RFID, two-dimensional code, and barcode.Figure 1 lists some identity-related services.According to the identification mode of the terminal, identity-related services can be divided into two categories: active and passive.They can also be classified by served objects(enterprise or individual): personal applications or enterprise services.The implementation of different applications may vary.Figure 2 illustrates the basic principle of tag-based information acquisition services.The general procedure for such services is as
follows: first, an RFID tag is attached to a thing.Then, a read device accesses the information in the RFID tag(including the identity information of the thing), and makes a request to the name resolution server of the Internet of Things.In this way, it may obtain the Uniform Resource Identifier(URI)of the thing.Finally, the read device obtains further information from the URI.2.1身份有关的服务
身份有关的服务采用身份的技术,如RFID,二维码和条码。图1列出了一些身份有关的服务。
根据终端识别模式,身份有关的服务可分为两个类别:主动和被动。它们也可以被列为服务对象(企业或个人):个人申请或企业不同的应用服务。
实施可能会有所不同。图2显示了基于标签的信息获取服务的基本原则。一般程序这样的服务如下:首先,RFID标签连接到一件事。然后,读取设备的访问,在RFID标签的信息(包括身份信息的事情),使得联网名称解析服务器的请求。在这种方式,它可以得到的东西的统一资源标识符(URI)。最后,读取装置从URI取得进一步的信息。Key Technologies for the Internet of Things
The above discussion shows that implementation of services in the Internet of Things mainly involves the key technologies of sensor, sensor network, sensor network-related communication, communication network, the Internet of Things platform, and integrated technologies.The sensor is used to collect information in the Internet of Things;it is the basic part that senses the real world, and offers services and applications.However, due to the diversity of sensors(there are temperature, pressure, speed, humidity, height, video, image, and location sensors), information interfaces provided by these sensors vary widely.This is the greatest challenge for mass production of Internet of Things terminals.Much research has already been conducted into sensor networks, and a complete set of specifications have been made for the physical layer, link layer, and network layer.But sensor networks have not been put into application on a large scale[6].Typical sensor network-related communication technologies include Bluetooth, Infrared Data Association(IrDA), Wireless
Fidelity(Wi-Fi), ZigBee, RFID, Ultra-Wide Band(UWB), Near Filed Communication(NFC), and WirelessHart.Sensor networks will evolve to next generation IP networks(e.g.IPv6 networks), and sensor terminals will tend to become smarter.The intelligence of a sensor network is mainly reflected in its IP technology, low power consumption, small size, bidirectional transfer of information, and non-manual maintenance.Communication networks provide the data transmission channel for the Internet of Things.Current research into communication networks focuses on how to enhance existing networks to meet the service requirements of the Internet of Things(e.g.low data rate, low mobility).The Internet of Things platform works with terminals as well as exiting networks and systems to provide the capabilities to various applications.In terms of network architecture, a unified service platform that is suitable for applications of multiple industries is required to support cross-sector, unified information services.In particular, when the Internet of Things develops into the collaborative-aware or even ubiquitous service stages, more effective network framework, name address, routing, and communication protocols have to be worked out.3.物联网的关键技术
上述讨论表明,在实施物联网服务时将主要涉及传感器、传感器网络,基于传感器的沟通交流、网络沟通、物联网平台和综合技术等关键技术。
该传感器是用来收集在物联网中的信息,它是实现感知现实世界这一功能的基本组成部分并提供服务和应用。然而,由于传感器的多样性(比如温度,压力,速度,湿度,高度,视频,图像,位置传感器),这些传感器的信息接口的千差万别。这也成为了众多物联网终端最大的挑战。
许多研究已经针对传感器网络展开,并完成了一整套物理层,链路层和网络层的规格规范。但传感器网络仍尚未投入大规模的应用。典型传感器网络相关通讯技术包括蓝牙、红外通讯(IrDA)、无线保真(Wi-Fi的)、ZigBee、RFID、超宽带(UWB)、近场通信技术(NFC)和WirelessHART的。传感器网络将发展为下一代IP网络(例如IPv6网络),传感器终端将会变得更加聪明。传感器网络的智能主要体现在它的IP技术、低功耗、体积小、信息双向传输和自动维护上。
通信网络为物联网提供了数据的传输通道。目前关于通信网络的研究集中在如何增强现有的网络以满足物联网的服务需求(例如低数据率,低流动性)。
物联网平台和终端相兼容,也拥有在脱离网络和系统的情况下提供的各种应用的能力。在网络体系架构中,一个统一的适合多个行业应用的服务平台将需要跨部门,统一的信息服务的支持。特别是当物联网发展成为协同感知,甚至变成无处不在的服务的阶段,将需要制定更有效的网络框架、姓名、地址、路由。