英语翻译总结

第一篇：英语翻译总结

翻译总结

一 翻译中运用的理论

通常我们所熟悉的，严复的三字标准“信、达、雅”（Faithfulness, Expressiveness and Elegance）。用今天的话来说，“信”就是忠实准确，“达”就是通顺流畅，“雅”就是文字古雅。严复的“信、达、雅”被公认为翻译标准，其影响深远。它对商务英语的翻译同样指导作用，商务英语要求语言严谨、准确就要做到“信”，同时在“信”的基础上追求“达、雅”。

理解（comprehension）可分为广义理解和狭义理解。广义理解指对原文作者的个人、原文产生的时代背景、作品的内容以及原文读者对该作品的反映。狭义的理解仅指对原作文本的理解。这中理解主要包括语法分析、语义分析、语体分析和语篇分析（grammatical analysis, semantic analysis, stylistic analysis and text analysis）。理解是翻译成功与否的先决条件和重要步骤，务必正确可靠，杜绝谬误。

语义分析（Semantic Analysis）是语言分析的一个分支，说明处在一定语境中，按照一定次序排列的词项之间的语义关系，探索词项的意义。把握好原语的全部意义，是翻译成效的关键。

翻译实践最基本方法是直译和意译。直译（literal translation）：为了把原文的意思完整的表达出来，基本保留原文的语言形式（词语、句子结构、修辞手法、民族和地方特色）的方式，做到在内容和形式两方面都忠实于原作。意译（liberal translation）：在直译不能忠实于原文意义的情况下，需要译者摆脱原文形式的束缚，用符合译入语语言规范的方式重现原文意义的翻译方式。

释义是指舍弃原文中的具体形象，直接解释出原文的意思。在翻译一些具有鲜明民族色彩的词语（如成语、典故）时，如果直译不能使译入语读者明白意思，而加注又使译文太噜嗦，并且原文重意不重形、重意不重典时，可采用释义法。它既可使译文简洁明了，又不损害对原文信息的传达。

增词：在译文的词量上作适当的增加，使译文既能忠实地传达原文的内容和风格，又能符合译入语的表达习惯。增词一般出于三种考虑：语法需要，意义需要，修辞需要。减词：将原文中需要而译文中又不需要的词语省去。

句子成分转换是指英语中的某一句子成分译成汉语时转换成另一种句子成分。句子成分转换在主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语之间展开。由于英语和汉语语言习惯的不同，在表达的语序上是由差异的，语序的不同也导致了成分的变化，所以翻译时会遇到句子成分的转换。二 翻译心得技巧

我谈谈具体翻译时的一些技巧: 大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人，在这里我强烈建议我们仔细看完这些头上长角的人物的中英文文章，这对你在专业方向的英文和中文互译水平提高有很大帮助。

通常我们最蹩脚的实质上是写英文论文，而非看英文论文，但话说回来我们最终提高还是要从看英文论文开始。提到会看，我想它是有窍门的，总结如下：

1、把不同方面的论文分夹存放，在看论文时，对论文必须做到看完后完全明白（你重视的论文）；懂得其某部分讲了什么（你需要参考的部分论文），在看明白这些论文的情况下，我们大家还得紧接着做的工作就是把论文中你觉得非常巧妙的表达写下来，或者是你论文或许能用到的表达摘记成本。这个本将是你以后的财富。你写论文时再也不会为了一些表达不符合西方表达模式而烦恼。

2、把摘记的内容自己编写成检索，这个过程是我们对文章再回顾，而且是对你摘抄的经典妙笔进行梳理的重要阶段。你有了这个过程。写英文论文时，将会有一种信手拈来的感觉。许多文笔我们不需要自己再翻译了。当然前提是你梳理的非常细，而且中英文对照写的比较详细。

3、最后一点就是我们往大成修炼的阶段了，万事不是说成的，它是做出来的。写英文论文也就像我们小学时开始学写作文一样，你不练笔是肯定写不出好作品来的。所以在此我鼓励大家有时尝试着把自己的论文强迫自己写成英文的，一遍不行，可以再修改。最起码到最后你会很满意。我想我是这么觉得的。

其实，不管是表达还是思维，我们在学习英语的时候一定要多下苦工，要在不断学习的过程中提高自己的英语能力，这可以说是学习英语的前提。英语的学习，是一个长期积累的过程，在这个学习过程中，我们一定要掌握一些英语学习的方法和技巧，让英语学习变得更加有趣，这样可以提高大家的英语能力，培养良好的英语学习习惯。

第二篇：英语翻译总结

Unit1

中译英

1、为了方便起见，这些照片将按照时间顺序展示。

For convenience, the photos will be shown in time sequence.2、出现事故后你要把车停下。

You are required to stop your car after an accident.3、教育孩子的观念和做法因文化的差异而有所不同。

The conceptions and practices of child education vary from culture to culture.4、与其说他是为音乐家，倒不如说他是位诗人。

He is more of a poet than a musician.5、我父亲已好心地提出送我们去飞机场。

My father has kindly offered to take us to the airport.6、我们确实应该找个时间很快见面，讨论一下细节。

We really should meet sometime soon to discuss the details.英译中

1、It seems ages since we heard from you—and even longer since you went to work in China.似乎很长时间没有收到你的来信了，从你到中国时算起，到现在就更久了。

2、So I am writing straightaway—to make sure this reaches you well before you leave

Shanghai—in the hope that it will be possible for you both to spend a few days with us during your stay in England.所以我马上写信——好让你离开上海之前肯定能收到这封信——希望你们俩在英格兰逗留期间能和我们一起住几天。

3、We shall be having two other friends of ours staying with us over the New Year weekend, and

it would be nice if you could come then, too.我们还有两个朋友和我们一起度新年的周末，所以，到时候你也能来的话就太好了。

4、And if we get some decent weather, we might all go off one day and visit the Carters—I’m

sure we can get Uncle Arthur to lend us his minibus.而且如果我们遇上好天气的话，我们可以找一天一起出去拜访卡特一家——我们一定可以让阿瑟叔叔把他的面包车借给我们。

5、Mary is well and still enjoying her school teaching(at least, I think so);the children are

growing up at a terrifying rate;I am still working for Sanderson’s and liking it well enough—though occasionally pinning for the footloose days of long ago.玛丽很好而且很喜欢她的教学工作（至少我这样认为）；孩子们长得飞快；我还在桑德森公司工作，而且工作很称心——虽然偶尔我也会渴望从前自由自在的日子。

Unit 2

中译英

1、他们通过舞蹈手段讲述了那个故事。

They told the story through the medium of dance.2、气温将在周末急剧上升到80°F 左右。

The temperature will increase greatly into the eighty Fahrenheit over the weekend.3、我们在过去的几个月里已经成功地加速了生产速度。

We have succeeded in speeding up the production rate in the last few months.4、货款一付，货物就会在你方便的时候运到。

Once the payment has been made, the goods will be delivered at your convenience.5、他们可以全面查阅公司的档案。

They have complete access to the company’s files.6、这原先只是一间卧室，但是现在我们把它改成了书房。

Originally it was a bedroom, but we have turned it into a study now.英译中

1、I find it very relaxing to spend an evening chatting with new friends.我发现，花上一个晚上于新朋友聊天是非常轻松的。

2、Something is wrong with the television—the picture’s gone fuzzy.电视机出了毛病——画面有些模糊。

3、We should make allowances for bad weather and have enough of umbrellas available.我们应该考虑到恶劣的天气，应该携带足够的雨伞。

4、I’m thinking of traveling overseas in terms of the money needed.我在考虑明年到国外旅游所需的资金。

5、I’m well aware of the problems related to this new road—it runs right past my office.我完全意识到这条新路引起的问题——新路正好穿过我的办公室的旁边。

6、The fact that something is cheap doesn’t necessarily mean it’s of low quality.东西便宜并不一定就意味着质量不好。

Unit3

中译英

1、请给家里打个电话，告诉他们我正在去公司的路上。

Please dial home and tell them I’m on the way to the company.2、从那时起生产就一直没有倒退过。

Since then there has never been any setback in production.3、我看见他把钥匙插入锁中。

I saw him insert the key into the lock.4、我建议你把钱存入银行。

I suggest that you make a deposit at the bank.5、昨天王先生结账离开了那家旅馆。

Yesterday Mr.Wang checked out from that hotel.英译中

1、All phone numbers have seven digits, though letters and numbers are sometimes used in

combination.尽管有时是字母与数字混合使用，所有的电话号码都是7位数字。

2、If you need a phone number that’s not in your phone book, call Directory Assistance。如果您要打的电话号码在电话薄上没有,可以给查询台打电话。

3、On operator-assisted calls , the operator will ask you to deposit more money before your time

is up.打由话务员转接的电话，在通话时间用完之前话务员会提示您再投币。

4、Businesses and professional services are listed in a special classified directory—the Yellow

Pages.公司企业和专业服务机构的电话号码则列在特别的分类电话簿——黄页中。

5、For example, New York City has one area code, but so does the whole state of Oregon.例如，纽约市有一个区号，但俄勒冈州全州也有一个区号。

6、This means that you can make the call again to the right number without having to pay more

money;or you can have the phone company mail you a credit coupon that has the same value as the phone call

这样您不必多付钱就可以重拨电话号码；或者您可以让电话公司给您邮一张话费相当的信用卡优惠券。

Unit 4

中译英

1、如遇紧急情况，请拨打报警电话110.In case of emergency, please dial the alarm number 110.2、在校外住的学生每天乘班车上学和回家。

The off-campus students go to and from school every day by school bus.3、给他安排房间前，接待员记下了他的姓名和身份证号码。

The receptionist jotted down his name and ID number before arranging for his room.4、离开时请把空调关掉。

Upon departure, please turn off the air-conditioner.5、如果还有其他要求，请与客房经理联系。

If you have any additional requests or needs, please contact the resident manager.英译中

1、He paid little attention to the details of the plan.他没有注意到计划的细节。

2、Wherever you are in the world, you can chat with your friend on the Internet.无论你在世界什么地方，你都可以通过互联网与朋友聊天。

3、They teamed up with another family to rent a house for the summer vacation.他们与另一家人合租了一栋房子在那里度暑假。

4、We are especially interested in those value-added projects.我们对那些能增值的项目特别感兴趣。

5、Dickens was one of the world’s most famous and productive writers.狄更斯是世界著名的多产作家之一。

6、The founder of the hotel made a commitment to quality over 75 years ago.酒店的创办人75年前对服务质量就做出了承诺。

7、I expect he will be able to cater for your particular needs.我期望他能满足你的特殊需要。

8、We asked high school students to participate in an antidrug campaign.我们要求中学生参加一次反毒品活动。

Unit 5

中译英

1、恐怕这些鞋子没有你穿的尺寸。

I’m afraid these shoes are not available in your size.2、你能闻出这牛奶是否新鲜吗。

Can you smell whether the milk is fresh or not?

3、当警察抓住他时，他正拿手抢对着他的经理。

He was caught by the policeman pointing a gun at his manager.4、杰克渴望在谈判中取得成功。

Jack has a strong desire to succeed in the negotiation.5、你能保证把这台电脑完好无损的还给我吗？

Can you promise to return me the computer in good condition?

英译中

1、It is with great pleasure that we have come together today to take in this joyous occasion with

this couple whom we love and respect so much.在这喜庆的时刻，我们聚集在一起参加今天的婚礼，共同为我们钟爱和敬重的新人祝福。

2、But I think the radiance, the grace, the beauty of the bride, Jennifer, makes this special day

even more remarkable.不过我觉得新娘詹妮弗的光彩、高雅和美丽是今天这个特殊的日子更不寻常。

3、We have all experienced her thoughtfulness, her consideration, and her warmth, and know that

there is always a big smile on her face for her loved ones.我们都曾感受过她的体贴、周到和热情。对她所爱的人，她的脸上总是绽出亲切的微笑。

4、The younger children must be excited with the expectation of their own special time to come

sometime in the future.孩子们也会怀着对将来自己在这一特殊的时刻的期盼而兴奋不已。

5、All your family and friends gathered here hope that today is the beginning of a wonderful

lifelong partnership with the lucky groom.欢聚在这儿的所有家人和朋友都希望今天是你也幸运的新郎结成终生伴侣的良好开端。

6、Please rise together with me in offering our sincere wishes that the coming years will be filled

with peace, joy, happiness, and love.请起立与我共同举杯，让我们衷心祝愿，未来的年月将充满祥和、快乐、幸福和情爱。

Unit 6

中译英

1、这位艺术家用这块木头雕了一块装饰品。

This artist carved a decoration out of this piece of wood.2、她的责任包括接电话和招呼来访者。

Her responsibilities consist of answering the phone and greeting visitors.3、总共200人参观了这座城堡。

A total of two hundred people visited the castle.4、这幢大楼里设有健身房和游泳池。

The building is equipped with a gymnasium and a swimming pool.5、星期六演出的票弄不到了。

There are no tickets available for Saturday’s performance.英译中

1、He told me to get out, or something to that effect.他叫我滚出去，或是说了这一类的话。

2、At first he suspected the letter was a forgery, but on close inspection, it turned out to be genuine.开始他怀疑信是伪造的，但仔细检查后发现是真的。

3、You can turn on your computer and go surfing on the web.你可以打开电脑，上网漫游。

4、It is the biggest real estate transaction in the city’s history.这是该城历史上最大的一笔房产交易。

5、There is no charge for children under six.6岁以下儿童免费。

6、He questioned whether the government’s database was secure from hackers.他询问政府的数据库是否能免遭黑客的攻击。

7、We were planning to go out, but ended up watching videos.我们本来计划出去，但最终还是看了录像。

8、The performance begins promptly at eight o’clock.演出八点准时开始。

9、I was browsing through a newspaper when I spotted your name.我正在浏览报纸，突然看到了你的名字。

10、Mom assured us that everything would be all right.妈妈向我们保证一切都会好的。

Unit 7

中译英

1、那个建议在会上未引起多大兴趣。

That proposal aroused little enthusiasm at the meeting.2、新来的军官很快赢得了士兵的尊敬。

The new officer soon earned the respect of his soldiers.3、全村很快便人心惶惶了。

Fear spread quickly through the village.4、现在主席要向大会发表演讲。

The chairman will now address the meeting.5、好教师总是鼓励学生独立思考。

Good teachers often encourage their students to think for themselves.6、我正想把实际发生的情况告诉他，但他打断了我的话。

I was going to tell him what really happened, but he cut me short.7、孩子们急切地等着儿童剧开演。

The children were waiting expectantly for the pantomime to start.8、她退休到了佛罗里达，仍然过着忙碌的生活。

She retired to Florida and still led a busy life.英译中

1、I can contribute a little to the fund.我可以为这一基金出一份力。

2、We’ll carry on the project in spite of the difficulties.尽管困难重重，我们将继续进行这个项目。

3、He is responsible for the product development of his company.他负责公司的产品开发。

4、Clothes and food have been distributed to the earthquake-stricken area.衣服和食品已经分发给地震灾区。

5、The employees strive to complete the annual target.员工们力争完成目标。

6、They were unsure of who was to blame.他们吃不准该责备谁。

7、She served as an advisor to the company.她当过这家公司的顾问。

8、He counts Lucy as one of his close friends.他把露西当作自己亲密的朋友。

9、All the members of the committee take turns acting as chairperson.委员会的所有成员轮流当主席。

10、Students hoped for more of a reward for their achievement than an announcement in the school paper.学生希望得到更多的奖赏，而不只是在校报上发布他们的成就。

Unit 8

中译英

1、只要你做好准备，面试时你就会充满自信。

You will be full of confidence during the interview as long as you are well prepared.2、这家商店向顾客允诺决不卖假货。

The shop promised its customers that it would never sell fake goods, and sure enough it did so.3、由于他努力工作，最近他被提升为部门经理。

Because he is working hard, he has been promoted to the position of department manager.4、他受到他人的尊重，因为他有很轻的正义感。

He is respected by others because he has a strong sense of justice.5、汤姆叔叔在病中，所以我们现在不想让他知道这个消息。

Because Uncle Tom is ill, we don’t want to let him in on the news right now.6、一个好的上司应当鼓励他的助手坦率地发表意见。

A good boss should encourage his assistants to be outspoken in expressing their opinions.英译中

1、From childhood, Stew Leonard remembered wanting to be somebody, wanting to be noticed

and appreciated.从孩提时代起，斯蒂.伦纳德就立志要做一个有作为的人，成为引人注目、受人尊重的人。

2、Stew Leonard decided to redesign his dairy business to suit the changing times and his

personality.斯蒂.伦纳德决定要重新打造他的牛奶生意，以适应时代的变化，并体现他个人的风格。

3、More than door-to-door service, Stew Leonard found out that customers wanted good milk

prices.斯蒂.伦纳德发现，顾客希望的是牛奶的价格合理，而不是送货上门。

4、As the business grew, he created more and more of a Disneyland Dairy Store where customers

might come and bring their children to be entertained.随着生意的不断扩大，他创造了越来越像迪斯尼乐园似的乳品店，顾客们可以带孩子来这里玩乐。

5、To Stew Leonard, the distinction between a supermarket and amusement park is slight, and

not necessarily useful.斯蒂.伦纳德认为，超级市场与娱乐园的区别是不大的，而区别不一定有益。

6、Mr.Leonard clearly has the most fun greeting customers, and most are delighted to see him.显然，伦纳德先生很乐于接待顾客，而大部分顾客也愿意见到他。

第三篇：英语翻译总结[范文模版]

1.in one's twenties2.fellow countrymen 3.VIP 4.on many occasions 5.stand squarely 6.hold up 7.give birth to...8.long for 9.a man of letters 10.traditional thinking 11.福利工厂welfare factory 12.聋哑人deaf mute 13.手语sign language 14.用平稳的语调in a level voice 15.正式成员full member 16.三十五六岁in one's middle thirties 17.二十年代in the twenties 18.主人公principal character 19.不合理的制度irrational system 20.最高境界the highest ideal 21.Chu Teh remembered his age.He was thirty-six, his youth had passed like a screaming eagle, leaving him old and disillusioned.朱德想起自己的年龄，他已三十六岁，青春像一路鸣叫的鹰，早已一闪而逝，留给他的是衰老和幻灭。.“You mustn't use all that electricity to please me, ” he protested.他不满地说道：“你们不应该费这么多电，就为了让我高兴。”.In the days that followed I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words.往后我就这样学着拼写，虽然并不理解意思，却也拼出了许多词。24.When I finally succeeded in making the letters correctly I was flushed with childish pleasure and pride.我终于把这几个字母写对了，这时我天真地感到无限愉快和骄傲。.Ignoring the chair offered him, Chu Teh stood squarely before this youth more than ten years this junior.顾不得拉过来的椅子，朱德端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前。26.我赶忙向男乘客作了解释，又用纸条写了一句话。

I told the man immediately what I was thinking and then I wrote a sentence on a slip of paper.27.从一九二九年到一九四八年这二十年中间，我写得很快，也写得多。

In the twenty years between 1929 and 1948, I wrote very quickly and wrote a great deal 28.前两天有一位日本作家问我你怎么同时喜欢各种流派的作家和作品呢？

A few days ago, a Japanese author asked me how I was able to appreciate authors and books of so many different schools.29.我最近还在另一个地方说过：艺术的最高境界是无技巧。

I've also said recently on another occasion that the highest state to which art can attain is artlessness.30.女乘客这时也急了，瞪起一双眼睛回手给了男乘客一拳。Also irritated, the woman stared at him and hit back.31.The afternoon sun penetrated the mass of honeysuckle that covered the porch, and fell on my upturned face.My fingers lingered almost unconsciously on the familiar leaves and blossoms which had just come forth to greet the sweet southern spring.I did not know what the future held of marvel or surprise for me.Anger and bitterness had preyed upon me continually for weeks and a deep languor had succeeded this passionate struggle.午后的阳光透过覆盖在门廊上的茂密的金银花，照在我微微仰着的脸上。我几乎是无意识地用手抚摸着熟悉的叶片和花朵，这新长的叶片和刚开的花朵在南方迎来了芬芳的春天。但不知今后等待着我的是什么，会使我欣喜，还是惊骇。几个星期以来，我又气又恨，感到非常苦恼，这种感情上的激烈斗争过去之后，我感到浑身无力。

32.从此以后，我就特别注意聋哑人的特征，还从他们那里学会了一些常用的手语。比如，我可以用哑语问他们：“朋友，您好！”“您到哪里下车？”“您请往里走！”“谢谢”等等。这样，不仅我能更好地为他们服务，与他们进行感情交流，也减少了一些他们与其他乘客的误会和纠纷。

Since then I have paid special attention to those who look like deaf mutes.I have learned from them some sign language with which I can say such things as “Hello, how are you?”“Where are you going?”“Please move on!”“Thanks!” In this way, I can render them better service and be friends with them and also reduce their misunderstandings and conflicts with other passengers.Unit 1 stories 1.He was thirty-six，his youth had passed like a screaming eagle，leaving him old and disillusioned.他已三十六岁，青春像一路鸣叫的鹰，早已 一闪而逝，留给他的是衰老和幻灭。2.average height 普通高度 3.gleaming eyes 两眼闪着光辉

4.in his middle twenties 大概是二十五六岁的年龄

5.Ignoring the chair offered him，Chu The stood squarely before this youth more than ten years his junior and in a level voice told him who he was，what he had done in the past，how he had fled from Yunnan，talked with Sun Yat-sen，been repulsed by Chen Tu-hsiu in Shanghai，and had come to Europe to find a new way of life for himself and a new revolutionary road for China.朱德顾不得拉过来的椅子，端端正正地站在这个比他年轻十岁的青年面前，用平稳的语调，说明自己的身份和经历： 他怎样逃出云南，怎样会见孙中山，怎样在上海被陈独秀拒绝，怎样为了寻求自己的新的生活方式和中国的新的革命道路而来到欧洲。

6.When both visitors had told their stories，Chou smiled a little，said he would help them find rooms，and arrange for them to join the Berlin Communist group as candidates until their application had been sent to China and an answer received.两位来客把经历说完后，周恩来微笑着说，他可以帮他们找到住的地方，替他们办理加入党在柏林的支部的手续，在入党申请书寄往中国而尚未批准之前，暂时作候补党员。7.Chinese Communist Party中国共产党

8.两条要求，忠实——内容，通顺——语言

9.Several times on his trips to China，which he made as a guest of the Chinese Government，Bill‘s birthday occurred while he was in Beijing.以中国官方客人的身份，比尔来访中国已多次了，而且在北京停留期间恰适他生日也有好几次了。

10.‘ This is for you，’ Bill Morrow heard on many occasions he would never forget——such as when he was taken a boat down the Grand Canal and every boat that passed sounded its siren in salutation.Or when he shown over the great Nanjing bridge，built where the ferries used to carry trains across the Changjiang River.He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on，then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights.“这是为你安排的。” 这句话比尔。莫诺听到过好几次，每一次都令他难以忘怀。有一次，他沿大运河乘船顺水而下，途经的每艘船都鸣笛致敬。还有一次，他参观雄伟的南京长江大桥——以前没桥时，要靠轮渡托载火车横渡长江。夜幕渐渐降临了，他被安排坐下，并被告知稍坐等候，然后突然间，整个桥身被灯光勾画出了一个清晰的轮廊。11.The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher，Anne Mansfield Sulliven，came to me.I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.在我的记忆里，安妮。曼斯匪尔德。沙利文教师来的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。从这一天开始，我的生活与以前迥然不同，一想到这一点，我就感到非常兴奋。12.On the afternoon of that eventful day，I stood on the porch，dumb，expectant.那天下午，我一声不响，怀着期待的心情站在门廊里。

13.Have you been at sea in a dense fog，when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in，and the great ship，tense and anxious，groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line and you waited with beating heart for something to happen？

I was like that ship before my education began，only I was without compass or sounding-line，and had no way of knowing how near the harbour was.“ light！Give me light！” was the wordless cry of my soul，and the light of love shone on me in that very hour.不知你是否有过这样的经历——在海上航行遇上了大雾，周围一片白，好像着实把你关在一个黑暗的地方，大船上的人又紧张又着急，一面用铅锤探测深浅，一面向岸边慢慢驶去，你的心也怦怦直跳，生怕出事。我在开始受教育之前，就像这样一条船，只是没有罗盘，没有测探绳，也无法知道离海港有多远。“光明！给我光明！” 这就是发自我内心深处的无言的呼唤，也就在这时候，爱心的光芒照到了我的身上。

14.Someone took it，and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me，and，more than all things else，to love me.有个人握住了我的手，于是我被抱了起来，紧紧地抈在了她的怀里。正是她来到我的身边，将一切展切在我面前，更重要的是，是她将爱带给了我。15.monkey-like imitation.猴子模仿似的

16.In the days that followed，I learned to spell in this uncomprehending way a great many words，among them pin，hat，cup and a few verbs like sit，stand and walk.接下来的几天里，我在根本不知自己在做什么样情况下，学会了拼好些单词，比如PIN，HAT，CUP 及一些动词，如SIT，STAND AND WALK.17.That was because I saw everything with the strange，new sight that had come to me.On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken.I felt my way to hearth and picked up the pieces，I tried vainly to put them together.那是因为我正用一种刚刚获得的全新而奇特的视角来看待一切事物。进屋时，我想起了被我弄坏的那个娃娃。我摸索着来到壁炉前，拾起那些碎片，试图将它们拼接在一起，却没办到。

18.it would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me，and for the first time longed for a new day to come.当那感概万千的一天快要结束时，我躺在自己的小床里，感受这一天带给 我的那些快乐，我觉得没有人比我更幸福了。一生中第一次，我期待着新一天的来临。19.一切旧的传统观念，一切阻止社会进步和人性发展的不合理的制度。

All outmoded traditional thinking； any irrational system which obstructs social progress or human development.20.我觉得有一根鞭子在抽打我的心，又觉得仿佛有什么鬼魂借我的笔为自己伸冤一样。I felt as if my mind was being whipped，as if a ghost had commandeered my pen and was writing to redress the injustices it had suffered.21.另一个地方

On another occasion.22.长得好看的人用不着浓妆艳抹，而我的文章就像一个丑八怪，不打扮，看起来倒还顺眼些。

Physically attractive people don‘t need heavy make-up.Though my writing resembles an ugly monster，it actually looks a little better without any embellishment.22.我最恨那些盗名欺世，欺骗读者的谎言。

This means I oppose fabrication，deception and flowery language.What I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies.23.就学习英语而言，有三个方面值得注意：拼法正确，合乎用法——一个词怎么用，和哪个词连用，很有讲究。句子平稳—合乎语法。第2章 Unit 2 History

1、The Industrial Revolution is a long train of changes starting about 1760.工业革命是指约1760年开始的一系列变革。a train of：“一长串”，这里可根据上下文译成“一系列”

change: n.(an example of)the act or result of changing，这里译成”变革“更好。

2、It is not alone: it forms one of a triad of revolutions, of which the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789.It is not alone = it is not the only one 因此译成“它不是唯一的一次革命”更好。triad: a group of 3 closely related people or things one of a triad of revolutions：三大革命之一。

of which 引导一个非限制性定语从句：the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775, and the French Revolution that started in 1789.这个非限制性定语从句本身又包含两个限制性定语从句：that started in 1775和that started in 1789分别修饰the American Revolution 和the French Revolution，英汉翻译时，一般来说，非限制性定语从句与中心词分句翻译，限制性定语从句，特别是不长的，翻译时放在中心词之前。因此，句子可以译成：

它不是唯一的一次革命，而是三大革命之一。其它两次是1775年开始的美国革命和1789年开始的法国革命。

3、It may seem strange to put into the same packet an industrial revolution and two political revolutions.But the fact is that they were all social revolutions.The Industrial Revolution is simply the English way of making those social changes, I think of it as the English Revolution.packet: 包裹，这里是隐喻

译文：把一次工业革命与两次政治革命扯在一起，或许有点奇怪。但是，事实上，它们都是社会革命。工业革命只不过是以英国的方式造成那些社会变化而已。我把它看作是英国革命。

4、What makes it especially English? 在此，English= of / belong to England;especially = particularly 译文：是什么使这次革命独具英国特色呢？

5、The men who make it are craftsmen: the millwright, the watchmaker, the canal builder, the blacksmith.这次革命的发动者都是一些手艺人：磨坊技师、钟表匠、运河开凿人和铁匠。

6、What makes the Industrial Revolution so peculiarly English is that it is rooted in the countryside.扎根于农村，正是这场革命的英国特色。

这是一句强调句式的句子。等于The fact that the Industrial Revolution is rooted in the countryside makes it particularly English.类例：

What worried him was that he had never had such experiences before.7、During the first half of the eighteenth century, in the old age of Newton and the decline of the Royal Society, England basked in a last Indian summer of village industry and the overseas trade of merchant adventurers.在18世纪上半叶，在牛顿的暮年和皇家学会衰落之时，英国正陶醉于乡村工业和商业冒险家海外贸易的最后的极盛时期。

an Indian summer不能直接译成“印地安夏季”。翻译过程中，不仅要根据上下文理解理解语言现象、理解逻辑关系，还要理解原文所涉及的事物，这里an Indian summer:的意思是a pleasant or successful time nearly at the end of a particular period, such as the end of someone's life，因此译成“最后的极盛时期”才符合原文意义。类例：John can be relied on.He eats no fish and plays the game.约翰为人可靠，他既忠诚又正直。这里eat no fish 指“忠实”，Play the game= play fair（规规矩矩地比赛），转义为“公平对待”、“举止光明正大”、“为人正直”等。

8、The summer faded.繁荣消失。

9、The organisation of work in the cottage was no longer productive enough.以农家为单位劳动的组织形式不再具有足够的生产能力。

这里使用了增词法。Organization是由动词派生出来的抽象名词，在译成汉语时，在其后增加适当的名词，可以更清楚地表达抽象意义，并使译文更符合汉语习惯。类例：When you have made all the parations, please inform me in time.一切准备工作就绪后，请及时告之。

10、Within two generations, roughly between 1760 and 1820, the customary way of running industry changed.在两代人的时间内，大约从1760年到1820年，传统的工业经营方式发生了变化。

11、Before 1760, it was standard to take work to villagers in their own homes.By 1820, it was standard to bring workers into a factory and have them overseen.在1760年以前，通常是把工作交给村民，让他们在家里干。到了1820年，则通常是把工人带进工厂，让他们在监督之下干活。

句中standard的意思是used or accepted as normal or average 所以译成“一般”、“通常”更好。

二、参考译文

工业革命是指约1760年开始的一系列变革。它不是唯一的一次革命，而是三大革命之一。其它两次是1775年开始的美国革命和1789年开始的法国革命。把一次工业革命与两次政治革命扯在一起，或许有点奇怪。但是，事实上，它们都是社会革命。工业革命只不过是以英国的方式造成那些社会变化而已。我把它看作是英国革命。是什么使这次革命独具英国特色呢？不言而喻，因为它开始于英国。英国那时已经成为头号的制造业国家。不过当时的制造业只是农家手工业，而工业革命就是在农村开始的。这次革命的发动者都是一些手艺人：磨坊技师、钟表匠、运河开凿人和铁匠。扎根于农村，正是这场革命的英国特色。

在18世纪上半叶，在牛顿的暮年和皇家学会衰落之时，英国正陶醉于乡村工业和商业冒险家海外贸易的最后的极盛时期。繁荣消失。贸易竞争越来越激烈。到18世纪末，工业的需求更加紧张，更加迫切。以农家为单位劳动的组织形式不再具有足够的生产能力。在两代人的时间内，大约从1760年到1820年，传统的工业经营方式发生了变化。在1760年以前，通常是把工作交给村民，让他们在家里干。到了1820年，则通常是把工人带进工厂，让他们在监督之下干活。

Exercise 5 Machines and Science Help Farmers

1、本练习选自《美国历史简介》的REVOLUTION IN AGRICULTURE章节。

2、Despite the great gains in industry, agriculture remained the nation's basic occupation.= Although there had been great gains in industry, agriculture continued to be the basic occupation.gains: increasing in weight, speed, height or amount这里是increasing in speed的意思。

occupation: 表示“a person's job“时，在较正规的场合用。如果译成： “尽管工业方面取得了很大进步，但农业始终是国家的基本事业。”不是很自然，不如意译成：

“尽管工业方面取得了很大进步，但这个国家仍然以农业为主。”更为通顺。注意：

在直译不能很好地表达原文的意义时，可以意译，使译文读起来更通顺。但是意译不是胡来乱译，一定要忠实于原文。

3、The revolution in agriculture--paralleling that in manufacturing after the Civil War--involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming, and from subsistence to commercial agriculture.parallel something: happen at the same time 与...同时发生 that:指前面提到的the revolution involve: bring about导致

a shift from...to...从...到...的转变 译文：

战后，在制造业领域内发生革命的同时，农业领域内也在发生一场革命，带来手工劳动向机械耕作的转变、自耕自给农业向商业农业的转变。这里subsistence直译成“维持生计”让人不能理解，应译为“自耕自给农业”。翻译时要根据上下文来理解。这里我们使用了增词法，增加“农业”使译文更通顺。本句的翻译也用到结构转换的理论。

4、Between 1860 and 1910, the number of farms in the United States tripled, increasing from 2 million to 6 million, while the area farmed more than doubled from 160 million to 352 million hectares.在一八六O年至一九一○年间，美国的农场数目增加了两倍，自二百万个增加到六百万个，耕地的面积扩大了一倍多，从一亿六千万公顷增至三亿五千二百万公顷。

5、Between 1860 and 1890, the production of such basic commodities as wheat, corn and cotton outstripped all vious figures in the United States.从一八六O年至一八九O年，各种基本农产品的生产，如小麦、玉米和棉花等，都超过了美国以前的产量。

6、In the same period, the nation's population more than doubled, with largest growth in the cities.同时，全国人口也增加一倍多，城市人口增长最快。名—动词

7、But the American farmer grew enough grain and cotton, raised enough beef and pork, and clipped enough wool not only to supply American workers and their families but also to create ever-increasing surpluses.然而，美国农业人口生产了足够的粮食和棉花，提供了充足的猪肉和牛肉，收剪的羊毛，不但足够供给美国工人及其家庭的需要，并且剩余量日益增加。

8、Several factors accounted for this extraordinary achievement.One was the expansion into the West.Another was the application of machinery to farming.extraordinary ：非凡的；惊人的 account for: explain farming:耕作 译文：

取得这一非凡的成就有几方面的原因：第一个原因是向西部的扩展，第二个原因是农业耕作使用机器。

9、The farmer of 1800, using a hand sickle, could hope to cut 20 percent of a hectare（hektair）of wheat a day.With the cradle, 30 years later, he might cut 80 percent of a hectare daily.在一八○○年，一个农民使用镰刀，在一天之内，可望收割五分之一公顷小麦，但三十年后，使用附有摇篮架的大镰刀，每天就可以收割十分之八公顷。

10、In 1840 Cyrus McCormick performed a miracle by cutting from two to two-and-a-half hectares a day with the reaper, the curious machine he had been developing for nearly 10 years.到一八四O年，麦柯密克创造了奇迹。使用他研究了差不多十年才制造出来的神奇的割禾机，竟然一天能收割二公顷到二公顷半。

注意这里定语从句he had been developing for nearly 10 years使用“合并法”翻译，译文中该从句放在被修饰词之前。

11、Foreseeing the demand, he headed west to the young prairie（尤指北美大草原）town of Chicago, where he set up a factory--and by 1860 sold a quarter of a million reapers.where he set up a factory为非限制性定语从句，用“分译法”翻译 Foreseeing the demand现在分词短语作状语，主句中headed和sold为并列的两个动词作谓语。

a quarter of a million：1/4百万，也就是“25万”。

译文：

由于他的远见，他便去西部新兴草原市镇芝加哥，在那里他开设了收割机工厂。到一八六O年，他售出的收割机共有二十五万架之多。

12、Scarcely less important than machinery in the agricultural revolution was science.本句因为Scarcely放于句首，句子倒装。Scarcely less important这里可以采用反译法。译成“几乎同等重要”。类例：I never see her but I want to kiss her.我每次看见她都想吻她。译文：

在农业革命中和机械几乎同等重要的是科学。

13、In 1862 the Morrill Land Grant College Act allotted public land to each state for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges.These were to serve both as educational institutions and as centers for research in scientific farming.一八六二年，根据“莫里尔公地兴学法案”，国会把公用地分配给各州，以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关，另一方面，也是农业科学的研究中心。

14、Congress subsequently appropriated funds for the creation of agricultural experiment stations throughout the country and also granted funds directly to the Department of Agriculture for research purposes.appropriated：拨专款后来

译文：

国会又拨款在全国各地遍设农业实验站，并直接拨款给农业部作研究用。

15、By the beginning of the new century, scientists throughout the United States were at work on a wide variety of agricultural projects.在新世纪开始时，在全国各地的科学家都在广泛地进行农业科学研究。（都属于词类转换）

二、参考译文

机器和科学帮助农民

尽管工业方面取得了很大进步，但这个国家仍然以农业为主。战后，在制造业领域内发生革命的同时，农业领域内也在发生一场革命，带来手工劳动向机械耕作的转变、自耕自给农业向商业农业的转变。在一八六O年至一九一○年间，美国的农场数目增加了两倍，自二百万个增加到六百万个，耕地的面积扩大了一倍多，从一亿六千万公顷增至三亿五千二百万公顷。

从一八六O年至一八九O年，各种基本农产品的生产，如小麦、玉米和棉花等，都超过了美国以前的产量。同时，全国人口也增加一倍多，城市人口增长最快。然而，美国农业人口生产了足够的粮食和棉花，提供了充足的猪肉和牛肉，收剪的羊毛，不但足够供给美国工人及其家庭的需要，并且剩余量日益增加。取得这一非凡的成就有几方面的原因：第一个原因是向西部的扩展，第二个原因是农业耕作使用机器。在一八○○年，一个农民使用镰刀，在一天之内，可望收割五分之一公顷小麦，但三十年后，使用附有摇篮架的大镰刀，每天就可以收割十分之八公顷。到一八四O年，麦柯密克创造了奇迹。使用他研究了差不多十年才制造出来的神奇的割禾机，竟然一天能收割二公顷到二公顷半。由于他的远见，他便去西部新兴草原市镇芝加哥，在那里他开设了收割机工厂。到一八六O年，他售出的收割机共有二十五万架之多。

在农业革命中和机械几乎同等重要的是科学。一八六二年，根据“莫里尔公地兴学法案”，国会把公用地分配给各州，以便建立农业和工业学院。这些学校一方面是教育机关，另一方面，也是农业科学的研究中心。后来，国会又拨款在全国各地遍设农业实验站，并直接拨款给农业部作研究用。在新世纪开始时，在全国各地的科学家都在广泛地进行农业科学研究。

Exercise 6 五四运动 类例：

1949年她丈夫死了，给她丢下了五个孩子。

Her husband died in 1949, leaving her with five children.他们开枪打死了我们一个巡逻兵。

They opened fire, killing one of our patrolmen.译文：

After World War I, the imperialists stepped up their aggression against China while the Northern Warlord government resorted to compromise and capitulation externally and to ruthless opssion of the people internally, landing China in a grave national crisis.3、一九一九年“巴黎和会”上中国外交的失败，激起了中国人民的极大愤慨。

China's diplomatic setback at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919 aroused strong indignation among the Chinese people.4、五月四日，北京三千多学生在天安门前集会，他们高呼“外争国权，内惩国贼”、“废除二十一条”等口号，举行示威游行。

原文是一个复句，在翻译时，一般首先从逻辑上仔细分析，弄清各分句之间的关系，区分开哪个分句为主，然后按照英语表达习惯，适当处理，一般，从属的分句可采用非限定性短语或介词短语来表达，或通过增加关联词或从句形式来处理。本句“三千多学生”和“他们”是指同一个动作的发出者，因此“集会”和“举行示威游行”可以列为同一主语下的并列的动词作谓语，而“高呼”在此表示“集会”和“举行示威游行”的状态，因此应从属于前面两动作，用现在分词表示较合适。译文：

On May 4, over three thousand Beijing students gathered in front of the Tian An Men, and then held a demonstration, shouting such slogans as ”Defend our sovereignty, punish the traitors!“, ”Abolish the Twenty-one Demands!“

5、他们要求惩办卖国贼曹汝霖、陆宗舆、章宗祥，并火烧了曹宅，痛打了章宗祥。北洋军阀政府出动军警镇压，捕去学生30多名。

They demand the traitors Cao Rulin, Lu Zongyu and Zhang Zongxi-ang be punished.They set fire to Cao's residence and beat up Zhang.The government called out troops and policemen to suppress the demonstrators.Over thirty students were arrested.这里根据英语动词suppress的需要，增加了原文中省略的动词的宾语“the demonstrators”。另外把句子“北洋军阀政府出动军警镇压，捕去学生30多名。”用断句法翻译更好。因为用被动句式翻译“捕去学生30多名”，这篇历史性的报道显得更客观。

6、那时候，各地学生纷纷响应北京学生的反帝爱国斗争。具有初步共产主义思想的知识分子李大钊、毛泽东、周恩来等同志分别在北京、长沙、天津，指导了这场伟大的反帝运动。

原文中的“纷纷”较难译，“响应”不能简单地译为“respond to”，分别意译成“one...after another...“和“support”较好。

具有初步共产主义思想的知识分子：intellectuals with the rudiments of communism 译文：

Immediately, the students in one part of the country after another rose in support of the anti-imperialist patriotic struggle launched by the students in Beijing.The intellectuals with the rudiments of communism, Li Dazhao, Mao Ze-dong, Zhou Enlai and other comrades supervised this great movement in Beijing, Changsha, Tianjin respectively.7、六月三日，北京学生组织演讲队，开展大规模的宣传活动，军阀政府对学生的镇压变本加厉，捕去170多人。

“捕去170多人”用被动语态翻译更适合语境。

On June 3, the students of Beijing formed groups of speakers and carried out extensive propaganda.The government intensified its supssion and over 170 students were arrested.8、“

六、三”以后，主要是青年学生参加的五四爱国运动，发展成为无产阶级、小资产阶级和民族资历产阶级共同参加的全国范围的革命运动。无产阶级成为运动的主力。上海、唐山、长辛店等地工人纷纷罢工示威，中国工人阶级第一次作为觉悟了的独立的政治力量登上政治舞台，暗示了他的伟大力量。

根据上下文，这里的“纷纷”表示“多”。

From then on, the May 4th patriotic movement, which had been conducted mainly by the Student youth, became a nation-wide revolutionary movement in which the proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie all took part, with the proletariat as the mainstay.Large numbers of workers in Shanghai, Tangshan, Changxindian and elsewhere went on strike and held demonstrations.For the first time in Chinese history, the working class appeared as an awakened, independent force in the political arena, demonstrating its tremendous strength.9、在全国人民反帝爱国的压力下，北洋军阀政府被迫释放被捕学生，撤消三个卖国贼的职务，拒绝在德国“和约”上签字，反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利。

原文是一个没有关联词的较长的复句，如果同样译成一个长句，在结构上有困难，语意也不清楚，可以通过断句法来处理。原文是一句先分后总的总分复句，翻译时可在句子的结尾部分断句，即将最后的总结部分（“反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利”）断开，单独译作一句。译文：

Under the ssure of the nation-wide anti-imperialist patriotic struggle, the Warlord government had to set free the students arrested, dismiss the three traitors from office, and refuse to sign in the “Peace Treaty” with Germany.This marked an initial victory for the struggle against imperialism and feudalism.“

10、五四运动是一次彻底的不妥协的反帝反封建的革命运动，它促成了中国工人运动同马克思主义的结合，在思想上、干部上为中国产党的成立作了准备，是中国新民主主义革命的开端。

原文是一句先总后分的总分复句，可以把总说部分单独译成一句。后面分说部分可以译成一句并列复句。由于分说部分有三层明显的意义，所以也可以分别译成独立的三个句子。译文：

The May 4th Movement was a thoroughgoing, uncompromising revolutionary movement against imperialism and feudalism.It was instrumental in bringing about the integration of Marxism with China's labour movement.It paved the way, both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party.It ushered in China's new-democratic revolution.二、参考译文

The May 4th Movement After World War I, the imperialists stepped up their aggression against China while the Northern Warlord government resorted to compromise and capitulation externally and to ruthless opssion of the people internally, thus landing China in a grave national crisis.China's diplomatic setback at the Pans Peace Conference in 1919 aroused strong indignation among the Chinese people.On May 4, over three thousand Beijing students gathered in front of the Tian An Men, and then held a demonstration, shouting such slogans as ”Defend our sovereignty, punish the traitors!“, ”Abolish the Twenty-one Demands!“ They called for punishment to be meted out to the traitors Cao Rulin, Lu Zongyu and Zhang Zongxiang.They set fire to Cao's residence and beat up Zhang.The government called out troops and policemen to supss the demonstrators and over thirty students were arrested.Immediately, the students in one part of the country after another rose in support of the anti-imperialist patriotic struggle launched by the students in Beijing.Comrades Li Dazhao, Mao Ze-dong, Zhou Enlai and other intellectuals who already had some knowledge of communism guided this great movement in Beijing, Changsha, Tianjin respectively.On June 3, the students of Beijing formed groups of speakers and carried out extensive propaganda.The government intensified its supssion and arrested over 170 students.From this point on, the May 4th patriotic movement, hitherto conducted mainly by the Student youth, became a nation-wide evolutionary movement in which the proletariat, the petty bourgeoisie and the national bourgeoisie all took part, with the proletariat as the mainstay.Large numbers of workers in Shanghai, Tangshan, Changxindian and elsewhere went on strike and held demonstrations.For the first time in Chinese history, the working class appeared as an awakened, independent force in the political arena, demonstrating its tremendous strength.Under the ssure of the nation-wide anti-imperialist patriotic struggle, the Warlord government had to set free the students it had arrested, dismiss the three traitors from office, and withhold its signature from the ”Peace Treaty“ with Germany.This marked an initial victory for the struggle against imperialism and feudalism.The May 4th Movement was a thoroughgoing, uncompromising revolutionary movement against imperialism and feudalism.It was instrumental in bringing about the integration of Marxism with China's labour movement, and it paved the way, both in ideology and in the matter of cadres, for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party.It ushered in China's new-democratic revolution.Unit 2 History 1.the Industrial Revolution工业革命 2.industrial capital产业资本.one’s self-made career自我奋斗的生涯 4.build canals开凿运河 5.out of interest出于兴趣.one of a triad of revolutions三大革命之一 7.an Indian summer最后的极盛时期 8.parallel something与„同时发生 9.account for解释.a quarter of a million25万.辛亥革命the Revolution of 1911 12.新民主主义论On New Democracy 13.举行示威游行hold a demonstration 14.在„号召下at the call of 15.第一次世界大战the First World War或World War One 16.北洋军阀政府the Warlord government 17.五四爱国运动the May 4th patriotic movement 18.和约Peace Treaty 19.反帝反封建斗争the struggle against imperialism and feudal­ism 20.产业资金industrial funds 第3章 Unit 3 Geography

一、Journey Up the Nile 1.Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan.尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方，到处可以见到古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。

原文的描写非常形象、生动。但译成汉语时无法保留原文的形象，因为“follow”这个词很难处理，故译作“到处可以见到„”。

2.Driving southward from Cairo into the valley, I entered a landscape that owed little to the sent era.我从开罗驱车南行，进入尼罗河河谷，这里的景色还没有受到多少现代的影响。

“Driving southward from Cairo into the valley”是个现在分词短语，逻辑主语是“I”，译成汉语时需说“我从开罗驱车南行，进入尼罗河河谷”。

“own...to...”意为“recognize sth.to the cause of sth.将某事物归因于某事物”。原句的含义是“该地区的景物基本上没有受到现代的影响”。

3.the thin ribbon of the Nile尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带

“of”用于两个名词中间，前者修辞后者，故译作“尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带”。

例：(1)He's got the devil of a temper.他脾气极坏。

(2)Where's that fool of a receptionist? 那个笨蛋接待员在什么地方？

(3)He's a fine figure of a man.他是个体型好看的男子。

4.At the edge of the fields, rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon, lay the brown barren deserts.这田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方突然隆起像是小山，有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。

此句为倒装句。主语是“the brown barren deserts”，因为介词短语“At the edge of the fields”前置以示强调，故全句主谓倒装。翻译时尽量保持原句效果，译作“这田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方突然隆起像是小山，有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。”。

“barren”意为：(of land)not good enough to produce crops（指土地）贫瘠的。

5.I had the illusion that I was driving through one immensely long, narrow farm.我仿佛在驱车穿过一个特别狭长的农场。

“illusion”意为“错觉”或“幻觉”，但直译不合适，故译作“我仿佛在驱车穿过一个特别狭长的农场。”

6.The villages and towns were usually perched on the edge, so as not to waste arable soil and because there was a need, before the High Dam tamed the Nile, to live beyond the reach of the annual floods.大小村镇一般都处于田地的边上，这是为了不浪费耕地，同时也是因为在高坝控制尼罗河以前，有必要住得远一点，以躲避每年发生的洪水。

“perch”意为：place(sth.)in a high or dangerous position将（某物）置于尤指高处或危险处。例：a hut perched at the edge of the cliff悬崖边上的小舍

“arable”意为：（land that is）suitable for ploughing and for growing crops适于耕作的（土地）。“arable soil”就是“耕地”。

动词不定式短语“to live beyond the reach of the annual floods”作定语，修辞名词“need”。字面意思是“有必要住到每年洪水泛滥不到的地方”。

全句的内部结构比较复杂，“and”连接两个表示原因的词句，“need”和修辞语之间插了一个时间状语从句。

7.The road followed the course of the Nile, now passing through the fields, now drawing a black line separating them from the desert.公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的，有时穿过庄稼地，有时像是划的一条黑线，这边是庄稼，那边是沙漠。

“now...now...”意为：at one time...at another time...时而„„时而„„

例：Her moods kept changingwould it be too high or too low? 还没修坝的时候，我们老惦记着洪水，——今年的洪水会太大呢，还是会太小呢？

“obsess”常用于被动语态，意为：fill the mind of sb.continually使（某人）牵挂，惦记，着迷或困惑。例：She was obsessed with the idea that she was being watched.她总觉得受人监视而心神不宁。

10.Like all the generations of my family back to the pharaohs, I used to plant my crops and never know if I would harvest.我过去种庄稼，从来不知道能不能收。我的祖辈以至古代的法老也都是这样。

“pharaoh”意为：(习题详解 of the)ruler of ancient Egypt法老（古埃及国王或其称谓）。

11.It was a natural system of replenishment and cleansing.那是自然形成的一个补充土壤和清除盐分的体系。

“replenishment”的动词形式“replenish”意为：fill up(sth.)again(with...)（以„„）再装满，补充。在此句中为“补充土壤”的意思。

“cleanse”意为：make thoroughly clean, make pure 彻底清洁，涤净。在此句的为“清除盐分”的意思。

全句在翻译时就需要根据上下文意思进行添词。

12.Today this treasury of silt is trapped behind the dam, and there is no effective drainage system.现在宝贵的泥沙被水坝拦住了，却没有除盐的有效办法。

同样，这里的“drainage system”也不能简单地译成“排水系统”。此处仍然指“补土排盐系统”。另外，此句中“of”前面的名词“treasury”修辞后面的名词“silt”，译作“宝贵的泥沙”。

（二）参考译文：

沿尼罗河而上（摘录2）

尼罗河沿岸直到苏丹境内很远的地方，到处可以见到古埃及的坟墓和寺庙。我从开罗驱车南行，进入尼罗河河谷，这里的景色还没有受到多少现代的影响。从这里再往前一千八百英里，尼罗河像一条细细的蓝色丝带，缓缓流向北方，沿途穿过棕色的土地和绿色的田野，这田地外边是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方突然隆起像是小山，有的地方则平平地伸向地平线。

我仿佛驱车穿过了一个特别狭长的农场。大小村镇一般都处于田地的边上，这是为了不浪费耕地，同时也是因为在高坝控制尼罗河以前，有必要住得远一点，以躲避每年发生的洪水。公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的，有时穿过庄稼地，有时像是划的一条黑线，这边是庄稼，那边是沙漠。

在卢克苏尔以南不远的阿瓦米亚村，我曾看着农民收割甘蔗。村里一位长者，名叫阿明·易卜拉欣，请我到他家去做客，向我介绍了阿斯旺高坝的影响。他的话比我以前听到的更为乐观一些。他说：“还没修坝的时候，我们老惦记着洪水，——今年的洪水会太大呢，还是会太小呢？我过去种庄稼，从来不知道能不能收。我的祖辈以至古代的法老也都是这样。现在不用害怕了，我们知道一定会有水，也知道会有多少水。我们不是收一季，而是收三季了。家里用上了电，还用电开水泵，不需要再用吊桶提水了。过去我们到富人家里去听收音机。现在我们一年到头种庄稼了，就自己买收音机了，甚至还买电视机呢。”

不过阿明也看得很清楚，他承认这件事还有另外一面，不那么好的一面。他说：“土地更差了，因为过去尼罗河一泛滥就带来泥沙，可现在没有了。我们不得不用化肥，而化肥是很贵的。即便这样，庄稼还是不如以前打得多。”

他带我在他家附近的庄稼是里走了走。只见地面上结了一层盐。“现在不像以前了，河水不泛滥，盐分就冲不走了，”阿明对我解释说。过去每年尼罗河泛滥，可以给沿岸的农田留下细沙两千万吨。河水退去的时候，就把土壤里的盐分冲走，冲到地是海里去。那是自然形成的一个补充土壤和清除盐分的体系。现在宝贵的泥沙被水坝拦住了，却没有除盐的有效办法。

二、Adelaide(Excerpt)

（一）解说：

1.The city was laid out with broad streets in an open grid pattern, and over 4000ha2 of parklands encircling the city were served.街道宽阔，布局呈方格形。城市周围留有公园区，面积达四千余公顷。

“lay out”意为：make a plan for 计划，设计。例：lay out a garden 设计一花园；well-laid out streets and avenues 设计良好的街道和马路。

本句中有两处被动式，不能一看到被动式就译成被动式，要考虑到中文的表达习惯，故没有完全按照原句的形式来译。另外，“lay out”的意思体现在“布局”一词中。“were served”用“留有”来表述。

2.To the east the Mount Lofty ranges form an imssive backdrop.东有壮观的洛夫蒂岭衬托。

“backdrop”意为：背景。

3.Belts of parklands line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawns and trees break the regularity of the city buildings.三面有公园环绕，区内四个大广场有草坪和树木，打破了市区建筑的单调气氛。

“regularity”意为：state of being regular 规律性。这里的规律性是指区内到处都是建筑，景色缺少变化，有了公园和绿地就不显单调了。故“break the regularity”被译成“打破单调气氛”，比较符合原意。

4.N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River, spanned by four bridges and lined with ornamental gardens.托伦斯河把阿德莱德分成南北两区，河上架有四座桥梁，两岸点缀着许多花园。

“spanned”和“lined”这两个过去分词短语均作定语，修辞“the Torrens River”。为了能顺，译文中加了“河上”两字，后一短语意译成“两岸点缀着许多花园”，这样两个短语在句式表达上非常平稳一致。

5.The city contains many fine examples of early Australian architecture, including the town hall on King William Streetthe Murray, the Torrens and the Onkaparinga.喷水池有三个边，三十四根喷水柱，还有铝制雕塑，这一设计代表着向阿德莱德供水的三条河——墨累河、托伦斯河和昂卡帕令加河。

原文中的主语和谓语分别是“design”和“resents”，所以译文的后半部分一定要加上“这一设计”，不能只说“代表着”，这样会误认为是“铝制雕塑代表着”。

7.Parklands, which separate the city and the suburbs, are served in perpetuity for the use of the people.市区和郊区之间的公园区永远留作市民的活动场所。

“in perpetuity”的意思是“for ever 永远”。

8.As an artistic event, a stimulus to the creative and performing arts in Australia, the Festival has introduced many world-famous artists to millions of Australians.此次艺术节是艺术界的一大盛事，不但推动了澳大利亚的艺术创作和表演，而且把众多世界闻名的艺术家介绍给了澳大利亚的广大群众。

“a stimulus to the creative and performing arts in Australia”原本是“an artistic event”的同位语，在译文中用动词“推动”来体现名词“stimulus”，这样处理较通顺，因为英语中多用名词，而汉语中则多用动词。

（二）参考译文：

阿德莱德（摘录）

阿德莱德Adelaide澳大利亚南澳大利亚州首府，是全国规划得最好的城市之一。街道宽阔，布局呈方格形。城市周围留有公园区，面积达四千余公顷。西临圣文森特湾，岸边有宽阔的沙滩。东有壮观的洛夫蒂岭衬托，洛夫蒂山（727米）为最高峰。市区南部主要是商业区，三面有公园环绕，区内四个大广场有草坪和树木，打破了市区建筑的单调气氛。市区北部主要是住宅区，周围也有公园环绕，区内有广场两个。托伦斯河把阿德莱德分成南北两区，河上架有四座桥梁，两岸点缀着许多花园。市区有典型的澳大利亚早期建筑物多处，位于宽阔的南北大道威廉王大街上的市政厅便有其中之一。市政厅于1863年奠基，设计者E。W。赖特曾任本市市长。

阿德莱德有许多雕像，并有喷水池七处。最为壮观的一处喷水池建于1968年，座落在该城的商业区中心——维多利亚广场。喷水池有三个边，三十四根喷水柱，还有铝制雕塑，这一设计代表着向阿德莱德供水的三条河——墨累河、托伦斯河和昂卡帕令加河。市区和郊区之间的公园区永远留作市民的活动场所。

1960年举办了第一届阿德莱德艺术节，阿德莱德自此赢得了澳大利亚文化中心的美名。此次艺术节是艺术界的一大盛事，不但推动了澳大利亚的艺术创作和表演，而且把众多世界闻名的艺术家介绍给了澳大利亚的广大群众。

三、北海公园

（一）解说：

1.北海公园原是辽、金、元、明、清历代封建帝王的“御花园”。总面积共有68.2公顷。Bei Hai(North Lake)Park, covering an area of 68.2 hectares, was the imperial garden in the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.“总面积共有68.2公顷”在原句中是单独的一句。在译文中被处理成一个分词短语，作定语，修辞“Bei Hai Park”。这样比较符合英语的表达方式。

2.公园的中心——琼岛，周长1，913米，高32.8米，是1179年（金代）用挖海的泥土堆成的。The center of the park is Qiong Island, 32.8 metres high and 1,913 metres in circumference.It was made in 1179(in the Jin Dynasty)with the earth that came from the digging of the lake.中文往往比较简洁，一个句子能包含许多内容。在译成英语时，如果也只用一个句子的话会显得特别冗长，故在翻译时可考虑用几个单句来处理，本句便是一例。

3.岛上白塔建于1651年，塔高35.9米。The White Dagoba built on it in 1651 is as high as 35.9 metres.原文的谓语部分是在“建于”，而译成英语后，其谓语部分体现在“is as high as 35.9 metres”，不这么处理的话，“塔高35.9米”和“白塔”两个部分相距太，句子结构不紧凑。

4.琼岛东北部有“琼岛春阴”碑，为1751年建立。There is a stone tablet erected in 1751 in the northeast of Qiong Island, with ”Qiong Dao Chun Yin“(Spring Shade on the Qiong Island)written by Emperor Qian Long(1736-1796A.D.)engraved on it.译文中的“(Spring Shade on the Qiong Island)written by Emperor Qian Long(1736-1796A.D.)”为译者所加，为的是让读者进一步了解这块碑的珍贵之处，以引起读者的兴趣。

过去分词短语“engraved on it”修辞“Qiong Dao Chun Yin”。

5.附近风光秀丽，过去是燕京八景之一。This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.“noted”在这里不是过去分词，而是形容词，相当于“well-known”。

“燕京八景之一”也没有简单地译作“one of the eight views of Beijing”，而是在“views”前面加了一个词“outstanding”，因为普通的景色满目都是，文中提到的“八景”是特殊的景色。

6.海北岸有“五龙亭”，建于1602年，是封建皇帝钓鱼和看焰火的地方。On the north shore of the lake are the Five-Dragon Pavilions, built in 1602, where the emperors enjoyed fishing and watched fireworks.原文是“海北岸有”，译文不能译作“have”，而要译作“are”。整句译文是倒装句，主语是“the Five-Dragon Pavilions”，表地点的介词短语前置于句首。

7.“九龙壁”，建于1756年，全壁用五彩琉璃瓦砌成，两面各有蟠龙九条，姿态生动，反映了我国劳动人民的创造才能。Not far to the northeast stands the Nine-Dragon Screen, put up in 1756, which is made of colorful glazed tiles.With nine lively dragons on each side, it has proved the creativeness of the working people of China.原句较长，译文被处理成两句。译文中的“Not far to the northeast”为译者所加，借以说明景物的相对位置，免得孤立地介绍景物，显得单调。译文最后一句中的“Near there”也是如此。

译文中的“prove”意为：establish the genuineness of 确定„„之真实性，用以表达“反映”，紧扣原意。

（二）参考译文：

Bei Hai Park

Bei Hai(North Lake)Park, covering an area of 68.2 hectares, was the imperial garden in the Liao, Jin, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties.The center of the park is Qiong Island, 32.8 metres high and 1,913 metres in circumference.It was made in 1179(in the Jin Dynasty)with the earth that came from the digging of the lake.The White Dagoba built on it in 1651 is as high as 35.9 metres.There is a stone tablet erected in 1751 in the northeast of Qiong Island, with ”Qiong Dao Chun Yin“(Spring Shade on the Qiong Island)written by Emperor Qian Long(1736-1796A.D.)engraved on it.This area, noted for its beautiful scenery, was counted as one of the eight outstanding views of Beijing.On the north shore of the lake are the Five-Dragon Pavilions, built in 160, where the emperors enjoyed fishing and watched fireworks.Not far to the northeast stands the Nine-Dragon Screen, put up in 1756, which is made of colorful glazed tiles.With nine lively dragons on each side, it has proved the creativeness of the working people of China.Near there is the Iron Screen, which is a relic of the Yuan Dynasty.fellow countrymen 同胞

militarist军阀

Chinese Communist Party 党组织

the Grand Canal（京杭）大运河

Industrial Revolution 工业革命

dawn to dark从早到晚

especially English 具有英国特征的cottage industry 农村手工业

Indian summer 最后的余辉

stock-raising 畜牧业

Homestead Act 宅地法 wild west 西部荒原

the gold rush 淘金热

basic occupation 基础产业

Department of Agriculture 农业部门

the Nile Delta 尼罗河三角洲

coastal erosion 水土流失

Mediterranean climate 地中海型气候

surveyor general 测量总监

sovereign nation 主权国家

aggregate output 总产量

coastal area 沿海地区

telephone connections 电话用户

economic well-being 生活水平

two way trade 双向贸易

lucrative export market 出口市场

foreign exchange 外汇

sum total 总数

per capita 人均

GNP 国民生产总值

joint ventures 合资企业

net income 净收入

world investment system世界投资体系

the stock of foreign investment 外资存量

major economy 经济大国

the stimulus, the technology and the funding 动力、技术和资金

international trade and investment 国际贸易和投资

popular science 科普读物Arctic seas 北冰洋

vegetable oil 植物油

mineral oil煤油

internal combustion engine内燃机

warfare on land and sea 陆战和海战

minute sea creatures and plants 微小的海洋动植物

crude oil 原油

sedimentary rocks 沉积岩

pitch lake 沥青湖

superhighway 高速公路

living organism 生物体

applied entomology 应用昆虫学

environmental Law环保法

wildlife 野生生物

freedom from noise pollution 无噪声污染

Act 法

amendment 修正案

bill 议案

hearing 听证会

lobby 院外活动集团

universal copyright convention 世界版权公约

a system of copyright protection 版权保护制度

Contracting States 成员国

Director-General 总干事

mean temperature平均温度 China’s “most important historical sites” 全国重点保护文物

the cultural relics 文物

mutual prosperity 相互繁荣

international trade 世界贸易

bilateral trade 双边贸易

commercial and financial relationships 贸易与金融关

economic performance/reform 经济改革

economic course 经济道路

employment 就业

food production 食品加工

heavy industries 重工业

financial services sector 金融服务

foreign exchange dealing 外汇交易

the international community 国际社会

foreign funds 外国资金

domestic competition 国内竞争

multilateral disciplines 多边规定

a part-time river 季节性河流

oil-burning lamps 油灯

science of biological control 生物控制学

new areas of thought 新的思维空间

a warm-blooded animal 恒温动物

grant a license 颁发许可证

strip mining 露天采矿

offshore oil drilling近海石油钻探

waste disposal 废物处理

national life 国民生计

enacting legislation 立法

remaining open land 尚未开发的土地

a system of copyright protection 版权保护制度

policies of reform and opening to the outside world 改革开放政策

national lives 人民生活

national security policies 国家安全政策

流派school

文学家man of letters 文学界literary circle 欺世盗名glory-seeking

新民主主义New Democracy 五四运动The May 4th Movement

反帝国主义运动anti-imperialist movement 反封建运动anti-feudal movement 辛亥革命 the Revolution of 1911

初步共产主义思想rudiments of communist ideology 六三运动 June 3rd Movement 文化革命 the cultural revolution

小资产阶级和资产阶级知识分子petty-bourgeois and bourgeois intellectuals in the cities 市民阶级 the urban intelligentsia

五卅运动 May 30th Movement in 1925 北伐战争 the Northern Expedition

北洋军阀政府 the Northern Warlord government 右翼 right wing 民族危机 national crisis

巴黎和会 the Paris Peace Conference

故宫博物馆 the Imperial Palace/ the Palace Museum 故宫Old Palace

天安门Tian An Men Gate

太庙 The Imperial Ancestral Temple 中山公园 the Sun Yat-Sen Park 砖木结构 wood and brick

太和殿 the Hall of Supreme Harmony 午门 the Meridian Gate 外朝 the Outer Palace 内廷 the Inner Court

金水桥 the Golden Water Bridge

太和门 the Gate of Supreme Harmony 中和殿 the Hall of Complete Harmony 保和殿 the Hall of Preserving Harmony 御花园 the imperial garden 白塔 the White Dagoba 琉璃瓦 glazed tiles

粮食自给率 self-sufficiency rate of grain 净进口量net import rate 消费量consumption quantity

农业自然资源 Natural agricultural resources 生产条件 production condition 技术水平technical level

耕地cultivated land单位面积per unit area 复种指数 the multiple crop index 内陆水域 inland waters 水产品 aquatic products 集约化intensification 木本植物 arbor foodstuffs 知识经济 knowledge economy

劳动密集型产业 labour intensive industries 贸易与金融关系 commercial and financial ties 中国少年儿童出版社 China Children Press 儿童文学 Children’s Literature 丝绸之路 the Silk Road

井地之蛙 a frog at the bottom of a well 落汤鸡 like a drowned rate

陆地自然资源 land natural resources 淡水资源 freshwater resources 矿产资源 mineral resources 大陆岸线 mainland coastline 岛屿岸线islands’ coastline

联合国海洋法公约 UN Convention on the Law of the Sea 中国海域 China’s sea areas 浅海 shallow seas

人工养殖 aquatic products 沉积盆地sedimentation basin 中国沿海China’s coasts

深水岸线 deep-water stretch of coast 可再生能源regenerable energy resources

全球生命支持系统the global bio-support system 全国人民代表大会 National People’s Congress 中外合资经营 Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures 国际经济合作 international economic cooperation 技术交流 technological exchange 经济组织 economic organization 外国合营者 foreign joint venturer

平等互利的原则 the principle of equality and mutual benefit and subject 公共利益 public interest

有限责任公司 limited liability company

对外经济贸易主管部门 State’s competent department in charge of foreign economic relations and trade

工商行政管理主管部门 the State’s competent department in charge of industry and commerce administration

营业执照 business license 注册资本 registered capital

合营企业经营期间 in its practicing deception 董事会 a board of directors 董事长 chairman

企业发展规划 the venture’s development plans

生产经营活动方案 proposals for production and business operations 收支预算 the budget for revenues and expenditure 利润分配 the distribution of profits 审计师 the auditors 毛利润 gross profit 储备基金 reserve fund 净利润 net profit 优惠待遇 preferential treatment 所得税 the income tax 国家外汇管理机关 State agency for foreign exchange 金融机构 financial institution 外汇账户 a foreign exchange account 保险公司 insurance company 国际市场 world market 有关外汇事宜 foreign exchange transactions 个人所得税 individual income tax 不可抗力 force majeur 基本方针 the basic principle 兴修水利 infensify water-contral project 科技进步 the development of science and technology 稻田 paddy fields 养鱼业 fish culture 养殖 aquaculture 生产能力 productive capacity 人工草场 the artificial grasslands 国际海洋年 the International Ocean Year 其他合法权益 other lawful right 开始营业 start operations 工业产权 industrial capital 总经理 general manager 总工程师 chief engineer 总会计师 treasurer 正副厂长factory manager and deputy manager 享受优惠待遇 enjoy preferential treatment Premier总理

financial deficit财务赤字 arbitration agency仲裁机构 regional autonomy地方自治

automobile components汽车部件 ASEAN东盟(东南亚国家联盟)natural enemies of insects昆虫的天敌 consumer goods消费品 footbridge天桥

Keen interest浓厚的兴趣 subtropical plant亚热带植物

social security system社会保障制度 pension fund养老金 regular event常事

municipal government自治政府 entrepreneurial spirit进取精神

to give something much thought仔细想某事 cling to youth与年轻人呆在一起 carriage drawn by the horse乘马车

Federal Power Commission联邦电力委员会 the Long March长征

neighboring enviroment周边环境 live on one's own life独立生活 freshly harvested刚割的 marine insurance海事保险 scarce tactic吓唬人的办法 a far cry from完全不同 in this respect在这方面

industrial pollution工业污染

international understanding国际间的了解 prime minister首相

sino-American relationship中美关系 stand squarely端端正正地站着 establish communities建立村镇 mineral deposit矿藏

flows of capital资本流动 power of nature自然的力量 the ice was broken打破了僵局

science of biotic controls生物控制学 domestic legislation国内立法

full diplomtic relations正式外交关系 natural beauty自然美

more than ten years his junior比他年轻十几岁 open public domain开放的公共地带 typical masterpiece具有代表意义的杰作 to imprint on one's mind印在某人的脑海里

tentative and uncertain manner试探和踌躇的举止 wind and twist蜿蜒

vaguely worded措词含糊 to and fro走来走去

brightly painted颜色鲜艳的

average annual rainfall平均年降雨量 ravages of time时间的摧残

the flower of one's youth风华正茂 in unison一致

turn one's back on拒绝,冷眼相看 court of appeals上诉法院 international affairs国际事务 magnificient dinner盛大晚宴 full member正式成员

vast size and resources地大物博 outward investor对外投资者 a kind of invitation殷勤的邀请 sober-faced沉静的 right to know知情权

unpublished works未出版的作品 welcoming banquet欢迎宴会

historically significant experiment具有历史意义的尝试 in his middle twenties二十多岁 outstanding feature突出特点

undue absoption in the past过分地怀念过去 resonant voice洪亮的声音 universal convention世界公约 immeasurable contrast迥然不同 sucking vigor汲取力量

meticulously dressed穿着讲究 well-mannered silence规规矩矩 now and again有时

works of the human kind人类精神产品 scientific exchange科学交流 it rains cats and dogs倾盆大雨 gleaming eyes闪光的眼睛 source of power能源 everlastingly无穷无尽的 property damage财产损失

the birth and death of the day每一天的诞生和消亡 Sir John约翰爵士 on board ship在船上 common ground共同点 average height中等身材 in the air酝酿中 life-giving赋予生命

global economy全球经济 come and go霎时即去 market-day赶集日

a narrow swale狭长的洼地 toast干杯

金字塔Pyramid 中国公民Chinese citizen 维生素vitamin 载人飞船manned airship 生态环境environment 世界贸易组织World Trad Organization 可耕地arable land '三个代表'重要思想Three Represents Important Idea 纬度latitude 郁金香tulip 首相Prime Minister 生产条件production condition 粮食总产量目标total grain output target 工业产权industrial property rights 福礼sacrificial meat 国民经济national economy 大陆架continental shelves 和平共处peaceful coexistence 深刻的影响profound impact 交通动脉arteries of communication平民文学literature for the common people 熬夜to sit up

民族团结ethnic harmony, ethnic solidarity 各种流尖派的different schools 不合理的制度irrational system 花言巧语flowery language 极西地带far west 经济改革economic reforms 灌溉面积irrigated areas 零工odd jobs 战略任务strategic task 有限责任公司a limited liability company 区域自治regional autonomy 革命道路revolutionary road 为„打下基础lay foundations for 不良后果negtive effects 生活水平standard of living 沿海城市coastal city 花坛flower bed 不惜力气not sparing oneself 新兴城市the rising town 永久定居permanent settlement 革命知识分子revolutionary intellectuals 在„的号召下at the call of 散文集collection of essays 试工期trial period 排队queue up 浓装艳抹heavy make up 合法手续legal title 客观有利因素favorable objective factors 高等教育higher education 小买卖人a peddler 先进技术advanced technology 民族精神national spirit 测深绳sounding-line 出于自愿和兴趣on one's own count, out of interest 电力生产electrical production 历史遗址historical sites 单位面积产量the yield per unit area 专属经济区exclusive economic zones 储备基金reserve fund 统一战线的革命运动the revolutionary movement of a united front 文艺节Festival of Arts 完整的古代建筑群complete group of acient buildings 世界投资体系world investment system 旧梦重温going through old dreams 自给自足self-suffiiciency 互不干涉内政non-interference 无言的呼唤wordless cry 多功能机器multi-purpose machine平均率average rate 月白色的pale green 拉排子车pull a handcart 学术交流academic exchange 五一的下午on the afternoon of May 1st 河流入海口the mouth of the river 无情的relentless 初冬early winter 拉家带口be saddled with big families 1.two way trade双向贸易.lucrative export markets获利的出口市场 3.foreign exchange 外汇.commercial opportunities商业机会 5.export opportunities出口机会 6.potential exports潜在市场.labour intensive industries劳动密集型企业 8.foreign exchange dealing外汇交易 9.two-way flow of capital双向资本流动 10.economic transition经济转轨.宜农荒地wasteland which are suitable for farming 12.中低产田medium-and low-yield land 13.播种面积sown area 14.内陆水域.undefinedinland waters 16.粮食供求grain supply and demand 17.农业科技agricultural science and technology 18.科教兴农develop agriculture by relying on science , technology and education 19.非粮食实物资源non-grain food resources 20.集约化intensification.原文：He disappeared in the crowd before I called to him.我还没来得及叫他，已经消失在人群中.原文：When we praised the Chinese leadership and the people we are not merely being polite.改译：我们对中国领导人和中国人民的赞扬不仅仅是出于礼貌。.原文：They were ready to be disposed of by their parents if alive, or otherwise by their nearest relations.改译：这些人的父母如果还在世，可由父母领回；如果父母已故,则由他们的亲近代领。24.原文：President Clinton realized—as all of us must—that today’s economy is global.改译：克林锁总统早认识到当今的经济是全球性的经济，想必现在我们每个人的认识也一样 25.原文：Whether we like it or not, all of our fortunes are tied together.We are truly interdependent.改译：不管我们喜欢与否，我们所有的利益是相通的，我们真的是相互依赖的。26.原文：There were in the order of 300 people at the festival.改译：节日活动大约有300人参加 27.原文：依靠科技进步有潜力。

改译：There is scope for scientific and technological improvement.28.原文：这儿将修建更多的居民大楼。改译：More apartment houses will be built here.29.原文：中秋过后，秋风是一天凉比一天，看看将近初冬；我整天靠着火，也穿上棉袄了。

改译：After the Mid-Autumn Festival the wind grew colder every day, and winter was approaching.Even though I spent all my time by the stove, I had to wear my padded jacket.30.原文：在这里，可以听到最荒唐的新闻，如某处的大蜘蛛怎么成了精，受了雷击。改译：Here one could hear the most absurd stories, such as how in a certain place a huge spider had turned into a demon and was then struck by lightning.31.The strongest growth has occurred in the coastal areas near Hong Kong and opposite Taiwan, where foreign investment and modern production methods have spurred product in of both domestic and export goods.„ The people of the United States also have experienced the benefits of world trade.Since World War II, the U.S.has been the world’s Largest economy and , in most years, the world’s largest exporter.最强劲的增长发生在靠近香港和台湾对面的沿海地区。在这个地区，外国投资和现代生产手段的使用促进了国内和出口货物的生产。美国人民也有得益于国际贸易的经历。自从第二次世界大战以来，美国一直是世界上最大的经济大国。在大多数年代中，它又是世界上最大的出口国。

32.目前，中国的粮食单产水平与世界粮食高产国家相比也是比较低的，中国要在短时间内达到粮食高产国家的水平难度较大，但经过努力是完全可以缩小差距的。„„通过改造低中产田、兴修水利、扩大灌溉面积、推广先进适用技术等工程和生物措施，可使每公顷产量提高1500公斤以上。

At present, China’s per unit area yield of grain is low compared with countries with high grain yields.It will be difficult for China to reach the level of countries with high grain production in a short period of time, but the gap can certainly be narrowed through efforts.The grain output per hectare can be increased by more than 1,500 kg through the upgrading of medium-and low-yield land, intensifying water-control projects, enlarging irrigated areas and spreading the use of advanced agrotechnology and taking biological measures.1.Saint Valentine's Day 2.in an instant马上 3.out of reach够不着 4.a matter of course 5.in need 理所当然的事 6.in this respect 在这个方面 7.as regards 8.the historic sites历史古迹.agonizing flashbacks痛苦的回忆 10.at least至少.暴洪flash-flooding 12.步行桥footbridge 13.高等教育higher education 14.外祖母maternal grandmother 15.散文集a collection of essays 16.中国少年儿童出版社the China Children Press 17.丝绸之路the Silk Road 18.儿童文学Children's Literature 19.童年生活childhood life 20.井冈山the Jinggang Mountains 21.原文：Young men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.如果青年人由于某种原因认为自己会在战斗中死去，从而无法享受生活中最美好的东西，因而感到痛苦，这是无可指责的.原文：The Suunynook footbridge connects Atwater with Griffith Park, spanning the Los Angeles River and the Golden State Freeway.桑尼努克步行桥横跨洛杉矶河和金州高速公路，连接着阿特瓦德区和格力菲公园。23.原文：Last year, on a simple Sunday, three days after Valentine's Day, after many consecutive days of steady downpour, the sun came out.去年，瓦伦廷节过后第三天，那是一个普通的星期天，连日下大雨，终于出了太阳。24.原文：Many children were playing close to the water, and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring.那一天，许多孩子在靠近水边的地方玩耍，他们那样大胆，不知道危险就在眼前，使我们非常吃惊。.原文：Unable to reach the boy safely from the shore, Earl stepped into the water.他在岸上安全的地方够不着那个孩子，于是就迈步往水里走去。26.原文：《心上的河流》写出了他对于小河流水的深情，这使我忆起我所热爱的无边的大海。

In ”A River at Heart", he expressed his deep feelings towards the flowing water of a creek, which reminded me of my own love for the boundless, vast sea.27.原文：能为他的这本散文集子作序，我觉得很荣幸。

I find it a great honour to be asked to write a preface to this collection of his essays.28.原文：读了这游记，绚丽生动得如经其境，给了我很大的快乐。

Reading his travel notes gave me great pleasure because they are so colorful and vivid that I felt I was actually there.29.原文：我常常立在这长案旁边，吃我的简单早餐——一包巧克力糖！

I would often stand at the narrow, long table, having my simple breakfastan indescribable color.And from then on until the next rains the earth dried and the streams stopped.Cracks appeared on the level ground.The Salinas River sank under its sand.The wind blew down the valley, picking up dust and straws, and grew stronger and harsher as it went south.It stopped in the evening.It was a rasping nervous wind, and the dust particles cut into a men's skin and burned his eyes.Men working in the fields wore goggles and tied handkerchiefs around their noses to keep the dirt out.The valley land was deep and rich, but the foothills wore only a skin of topsoil no deeper than the grass roots;and the farther up the hills you went, the thinner grew the soil, with flints sticking through, until at the brush line it was a kind of dry flinty gravel that reflected the hot sun blindingly.一到六月，草开始枯黄，山坡变成了褐色——其实也不能算褐色，而是一种难以形容的金红和桔黄的色泽。从那时候直到下次下雨为止，土地干燥，溪河断流。平地开始坼裂。萨利纳斯河渗到沙底下去了。风吹过河谷，刮起尘土和干草，风势越往南越凶，一般要到晚上才停息。刺耳的风声，叫人心烦，沙粒打在脸上生疼，眼睛都睁不开。在地里干活的人都得戴风镜，把手帕扎在脸上，蒙住鼻子。

河谷的泥土厚而肥沃，但是山脚的土层却薄得只够扎住草根；越往高处，土层越薄，硬石露了头；到了灌木都不生长的地方，只有干巴巴的硬卵石，反射出炙热炫目的阳光

32.这一淋可糟了！晚上发高烧，一会儿热，一会儿冷！脸上经得像抹了胭脂，周身疼，连翻身都疼，疼得像针扎！我想起来了：我人小，排队时常常被人挤出来，有些人又常常故意捣乱，工头举起鞭子就打，常常因为打别而捎带上我。人多呀！一鞭子抽下来一大片，被捎上了背上就是一条子青一条子紫的。这一病，发现被工头抽在身一的伤了！可疼坏我了！可是幸亏这回只病了一夜，第二天早晨就退烧了，穿上带着号的衣服就赶快上工了，虽然浑身酸软，可是不干活不行呀！晚上还得唱戏，一大家人都指着爸爸和我两个人挣钱吃饭呀！That drenching nearly did for me!1That evening I ran a fever, burning hot one moment and icy cold the next.My face was as red as if rouged, my whole body ached, and turning over in bed hurt ten being needled!I remembered: Because I'm young, people often jostle me out of the queue;and when some of them make trouble and the foreman whips them, he often lashes me too.In that crowd his whip falls on a whole lot of people, and it leaves blue and purple welts on your back.Now that I was ill I discovered the welts from his whip-they hurt so badly.But luckily I was only feverish one night, the next morning I felt well enough to put on my gown with the number and go to work.Though I still ached all over, I had to work.And that evening I had to act.The whole family looked to Father and me for food.10.‘ This is for you，’ Bill Morrow heard on many occasions he would never forget——such as when he was taken a boat down the Grand Canal and every boat that passed sounded its siren in salutation.Or when he shown over the great Nanjing bridge，built where the ferries used to carry trains across the Changjiang River.He was given a chair and asked to wait a little as darkness came on，then suddenly the whole bridge was outlined in lights.“这是为你安排的。” 这句话比尔。莫诺听到过好几次，每一次都令他难以忘怀。有一次，他沿大运河乘船顺水而下，途经的每艘船都鸣笛致敬。还有一次，他参观雄伟的南京长江大桥——以前没桥时，要靠轮渡托载火车横渡长江。夜幕渐渐降临了，他被安排坐下，并被告知稍坐等候，然后突然间，整个桥身被灯光勾画出了一个清晰的轮廊。

11.The most important day I remember in all my life is the one on which my teacher，Anne Mansfield Sulliven，came to me.I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects.在我的记忆里，安妮。曼斯匪尔德。沙利文教师来的那一天，是我一生中最重要的日子。从这一天开始，我的生活与以前迥然不同，一想到这一点，我就感到非常兴奋。12.On the afternoon of that eventful day，I stood on the porch，dumb，expectant.那天下午，我一声不响，怀着期待的心情站在门廊里。

13.Have you been at sea in a dense fog，when it seemed as if a tangible white darkness shut you in，and the great ship，tense and anxious，groped her way toward the shore with plummet and sounding-line and you waited with beating heart for something to happen？ I was like that ship before my education began，only I was without compass or sounding-line，and had no way of knowing how near the harbour was.“ light！Give me light！” was the wordless cry of my soul，and the light of love shone on me in that very hour.不知你是否有过这样的经历——在海上航行遇上了大雾，周围一片白，好像着实把你关在一个黑暗的地方，大船上的人又紧张又着急，一面用铅锤探测深浅，一面向岸边慢慢驶去，你的心也怦怦直跳，生怕出事。我在开始受教育之前，就像这样一条船，只是没有罗盘，没有测探绳，也无法知道离海港有多远。“光明！给我光明！” 这就是发自我内心深处的无言的呼唤，也就在这时候，爱心的光芒照到了我的身上。

14.Someone took it，and I was caught up and held close in the arms of her who had come to reveal all things to me，and，more than all things else，to love me.有个人握住了我的手，于是我被抱了起来，紧紧地抈在了她的怀里。正是她来到我的身边，将一切展切在我面前，更重要的是，是她将爱带给了我。.17.That was because I saw everything with the strange，new sight that had come to me.On entering the door I remembered the doll I had broken.I felt my way to hearth and picked up the pieces，I tried vainly to put them together.那是因为我正用一种刚刚获得的全新而奇特的视角来看待一切事物。进屋时，我想起了被我弄坏的那个娃娃。我摸索着来到壁炉前，拾起那些碎片，试图将它们拼接在一起，却没办到。

18.it would have been difficult to find a happier child than I was as I lay in my crib at the close of that eventful day and lived over the joys it had brought me，and for the first time longed for a new day to come.当那感概万千的一天快要结束时，我躺在自己的小床里，感受这一天带给我的那些快乐，我觉得没有人比我更幸福了。一生中第一次，我期待着新一天的来临。

19.一切旧的传统观念，一切阻止社会进步和人性发展的不合理的制度。

All outmoded traditional thinking； any irrational system which obstructs social progress or human development.20.我觉得有一根鞭子在抽打我的心，又觉得仿佛有什么鬼魂借我的笔为自己伸冤一样。

I felt as if my mind was being whipped，as if a ghost had commandeered my pen and was writing to redress the injustices it had suffered.21.另一个地方

On another occasion.22.长得好看的人用不着浓妆艳抹，而我的文章就像一个丑八怪，不打扮，看起来倒还顺眼些。

Physically attractive people don‘t need heavy make-up.Though my writing resembles an ugly monster，it actually looks a little better without any embellishment.22.我最恨那些盗名欺世，欺骗读者的谎言。

This means I oppose fabrication，deception and flowery language.What I hate most are those glory-seeking writers who deceive the public with their lies.23.就学习英语而言，有三个方面值得注意：拼法正确，合乎用法——一个词怎么用，和哪个词连用，很有讲究。句子平稳—合乎语法。

Unit2 HISTORY

1.The country was a place where men worked from dawn to dark，and the labourer lived not in the sun，but in poverty and darkness.What aids there were to lighten labour were immemorial，like the mill，which was already ancient in Chaucer‘s time.The industrial Revolution began with such machines； the millwrights were the engineers of the coming age.James Brindley of Staffordashire started his self-made career in 1733 by working at mill wheels，at the age of seventeen，having been born poor in a village.在农村，人们从早到晚都得干活，劳动者并不是沐浴在阳光下，而在生活在贫困和黑暗之中，那么帮助减轻劳动的机械都不知从哪个年代就有了。比如磨坊，在乔叟的时候就已经是古老的了。而工业革命就是从这些机械开始的。修造磨坊的匠人就是开创新时代的工程师。斯塔福郡的詹姆斯。布林斯雷，出身于一个贫苦的农村家庭；一七三三年，他十七岁，就着手改良磨坊的车轮，从而开始了他那自我奋斗的生涯。

2.in the air

酝酿之中

3.multi-purpose machine

多功能机器

4.Brindley had begun on his own account，out of interest，to survey the waterways that he traveled as he went about his engineering projects for mills and mines.布林斯雷在为他的磨坊和矿井建筑工程到处奔走的时候，出于自愿和兴趣，对沿途经过的河道进行了勘察。

5.they often had little education，and in fact school education as it then was could only dull an inventive mind.他们一般都没有受过什么教育。事实上，当时那种学校教育也只能窒息人的创造性。

6.arteries of communication

交通的动脉

7.these things had been manufactured in villages which were growing into towns now，away from London； it was a country-wide trade.这些物品都是在远离伦敦渐渐发展成为城镇的农村制造的。这是一场全国范围的贸易。

8.要从词汇，短语和结构三个方面去弄懂原文，但是光这样做还是不够的，还必须把握全篇。

9.It is not alone： it forms one of a triad of revolutions，of which the other two were the American Revolution that started in 1775，and the French Revolution that started in 1789.It may seem strange to put into the same pocket an industrial revolution and two political revolutions.工业革命不是孤立的，它是当时三大革命之一，另外两次是美国革命和法国革命，分别始于1775年和1789年。将一次工业革命和两次政治革命相提并论，似乎有些奇。

10.cottage industry

作坊似的

11.what makes the Industrial Revolution so peculiarly English is that it is rooted in the countryside.工业革命特别具有英国特色是因为它植根于农村

12.During the first half of the eighteenth century，in the old age of Newton and the decline of the Royal Society，England basked in a last Indian summer of village industry and the overseas trade of merchant adventures.18世纪上半期，也就是牛顿的晚年，皇家学会逐渐衰败的年代，英国仍享受着农村经济和商业冒险家从事的海外贸易带来的最后欢娱。

13.Eventually，though a few communities continued to be devoted almost exclusively to mining，the real wealth of Montana，Colorado，Wyoming，Idaho，and California proved to be in the grass of soil.后业虽然少数城镇专门从事采矿业，但蒙大拿，科罗拉多，怀俄明，爱达荷等州的真正财富，也和加州一样，还是在草原和沃土之中。

14.readability，读起来上口，顺。所谓翻译，是翻译意思，而不是翻译词句。只要抓住了意思，译文在词句上可以有一定的灵活性。

15.Despite the great gains in industry，agriculture remained the nation‘s basic occupations.The revolution in agriculture——paralleling that in manufacturing after the war involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming，and from subsistence to commercial agriculture.Between 1686 and 1910，the number of farms in the United States trebled，increasing from 2 million to 6 million while the area farmed more than doubled from 160 million to 352 million hectares.尽管工业的收益很大，农业仍是国民的基础产业。农业革命——和战后的制造业革命齐驾齐驱，使手工业劳作变为机械耕种，使维持生计的农业变为商业化的农业。从1860年至1910年间，美国农场的数量翻了三番，从2000000个增至6000000个，耕种的面积也从1.6公顷增至3.52公顷，增长了一倍多。

16.In 1840，Cyrus McCormick performed a miracle by cutting from two to two-and-a-half hectares a day with the curious machine he had been developing for nearly 10 years.到了1840年，塞路斯，麦克米克创造了一个奇迹，用他历经近十年研制的神奇机器，一天可割麦2——2.5公顷。

17.In 1862，the Morrill Land-Grant College Act

1862年，政府颁布的有关赠地建校的“莫里尔公地兴学法案”

18.industrial colleges，appropriated fund，were at work.农业院校，下拨款项，展开了科研活动。

19.五四运动是反帝国主义的运动，又是反封建的运动。五四运动的杰出的历史意思，在于它带着为辛亥革命还不曾有的姿态，这就是彻底地不妥协地反帝国主义和彻底地不妥协地反封建主义。

The May 4th Movement was an anti-imperialist as well as an anti-feudal movement.Its outstanding historical significance is to be seen in a feature which was absent from the Revolution of 1911，namely，its thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperialism as well as to feudalism.20.五四运动所进行的文化革命则是彻底地反对封建文化的运动，自有中国历史以来，还没有过这样伟大而彻底的文化革命。

May 4th Movement was uncompromising in its opposition to feudal culture； there had never been such a great and thoroughgoing cultural revolution since the dawn of Chinese history.21.五四运动是在思想上和干部上准备了一九二一年中国共产党的成立，又准备了五？运动和北伐战争。

Both in ideology and in the matter of cadres，the May 4th Movement paved the way for the founding of the Chinese Communist Party in 1921 and for the May 30th Movement in 1925 and the Northern Expedition.22.上海，唐山，长辛店等地工人纷纷罢工示威，中国工人阶级第一次作为觉悟了的独立的政治力量登上政治舞台，显示了它的伟大力量。

Workers in Shanghai，Tanghsna，Changxindian and etc，went on strike to express their disapproval.As an awakened，independent，political strength，Chinese working class stepped on the political stage for the first time and illuminated its tremendous power.23.在全国人民反帝爱国斗争的压力下，北洋军阀政府被迫释放被捕学生，撤销三个卖国？的职务，拒绝在对德“和约”上签字，反帝反封建斗争取得了初步胜利。

Under the pressure of a nationwide patriotic struggle against imperialism，the Northern Warlord government had to release those arrested students，remove the 3 traitors from their posts and refuse to sign on the Peace Treaty with Germany.The struggle against imperialism and feudalism has achieved a foundemental victory.24.五四运动是一次彻底的不妥协的反帝反封建的革命运动，它促成了中国工人运动同马克思主义的结合，在思想上和干部上为中国共产党的成立作了准备，是中国新民主主义革命的开端。

May 4th Movement is a revolutionary movement with a thorough and uncompromising opposition to imperialism and feudalism.It prompted the combination of Chinese workers‘ movement and Marxism and，both in ideology and in the matter cadres，paved the way for the founding of Chinese Communist Party.It was the beginning of the Chinese New Democratic Revolution.25.Scarcely less important than machinery in the agricultural revolution was science.In 1862，the Morrill Land-Grant College Act allotted public land to each state for the establishment of agricultural and industrial colleges.在农业革命中与机械几乎同等重要的是科学。1862年，根据“莫里尔公地兴法案”，国会把公用地分配给各州，以便建立农业和工业学院。

26.the revolution in agriculture——paralleling that in manufacturing after the war involved a shift from hand labor to machine farming，and from subsistence to commercial agriculture.农业的革命——和战后制造业的革命并驾齐驱——使手工业劳动变为机械耕作，从维持生计的农业变成为商业化的农业。

UNIT 3 GEOGRAPHY

1.All this suggested ancient harmonies.这一切使人感到古代的和谐气氛。

2.The devastating floods and droughts that imposed a recurrent tax of suffering on the fellahin no longer occur.过去给农民带来灾难的水旱灾害，现在也不再发生了。

3.About six years ago it became an island.Day by day the sea is eating the land——the dam has stopped the sediment of the Nile from replenishing the shoreline.大约六年前，那地方变成了一个小岛。海水一天天冲刷陆地——水坝已经使得尼罗河的泥沙无法沉积下来加固海岸了。

4.旧的教学法只管三件事，识汉字，读汉字读物，写汉字作文。冰心在<北京晚报>发表过一篇文章：“漫谈赏花和玩猫”。

5.Tombs and temples of ancient Egypt follow the Nile well into Sudan.Driving southward from Cairo into the valley，I entered a landscape that owed little to the present era.For the next 1800 miles the thin blue ribbon of the Nile，flowing slowly north，unwound over brown soil and green fields，some only a few yards wide，others as broad as an Iowa cornfield.At the edge of the fields，rising in dramatic hills or stretching flat to the horizon，lay the brown barren deserts.古埃及的坟墓，庙宇遍布尼罗河两岸，一直沿至苏丹。驾车从开罗往南行至尼罗河谷，映入眼帘的是一番与现代截然不同的景色。蓝色玉带般的尼罗河绵延1800英里，在棕色的土地和绿色的田野间缓缓向北流去。田地有的仅几码宽，有的则如依阿华州的玉米地那么宽。田野的外边缘处是寸草不生的棕色沙漠，有的地方如小山般高高耸起，有的则平平的一直延展至天际。

6.I had the illusion that I was driving through one immensely long，narrow farm.我感到自己宛若驾车穿越一个毫无尽头的狭长农场。

7.the road followed the course of the Nile，now passing through the fields，now drawing a black line separating them from the desert.公路是顺着尼罗河修筑的，所以时而从田间穿过，时而如一条黑色的分界线将田地与沙漠隔开。

8.as the flood receded，the water draining through the soil leached out the salts and carried them off to the Mediterranean.洪水退去时，下渗土壤的水会冲走土里的盐分，并最终把盐带入地中海。

9.it enjoys a Mediterranean climate.属地中海气候

10.The fertility of the surrounding plains，easy access to the Murray lowlands to the east and southeast，and the presence of mineral deposits in the nearby hills all contributed to the city‘s growth.四周平原土壤肥沃，与东和东南方的墨累低地相通。附近山区有矿藏。原为早期农贸中心，现已工业化。

11.The Adelaide Festival of Arts was the first international celebration of its kind to be held in Australia.阿德莱德文艺节每两年举行一次，是在澳大利亚举办的第一个国际性文艺活动。

12.Adelaide，the capital of South Australia，is one of Australia‘s best-planned cities.南澳大利亚的首府，阿德莱德，是澳大利亚布局最精巧的城市之一。

13.Belts of parklands line three sides of the area and four large open squares of lawns and trees break the regularity of the city buildings.North Adelaide，which is chiefly residential，is bordered by more parklands，and contains two open squares.N and S Adelaide are divided by the Torrens River，spanned by four bridge and lined with ornamental gradens.带状绿地从三面环绕，区内的四块空地上有草坪也有树木，打破了市内建筑物的单调格局。北部主要是居民区，其周围也有公园环绕。另外还有两个大广场。南北阿德莱德的分界是特化斯河，河面上建有四座桥，两岸则有花园点缀。

14.The city contains many fine examples of early Australian architecture，including the town hall on King Wiiliam Street——the wide main N-S thoroughfare.阿德莱德拥有许多早期澳式建筑的典范，比如贯通南北的主干道路——余威廉大街上的市政大厅。

15.jets of water，aluminium sculptures，draws its water.喷水孔，铝质雕塑。供水之源

16.Parklands，which separate the city and the suburbs，are preserved in the perpetuity for the use of the people.分隔市区与郊区的绿地永远留作人们活动的场所。

17.The Imperial Palace

18.Of particular interest if you have time might be the Imperial Ancestral Temple，which is to the right，and the Sun Yat-Sen Park，on the left.19.Covering an area of 175 acres，the Palace is enclosed by walls over 35ft high and surrounded by a moat 57yd wide.20.the Palace Museum，with four gates，has its main entrance to the south，known as the Meridian Gate.This is the gate you will approach as you continue along the cobbled roadway from Tian An Men.The Imperial Palace is divided into two ceremonial areas： the Outer Palace and the Inner Court.Through the Meridian Gate and across the Golden Water Bridge，one comes to the Gate of Supreme Harmony，the main gate of the Outer Palace.The main building in the Outer Palace are the Hall of Supreme Harmony，the Hall of Preserving Harmony.自考英汉翻译复习资料2

21.The Hall of Supreme Harmony，the Meridian Gate，the Outer Palace，the Inner Court，the Golden Water Bridge，the Gate of Supreme Harmony，the Hall of Complete Harmony，the Hall of Preserving Harmony.太和殿，午门，外朝，内延，金水桥，太和门，中和殿，保和殿

22.总面积共有68.2公顷，燕京八景之一，五龙亭，九龙壁，御花园，白塔，燕京，琉璃瓦，影壁

With a total area of 68.2 ha.One of the eight views of Beijing.The Five Dragon Pavilion.Nine-Dragon Screen.The Imperial garden.The White Dagoba.Beijing.Glazed tiles.Screen.UNIT 4 ECONOMY

1.President Clinton realized——as al of us must—— that today‘s economy is global.正如每个人必须认识到的那样，克林顿总统认识到当今的经济具有全球性质。

2.1977，the sum total of Chinese imports and exports was less than $15 billion，putting China‘s share of world at 0.6 percent.The most populous country in the world，China ranked a distant 30th among exporting nations.By 1993 China’s exports and imports totaled nearly $200 billion.China had become the world‘s tenth largest exporter.在1977年，中国进出口总额还不到150亿美元，仅占世界贸易总额的0.6%，世界上人口最多的中国在出口国家中排名靠后，仅是第30位，到1993年，中国进出口总额接近2000亿美元，它已成为每10个最大的出口国。

3.Per capita GNP has grown at an average rate of 7.6% from 1980-1992.从1980年至1992年，人均国民生产总值平均增长率为7.6%.4.But the importance of trade in our economy has exploded in the past three decades.In 1970，the value of two way trade was equal to just 13% of the US economy.Last year，that figure，at 28%，was more than twice as high.In just the last seven years，jobs supported by US exports have risen by 4 million，to a total of 11 million.That‘s almost one out of ten American jobs.Last year US trade equaled $1.8 trillion dollars.但在过去30年中，我们经济贸易的重要性大大地增加了，在1970年，双边贸易的总值占了整个美国经济的13%.去年上升到28%，比1970年增加了一倍多。就在过去7年中，美国的出口创造的就业机会增加了400万个。总数上升到1100万个。这个数字就占美国就业总数的1/10.去年，美国贸易总额达到了1.8亿美元。

5.Nor is the importance of trade likely to diminish for either China or the United States.Foreign exchange.无论是中国还是美国，都不会缩小贸易的重要性。

外汇。

6.Bilateral trade，the order of

双边贸易

7.sound foundation for future commercial and financial ties.为未来贸易与金融关系打下了一个坚实的基础。

8.China‘s imports from the US，which amounted to $900 million in 1978，rose to nearly $ 3 billion in 1982.exports rose from $300 million to $ 2.3 billion during that period.Total Chinese trade has also risenj dramatically，from 1978 to 1983 Chinese exports increased from roughly 10 billion to 22 billion，while imports increased from 10 billion to just over 21 billion.中国从美国的进口额，从？？到由9亿美元增至近30亿美元，对美出口额在这期间也从3亿美元增至23亿美元。中国的对外贸易总额也急速攀升，中国的出口额从1978年的约100亿美元增至1982年的220亿美元，进口额与此同时也从100亿美元增长到了210多个亿美元。

9.joint ventures.Offshore oil exploration

合资企业，海上石油勘测

10.there are reasons to be optimistic and to expect that commercial and financial relationships will grow in the future.我们有理由保持乐观的态度，有理由相信，未来贸易与金融关系会继续发展。

11.Food production，industrial production.Light industries.粮食产量，工业生产，轻工业

12.I believe Chinese economic authorities recognize the problem and the next Five-Year Plan will address it effectively.我相信中国的经济管理部门已认识到这个问题，在下一个“五年计划”中定会有效地解决这一问题。

13.Britain lives by commerce.With 2% of the world‘s population，we are the world’s fifth largest trading nation.We rely more than any other major economy on the goods and services that we export，the investment that we attract and we make abroad.英国的生存依赖贸易。虽然英国人口只占全球的2%，它却是世界第五大贸易国。英国对商品和服务出口以及对投资和引资的依赖超过了世界上其他主要经济体。

14.outward investor，net income，the share of foreign investment.海外投资，净收入，15.what this means is that Britain has direct experience of the benefits that international trade and investment generate.这意味着英国直接享受到了国际投资所带来的利益。，国际投资的蓬勃发展符合我国利益。

16.that is the way to maximize her share of world markets； and——as the UK knows from direct experience——to attract the stimulus，the technology and the funding that inward investment can offer.最大限度地扩大其在世界上的市场份额的方法，英国从自身直接的经历中体会到，吸引外资可以带来动力，技术和资金。

17.严复——<天演论>，信—忠实，达—流畅，雅—尔雅，他并不十分重视“信”，他说“译文取明深义，故词句之间，时有所颠倒附益，不斤斤于字比句次。” 周煦良教授在“翻译三论”一文中说： 我认为应当作为“得体”来理解。

18.multilateral disciplines.Brought this home.Zero-sum game.Finite stock.Donor and recipient.多边条约，感触颇深，盈利损失总体持平，经济利益增长值，投资方与被投资方

19.立足国内资源，实现粮食基本自给，是中国解决粮食供需问题的基本方针。

The basic principle for solving the problem of grain supply and demand in China is to reply on the domestic resources and basically achieve self-sufficiency in grain.20.根据中国农业自然资源，生产条件，技术水平和其他发展条件，粮食增产潜力很大。

Natural agricultural resources，production conditions，technical level and some other conditions ensure great potential in this respect.21.即使考虑到土地报酬率递减的因素，也是有条件实现的。

To achieve the target is totally possible even if the factor of diminishing land returns rate is considered.22.中国政府将在加强对现有耕地保护的同时，加快宜农荒地的开发和工矿废弃地的复垦。

The Chinese government will make efforts to speed up the reclamation of wasteland suitable for farming as well as land discarded by factories and mines.23.inland waters，aquaculture，aquatic products，intensification，animal by-products，arbor foodstuffs.内陆水域，养殖，水产品，集约化，畜产品，木本食物。

UNIT 5 CULTURE

1.it‘s raining again.As I lie awake in bed，listening to the sound of those razor-sharp drops pounding on the pavement，my mind goes reeling down dark corridors teeming with agonizing flashbacks，and a chill from within fills me with dread.It’s raining，again.又下雨了，我躺在床上，睡不着，听着雨点儿落在路面上啪啪作响。我思绪万千，恍恍惚惚进入了一条条幽暗的甬道，回想起许多痛苦的往事。心里一阵冰凉，不禁感到毛骨悚然。是的，又在下雨了。

2.it does this every year in Southern California； at least that‘s what they told me last year when I marveled at the relentless determination of the rain.加利福尼亚南部，年年如此；去年，雨无情地下个不停。我表示惊异，人们就是这样对我说的。

3.every child raised in the West knows about these dangers.At least that‘s what I used to think.I’m not so sure anymore.在西部长大的孩子都知道洪水的厉害。至少我过去是这样想的，现在就不敢说的。

4.Habits form，however，and，in a child‘s mind，most of the time becomes all of the time，and nobody gives it much thought.Then the rains come.然而孩子们习以为常，在他们心目中，“大部分时间”变成了“全部时间”，而谁也没有仔细去想这件事。后来就下起雨来了。

5.在理论方面，鲁迅曾针对当时赵景深的“宁顺而不信”的提法，提出了“宁信而不顺”的主张。1935年，鲁迅在“题未定‘草’”一文中又对翻译作了新的概括。他说：“凡是翻译，必须兼顾着两面，一当然力求其易解，一则保存着原作的丰姿。”也就是说，翻译既要通顺，又要忠实。

6.Each day we make choices that affect our lives and，sometimes，the lives of others.每一天我们都要做出许多选择，大部分是为自己，有的也为别人。

7.Somehow our path took us toward the park，across the footbridge high above the rolling water of the Los Angeles River.不知怎的，我们就踏上了通向公园的小路。

8.Many children were playing close to the water，and we were stunned by their ignorance and daring.The far bank.许多孩子在告近水边的地方玩耍。他们的无知与鲁莽把我俩看呆了。

9.He jumped into the water to get his bike and was carried rapidly downstream，a look of panic and horror registering on his young face.他跳进河里去捞车。急流一下子就把他给冲走了，他吓坏了，脸上现出惊恐的表情。刹那间，我们要做出选择。

10.the greatest instinct，I believe，is to help a child in need.我想，是本能驱使我们去救助一个危难中的孩子。

11.I could see that he had confronted much more than he could handle，even being as strong and athletic as he was.从艾勒的表情，我知道，尽管他身强力壮，但当时他面临的困境是他无法摆脱的。

12.feeling of guilt，as a matter of course.That little was lucky to get out.内疚心理，理所当然，那孩子命大的话会脱险的。

13.Although both my parents died young，I have done well in this respect as regards my other ancestors.My maternal grandfather，it is true，was cut off in the flower of his youth at the age of sixty-seven，but my other three grandparents all lived to be over eighty.我的父母年纪轻轻就去世了，可是说到祖辈，我还是选得不错的。我外祖父固然是在风华正茂之年就弃世了，当时他只有六十七岁，但是我的祖父，祖母和外祖母却都活到了八十以上。

14.my maternal grandmother，after having nine children who survived，one who died in infancy，and many miscarriages，as soon as she became a widow devoted herself to women‘s higher education.我外祖母有九个孩子活了下来，有一个孩子很小就死了，她还流产过多次。丈夫一死，她就致力于女子高等教育。

15.if you have wide and keen interests and activities in which you can still be effective，you will have no reason to think about the merely statistical fact of the number of years you have already lived，still less of the probable brevity of your future.你要是有广泛的爱好和强烈的兴趣，而且还有能力参加一些活动，你就没有理由去考虑自己已经活了多少岁这样的具体数字，更没有理由去考虑自己的余年大概是很有限的了。

16.one‘s thoughts must be directed to the future，and to things about which there is something to be done.一个人应当考虑未来，考虑一些可以有所作为的事情。

17.It is easy to think to oneself that one‘s emotions used to be more vivid than they are，and one’s mind more keen.人们往往会对自己说，我过去感情多么丰富，思想多么敏锐，现在不行了。

18.the other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of sucking vigour from its vitality.另一件需要避免的事就是老想和年轻人呆在一起，希望从青年的活力中吸取力量。

19.Animals become indifferent to their young as soon as their young can look after themselves，but human beings，owing to the length of infancy，find this difficult.动物，一旦它们的后代能够自己照料自己，它们就不管了；但是人，由于抚养子女的时间长，是难以这样做的。

20.在我国，从二十年代开始从事翻译工作，从五十年代乃至八十年代还在讨论翻译问题的，大概只有两个人，一个是郭沫若，一个就是茅盾。

21.I think that a successful old age is easiest for those who have strong impersonal interests involving appropriate activities.我认为，如果老年人对个人以外的事情怀有强烈的兴趣，并参加适当的活动，我们的晚年是最容易过得好的，他们的晚年才会是一生收获的季节。

22.Yong men who have reason to fear that they will be killed in battle may justifiably feel bitter in the thought that they have been cheated of the best things that life has to offer.But in old man who has known human joys and sorrows，and has achieved whatever work it was in him to do，to fear of death is somewhat object and ignoble.年青时有这种想法是可以理解的。年青人害怕阵亡疆场，而且一想到人生最美好的一切就这么被葬送了，恐惧的心情会更加严重。这种恐惧无可厚非。但作为老年人，人生的悲欢离合你已都经历过了，自己要做的事情也都做了，这时若还恐惧死亡，那就有些让人瞧不起了。

23.An individual human existence should be like a river—— small at first，narrowly contained within its banks，and rushing passionately past boulders and over waterfalls.Gradually the river grows wider，the banks recede，the waters flow more quietly，and in the end，without any visible break，they become merged in the sea，and painlessly lose their individual being.一个人的一生应像一条河——起初窄窄的，夹在两岸之中，急速地流动阒，冲过岩石，冲下瀑布，渐渐地，河面变宽了，两岸变得越来越远，河水静静地流动着，直到最后，再也没有什么阻碍了，因为这时，你已融入了大海，毫无痛苦地结束了自己单独存在的那一段历程。

24.如今，能为他的这本散文集作序，我觉得很荣幸。

I find it a great honour to be asked to write a preface to this collection of his essays.25.<心上的河流>写出了他对于小河流水的深情，这使我忆起死回我所热爱的无边的大海。

In “ A River at Heart”，he expressed his deep feelings towards the flowing water of a creek，which reminded me of my own love for the boundless，vast sea.26.这几年，我因行动不便，整天过着“井蛙”的无聊生活，读了这游记，绚丽生动得如经其境，给了我很大的快乐。

In recent years，unable to move about easily，I have been leading a dull life like that of “a frog at the bottom of a well”。Reading his travel notes gave me great pleasure because they are so colourful and vivid that I felt I was actually there.27.如同旧梦重温一般，我回忆起1936年在伦敦的3个星期，在昼夜看不到日，月，星三光的浓雾之中，参观了大英博物馆，敏纳斯教学——访问了一些英国朋友。

Just like going through old dreams，I remembered the three weeks I had spent in London in 1936.during that time，when the sun，the moon and the stars were hidden behind the thick fog day and night，I visited the British Museum and the Westminster and called on my English friends.28.因为住处离罗浮宫很近，我就整个上午“泡”在罗浮宫里。

As I was very close to the Louvre，I would loiter in the palace the whole morning.29.吃过早餐，就出来坐在宫门台附上，欣赏宫门口那一大座花坛，花坛里栽的是红，黄，白，紫四色分明的盛开的郁金色。

After lunch，I would come out and sit on the steps at the entrance of the palace，enjoying the big flower beds near the gate filled with blooming tulips of distinctive red，yellow，white and purple.30.意大利是我最喜欢的一个欧洲国家。

One of my favourite European countries falls on Italy which is built of stone.31.佛罗伦萨给我留下的，除了美术馆里的雕像和壁画之外，还有一座座府弟墙壁上的灯座，每座灯下都有一只拴马的铁环，是聚会或宴客时拴马用的，十分别致。

Things I can remember in Florence are the statues and murals in the Art Gallery as well as the lampstands on the walls of each house.Under each lampstand，there is q unique iron ring used to tie the horses when parties or banquets are held.UNIT 6 LITERATURES

1.重神似不重形似“这是在讨论翻译问题时常说的一句话。傅雷—人间喜剧，约翰。克利斯朵夫，最难应付的是原文中最简单最明白而最短。

2.“No，no，no，” replied this individual，who was blond and vigorous and by nature a little irritable and contentious.“没有，没有，没有，” 这个人回答说。他长得漂漂亮亮，精神饱满，生性有点暴躁，喜欢争吵。

3.茅盾：“直译的意义若就浅处说，只是‘不妄改原文的字句’；就深处说，还求‘能保留原文的情调与风格。”

4.“No，sir，but couldn‘t I pick it up pretty quick if I tried hard？”

“是没干过，先生。但只要我用心，很快就会学会的，是吧？”

5.Clyde，left alone in this fashion，and not knowing just what it meant，stared，wondering.克莱德就这么给甩在这儿了，弄不明白什么意思，两眼直愣愣地想呀想呀。

6.著名翻译家王佐良教授以翻译英诗为主，兼及散文和戏剧。1980年出版的他的<英国诗文选择集>中，有他译的袁斯诗11首，雪莱诗8诗，麦克迪儿米诗10首，有他译的培根的散文3篇，科贝特的散文6篇。1985年出版了他译的<彭斯诗选>.此外他还曾将曹禺的<雷雨>译成英语。

7.I remember my childhood names for grasses and secret flowers.我记得儿时给各种小草和隐蔽的小花取的名字。

8.It required only a rich winter of rain to make it break forth in grass and flowers.只要经历一个雨量充足的冬季，草呀，花呀，就会长出来。

9.when June came the grasses headed out and turned brown，and the hills turned a brown which was not brown but a gold anad saffron and red——an indescribable color.到6月，草就已经长高了，颜色也变成棕色了。山则显出一种特别的棕色，说棕也不是棕，有点金黄，有点桔黄，还有点红——也形容不出是个什么颜色。

10.It was a rasping nervous wind，and the dust particles cut into a man‘s skin and burned his eyes.大风让人们烦躁焦虑，尘土的微粒剐着人的脸，刺痛人的眼睛。

11.The land cracked and the springs dried up and the cattle listlessly nibbled dry twings.土地龟裂，泉水干枯，牛儿无精打采地啃着干树枝。

12.The tall，well-dressed gentleman standing before me was certainly a far cry from the old sea wolf of my imagination.站在我面前的是一位身材高大，衣着讲究的先生，与我先前想像的老海怪完全不同。

13.A delighted giggle cut through the severe silence.The ice was broken.We all laughed.一阵咯咯的欢笑声打破了严肃而沉寂的气氛。谁也不拘束了，大家都笑了起来。

14.在旧社会，我们评剧演员常常挣钱不够吃饭，艺人们大都是拉家带口，生活困难。

In the old society，Pinju players seldom made enough to live on.And as most were saddled with big families their life was hard.15.腊月二十三封箱，把“祖师爷”请到前台去，后台冷冷清清，演员们就更苦了，要等到年初一开戏了，才能挣到钱。

On the twenty-third of the twelfth lunar month，when theatres closed and the patron saint of actors was invited to the front stage，leaving the backstage deserted，actors were even worse off，unable to earn any more until the reopening on New Year‘s Day.16.真是一个钱撕成八瓣用，心里总是想着怎样能够改善家里的困境。

Each single copper had to be eked out，and I kept racking my brains for ways to improve our difficult conditions.17.每天天不亮戴着星星去排队，工厂没开大门就排上老长的队了。

We had to queue up before dawn when there were still stars in the sky.A long queue formed before the mill‘s gate opened.18.可我从头到脚淋成了落汤鸡了。

I was drenched from head to foot like a drowned rat.UNIT 8 POPULAR SCIENCE

1.there were three groups of oils； animal，vegetable and mineral.油可以分为三大类：动物油，植物油，矿物油。

2.a few other creatures yield oil，but non so much as whale.有些动物也出油，但都没有鲸鱼出得多。

3.Vegetable oil has been known from antiquity.植物油从古以来就为人们所熟悉。

4.To it we owe the existence of the motor-car，which has replaced the private carriage drawn by the horse，to it we owe the possibility of flying.就是因为有了这种油，我们才能用上汽车，以代替马车。就是因为有了这种油，我们才有可能飞行。

5.two metal surfaces rubbing together cause friction and heat； but if they are separated by a thing film of oil，the friction and heat are reduced.No machine would work for long if it were not properly lubricated.两个金属面相擦，就要产生摩擦和热；但如果在它们之间抹上薄薄的一层油，就可以减少磨擦，降低热度。

6.the statement that oil originated in the sea is confirmed by a glance at a map showing that chief oilfields of the world； very few of them are far distant from the oceans of today.石油原于大海的这种观点是被人们所认可的，你要看一眼世界主要油井的分布图就一目了然了，几乎没有远离现在海洋的油井。

7.the rocks in which oil is found are of marine origin too.石油存在处的岩石也都有海洋的渊源。

8.A very common sedimentary rock is called shale，which is a soft rock and was obviously formed by being deposited on the sea bed.And where there is shale there is likely to be oil.一块极普通的沉积岩叫页岩，这种页岩质地松软，很明显是通过海底沉积作用形成的。有页岩的地方，极有可能有石油。

9.the drill may just miss the oil although it is near； on the other hand，it may strike oil at a fairly high level.有时石油虽就在附近，但因为没钻准地儿，结果还是一无所获。有时呢，就这么一钻，石油就喷出好高好高。

10.when the crude oil is obtained from the field，it is taken to the refineries.Gas that comes off the oil later is condensed.从油田获得的原油要被送到炼油厂进行处理。接下来再将获得的汽体浓缩后成为煤油。

11.We stand now where two roads diverge.But unlike the roads in Robert Frost‘s familiar poem，they are not equally fair

我们正处在两条道路分岔的地方。但是并不像我们所熟悉的罗伯特。佛罗斯特诗中所说的，这两条路是同样的好。

12.right to know

知情权

13.A truly extraordinary variety of alternatives to the chemical control of insects is available.除了用化学方法控制昆虫以外，还有其他各种非常奇妙的方法可以利用。

14.All have this in common： they are biological solutions，based on understanding of the living organisms they seek to control，and of the whole fabric of life to which these organisms belong.所有这些方法都有一个共同点：他们都是生物的解决办法，其基础是人们对所要控制的生物体的了解，以及对这些生物体整个生活状况的了解。

15.It has its obscure and unpretentious beginning； its quite stretches as well as its rapids； its periods of drought as well as of fullness.其源头，隐隐约约，并不引人注目；其流势，时而平缓，时而湍急；其水情，有汛期，也有枯谒期。

16.Dr.Knipling was ready for a full-scale test of his theory.尼普林教授已在佛罗里达岛进行了一些实地预备性实验，并计划大规模地实践其理论。

17.the resounding success of the Curacao experiment whetted the appetities of Florida livestock raisers for a similar feat that whould relieve them of the scourge of screw-worms.库拉索岛上的实验大获成功。这引起了佛罗里达州特征畜饲养者的兴趣，他们希望借助这一成果帮他们摆脱螺旋铃绳这一祸害。

18.prearranged flight parents.事先安排好的飞行队形。

19.中国还对广阔的大陆架和专属经济区行使主权权利和管辖权；中国的海域处在中，低纬度地带，自然环境和资源条件比较优越。人工养殖。

China also exercises sovereignty and jurisdiction over the vast continental shelves and exclusive economic zone，as defined by the Un Convention on the Law of the Sea.Located in medium and low latitudes，China‘s sea areas have comparatively advantageous natural environmental and resource conditions.20.所谓上下文一般是指该语言单位的语言环境。所谓狭义上下文是指句子的上下文，即在一个句子的范围内该单位周围的的一些语言单位。所谓广义上下文是指该单位的超出句子范围的语言环境，这就是话语上下文，即在该单位的周围，在该单位之外，亦即在与之毗连的各个句子的语言单位的总和。狭义上下文又可以分为句法上下文和词汇上下文。

所谓环境，是指：1.交际环境，妈了实现交行行为的环境； 2.通报主题，即话语中描述的一情景； 3.交际参与者，即说者与听者。

UNIT 9 LAW

1.As recently as the early 1960s，the phrase “environmental law” would probably have produced little more than a puzzled look，even from lany lawyers.早在六十年代初，甚至连许多律师接触到“环保法” 这个词儿，大半也只会感到纳决而已。

2.enforcement power，environmental statutes.Court of apples.Federal Power Commission.Grant a licese

执法权力，环境法，上诉法院，联邦电力委员会，颁发许可证。

3.A powerful indictment of America‘s disregard of ecology，Silent Spring was aimed chiefly at the wholesale use of chemical pesticides，especially DDT.In 1965 a court action took place that ranks in environmental importance with the publication of Silent Spring.不久以后，在1962年雷切尔。卡林所著，名为<沉默的春天>一书问世了><沉默的春天>有力的控诉了美国之忽视生态，它主要是针对大规模使用农药——特别是嘀滴涕。1965年又发生了一件诉讼，其对环境之重要意义，不亚于<沉默的春天>之出版。

4.strip mining，noise pollution，offshore oil drilling，waste disposal.Aerosol cans，and nonreturnable beverage containers.露天采矿，噪音污染，深海钻油，废物排放，喷雾器罐及一次性饮料容器。

5.in fact，there is hardly a realm of national life that is not touched by the controversy that often pits those who style themselves environmentalists against proponents of economic growth in our energy-consumming society.The problem is to balance the needs of the environment against those of the economy or consumers trying to cope with the high cost of living without destroying the earth on which we all depend.实际上，人类生活的方方面面都同这个争议密切相关。那些自称为环保主义者的人十分关注这个皱议，他们反对社会消耗能源以求发展经济。问题其实是要在环保需求同经济消耗需求之间找到平衡，既满足生存的高消耗又不能破坏我们依赖的地球。

7.enacting legislation，Clean open land.Clean Air Act Amendment.State legislatures.Bills.Hearings.Private lobbies.Labor unions.Trade-offs.Immediate future.Taken into account.实行规范，空置土地，净化空气法案，净化空所修正法案，各州立法机构，条款，听证会，行业协会，劳工会，8.the contracting states.copyright protection

international systems.Copyright proprietors.Cinematographic works.缔约国，成员国，版权保护，世界版权保护制度，版权所有者，电影的作品

9.For the purpose of this Convention any Contracting State may，by domestic legislation，assimilate to its own nationals any person domiciled in that State.为实施本公约，任何成员国均可按照国内立法，将经常居住于该国的任何人按本国国民对待。

10.Director-General，signatory States.Come into force.委员会主席，缔约国。

生效。

11.each Contracting State undertakes to adopt，in accordance with its Constitution，such measures as are necessary to ensure the application of this Convention

各缔约国应依据其宪法采取有效措施保证此公约的实施。

12.it is understood that at the date this convention cones into force in respect of any State，that State must be in a position under its domestic law to give effect to the terms of this Convention.须明确的是此公约在缔约国内一经生效，该国就应依据其国内法律实施公约的各项条款。

13.中华人民共和国

People‘s Republic of China

14.国际经济合作和技术交流，平等互利的原则

International economic cooperation and technological exchange.On the principle of equality and mutual benefit.15.合营企业的一切活动应遵守中华人民共和国法律，法令和有关条例规定。

All activities of an equity joint venture shall comply with the provisions of the laws，decrees and pertinent regulations of the PRC.16.合营各方，主管部门，工商行政管理主管部门。有限责任公司。注册资本。

Parties to the venture，competent department，State‘s competent department in charge of industry and commerce administration.Limited liability company.Registered capital.17.合营企业各方可以现金，实物，工业产权等进行投资。

The parties to an equity joint venture may make their investment in cash，in kind or in industrial property rights.18.董事会，企业发展规划，生产经营活动方案，收支预算，利润分配，劳动工资计划。

Board of directors； the venture‘s development plans，proposals for production and business operations.The budget for revenues and expenditure，the distribution of profits.The plans concerning manpower and wages.19.毛利润，所得税，储备基金，职工奖励及福利基金，企业发展基金，净利润，注册资本

Net profit.Income tax.Reserve fund.A bonus and welfare fund for workers and staff members and a venture expansion fund

20.外汇帐户，外汇管理条例，Foreign exchange transactions.Regulations on foreign exchange control.21.合营企业所需原材料，燃料，配套件等，应尽先在中国购买，也可由合营企业界自筹外汇，直接在国际市场上购买。

In its purchase of required raw and processed materials.Fuels，auxiliary equipment，etc.an equity joint ventures should first give priority to purchases in China.It may also make such purchases directly on the world market with foreign exchange raised by itself.22.外籍职工，个人所得税，不可抗力，全国人民代表大会

Foreign employee.Individual income tax.Force majeure.National People‘s Congress.UNIT 10 SPEECHES

1.distinguished guests.On behalf of.Incomparable hospitality.诸位贵宾。谨代表。盛情款待。

2.Never have I heard American music played better in a foreign land.我在外国从来没有听到过演奏得这么好的美国音乐。

3.gracious and eloquent remarks.Common ground.At the outset.Common interests.盛情和雄辩的讲话。合作的共同点。一开始。共同利益。

4.we have acquired a keen sense of the diversity，dynamism，and progress of China under your policies of reform and opening to the outside world.我们强烈地感受到你们所进行的改革和对外开放政策给中国带来的多样化，活力和进步。

5.more than eight years have passed since Vice Premier Deng Xiaoping and I joined hands to establish full diplomatic relations between our two great nations.自从邓小平副总理和我共同建立我们两个伟大国家之间的正式外交关系以来，已经八年多了。

6.sino-American relationship.The forging of firm Sino-American ties.National security policies.中美关系。

建立牢固的中美关系。

国家安全政策。

7.strategic relations.Non-government sectors.战略关系，非政府部门

8.in this context，it is important for our two societies to search for areas of cooperation which clearly add to our mutual benefit.在这种情况下，两国寻求能明显带来互惠互利的合作领域便显得尤为重要。

9.in the area of public health.Although ours is relatively quite small，such activities，when combined with our common foreign policy interests and a growing commercial relationship，should help to remove the lingering fragility in Sino-American relations.在公共健康领域方面。尽管我方所占比例较小，但此次项目，涉及我们基本对外政策的利害关系及不断增进的商业关系，必将有助于消除中美关系中长期存在的不稳定因素。

10.先有哈佛，后有美利坚合众国，这说明了哈佛在美国历史上的地位。

The fact that Harvard was founded before the United States of American testifies to its position in the American history.11.中国教育界，科学界，文化界一直同哈佛大学保持着学术交流。

The Chinese educational，scientific and cultural communities have all along maintained academic exchange with this university.12.中国在自己发展的长河中，形成了优良的历史文化传统。

In the prolonged course of its development，China has formed its fine historical and cultural traditions

第四篇：英语翻译总结

1.因特网能让世界各地的人们分享信息。

The Internet can let people all over the world to share information 2网上冲浪不能代替家庭作业。

Surfing the Internet doesn’t take the place of the homework.3.青少年要远离他们不可以观看的网站。

Teenagers to keep away from the websites they should not look at.4发送电子邮件既便宜又省钱。Send E-mail simple have to save money.5她很少忘记做功课。

She seldom forgets to do her homework.6.每年有许多外国人来我国参观访问。Every year many foreigers come to visit in China.7.孰能生巧。Practice makes perfect.8他们委托一位建筑师设计这座新图书馆。

They commissioned an architect to desigh the new library.9不管你用什么方式上下班，你总是可以有效利用你的时间

No matter how you commute ,you can always take advantage of the time you have.10.他们前天从国外返回上海。

They returned to Shanghai form abroad the day before yesterday.11.今天早上你忘了叫醒我。You forget to wake me up this morning.12.一年级学生花了许多时间学习英语。

Students in Grade1 spent a lot of time learning English.13.十年前他的烟瘾很大。Ten year ago ,he smoking heavily.14.这个篮子看起来没有预期的那样密不透水。

The basket did not seen to be as dense watertight as expected.15.这架飞机明天首航。

The plane will make her frist flight tomorrow.16.什么事情都逃不过他的眼睛。Nothing can escape his eyes /attention.17.我想我是锁了门，但我还是回去查看一下吧。

I think I have locked the door ,but I still went to go back to look at it.18我们已经失败100次，但总有一天我们会赢的。.We have failed one hundred times,But one day we will win.19.他们听了我的课，但是我不知道他们领会了多少.They have listened to my lecture ,but I don’t kown how much they have taken in.20有时我们自己带食物，有时我们在那儿买。

Sometimes we take food with us and sometimes we buy food there.21.你看书时他从你身边过去的。

You were reading a book when he pessed by you.22.他说他的生活越来越好。

He said that his life was becoming better and better.23.天气好像不错。It seems a find day.24医生嘱咐他卧床休息。

The doctor ordered him to stay in bed.25成千上万的中学生甚至对一些基本技能也十分无知。Ten of thousand of middle School students are ignotant about even Basic skill.

第五篇：英语翻译总结

英语翻译总结

Unit 1 passageA 1.自从有了移动电话后，他再也没有给朋友写信了。(no longer)Answer:He has no longer written to his friends ever since he got a mobile phone.2.尽管很忙，他每天至少花两小时上网(surf the Internet)，了解这个领域的最新动态。(even though)

Answer:Even though he is very busy, he spends at least two hours every day surfing the Internet in order to know about the latest developments in this field.3.李教授在毕业典礼上作了一个简短的讲话，他的话深深铭刻在我的记忆中。(impress upon)

Answer:Professor Li gave a short speech at the commencement.His words were / What he said was strongly impressed upon my memory.4.讲到期末考试，学生们一点儿都不紧张，他们满脸都是自信。(confidence)Answer:Talking of the final exams, the students were not nervous at all.There was full confidence on every one's face.5.在30分钟内写出一篇约100个词的短文，对于他们班大多数学生来说不过是小菜一碟。(snap)

Answer:To write a short passage of about 100 words in 30 minutes would be a snap to most students in their class.1.在接待室外面，一群求职者围着接待人员询问几分钟后就要开始的面试情况。1 Outside the reception room, a group of job hunters huddled around the receptionist, asking about the interview due to begin in a few minutes.2.她的工作经历给了她自信，她感到已准备好，能在这家大公司找到一份工作。2 With all this assurance of her working experiences she felt ready and able to find a job in the big company.3.当看到子女们在入口处出现时，家长们脸上的笑容更加灿烂了。3 The parents' smiles broadened as they noted that their sons and daughters appeared at the entrance.4.我只是想让你记住，尽管你的论文可能通过了，但还有一些语法错误要修改4 I just want to impress upon you that even though your thesis 1

may pass, there are still some grammatical mistakes to be corrected.5.岁月已经模糊了那位医生的面貌，但却冲淡不了她对病人的关爱。5 The years have obscured the face of the doctor, but not her kindness towards the patients.PassageB 1.我发觉自己对英语口语有着浓厚的兴趣。(find...doing)

Answer:I've found myself having great interest in spoken English.2.驱车行驶在高速公路上，我意识到近几年来，中国的公路系统发生了巨大的变化。(realize;enormous)

Answer:Driving on the highway, I realized that enormous changes had taken place in China's highway system in recent years.3.我简直不敢相信他这么快就学会了操作计算机。(can hardly believe;work)

Answer:I can hardly believe that he has learned how to work a computer so quickly / in such a short time.4.三年的时光已经过去，这一刻终于来临了：不到两周我就要回国了。(in less than)

Answer:Three years has passed, and the final moment has come.In less than two weeks, I will return home / go back to my country.5.许多我认识的人都迫不及待地想要出国，而我却宁愿和家人一起呆在国内。(can't wait)

Answer:I know a lot of people who can't wait to go abroad, but I prefer to stay with my family in my own country.Unit2 PassageA 1.他的生活经历在他的学术生涯(academic career)中一直扮演着一个重要角色。(play a role in)

Answer:His life experiences have always been playing an big role in his academic career.2.那家餐厅最近已经延长了营业时间。(extend)

Answer:The restaurant has recently extended its opening hours / business hours.3.我刚刚读完一本从一种新的视角研究莎士比亚(Shakespeare)的有趣的书。(approach)

Answer:I've just read an interesting book which has a new approach to Shakespeare.4.随着电子邮件的广泛应用，垃圾邮件(spam / junk email)问题已引人们的极大关注。(issue /problem, draw much concern)

Answer:With the wide use of email, the issue of spam has drawn much concern.5.传统教育比起网络教育来对于学生和教师之间的交流和互动有着更多的限制。(communication and interaction, limitation)

Answer:In traditional / conventional education there are more limitations on communication and interaction between teachers and students than there are in online education.1.我们组织这次活动，是为了让大家都能在轻松的氛围中探讨这项计划，同时也是为了创造机会让大家相互之间更加熟悉，增进友谊。1 We organized this activity because we'd like everybody to be able to discuss the plan in a relaxing atmosphere, and at the same time get to know and make friends with each other.2.这台机器不仅是复印机，而且是打印机。2 This machine is not only a copier but also a printer.3.就在不久前，每到傍晚工人下班经过时，这里都是一个热闹的市场，可是现在汽车改线了，就没有集市了。3 Not long ago there used to be a noisy marketplace here every evening when the workers went home from work, but now the bus has changed its route and the marketplace is no longer here.4.你的未来在很大程度上取决于你的能力，而一次考试的好坏并不很重要。4 Your future depends heavily on your abilities while how well you do at one exam is of little importance.5.在我看来，他的道歉太不够了。5 In my opinion , his apology is simply inadequate.PassageB 1.谁是谁非昭然若揭，吉姆无意和他争论。(have a intention of doing / to do)Answer:Jim had no intention of arguing / to argue with him, since it's obvious who was right and who was wrong.2.令人惊讶的是，那次与威尔逊教授的偶然相识(chance meeting)，后来居然给了我一个机会去他们学校作交流生(exchange student)。(afford an opportunity

Answer:To my surprise, it was the chance meeting with Prof.Wilson that later on afforded me an opportunity to study at his university as an exchange student.3.学校将延长图书馆和教室的开放时间，尽量满足学生的需要。(meet the needs)Answer:Our university will extend the opening hours of the library and the classrooms to meet the students' needs at the highest possible level.4.信息技术的发展已经开始对社会生活的各个方面(aspect)产生深远的(profound)影响。(have effect on)Answer:The development of information technology has begun to have profound effects on all aspects of social life.5.凭他的英语水平，在这次校级(university-wide)英语演讲比赛中他将有上佳的表现，对此我们没有疑问。(have no doubt)

Answer:We have no doubt that, with his high level of English, he will surely have an excellent performance in the university-wide English speech contest.Unit3 PassageA 1.这钢琴有些不对劲，但是我无法说清楚。(put one's finger on)

Answer:Something is wrong with the piano, but I can't put my finger on what it is.2.这条裤子不但太大，而且也与我的夹克不相配。(apart from)

Answer:Apart from being too large, the trousers don't match my jacket, either.3.不论理由是什么，反正我喜欢流行音乐。(whatever)Answer:I love pop music, for whatever reasons.4.他对外国文化怀有浓厚的兴趣，经常博览群书以寻找有用的信息。(browse through)

Answer:He has great interest in foreign cultures, often browsing through piles of books to look for any useful information.5.在是否要创办一个新社团的问题上，我们意见很不一致。(vary)

Answer:Opinions on whether we should open up a new society vary a great deal.1.明天不论你想去野餐还是购物，你今晚首先应该完成你今晚的阅读作业。1 Whether you want to go on a picnic or go shopping tomorrow, the first thing you should do is finish your reading assignments this evening.2.你也许宁愿通过互联网搜索信息，成为好书俱乐部或类似俱乐部的成员，并在网上阅读任何一本似乎有趣的书。2 You may prefer to search for information via the Internet, being a member of the GOODBOOK Club or something and reading online whichever of the books seems interesting.3.平日的功课常常很累人，因此周末时我们很有必要放松一下。3.Schoolwork on weekdays is often tiring and it is necessary for us to relax on weekends.4.当新生开始了他们认为应该很浪漫的校园生活时，失望几乎不可避免。4 When newcomers start their campus life which is supposed to be romantic, disappointment is almost inevitable.5.有了这些设施，我们大家倒真是都有东西可以玩了。5 With all these facilities, there is really something for everyone to enjoy.PassageB 1.要去那座岛，除了搭船以外，别无他法。(other than)Answer:You can't get to the island other than by boat.2.有些学生疯狂地迷恋流行音乐，而另外一些人则更喜欢经典音乐(classical)。(while)Answer:Some students are crazy about pop music while others prefer classical music.3.传媒(media)在引领时尚方面正起着越来越重要的作用。(play a...role)Answer:The media are playing an increasing role in leading clothing fashions.4.我千方百计想弄到一张他新发行(issue)的唱片(album)，却未能如愿。(try every means)Answer:I tried every means to get a copy of his newly issued album, but failed.5.要是没有朋友的鼓励和帮助，我可能已经辍学了。(If...not / Without)Answer:Without the encouragement and help of my friends, I would have quit school.Unit4 PassageA 1.我已经把我的简历和附函传真给了那家公司，但尚未收到回复。(resume, cover letter, fax)Answer:I have faxed my resume and a cover letter to that company, but I haven't received a reply yet.2.当别人遇到困难时，约翰会毫不犹豫地提供帮助。(not hesitate for a second)Answer:John will not hesitate for a second to offer help when others are in trouble.3.我得承认我很想到国外工作和学习一段时间，但我知道要拿到签证不容易。(admit, abroad, visa)Answer:I have to admit that I desire very much to work or study abroad for some time but I know it is not easy to get a visa.4.他到伦敦2年后才在一家国际银行找到一份工作。(It was not until...that...)Answer:It was not until 2 years after he arrived in London that he found / took a job in an international bank.5.汤姆完成他的教学工作后，在中国周游了2个月才回到美国的家。(travel throughout, before)

Answer:After finishing his teaching, Tom traveled throughout China for 2 months before returning home in America.1.由于报酬和工作环境之故，在提供给我的三份工作中，我选择了此份工作。1 Of the three jobs available / offered, I chose this one because of the pay and the working condition.2.直到毕业６个月后，我才找到了第一份工作，到一家电脑公司上班了。2 It wasn’t until 6 months after my graduation that I found my first job and went to work in a computer company.3.我最担心的是第二天的求职面试，因为我准备得尚不充分，我还需要多做些准备。3 I was most scared about the next day’s job interview since I was not well prepared and I needed to do more homework / preparation.4.我就职的那所大学位于一处美丽的风景地，距离湘江两英里。4 The university I work at is in a beautiful, scenic spot located two miles from the Xiang River.5.锻炼身体好处多多，其一，帮你减肥；其二，还帮你防病；其三，天天锻炼会让你身体结实又健康.5 Exercise has many advantages.For one, it helps you to lose weight.Secondly, it helps prevent disease.Thirdly, exercising everyday keeps you fit and strong.PassageB 1.这是大学一年级新生第一次听美国教授的讲座，他们在头20分钟里听不太懂他在说什么。(have trouble doing sth.)Answer:It was the first time for the freshmen to attend an American professor's lecture, and they had trouble understanding what he was talking about for the first twenty minutes.2.还剩10分钟，既然你已经做完考题，也可以现在交卷。(now that)Answer:There are still ten minutes left.Now that you have finished your test you may hand it in now.3.为了不伤害任何人的感情，他们花了近3个月的时间才作出最后决定。(it took...before)Answer:It took them nearly three months before they made their final decisions without hurting anybody's feelings.4.要赶上世界先进科学技术，中国大学生在毕业前至少应学好一门外语。(it is appropriate..., keep up with)Answer:It is appropriate for Chinese college students to learn at least one foreign language before they graduate so that they can keep up with the world advanced science and technology.5.史密斯先生是一个勤奋的电影导演，同时也是一个有责任心的父亲。(at the same time)

Answer:Mr.Smith was a hard-working movie director and at the same time he was a responsible father.Unit5

PassageA 1.这些观众一定是错过了看他们的音乐演出，否则他们会给予高度评价的。(must have done, speak highly of)Answer:The audience must have missed their musical performance, or they would have spoken highly of it.2.尽管她远在他乡，不知怎么她总能感觉到母亲的深切关怀。(somehow, sense)Answer:Somehow she could sense her mother's deep concern though she was far away from home.3.这位接线员每天从家里到工作地点路上要花两个小时左右。(spend, or so)Answer:The operator had to spend two hours or so on her way from her home to the workplace every day.4.他感激她的同情和理解，因为在当时对他来说这意味着许多。(appreciate)Answer:He appreciated her sympathy and understanding, which meant a lot to him during that time.5.她终于来到电话亭，投入硬币后便开始往巴黎拨打电话。(finally, dial)Answer:She finally arrived at a telephone booth and put in the coins before dialing Paris.1.为什么有些雇员如此努力地工作 , 却在第一个三个月结束前就被解雇了?1 Why is it that some employees should work so hard, only to be laid off at the end of the first three months? 2.因为你是我的朋友，我会很乐意帮你学英语。2 I can readily help you with your English, now that you are my friend.3.进房间时，我的疼痛一定很明显，因为我遇到的第一个人问我“你还好吗？”3 My pain must have been obvious when I entered the room, for the first person I met asked me “Are you OK?”

4.到了老年时，那些对大学美好时光的回忆从未真正地从脑海中消退。4 As he grew into old age, the memories of those good days in college never really left him.5.这个加拿大年轻人本不打算在中国待很长时间，但他却爱上了一位中国姑娘并且和她结了婚

My pain must have been obvious when I entered the room, for the first person I met asked me “Are you OK?” 5 The Canadian young man hadn’t expected to stay in China for long but he fell in love with a Chinese girl and married her.