中南大学2016年944《软件工程》考试大纲

第一篇：中南大学2016年944《软件工程》考试大纲

中南大学2016年全国硕士研究生入学考试

《软件工程》考试大纲

本考试大纲由软件学院教授委员会于2012年7月7日通过。

I.考试性质

《软件工程》考试是为高等院校和科研院所招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的全国统一入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试学生掌握大学本科阶段软件工程课程的基本概念、原理、方法与技术，以及分析和解决问题的能力，评价的标准是高等学校本科毕业生能达到的及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有基本的软件工程专业素质，并有利于各高等院校和科研院所在专业上择优选拔。

II.考查目标

掌握：软件工程的产生、软件工程学的研究对象与原则、软件开发方法、软件工程的生存周期模型以及软件工程发展的新方向；软件需求分析的任务和要求、可行性研究的任务以及系统建模方法；软件开发阶段的任务、过程、方法和技术。

理解：软件质量的概念、分析技术；软件维护阶段的活动、提高软件可维护性的策略；软件工程的相关管理技术。

Ⅲ.考试形式和试卷结构

1、试卷满分及考试时间

本试卷满分为150 分，考试时间为180 分钟

2、答题方式

答题方式为闭卷，笔试。

3、试卷内容结构

软件工程与软件过程

约 10 % 软件分析与设计 软件验证与维护

软件项目管理

Ⅳ.考查内容

约 55 % 约 20 % 约 15 %

一、软件工程与软件过程 软件工程的产生 软件工程的研究对象与基本原理 3 软件开发方法 4 软件工程工具和环境 5 软件生存期过程 软件工程常用生存周期模型

二、需求分析 需求分析的目标 2 可行性分析 3 需求收集 4 需求规格说明 5 数据流建模 6 实体-关系建模 7 系统行为建模 8 IDEF0功能建模 9 IDEF1x数据建模 10 用例建模 11 面向对象建模 12 统一建模语言UML

三、软件设计 软件设计的任务和过程 2 软件设计基本原则 3 面向数据流图的设计方法 4 面向对象的设计方法 5 面向对象软件设计模式 6 模型-视图-控制器框架

四、软件验证技术 软件测试基础 2 代码复审 3 白盒测试 4 黑盒测试 5 单元测试 6 集成测试 7 确认测试 8 系统测试 9 程序正确性证明 10 调试

五、软件维护技术 软件维护的基本概念 2 软件维护过程 3 软件可维护性 4 软件再工程技术

六、软件项目管理 成本估计 2 效益分析 3 风险分析 4 进度安排 5 项目组织与计划 6 软件质量保证与分析

2015-09-24

软件学院

第二篇：中南大学口语考试

Item One

A: Honey, you promised me to see a film tonight, now I am ready to go.When do you pick me up? B: Honey, I am afraid I can't go with you tonight.A: Why? What had happened to you?

B: I am sorry honey.I really want to go with you.But boss gave me a lot of work to do today.I finish all of them just now.I am exhausted.I am afraid I will fall into sleep in the cinema if I go to see the film.And all I want to do now is just going home and having a nice dream.A: But you promised me.I have dressed up and get ready for everything.B: Forgive me.I promise tomorrow I will go with you.And I will take you to a new restaurant for dinner.A: what kind of restaurant ? B: A restaurant which is good of French food.A: oh..you still remember French dish is my favorite food B: of course.How can I forget the thing that my girlfriend likes most.A: Make sure you can do that!B: Yes, madam.A: OK...enjoy your quiet night and have a nice sleep.B: Thank you honey, it's nice of you, see you tomorrow.A: See you.Task 2 B: Hi, lily.What are you doing.A: Hi John ,it's good to see you, i am doing a research about the modernization of the city.Can you tell me any place that has undergone modernization? B: Of course, I can take my hometown for example.You know, I'm from Guangzhou.And it's one of the most modern city in china.My home is in a town in the north of Guangzhou.I can remember when I was a little child there just were five roads.Nearly all the stores, schools and houses were build alone this five roads.The roads were small but seldom had traffic problem because most of people didn't have a car.It was a place full of peaceful.A: What about now? B: Now my hometown has become much bigger than before.The roads are becoming longer and longer.And the number of the roads has risen up to dozens.Though the roads are wide, they still sometime have traffic problem because of the booming of cars.But I like my hometown even more than before.Because I can go shopping in super market.I can go to different restaurant to have different delicious food easily.I think my hometown is becoming more and more attractive.That's all.What about you? What place is in your research? A: I am writing something about Sanya in Hainan province.I can still remember what a wonderful trip it was to go to Sanya twelve years ago.There had excellent free beach with golden and soft sand, clean and blue sea.And people there is very hospitable.B: It sounds great.What about now? A: Well.When I went there again in this summer, I felt great change.There were lots of big and high hotel along the beach.The beach was still beautiful but most of them were not for free.You had to pay or check in the hotel, or you can just watched the beach but could not get into it.People there always wanted you to pay even just give you a help.Sanya now is just make me feel unhappy.Item two Task one B: what can I do for you, Miss? A: I want to buy this jacket, how much is it? B: it's just 399 yuan

A: 399 ?!I can't believe it.It is so expensive.B: oh, miss.You can see the material of the jacket , it's very soft and warm.It is worth the price.A: But it is out of my budget.Can you give me a 20% discount? B: oh miss, I am afraid I can't do it.But I think this jacket fits you very much, so I can give you 5% discount.A: 5%, it's still expensive.And I think the color of it is a little dark.How about 15% ,I will take it.B:Miss, let me recommend this one to you.It has a nice color, beautiful design and a lower price than that one.It's just 299.A: En...But I think it don't have a good quality.299 is too expensive for it.B: 259, I can hardly get profit of that.A: But I don't like it at all.It looks cheap and do not have a high quality.I just like the first one.B: ok miss, I can give you the highest discount of 10%.I am sure you will not regret to buy it with this price.A: All right.Wrap it up.Here is the money.B:Ok, thank you.here you are.Have a nice day.Task two A: last month my cost was out of budget again.I have to think of some way to save money.B: So how to save money as far as you are concerned? A: I think I should not eat out all the time.I know it is convenient and tempting to eat out frequently, but it can end up costing me a lot of money.I think I should eat in the school canteen more often to save money.B: you are right , I think it's very effective to save money.A: and I remember I bought a pear of shoes just because of its appearance, and it cost me about 500yuan, but it didn't fit me at all, So I think I should think more before I buy one thing.B: haha, Impulsion is always a devil.A: And I think I can find a part-time job.It can not only give me some extra cash but also give me social experience.B: yes , it's a good idea.A: Can you give me some suggest? B: Of course.I think you can buy many things online such as books, cloths, stationery and so on.Shopping online is always much cheaper than in the school store.Take books as an example , buying book online always has about 50% discount.I am sure you can save lot of money by shopping online.But you need to be careful, you shouldn't buy what you want but buy what you need.A:En, it is reasonable, what else? B: I think the best way to save money is to study hard.If you do good in your study, the and thousands of yuan your parent spent to let you go to school will have been that much better spent.Besides, you can also get the scholarship if you study well.A: you are right, now I have already know how to save my money.Thank you.Item three A:I just can’t put up with meal in our canteen.They’re always the same even the place won’t be changed B;Yeah,m I sometimes eat out.A:Eat out?That sounds good,more choices

B:Indeed.I often find p;ace that clean and serving quickly so that we won’t wait for a long time.A:Hmm,a clean environment is very important.B:I’ve gotten a spoon that there was still oil on it.A:Oh ,no..B:And I saw some restaurants cleaning their dishes without cleanser essence.A:How can they do that!so disgusting!B:Yeah,so I’ve never been there after that.It seems restaurants around school are always not very clean enough, A:Well,I haven’t gone many restaurants around shool,but I always have meal out when I travel, B:It can’t be without cate when we’re traveling.A:Of course.and it can help we know the custom and cooking culture in that place.For example， people in Guangdong province don’t like hot peppermbu people in Hunan just like it,even when they cook vegetable ,they also add hot pepper in it.And,if I want to tet more quthentic cate, I need eat at some place in the street, that means dishes may very delicious but not very clean B:But you feel it deserves A:Indeed.Task 2 A:I’ve bought a new mobile phone recently(show)B:Wow iphone A:Yeah,but it seems I have a little regret that I spent almost my three months living expenses B:Oh,are you a credit-card binger? A:Though I don’t want to admit that, but I am.Except the phone, I bought things just within my wants but not my needs.So,I am always lacking of money at the end of each month B:So,you borrow money from classmates? A:Ha-ha,no,I still have some saving by myself.But I sometimes hate this habit and I try to control my impulsion ,setting the limits of consumption.It comes a little effect,but I just find that it just away that putting off the date I bought it but not put an end to the thought B:Take it easy,you’re a local tyrant A:Oh,please...B:Ha..A:So you will control yourself to buy thing that you need? B:Almost a lot of time A:A savvy speeder!How can you control yourself? B:Well,may be I haven’t find something I really like so I don’t need to spend a lot.But I remember I bought a pair of shoes just because of its appearance,but it was a bit small.A:But you bought it,girls always like this.B:yeah..The first time I wore it,it made my ankle to bleed for it can’t fit my feet.It was so small and rub my ankle and my heel.I have never worn it after the first time.That pair of shoes have gotten dusty now,and it gives me a warn not to consume with impulsion for these pair of shoes,for my half of living expenses.A:Oh,I feel I should make up my mind not being a credit-card binger now..Item four

A:Have you ever heard of the story that ‘Alice in Wonderland’

B:I heard it long before,it seems an very interesting story but I almost forget it ,tell me.A:Ok.Alice is a girl who bored with tutor’s teaching,and she just round a rabbit with a clock running fast,then she ran after the white rabbit.Unexpectedly,she fell the rabbit hole,and went into a fantsty world populated by pechliar,anthropomorphic creatures.B:Oh,I remembered,the hatter,a strang cat..A:Yeah,they are part of the wonderful land.after the first strange white rabbit with clock running,the next is Dodo B:Dodo?A bird?..A:Yeah.he was dancing when Alice saw him,and he called and even pushed Alice to dance together.But Alice just impatient wanted to follow the white rabbit, and than,oh,she became small after she went into the wonderland.B:She seems ate a cookie A:Yeah, and though she cried but it is convenient for her to stay in this small world,you know, a world for rabbit cat and so on..B:ha,then? A:Then she met met a pair of twins,listened a ridiculous story ,and a crazy rabbit ,that’s the Hatter,to had an unbirthday party, and listened a concert in the garden sang by throw flower but was driven out.then she met a wise cat who like teasing her.And the heart queen,Alice did something annoyed the queen so she was sent to the court and even was punished to be cut head.B:Oh no A:But she just came back, back to the real world.B:Are all of these her dream? A:Yeah,but this just like the real world..I have CD of this.If you want to watch it ,I can borrow you B:Really?Thank a lot!I did want to watch it again,it’s a fantastic story.Task 2 A:The winter vocation is coming,will you go somewhere? B:Yeah,and of course a warm place.A:Well,which capital city would you want to spend a weekend in? B:Hmm maybe Kunming.in Yunnan province.Kunming is the spring city in china, it just like spring all the year.A:Though it have snowed several days ago B:Ha..This is anomaly,but it still has the mild climate,and buildings there are also the old style I like.It can make me calm and get rid of the trouble from my life.And in summer, there is a water-sprinkling Festival in Kunming.A:It sounds good.B:Yeah,the more water poured on your body,the more lucky you’ll have.And you?which capital city will you spend ? A:Maybe Nanjing.I’ve been to Nanjing before,but I still want to go there again.Nanjing is a city with cultural heritage.It was the capital city of six dynasties in Chinese history.Xuanwu Lake,Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum,Office of President,all of these record the history of Nanjing,and the history of China.and you will see the sycamore trees along the street,especially in summer, in some narrow streets, the trees shut out almost the whole street.I like the feeling.And foods in Nanjing are also attract me so long.It is the important reason that I want to go there again.B:You could go there this vocation,don’t forget bring some speciaties from there A:Ha,I will.Item five A:Would you mind doing me a favor? B:Not at all.What can I do for you? B:I wonder if you could lend me your car tomorrow? A:Can I know what you use it for? B:Er....You know my elderly aunt is going to catch the early flight tomorrow.She has difficulty walking,and my cousin isn’t here.So I want to take her to the airport.A;I’m afraid that I can’t lend you my car.Some days ago ,my friend C used my car and have a minor traffic accident.B;I am very sorry to here that.By the way ,was he hurt? A:Thank goodness,he was in perfect condition(完好无损).But my car got scratched.And I just took my car from the Auto Service yesterday.What’worse ,I got the ticket and also had my licence endorsed with eight penalty points.B:That’s too bad.You really should be more careful with you car.A:why not choose buses or trains？

B：There are no buses or trains as it is an early flight.A: Let me see.Er...Maybe I can take you to the airport.B:Really？It’s so kind of you.Thanks so much.A:You are welcome.What’s the exact time？ B：6:30 am.A:ok.I get it.I will see you that time.Task 2 A：How do you think of the urban life? B:Asforme, life in the city is more convenient.More goods are available and stores are open later.Also, there is better public transportation so it is easier to get around.I can find almost anything I want easily in the city.Second, there are more ways to spend leisure time in the city.There are many places I can go to meet friends and have fun.A:yes,haha.you are right.Maybe you leave out something more important, the city offers more educational and career opportunities.The city often attracts the best teachers and the best companies.There is also a wider choice of jobs so it is easier to move up the career ladder.B:You are visionary.So for all of these reasons, I prefer to live in the city.Although I sometimes miss the fresh air and quiet life of a small town, nothing can make up for the opportunities that the city offers me.If one wants to be successful, I believe the best place to live is the city.A：Don’t label the fixture decisive too early.You konw ,there also have so many disadvantages in urban life ,some may really affect our life ,even our health.For example,the pollution problem in the city exit in every aspects,water ,air ,noise ,light...and so on.Urban life may means you will have a life surrounded by many invisible public health emergency.Item six A: hello, long time no see.How are you? B: fine.I want to go to Beijing on vacation.It is my first time to Beijing.So, I am a little worried about it.A:in fact.I come from Beijing.I can give you some advice B:really? It is so kind of you.A:Beijing is a historic city, the capital of China, which has the primitive temperament.There are many historical sites in Beijing.You can go to visit the Great Wall, the Palace Museum, the Summer Palace and so on

B:Well, that sounds good.You know that I am a gourmet, I cannot wait to know what are the

characteristic food in Beijing.Can you tell me something? A:Of course, in Beijing most famous foods include sugar-coated haws, Ai Wo Wo, Wandou Huang, Lvda Gun, enema, lib, Chaogan.B:These names sound very interesting.There are so many kinds of food.I'm sure I can satisfy the stomach.I have heard of ice-sugar gourd, it is a kind of very sweet food, right?

A:Yes, mainly,it is a good chance to enjoy the Beijing Oriental style of architecture and customs, and the royal culture.This would be a unique experience for the westerners.B:I deeply think so.I'm looking forward to this holiday.I'm sure I'll like the city A:But recently there are a lot of visitors, it will be more crowded.you need to pay attention to that.B:Ok, thank you for your advice, A:You're welcome.Good-bye B:goodbye

Task 2 A: did you hear of the discussion about abolishing the death penalty? B:Yes, I heard that.They all have their own opinions.A:Can you tell me something about your opinion ? B:Of course, in fact, as everyone in society, in essence, there is no difference.We have similar genes, the same nature A:Well B:The death penalty is a very horrible thing.Crime is sometimes be compelled helpless, some situations are worth to discuss.A:However, if one has broken the law and he doesn't get the corresponding punishment, this is not fair for the victim.B:Yes, I am very approve of your opinion.A:If there is no fairness, people will launch riots, leading to social instability, causing more crimes.B:but, society needs to protect every life.We don't want to see more people die.A:If the odious sinners were not sentenced to death, what do you think should do to punish the them?

B:Maybe life imprisonment can take the place of death, which is also a bad news for sinners.A:I don't think so.What the society need more is fair.If you murder someone, you should be condemned to death , which is a fair decision to victims' families.B:In many western countries, they have abolished the death penalty, which is their respect for life, we should learn as they are.A: indeed.I think this is really a dilemma.I finally know why there are so many different opinions.B:Yes, we have no right to decide, we should pay more attention to these things.Item seven A: Look, this is the photo about my last summer vacation to Beijing.very beautiful, isn’t it? B:of course,so beautiful.so many photos.Have you ever been to many places ?

A: Not so many.going to Beijing is my most impressive trip, so I took a lot of photos

B:really? Then can you tell me something about your experience in Beijing? I have never been

there.A: you know, Beijing is a historic city, the capital of China, which has the primitive temperament.There are many historical sites in Beijing.I went to visit the Great Wall, the Palace Museum, the Summer Palace and so on.It was a colorful trip.B:It sounds very charming.The food there is also very colorful, right? A: Yes, I eat a lot of special food there.B:I hope one day I can go there too.A: You will.How about your most impressive trip?

B:My favorite travel is going to Hong Kong.It is a modern city, with all kinds of modern architecture, modern style, there are a lot of fun place, such as Ocean Park, Disneyland, Disney, Wong Tai Sin, the Avenue of Stars

A: Oh, that's a good place.I hear it is very crowded.B:Yes, however, being in a tour group was quite good.There also has a lot of food.Although I

regret not to appreciate the night view of Hong Kong, after all,it was a good experience.A: Yes, perhaps.Through your introduction, I also want to go to Hong Kong and have some fun.B:May you have the opportunity in the future A:thank you.Task 2 A: Have you ever heard of this sentence “men are from Mars, women are from Venus” ? B:Yes, heard of it.But I don't fully agree with the content of this sentence A: Can you talk about your opinion

B:You know, martians value power, competence, efficience, and achievement.They are always doing things to prove themselves and develop their power and skills.They experience fulfilment primarily through success and accomplishment.They always handle problems on their own, seldom ask for someone’s aid.A: Yes, why don't you agree?

B:Because it is the general situation, I am not quite like that.Sometimes I will also pay attention to my appearance, the feeling with others, and so on.In some cases, I will also need someone’s help.In fact the man also will have some same place as the woman.Do you identify with “Men are from Mars, Women are from Venus” given of your sex ? A: Not completely.Venusians have different values.They attach more importance to love, communication, beauty, and relationships.They spend a lot of time supporting one another.They experience fulfilment through sharing and relating.Communication is their favourite thing.So, it also takes much time.B:Yes, in my eyes a woman really is like this.They are very talkative.A: But I have some different places, I also very pay attention to success, which lets me feel a sense of accomplishment.And in common situation I am also very rational not intuitive.I hate talking all the time , this is the most difference on me.One thing I want to mention is that we women all like shopping.B:Haha.We have the same point of view for this phrase.Anyhow , just keep it in mind : be you want to be A: do you want to do ,for the best yourself

Item eight A: Hi, long time no see.How are you?

B:fine, thank you.But there is one thing makes me very depressed A: What's the matter ? B:last Single Day, I took a fancy to a coat on the Internet.That dress looks good, and winter was coming, I wanted to buy a clothes for the winter.What’s more the price is low.Then I bought this dress.A: This is a good thing.You have another dress.B:When I got the dress, I found the color of the clothes had a deviation, which was not what I wanted.The dress felt not comfortable.Inside clothes there is a terrible smell.So I wanted to return it.A: how was it going on? B:the seller said it couldn't be returned because I opened the parcel.But according to the law it is to be able to return it.So I feel very disappointed.A: Cheer up, actually I don't think buying things on the Internet is a good choice.I prefer to buy something in the physical store.Last weekend I bought a scarf.It is very beautiful, and very warm and comfortable.B:Really? It should be very expensive, right? A: it is not expensive, only 50 yuan.firstly the boss wanted to charge me 100yuan.Through my bargaining, I finally bought it only with 50 yuan.Bargaining is actually a good skill.B:It sounds very interesting.I also think it is better buying something in the physical store, although it is troublesome.A: Yes, online shopping is convenient, but people are easy to be deceived.Task 2 A:Hi, you look very happy.Why? B:Oh, I just saw a joke.It is so funny.A:Isn't it? Can you tell me the joke?

B:Of course.The Teacher say: If I had seven oranges in one hand and eight oranges in the other, what I have order?

Student answer: Big hands.What do you think of this joke? It is very funny, isn't it?

A:just So-so.In fact, I don't think this joke is very funny.B:Why is it?

A:I don't know, probably because I don't think this thing is very humorous.This may be an eastern joke.B:I'm not sure, but I think it is good.A:well.Then I tell you a joke.Tom: Mom, can I have two pieces of cake, do?

Mom: Certainly--take this piece and cut it two.That’s all.B:Oh, a little interesting,just a little.A:This is our typical joke.Maybe in a different country and region, the joke is also different.B:Yes, our customs are different.And humor is from our daily life.The joke about other cultures is really hard to understand.A:I cannot agree with you more.It is just like you and me.B: yes, so afterwards, when telling jokes with foreign friends, we should pay attention to this matter.A:Actually some jokes in life is very good, which can maintain the physical and mental health B:and it can let us in a good mood, helping us learn more effectively

A:at the same time, to understand other cultures is very necessary.This will broaden our horizons.Well, thank you for your jokes, goodbye B:goodbye

第三篇：中南大学软件学院软件工程基础复习

1.瀑布模型是以文档为驱动、适合于（软件需求确定的）软件项目的开发。

2.需求分析的基本任务是（确定用户需要软件做什么）。

3.若有一个计算类型的程序，它的输入量只有一个X，其范围是［-1.0，1.0］，现从输入的角度考虑一组测试用例：-1.001，-1.0，1.0，1.001。设计这组测试用例的方法是（边界值分析法）。

4.根据程序流程图划分的模块通常是（过程）内聚的模块。

5.软件的分类，按其功能可分为：系统软件、（支撑软件）和应用软件。

6.UML的定义包括UML语义和（UML表示法）两个部分。

7.客观世界中的若干类，通常有两种主要的结构关系：即分类结构和(整体与部分结构)。

8.IDEF1X图用来描述系统的（数据）模型，主要有实体、联系和（属性）三种成分，其中实体可分为独立实体和（从属实体），且一个实体只能在图中出现一次。

9、软件是计算机程序、（描述计算机程序的文档）及（数据）的完整集合，将其统称为软件配置，这些项称为软件配置项。通过正式复审的软件配置项称为（基线），只有通过正式的变化控制过程才能改变它。

10、通常，将软件生命周期全过程中使用的一整套技术方法的集合称为方法学，包含三个要素，即方法、（工具）和（过程）。传统方法学采用（结构化）技术来自顶向下顺序地完成软件开发的各项任务，而面向对象方法是一种以（数据）为主线，把数据和对数据的操作紧密地结合起来的方法，其开发过程是一个多次迭代的演化过程。

11、软件测试的目标是（暴露程序中的错误），因而从心理学角度来看，由程序作者对自己编写的程序进行测试是不恰当的。设计测试方案是测试阶段的关键技术问题，测试方案一般包括（测试目的）、输入的测试数据和（预期的结果）。

12、模型是为了理解事物而对事物作出的一种抽象，由（一组图示符号）和（组织这些符号的规则）组成。对象模型描述了系统的静态结构，通常使用UML提供的（类图）图来描述。

13、需求分析的基本任务是（准确地回答系统必须做什么），在需求分析结束前，系统分析员应该写出（软件需求规格说明书），以书面的形式准确描述软件需求。

14、面向数据流的设计方法把（信息流）映射成软件结构，依据其类型的不同，有两种不同的映射方法，分别是（变化分析）和（事物分析）方法。

15、软件设计一般分为(概要设计)和(详细设计)两个阶段。

16.如果一个模块完成多个逻辑上相近或相关的功能，并且每次调用只选择该模块中的一个功能执行，则称此模块为 逻辑内聚的模块。

17.在数据流图中，每个加工至少有一个输入数据流 和一个 输出数据流。

18.软件项目计划是计划（策划）阶段的结果产品。但由于是在高层次进行系统分析，未能考虑软件系统开发的细节情节，因此软件项目计划一般在需求分析 阶段完成后才定稿的。

19.在面向对象类层次结构中，子类只继承一个父类的数据结构和方法，则称为 单重继承。如果子类继承了多个父类的数据结构和方法，则称为多重继承。

20.在软件测试过程中，α测试是由 一个用户在开发 环境下进行的测试，而β测试是由多个用户在 实际使用环境下进行的测试。

21.统一建模语言UML提供了两种描述整体/部分关系的方法，分别是聚合 和 组合。

22.瀑布模型是以文档 驱动的软件生存周期模型，适合需求明确的软件系统开发。23.IDEF1X方法用来建立系统的数据 模型。

24.在单元测试期间，应该为被测模块编写相应的测试软件，一般地驱动 模块接收测试数据，并把数据传给被测模块，而桩 模块则模拟实际模块完成少量数据处理。

25.评估软件企业的质量管理有两种方法，一种是按照ISO9001 认证，另外一种是按照CMM认证。

1.软件测试的目的是（发现错误）。

2.软件按服务对象可分为项目软件和（产品软件）。

3.在常见的软件生存期模型中，（螺旋）模型是风险驱动的。

4.UML通过三种扩展机制来扩充UML的建模能力，分别是（约束）、构造型和（标记值）。

5.在软件测试用例的设计方法中，白盒法以(程序内部数据结构)为依据设计测试用例，6.在面向对象设计原则中，（组装复用）原则要求在新的对象里尽量使用已有的类对应的对象，并通过（委派）达到复用已有功能的目的。

7.状态图描述一个类对象所经历的(各种状态)以及事件发生时状态的(转移条件).8．SOFL软件开发方法学认为，在需求分析和规格说明阶段应该采用(结构化)方法，而在设计和实现阶段则应该采用（面向对象）方法。

9.可行性研究的内容包括（技术可行性）、经济可行性和(操作可行性)。软件按服务对象可分为（项目软件）和产品软件在常见的软件生存周期模型中，（瀑布）模型是文档驱动的UML采用（用例）图描述系统与外部用户的交互行为在软件测试用例的设计方法中，黑盒法以（外部功能）为依据设计测试用例定性度量模型独立性的两个标准是（内聚度）和（耦合度）8 在SA方法的需求描述工具中，（层次方框图）描述系统的分解，即描述系统由哪几个部分组成，各部分之

间有什么联系等等；（数据词典（和加工说明））定义了数据流图中每个图形元素；结构化语言、判定

表或判定树则详细描述、数据流图中不能被分解的（基本加工）IDEFO图主要元素是简单的盒子及箭头，其中盒子代表（活动）。而箭头表示系统处理的（数据约束）

1.什么是软件工程？软件工程和计算机科学有何区别？ 答：软件工程是指导软件开发和维护的工程性学

科；计算机科学着重于原理和理论，软件工程与计算机科学不同，软件工程着重于如何建造软件系统，软

件是计算机中看不见摸不着的逻辑部分，以程序、数据和文档的形式出现。

2.面向对象方法和结构化方法有何区别与联系？ 答：区别: 面向对象从所处理的数据入手，以数据为中

心来描述系统，其基本思想是尽可能模拟人类习惯的思维方式，使开发软件的方法与过程尽可能接近人类

认识世界的方法与过程，基本原则为：对象+类+继承+消息通信 结构化方法首先关心的是功能，强调以模

块为中心，其基本思想是自顶向下，逐步求精，单入口，单出口，基本原则为：抽象与功能的分解 联系：

软件开发过程中，在需求分析和规格说明阶段采用结构化方法，在设计和实现阶段采用面向对象方法。

3.什么是模块的作用域和模块的控制域？为何要求模块的控制域必须在作用域内？ 答：模块的作用域是

指模块中判定的作用范围，它是指所有受这个判定范围影响的模块；模块的控制域是指模块本身及其直接

或间接调用的模块；如果模块的作用域不在控制域内，则会增加数据间的传递量，使模块间出现控制耦合4.什么是设计模式？试举例说明组合设计模式的应用。答：设计模式是指系统命名，解释和评价某一重要的，可复用的面向对象的设计方案。组合设计模式：使用迭代器模式来遍历组合结构。

5．什么是依赖倒置原则？它和开闭原则有何联系？ 答：依赖倒置是类设计原则的一种，它要求高层不应

依赖于底层，抽象不应依赖于细节；依赖倒置原则的本质其实就是通过抽象（抽象类或接口）使各个类或

模块的实现彼此独立，不相互影响，实现模块间的松耦合，如果没有实现这个原则，则开闭原则也无法实

现。

6.软件生存期过程和软件生存期模型有何联系？瀑布模型有何特点？答：软件生存期过程没有规定一个特

定的生存周期模型，各软件开发机构可视其项目的需要选择一种软件生存周期模型，并将软件生存期过程

所含过程、活动和任务映射到选定的软件生存周期模型中。软件生存期模型是软件生存期过程所含过程、活动和任务的映射。瀑布模型特点：各阶段相互依赖；每阶段都进行评审；强调需求分析和设计。

1.瀑布模型是软件工程中应用最广泛的过程模型，试述采用瀑布模型进行软件开发的基本过程，该过程有

何特点？ 答：瀑布模型规定了各项软件工程活动，包括需求分析、规格说明、设计、编码、测试和维护，并规定了它们自上而下、相互衔接的固定次序，如同瀑布流水，逐级而下。瀑布模型的特点是：阶段间具

有顺序性和依赖性；清楚区分逻辑设计和物理设计，尽可能推迟程序的物理实现；每个阶段都必须完成规

定文档，且每阶段结束前需要对完成的文档进行评审。

2、什么是软件配置管理？软件配置管理和软件维护有何不同？ 答：软件配置管理是在软件生命周期内管理变

化的一组活动，用来：标识变化、控制变化、确保适当地实现了变化、向相关人员报告变化。

软件配置管理和软件维护的区别是：软件配置管理是一组追踪和控制活动，在软件项目启动时就开始，并

一直持续到软件被淘汰后才终止；软件维护是一组软件工程活动，发生于软件交付给用户并投入运行之后。

3、试举例说明聚集关系中共享聚集和组合聚集有何不同。答：如果在聚集关系中部分对象可同时参与多个

整体对象的构成，则该聚集称为共享聚集。例如，一个课题组包含许多成员，每个成员又可以是另一个课

题组的成员，则课题组和成员之间是一种共享聚集的关系。

如果部分对象完全隶属于整体对象，并与整体对象共存，则该聚集称为组合聚集。例如，在屏幕上一个窗

口由文本框、列表框、按钮和菜单等构成，且一旦关闭了窗口，则各组成部分也消失，则窗口和它的组成部分之的关系为组合聚集关系。

1非渐增式测试与渐增式测试有何区别？ 答：非渐增式测试，一般应先经过单元测试，然后再把所有模块一

次性组装在一起进行测试，最终得到要求的软件系统；而渐增式测试则采用逐步加入模块或功能簇的方式

进行，在加入过程中边连接边测试，比较容易定位和修正错误，且接口也可以更容易进行彻底地测试2.试举例说明什么是功能性需求，什么是非功能性需求？为何非功能性需求往往比功能性需求还要重

要？ 答：功能性需求是说有具体的完成内容的需求。例如：比如客户登录、邮箱网站的收发邮件、论坛网

站的发帖留言等。非功能性需求是指软件产品为满足用户业务需求而必须具有且除功能需求以外的特性，包括系统的性能、可靠性、可维护性、可扩充性和对技术和对业务的适应性等。例如：性能要求：要求系

统能满足100个人同时使用，页面反应时间不能超过6秒；非功能性需求往往比功能性需求还要重要是因为

非功能性需求描述的是软件的质量属性，直接影响着用户体验，因此非功能性需求在决定系统成败的因素

中起更重要的作用。

3.层次图和层次方框图有何区别？ 答：不同：1,层次图描绘软件的层次结构.层次方框图描绘的是数据结

构。2,层次图的方框表示模块或子模块。层次方框图的方框表示数据结构整体或其子集。3,层次图的连线表

示调用关系，层次方框图表示组成关系。

4.快速原型模型有几种？各有何特点？答：快速原形模型根据原型的不同作用，有三类原型模型：

(1)探索型原型：把原型用于开发的需求分析阶段，目的是要弄清用户的需求，确定所期望的特性，并探索

各种方案的可行性。它主要针对开发目标模糊，用户与开发者对项目都缺乏经验的情况，通过对原型的开

发来明确用户的需求。

(2)实验型原型：主要用于设计阶段，考核实现方安是否合适，能否实现。对于一个大型系统，若对设计方

案心中没有把握时，可通过这种原型的开发来证实设计方案的正确性。

(3)演化型原型：它将原型思想扩展到软件开发的全过程，就是及早向用户提交一个原型系统，在得到用户

认可后，将原型系统不断扩充演化为最终的软件系统。

2.什么是模块的作用域？为何设计软件结构时要求模块的作用域必须在控制域之内？ 答：所谓模块的作

用域是指模块判定的影响范围。作用域在控制域之内，可使得软件修改时代码局部化。

3.什么是动态测试？为何静态测试方法往往比动态测试方法效率高？ 答：动态测试是指经运行程序代码

而检查代码是否存在错误。静态测试往往不是运行代码，而在软件开发的早期进行，而早期错误发现要比

错误晚发现付出的成本少，而静态测试往往在发现错误后还可继续进行，但动态测试往往需要停下来改进后才能进一步测试。1 试简要说明面向对象方法与结构化方法相比有何优越性，至少列出三点。答:(1)强调从现实世界中客观

存在的事物（对象）出发来认识问题域和构造系统，这就使系统开发者大大减少了对问题域的理解难度，从而使系统能更准确地反映问题域。（2）运用人类日常的思维方法和原则（体现于OO方法的抽象、分类、继承、封装、消息通讯等基本原则）进行系统开发，有益于发挥人类的思维能力，并有效地控制了系统复

杂性。（3）对象的概念贯穿于开发过程的终，使各个开发阶段的系统成分具良好的对应，从而显著地提高

了系统的开发效率与质量，并大大降低系统维护的难度。（4）对象概念的一致性，使参与系统开发的各类

人员在开发的各所段具有共同语言，有效地改善了人员之间的交流和协作。（5）对象的相对稳定性和对易

变因素隔离，增强了系统的应变能力。（6）对象类之间的继承关系和对象的相对独立性，对软件复用提供

了强有力的支持。1.什么是软件危机？软件危机是指在计算机软件的开发和维护过程中所遇到的一系列严重问题。这些问题

表现在以下几个方面：(1)用户对开发出的软件很难满意。(2)软件产品的质量往往靠不住。(3)一般软件很

难维护。4)软件生产效率很低。(5)软件开发成本越来越大。(6)软件成本与开发进度难以估计。7)软件技术的发展远远满足不了计算机应用的普及与深入的需要。

2.什么是软件生存周期？软件生存周期是指从软件定义、开发、使用、维护到淘汰的全过程。

1．软件开发模型有几种？它们的开发方法有可特点？软件开发模型有瀑布型、渐增型和变换型。瀑布型开

发方法是按照软件生存周期的划分依次实施，每一个阶段有明确规定的任务。它的特点：(1)各个阶段的顺

序性和依赖性；(2)划分逻辑设计与物理设计，尽可能推迟程序的物理实现；3)每个阶段必须完成规定的文

档，对其中问题通过复审及早发现，及早解决。渐增型开发方法及特点:1)从部分需求出发，先建立一个不

完全的系统，通过测试运行该系统取得经验和信息反馈，加深对软件需求的理解，进一步使系统扩充和完

善。如此反复，直至软件人员和用户对所设计完成的软件系统满意为止。2)在渐增型开发下的软件是随软

件开发的过程而逐渐形成的。(3)渐增型开发方法适合于知识型软件的开发，设计系统时对用户需求的认识

开始不是很清楚的，需要在开发过程中不断认识、不断获得新的知识去丰富和完善系统。多数研究性质的试验软件，一般采用此方法。变换型开发方法及特点:(1)从软件需求的形式化规格说明出发，经过一系列的程序变换，得到最终的程序系统。(2)该方法必须有严格的数学理论和形式化技术的支持。

2．功能与对象的区别？

1、功能比对象容易变化(功能相对不稳定)

2、功能是主观的，对象是可观的。

3、功能是可以调用的，要么全有，要么全无，而对象可以部分的继承使用。

3． 软件开发过程可视化的两种方法？文档驱动、小批量发布

4．风险分析的目的？对风险进行管理。

5． 传递信息的方法？

1、参数。

2、全局变量。

3、公共可访问区域。

6．数据建模的作用？

1、抓住问题的主要方面---理解问题。

2、便于交流。

3、可以进行分析(性能、可靠

性、、、、、、)。

4、可以自动生成代码。

7． 描述模型的两种方法？

1、结构化方法：结构化方法首先关心的是功能，强调以模块为中心，采用模

块化、自顶向下、逐步求精设计过程(分层)，适合需求明确的模型。其不足之处：不太适应规模大及

特别复杂的项目，难于解决软件重用问题，难于适应需求变化或模糊的问题，软件维护比较复杂。

2、面向

对象方法：面向对象方法则从所处理的数据入手，以数据为中心来描述系统，适合迭代增量式分解(网状)。

其不足之处：类作为复用单元，有时显得太小，类继承会增加类间的耦合度，该方法不够成熟。

8． 描述作业之间的关系？

1、画PERT图。

2、确定最晚发生时刻与最早发生时刻。

3、计算机动时间，为0 的为关键事件。

4、Gantt图的方法进行描述。

9． 用例与功能的区别？

1、完成一个用例需要若干功能。

2、用例是从用户使用系统的角度来描述系统的行为的。

3、用例往往是对用户有价值的结果。

4、用例满足用户的业务目标。

10． 描述模块独立性的标准？内聚度(内聚度是指模块内部各成分联系紧密的程度，内聚度越高，模块独

立性越强)耦合度(耦合度是指模块之间相互关联的紧密程度。耦合度越低，模块独立性越强)

11．什么是黑盒测试?黑盒测试主要采用的技术有哪些? 黑盒测试也称为功能测试,它着眼于程序的外部特

征,而不考虑程序的内部逻辑结构。测试者把被测程序看成一个黑盒,不用关心程序的内部结构。黑盒测试是

在程序接口处进行测试，它只检查程序功能是否能按照规格说明书的规定正常使用，程序是否能适当地接

收输入数据产生正确的输出信息，并且保持外部信息(如数据库或文件)的完整性。黑盒测试主要采用的技

术有:等价分类法、边沿值分析法、错误推测法和因果图等技术。

12．什么是白盒测试?白盒测试主要采用的技术有哪些?测试者了解被测程序的内部结构和处理过程,对程序的所有逻辑路径进行测试,在不同点检查程序状态,确定实际状态与预期状态是否一致。白盒测试主要采用的技术有：路径测试技术和事务处理流程技术，对包含有大量逻辑判断或条件组合的程序采用基于逻辑的测试技术。

13． 瀑布模型的优缺点？优点：1.流水线生产比个人生产效率高，质量好。2.将逻辑设计与物理实施分开，避免无用功。减少成本，能尽量推迟物理实施。3.文档驱动使得开发过程可视化，便于管理和控制。缺点：

1.当需求不明确时，流水线被阻塞。2.得不到用户的反馈，开发过程得不到修正，导致有可能出现大的失误。3.最后将产品一次提交给用户，用户感到不适应，成本增加，市场风险加大。

14．软件工程的目的？以期用较少的代价获取高质量的软件。

第四篇：天津市大学软件学院软件工程专升本考试大纲

2013年高职升本专业考试考试大纲

发布人：admin 发布时间：2012/12/19 16:03:09

天津工业大学、天津师范大学、天津理工大学

三校联考

2013年高职升本专业考试考试大纲

高职升本科的考试分为文化考试和专业考试两个部分。文化考试由天津市教育招生考试院统一组织进行。专业考试安排如下：

一、专业课考试时间

2013年1月21日 上午 9：00-11：00

二、考试科目

面向文理招生，专业课考试科目为2门，每门满分100分，共200分。考试时间120分钟

三、考试范围及要求

（一）软件工程概论

1．软件工程的概念。

2．软件工程的基本原理。

3．软件的生命周期。

4.可行性研究过程。

5.系统流程图的符号及表示。

6.数据流图的符号及表示。

7.需求分析的任务。

8.总体设计的过程，描绘软件结构的图形工具。

9.程序流程图的表示。

10.编码及其风格。

11.软件测试的目标、准则、方法与步骤。

12.软件维护的定义、特点及过程。

13.面向对象分析的基本过程

14.面向对象设计的准则。

（二）C语言基础

1．基本知识：C语言的组成、C语言的特点、C语言的编译过程；算法的概念和特性；结构化程序设计相关概念；各种数据类型的常量和变量表示；运算符的使用和表达式的计算；输入与输出函数的使用。

2．C程序三种流程设计：顺序结构、选择型程序设计（包括if语句及其嵌套和switch语句）；循环型程序设计（包括while语句、do-while语句和for语句）；复合语句的使用；辅助控制语句（包括break语句和continue语句）。

3．数组：一维数组的定义和使用；二维数组的定义和使用；字符数组和字符串；常用字符串处理函数的使用。

4．函数：常用库函数的正确调用；函数的定义；函数参数传递和返回值的含义；函数的调用；函数的嵌套调用和递归调用；数组作为函数参数；局部变量和全局变量；变量的存储类别（自动，静态，寄存器，外部）；变量的作用域和生存期。

5．编译预处理命令：不带参宏定义和带参宏定义的使用；“文件包含”的处理。

6．指针：指针与指针变量的概念，指针与地址运算符；指针与数组、字符串和函数的配合使用。

7．结构体：结构体数据的定义和使用；结构体数组的使用；利用指针操作结构体的方法（链表的基本操作）。

第五篇：中南大学地信院925《地质学基础》考试大纲

中南大学2013年全国硕士研究生入学考试

《地质学基础》考试大纲

本考试大纲由地球科学与信息物理学院教授委员会于2012年7月7日通过。

I.考试性质

《地质学基础》考试是为中南大学地球科学与信息物理学院招收硕士研究生而设置的具有选拔性质的硕士研究生入学考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试学生掌握大学本科阶段地质学（工学和理学）的基本知识、基本理论和基本技能，评价的标准为高等学校本科毕业生相关课程均达到及格或及格以上水平，以保证被录取者具有较高的地质专业理论及技能，有利于招生部门择优选拔。

II.考查目标

《地质学基础》考试涵盖普通地质学、构造地质学、结晶矿物学、岩石学、矿床学等课程。要求考生：

（1）准确地认识或再现学科的有关知识。

（2）准确、恰当地使用本学科的专业术语，正确理解和掌握学科的基本理论、技能和方法。

（3）运用有关原理，分析和解释有关的地质现象和地质特征，辨明理论是非。

（4）结合特定的地质环境和地质条件，认识和评价有关理论问题和实际问题。

Ⅲ.考试形式和试卷结构

（1）试卷满分及考试时间

本试卷满分为150 分，考试时间为180 分钟

（2）答题方式

答题方式为闭卷，笔试。

（3）试卷内容结构

普通地质学约20 %

构造地质学约20 %

结晶矿物学约15 %

岩石学约30 %

矿床学约15 %

Ⅳ.试卷题型

试卷主要题型包括名词解释、填空题、选择题、判断题、问答题、综合题等。Ⅴ.考查内容

一、普通地质学

1.外力地质作用的一般特征

（1）外力地质作用的主要类型和影响因素。

（2）风化作用的概念；风化作用的影响因素；风化壳及风化堆积物。

（3）沉积物及沉积岩的概念；沉积物的形成过程；沉积物的搬运介质、搬运力；沉积物的沉积。

2.河流的地质作用

（1）河流的形态特征；河流的演化和发展；构造运动对河流发展演化的影响。

（2）河流的侵蚀作用的主要类型及动力来源，发展演化。

（3）河流的搬运作用特征。

（4）河流沉积环境与沉积特征；河谷的沉积特征；河口的沉积特征；沉积砂矿的概念。

3.海洋的地质作用

（1）海洋地形及海洋沉积环境特征。

（2）海水的成分；海水的运动特征及其影响因素；海洋的侵蚀作用；海水的搬运作用。

（3）滨岸带、浅海、半深海-深海的沉积作用特征及沉积物特征。

4.地下水的地质作用

（1）地下水的概念；岩石的孔隙度和渗透性；地下水的类型及运动特征。

（2）地下水的潜蚀作用及其影响因素。

（3）地下水的搬运特征和沉积特征。

5.地质演化及地质年代学

（1）相对年代和绝对年龄的概念；相对年代确定的主要方法及其应用；生物层序率和标准化石的概念。

（2）年代地层单位与岩石地层单位的概念；地质年代单位与年代地层单位及其代号；地质年代表。

二、构造地质学

1．构造地质学基础

（1）构造地质学的研究对象、研究内容及意义；构造地质学研究的基本方法。

（2）应力、应力场、应力轨迹和应力集中的相关概念；应力分析基本原理和方法；应变椭球体、形态类型及其几何表示；库伦剪破裂准则；影响岩石变形的因素。

2．原生构造

（1）沉积岩层顶底面的识别及其应用；“V”字形法则及其应用；不整合的识别和研究.（2）火成岩产出类型、原生构造及识别。

3.面状和线状构造

（1）劈理类型及应变意义.（2）线理的类型及识别，线理的轴型和运动学意义。

4．主要地质构造类型的特征和分类

（1）褶皱的基本类型及基本要素；褶皱组合式样及构造意义；褶皱形态描述基本内容及方法；主要的褶皱几何及形态分类；代表性的褶皱叠加式样。

（2）节理的分类、节理力学分类中不同类型的判别标志与方法；节理的分期与配套。

（3）代表性断层相关概念（如:逆冲推覆构造、飞来峰、构造窗等）、断层基本要素、断层分类（主要是力学分类）；断层野外识别标志；地层运动学鉴别标志；不同力学性质断层的基本特征。

三、结晶矿物学

1.结晶学基础

（1）晶体的概念，空间格子，晶体的基本性质，晶体的形成方式及面角守恒定律。

（2）晶体对称的概念，对称操作和对称要素，对称型的概念及分析。

（3）晶体定向，对称型的国际符号，晶面符号，晶棱符号、晶带与晶带定律。

（4）单形与聚形，晶体的不规则连生和规则连生；类质同像、同质多像与多型。

2.矿物学

（1）矿物的概念；矿物的形态；矿物的物理、化学性质；矿物的分类与其晶体化学分类的原则。

（2）常见造岩矿物的肉眼鉴定特征（包括橄榄石、普通辉石、普通角闪石、斜长石、正长石、黑云母、白云母、石英、方解石、白云石等）；常见的矿石矿物的肉眼鉴定特征（包括方铅矿、闪锌矿、黄铁矿、黄铜矿、孔雀石、辉铜矿、斑铜矿、磁铁矿、赤铁矿、褐铁矿、黑钨矿、白钨矿、辉锑矿、雄黄、雌黄等）。

四、岩石学

1.岩浆岩部分

（1）基本概念：岩浆、岩浆作用、岩浆岩的产状；浅色矿物、暗色矿物、色率；主要矿物、次要矿物、副矿物；岩浆岩的结构、构造；里特曼指数；分异作用、同化混染作用；玢岩、斑岩等。

（2）主要结构类型（辉长结构、辉绿结构、反应边结构、拉斑玄武结构、暗化边结构、熔蚀结构、包含结构、交生结构、环带结构、斑状结构、似斑状结构、煌斑结构等）的特征。

（3）岩浆岩的形成条件、分类及命名原则。

（4）主要岩石类型的基本特征和成矿专属性。

2.沉积岩部分

（1）基本概念：沉积岩的结构、构造；陆源矿物、自生矿物；次生加大；颗粒支撑、杂基支撑；内碎屑、鲕粒；示底构造；结构成熟度、成分成熟度等。

（2）沉积岩的形成条件、分类及命名原则

（3）主要岩石类型的基本特征和成因。

3.变质岩部分

（1）基本概念：变质岩的结构、构造；特征矿物、贯通矿物；混合岩的基体和脉体等。

（2）主要结构构造类型（角岩结构、板状构造、千枚状构造、片状构造、片麻状构造、条带状构造、眼球状构造等）的基本特征。

（3）变质作用的主要方式及其特征。

（4）变质岩的形成条件；主要岩石类型及其基本特征。

五、矿床学

1.矿床学的基本概念

矿床、矿体、矿石的概念；矿体的形态和产状；矿石矿物与脉石矿物；矿石的结构构造；克拉克值、浓度克拉克值和浓集系数；边界品位与最低工业品位。

2.主要矿床类型

（1）岩浆型矿床的概念；早期岩浆矿床、晚期岩浆矿床、岩浆熔离矿床等主要类型的成矿作用和基本特征。

（2）热液型矿床的概念；热液型矿床的成矿作用方式；矽卡岩型、斑岩型、高、中、低温热液型矿床的基本特征。

（3）外生矿床和变质矿床的基本概念。

（4）层控矿床的概念；层控矿床的形成作用和基本特征。