21世纪大学英语3讲稿

第一篇：21世纪大学英语3讲稿

吉林警察学院 教师讲稿

（2015－2016学年第一学期）

课程名称： 大学英语

课程编号： 17310100

2014级本科计算机、年级专业：

法学、侦查学区队

开课系部： 中外语言系 开课教研室： 英日教研室 任课教师： 林若铭

吉林警察学院教务处制

Unit 1: Hero and Courage Text A

What Courage Looks Like

I.Theme-related Information What do you know about these heroes?

Martin Luther King, Jr.(January 15, 1929 – April 4, 1968)was an American clergyman, activist and prominent leader in the African-American civil rights movement.King's efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where King delivered his “I Have a Dream” speech.There, he raised public consciousness of the civil rights movement and established himself as one of the greatest orators in U.S.history.Horatio Nelson(29 September 1758 – 21 October 1805)was a flag officer famous for his service in the Royal Navy, particularly during the Napoleonic Wars.The English admiral and naval hero was noted for his bravery and for his victories, including the decisive Battle of Trafalgar.He ranks as the last great naval hero of a proud seafaring nation.Joan of Arc, nicknamed ―The Maid of Orléans‖(1412 – 30 May 1431), is a folk heroine of France and a Roman Catholic saint.A peasant girl born in what is now eastern France who claimed divine guidance, she led the French army to several important victories during the Hundred Years' War, which paved the way for the coronation of Charles VII of France.Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi(2 October 1869 – 30 January 1948), commonly known as Mahatma Gandhi, was the preeminent leader of Indian nationalism in British-ruled India.Employing non-violent civil disobedience, Gandhi led India to independence and inspired movements for non-violence, civil rights and freedom across the world.II.Language and Cultural Points 1.host — v.to provide the place and everything that is needed for the people invited or for an organized event Examples:

Which country is going to host the next World Cup？

In China, the wedding is generally hosted by the groom’s family.2.grave — a.looking or sounding quiet and serious, especially because sth.important or worrying has happened Examples:

The patient was clearly in an extremely grave condition.His face was grave as he told them about the accident.他神情严肃地向他们讲述了那场事故。显然，这位病人的情况十分严重。3.announcement

— n.an important or official statement Examples:

David made the announcement at a news conference.He’ll make an official announcement later after visiting troops in Iraq.在对驻伊部队的访问结束后，他将发表正式声明。戴维在新闻发布会上发出了公告。4.be out of order — be in the wrong order;go wrong Examples:

The elevator was out of order, so we had to walk to the tenth floor of the building.As the floods had put the telephone out of order, we could not find out how they were managing.由于洪水造成了电话中断，我们无法了解他们的情况。由于电梯发生故障，我们只好徒步爬上十楼。5.on board — on a ship, train, plane or other vehicles Examples:

We had a pleasant time on board both ships.The captain refused to leave his sinking ship while there were others on board.在船上还有其他人的时候，船长拒绝离开正在下沉的船。我们在两艘船上都度过了快乐的时光。6.in the event of — if sth.happens Examples:

Call the police in the event of an emergency.In the event of rain, the party will be held indoors.如果下雨，聚会就在室内举行。如果遇到紧急情况就打电话给警察。7.comfort — v.to make sb.feel less worried, unhappy, or upset, for example by saying kind things to them or touching them 妈妈充满爱心的话使哭泣的孩子得到安慰。

— n.a feeling of freedom from worry or disappointment Example:

They love nice things and like to live in comfort.他们喜欢美好的东西，过舒适的生活。Example:

Her mother’s words of love comforted the sobbing child.8.hysterical — a.unable to control one’s behavior or emotions because of extreme excitement, anger, etc.Examples:

He is hysterical at the sight of the photo.You are getting hysterical, maybe you should try to calm down.你越来越激动了，也许你应该试着冷静下来。他一看到那张照片就异常激动。9.fellow — n.people that you work with, study with, or who are in the same situation as you Examples:

You must not let fellow workers take advantage of your fine talents.He was a bright little fellow with a fresh-looking face.他是一个聪明的小伙子，有着鲜活帅气的面容。不要让你的同事利用你的才能。10.be stunned by — be shocked by Examples:

She was stunned by the news of her son’s death.He was too stunned by what had happened to say anything.他对所发生的事情感到十分震惊，一时说不出话来。她儿子的死讯令她震惊。11.grim — a.looking or sounding very serious;making you feel worried Examples:

He has to acknowledge the grim fact.Given these grim realities, how should the effort at reform be pursued? 考虑到这些严酷的现实，改革的努力又应如何继续呢？ 他不得不承认这无情的事实。12.composure — n.the state of feeling or seeming calm Examples:

I did my best to regain my composure.She maintained her composure, though with difficulty, throughout the trial.尽管十分困难，她在审讯中还是尽力保持冷静。我尽了最大的努力恢复镇静。13.tremor — n.a slight shaking or trembling movement Examples:

Her behavior caused a great tremor in the society.There had been a tremor so slight that I did not even feel it.发生的震动十分轻微，我甚至都没有感觉到。她的行为在社会上引起了极大震动。14.clench — v.to hold one’s hands, teeth, etc.together tightly, usually out of anger or determination Examples: He clenched his teeth and refused to tell anything.The boy clenched his fists, ready to defend himself.小男孩攥紧拳头，准备保护自己。他咬紧牙关，什么也不肯说。15.assure — v.to make certain of;be careful or certain to do sth.Examples:

Halfway through the survey, he began assuring me there was only ―one last question‖.Instead, you can earn her trust by assuring her that you will do your work to her specifications.相反，你可以通过向她保证你会按照她的要求做事来赢得她的信任。调查进展到一半时，他努力使我相信只剩下―最后一个问题了‖。16.chaos — n.a situation in which everything is happening in a confused way and nothing is organized or arranged in order Examples:

Chaos in one area is likely to spread to another.After the dissolution of parliament the country went in chaos.国会解散之后，这个国家陷入一片混乱。

在一个地区发生的骚乱很有可能扩散到另一地区。17.grief — n.extreme sadness, especially because sb.you love has died Examples:

She went nearly mad with grief after the child died.They found the poor old man half frantic with grief and anger.他们看到这位可怜的老人由于悲伤和愤怒，几乎发疯了。孩子死后，她伤心欲绝，几乎要疯了。18.ward off

— to prevent the occurrence of;to prevent from happening Examples:

No official bodies have been able to ward off the sinister threat.There are innumerable instances where threatened calamity has been warded off.有数不清的可怕灾难最后都避免了。

没有任何官方机构能够阻止这种可怕的威胁。19.haunt

— v.to cause problems for sb.over a long period of time Examples:

For years she was haunted by guilt.Mistakes always come back to haunt you.错误似乎总在你身边作祟。

多年来愧疚一直困扰着她。

Unit 2: Communication Text A: Whereas You Were an Insensitive Fool...I.Theme-related Information Facial Expression Happyangrysadshysurprisedscaredsleepyconfusedembarrasseddisappointed Gesture QuietOKwell-downI love youstopclappingprayvictorylook down upon Action Smilekissshakebowpointnodwavehugbendstare

Never mistake legibility for communication.—David Carson 决不要把简洁易懂等同于能够交流。——戴维·卡森

It is insight into human nature that is the key to the communicator’s skill.For whereas the writer is concerned with what he puts into his writing, the communicator is concerned with what the reader gets out of it.—William Bernbach 对人性的洞察力是交流技能的关键所在。作家往往关注他写作的内容，而对于一个交流者而言，他所关注的是读者能从其作品中获取什么。——威廉·伯恩巴克

II.Language and Cultural Points 1.tailgate

— v.to drive too closely to the vehicle in front of you e.g.Perhaps the fact that the car was tailgating him made him

accelerate.或许是因为那辆汽车跟得太紧，他才加速的。

Police pulled him over doing 120km/h, making rapid changes and tailgating.警察让他把车靠边停下，因为他的时速高达120公里，还一直快速变道、紧贴前车行驶。2.luxury

— n.very great comfort and pleasure, such as you get from expensive food, beautiful houses, cars, etc.e.g.By all accounts he leads a life of considerable luxury.据说他的生活颇为奢侈。她在锦衣玉食的环境中长大。

She was brought up in an atmosphere of luxury and wealth.3.My husband is a lawyer, so naturally the language he best understands is that of the legal profession.—My husband is a lawyer, so he can best understand the language about his work.句中that指代前面的the language，that of the legal profession就是the language of the legal profession。4.stumble — v.to hit your foot against sth.or put your foot down awkwardly while you are walking or running, so that you almost fall

e.g.He stumbled and almost fell.他差点被绊倒。stumble over/on

fall because your foot hit against sth.Vic stumbled over the step as he came in.维克进来的时候在台阶上绊了一下。5.indignant

— a.angry and surprised because you feel insulted or unfairly treated e.g.His indignant conclusion was, ―Whatever the answer to that question may be, what is going on is just too important to ignore.‖

他愤慨地总结道：―不论这个问题的答案是什么，正在发生的事情太重要了，不容忽视。‖

They were indignant that the government had not consulted them.政府没有征求他们的意见,这让他们很愤怒。6.awful

— a.1.very bad or unpleasant

2.used to emphasize sth., especially that there is a large amount or too much of sth.e.g.Even if the weather’s awful there’s lots to do.即使天气很差，也还有好多事情可以做。Jeans look awful on me.我穿牛仔裤难看极了。

That’s an awful lot of money.I’m in an awful hurry to get to the bank.那是很多很多钱呀。我正急着去银行。

8.Neither my silent anger nor my open rage would reach him.— My inner anger can’t get his attention;my fiery yelling can’t, either.9.rage — n.a strong feeling of uncontrollable anger e.g.He admitted shooting the man in a fit of rage.他承认自己一怒之下朝那人开了枪。He was red-cheeked with rage.他气得满脸通红。10.reach — v.to get the attention or interest of sb.;

to make sb.understand or accept sth.e.g.The company is using TV commercials to reach a bigger audience.这个公司利用电视广告来吸引更多的观众。I don’t think I’m reaching my son.我想我现在不懂我儿子了。11.sound — a.(structure, part of sb’s body, or sb’s mind)in good condition or healthy e.g.He was found to be of sound mind when he committed the murder.经证明，他在杀人时心智正常。His body was still sound.他的身体仍然硬朗。12.mock — a.(only before noun)not real, but intended to be very similar to a real situation, substance, etc.e.g.―It’s tragic!‖ swoons Jeffrey in mock horror.―真惨啊！‖杰弗里假装吓得昏了过去。

One of them was subjected to a mock execution.他们当中有一个人受到了假处决。13.draft — v.to write a plan, letter, report, etc.that will need to be changed before it is in its finished form e.g.He drafted a standard letter to the editors.他起草了一份给编辑的标准信函。

The legislation was drafted by House Democrats.法律由众议院民主党草拟。14.plaintiff — n.sb.who brings a legal action against another person in a court of law e.g.When the court session opens, the court invites the plaintiff to state his case.开庭后，法庭会要求原告陈述他的案情。

Selling spouses is illegal.Plaintiff has clear grounds for divorce.贩卖配偶是非法的，原告有足够的理由离婚。15.defendant — n.the person in a court of law who has been accused of doing sth.illegal e.g.The plaintiff accused the defendant of fraud.原告指控被告欺诈。

The defendant appeared at the juvenile court yesterday.这名被告昨天在少年法庭出庭受审。16.maintenance

— n.1.the act of making a state or situation continue

2.the repairs, painting, etc.that are necessary to keep sth.in good

condition e.g.The basic underlying principles of weight loss and maintenance are the same;you have to eat a healthy diet and increase your exercise.减重和保持的基本原则是相同的: 你必须养成健康的饮食习惯，同时增加体育运动。

17.maintenance e.g.As for the independent director, maintenance of his reputation is an important motive to prompt him to perform his duty.对独立董事来说,保持自身的声誉是促使他履行职责的重要动机之一。The building has suffered from years of poor maintenance.这栋楼年久失修。17.dwelling — n.a house, apartment, etc.where people live e.g.Wuthering Heights is the name of Mr.Heathcliff’s dwelling.呼啸山庄是希斯克利夫先生住处的名字。

In an early morning, I, being alone, sneaked out of my dwelling quietly and walked toward the lotus place, which has been admired in my heart for a long time.一日清晨，我独自一人悄悄地溜出住处，朝着那片心仪已久的荷花地走去。18.attorney — n.a lawyer e.g.The attorney for the defense challenged the juror.被告辩护律师不同意这位陪审员的意见。

The attorney for the defense challenged the evidence as hearsay.被告辩护律师驳斥该证据为道听途说。19.contemplate — v.1.to think about sth.seriously for a long time

2.to think about sth.that you might do in the future e.g.He goes to the park every day to sit and contemplate.他每天去公园，坐在那里沉思默想。

He contemplated the meaning of the poem for a long time.这首诗的意思他思考了很久。20.contemplate — v.1.to think about sth.seriously for a long time

2.to think about sth.that you might do in the future e.g.He had even contemplated suicide.他甚至考虑过自杀。

She’s contemplating moving to the city.她正考虑搬到城里。

21.Despite the Plaintiff’s report that she heard a ―snapping sound‖ when she stumbled and fell, the Defendant dismissed this evidence of a broken bone, contending, ridiculously, that it must have been the strap on her high heels snapping.Although I told my husband that I heard a breaking sound when I fell, my husband totally ignored what happened to my foot and said unreasonably that the sound was from the broken strap of my shoes.22.dismiss — v.1.to refuse to consider sb’s idea, opinion, etc., because you think it is not serious, true, or important

2.to tell sb.that they are allowed to go, or are no longer needed e.g.I wouldn’t dismiss it out of hand.我不会不假思索地摈弃它。

Mr.Wakeham dismissed the reports as speculation.韦克厄姆先生把这些报道当作臆测而不予理会。23.dismiss — v.1.to refuse to consider sb’s idea, opinion, etc., because you think it is not serious, true, or important

2.to tell sb.that they are allowed to go, or are no longer needed e.g.The military commander has been dismissed.军队司令已经被免职了。

Two more witnesses were called, heard, and dismissed.又有两名证人被传讯后获准离开了。24.contend — v.1.to argue or state that sth.is true

2.to compete against sb.in order to gain sth.e.g.Most women contend that high heels are perfectly comfortable — once you get used to them.多数女性都声称，一旦你习惯了高跟鞋穿起来就再舒服不过了。

Supporters contend these laws are simply meant to ensure the integrity of the voting process.支持者认为这些法律仅仅是为了保证投票过程的公正。

Unit 3: Stress

Text A Stress in Modern Life

By David Molden

I.Theme-related Information Stress Management Tips Stress is considered to be the biggest non-medical killer of human beings.Though stress can play a positive role in your life, it ends up inducing many types of bodily complications.Hence, it is highly important to control this invisible killer.The biggest factor that has contributed to an increased amount of stress in our lives is hectic work schedules.One can add to it factors like performance anxiety, meeting deadlines, and social pressures.What one eventually gets is a tired mind that is completely worked out.Here are a few things that you can do.1.Improve your breathing-It often happens that we get so engrossed with our work that we forget to take regular breaths.As a result, we quickly and frequently get out of breath.It may appear very insignificant but lack of proper breathing does induce stress in us.It can be countered by consciously focusing upon our breaths.Instead of shallow breathing, you consciously need to take in deep breaths.2.Do some meditation-Meditation will help you bring thoughts in your mind, all together.It will help you focus them on to one single thing.This will eventually help you in concentrating on your work, thereby reducing your workload.3.Avoid focus only on work-When you concentrate only on work, you are unknowingly inviting a lot of stress upon you.Hence, it is better that once you complete important assignments, you take your mind off work for some time.Have a look around to find some distraction.Focus your thought and energy on that and feel relaxed and satisfied.4.Talk to people around you-Have a healthy relationship with people around you.This will help you reduce any sort of emotional stress that can crop up due to work-related aloofness.If not handled, it can wreak a lot of psychological havoc and disrupt your day-to-day functioning.5.Eat good food-Stress can be busted with the help of your favorite food.However, do not binge on deep fried stuff.It will lead to accumulation of fat and cholesterol, which would make you sluggish.Further, instead of drinking coffee, it is better to switch to green tea.It will help in bringing down the levels of cortisol, a noted stress inducing hormone.6.Go vacationing-All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.It also adds to his stress.Hence, it is better for Jack to take some time off work and go for a vacation.This will soothe his nerves and take his mind off work for some time.7.Stress removing therapies-You can try out stress removing massage therapies.Massages can rejuvenate your entire body system and give you a fresh sensation in your entire body.If you don't have time for a parlor massage, do it yourself at home.Add some aromatherapy as well.8.Listen to some music-Instead of remaining glued to your TV, it is better that you listen to your favorite music.It will calm down your frail nerves and help you relax.Lastly, remember stress management is all about relaxing, of staying away from too much of stressful activity in day-to-day life.Apart from doing something to feel relaxed, you can also feel relaxation in your head all the while.It would definitely help.II.Language and Cultural Points 1.acquaint —

v.to know about sth., because you have seen it, read it, used it Examples:

She was well acquainted with classical literature.All people should seek to become acquainted with beauty.她精通古典文学。

所有人都应该设法去认识美。acquaint sb.with sth.—

to give sb.information about sth.Examples:

She acquainted them with the facts.We aim to acquaint policy makers with some of these issues.她把事实告诉了他们。

我们的宗旨是使政策制定者能了解一些这样的问题。2.bear —

v.1.to support(a weight or load);to hold up 专家担心金融系统不能承受这样的压力。Examples:

Experts were worried that the financial system would not be able to bear the strain.The ice is too thin to bear your weight.冰太薄，承受不了你的重量。

—

to suffer or accept(sth.unpleasant)without complaining Examples:

She bore the pain with great courage.I can’t bear being kept waiting.她非常勇敢地忍受了痛苦。我无法忍受长时间等待别人。3.exert — v.to use one’s power, influence, etc.in order to make sth.happen Examples:

They exerted considerable influence within the school.The weak yen continued to exert downward pressure on regional currencies.他们在学校里影响相当大。

日元疲软,区内其他货币面临贬值压力。4.undertake —

v.1.to accept that you are responsible for a piece of work, and start to do it Examples:

Dr.Johnson undertook the task of writing a comprehensive English dictionary.She undertook the organization of the whole scheme.约翰博士承担了编写一本综合英语词典的工作。她负责/承担整个计划的组织工作｡ —

2.to promise or agree Examples:

He undertook to pay the money back within six months.The government has undertaken to tackle unemployment as a priority.他保证六个月内还钱。

政府已承诺优先解决失业问题。5.industrious

—

a.hard-working;diligent Examples:

They are known for their industrious nature.Only those industrious and smart students can have a better command of English.他们因为勤劳的天性而出名｡

只有那些勤勉、聪明的学生才能更好地掌握英语｡ 6.feast

—

v.to eat and drink a lot to celebrate sth.Example:

We feasted on strawberries and cream.我们大吃草莓和冰淇淋｡

—

n.a large meal where a lot of people celebrate a special occasion He made a speech at the wedding feast.他在婚礼宴会上发表了演说｡ 7.bring about — to make sth.happen, especially to cause changes in a situation Examples:

Science has brought about many changes in our lives.The increase in business activity was brought about by the fall in oil prices.科学为我们的生活带来了许多变化｡ 石油价格下跌促使生意增加｡ 8.prophet — n.sb.who claims that they know what will happen in the future Examples:

I’m afraid I’m no weather prophet.They listen to the words of the prophet.恐怕我不是天气的预测者｡ 他们听着预言家的预测｡ 9.sorrowful — a.very sad Examples:

He felt sorrowful that he had no status in the society.When I think of my father, I get depressed and sorrowful with tears in my eyes.他很难过自己在社会上没有地位｡

当我想起父亲时，眼里禁不住饱含泪水，心中满是悲伤和失落｡ 10.look back —

v.to think about a time or event in the past Examples:

I look back on those days as the happiest time of my life.When I look back on this, I know I made a right choice.回顾那些日子，那是我生活中最快活的一段时间。当我回想起这件事时，我知道我的选择是对的｡ 11.depression

— n.a medical condition that makes you very unhappy and anxious and often prevents you from living a normal life Examples:

Lucy’s mood was one of deep depression.In contrast, depression affects the entire body, not just the mind.露西心情极度抑郁｡

相反，抑郁影响的是整个身体，而不单单是心理｡ 12.suicide —

n.the act of killing oneself Examples:

More people commit suicide at Christmas than at any other time.He left a suicide note.相比其他任何时间，更多人选择在圣诞节自杀｡ 他留了封绝笔信｡

13.There are others who haven’t snapped but started creaking and limping under the weight of their huge bellies and lack of exercise.Paraphrase:

Some other people have not broken down yet, but they could not move rapidly and flexibly because of their weight and lack of exercise.14.creak —

v.1.to make the sound of a badly-oiled door when it opens Example:

The floorboards creaked as she walked across the room.她穿过房间时，地板咯吱咯吱地响｡

— 2.to show weakness or frailty under strain Example:

The tax system is creaking under its increasingly heavy workload.税收系统在工作量日益加重的情况下费力运转。15.limp —

v.to walk slowly and with difficulty because one leg is hurt or injured Examples:

He limped off the field with a foot injury.Unit 4: Study Abroad

Text A Fish in a Different Pond

I.Theme-related Information Culture shock is the personal disorientation a person may feel when experiencing an unfamiliar way of life due to immigration or a visit to a new country, or to a move between social environments.Cultural differences: The quality, quantity and length of culture shock seems to be a function of the differences between the home and the host culture.Individual differences: Individuals and their capability to deal with social situations.Sojourn(旅居)experiences: His/her intercultural experiences.II.Language and Cultural Points 1.rebel — n.sb.who opposes or fights against people in authority Examples:

She was a rebel at school.她在学校时就很叛逆。

The woman was a rebel against feudal ethics.那个女人是封建礼教的叛逆者。2.nip — v.to hurt or damage part of one’s body or a plant with cold weather or wind Examples:

The day was cold, with a nipping wind down the northward running streets.天气很冷，朝北的街上刮起了一阵刺骨的寒风。He felt nipping ache while opening an eye.他睁开眼时感到了刺骨的疼痛。3.be armed with — to be provided with all the information, skills, or equipment you need to do sth.Examples:

She thought that if she armed herself with all the knowledge she could gather, she could handle anything.她以为，如果具备了所有能学到的知识，就能处理任何事。

Armed only with a BBC microphone, I travelled across South Africa meeting writers.仅仅凭借着一支英国广播公司的话筒，我走遍了南非，会见了许多作家。4.fluffy — a.very light and soft to touch Examples:

The white, fluffy snow that started out as a novelty in December has become crunchy and dirty.纯白松软的雪花在12月刚刚降落时还显得十分新鲜，而今已经开始融化、变脏。A smartly dressed woman passed through, walking a fluffy dog.一个衣着光鲜的女人牵着一条毛茸茸的狗走了过去。5.be equipped for — to be prepared for a particular activity or problem Examples: Women will thus be better equipped for the new jobs of the 21st century, in which brains count a lot more than brawn.这样，面对21世纪的新工作，女性就会具备更好的就业能力，毕竟21世纪讲究的是聪明的头脑而非强壮的肌肉。

Those students are not equipped for the challenges of college.那些学生没有准备好迎接大学生活的挑战。6.scorn — n.the feeling that sb./sth.is stupid or does not deserve respect Examples:

Researchers greeted the proposal with scorn.研究员们对这个建议嗤之以鼻。

Franklin shared the family’s scorn for his wife’s new friends.富兰克林和其他家人一样，也对他夫人的新朋友们不屑一顾。

— v.to show that you think that sth.is stupid, unreasonable, or not worth accepting Examples:

Several leading officers have quite openly scorned the peace talks.几位高官相当公开地对和平谈判表示出不屑。People scorn me as a single parent.人们因为我一个人带孩子就看不起我。7.mutter — v.to speak in a low voice, especially because you are annoyed about sth., or you do not want people to hear you Examples:

He heard muttering from the front of the crowd.他听到人群前面有人在小声嘀咕。

―God knows what’s happening in that madman’s mind,‖ she muttered.她咕哝着：―天知道那个疯子在想什么。‖ 8.curse — n.1.swear word or words that you say because you are very angry Examples:

The old man ripped out with a curse.这位老人气愤地咒骂起来。

He shot her an angry look and a curse.他投给她愤怒的一瞥和一句诅咒。

— n.2.a word or sentence used to ask God or a magical power to do sth.bad to sb./sth.Examples:

In the story, Ariel loses her voice because of a curse.在故事中，爱丽儿因为一个诅咒而失去了声音。He believed that someone had put a curse on the house.他相信有人对这房子下了咒语。9.turn out — to happen in a particular way, or to have a particular result, especially one that you did not expect Examples:

To my surprise, it turned out that I was wrong.让我惊讶的是，结果是我错了。

As it turned out, he passed the exam quite easily.结果，他很顺利地通过了考试。10.elite — a.（of people or members of a group）the best, most skilled or most experienced Examples:

Most of the written history is the ―elite history‖ of ancient Chinese emperors.大部分中国历代书面的历史是帝王将相的―精英史‖。

If your child is at an elite school, there are no dumb kids in his or her math class — only smart and smarter.如果你孩子上的是精英学校，他们的数学课上可不会有傻瓜——学生只会一个比一个聪明。11.blue-blood — n.a person of noble birth Example:

She really was blue-blood from the beginning with her father, a wealthy English banker, and her mother, a Dutch baroness.她确实出身高贵，父亲是位富有的英国银行家，母亲是荷兰女男爵。12.highlight Examples:

She added highlights to her hair.她挑染了一些头发。

— n.1.（pl.）areas of hair that have been made a lighter colour than the rest I noticed his hair was a little lighter, so I asked if he’d gotten highlights.我注意到他的发色变亮了，所以问他是否做了挑染。

— n.2.the most important, interesting, or enjoyable part of sth.such as a holiday, performance, or sports competition That weekend in Venice was definitely the highlight of our trip.那个在威尼斯的周末显然是我们整个旅程中的亮点。13.crawl — v.to move or progress slowly or with great difficulty Examples:

I crawled out of bed at nine-thirty.我9点半才勉强从床上爬起来。

Hairpin turns force the car to crawl at 10 miles an hour in some places.在一些地段，U形弯路使得汽车只能以每小时10英里的速度缓慢行进。14.Just when I was about to die of heat exhaustion and book burns, the Assistant Dean called me over.Just when I was going to get heat exhaustion and was out of breath under the weight of books in my backpack, the Assistant Dean asked me to get there.15.mystery —

n.1.the quality that sth./sb.has when they seem strange, secret, or difficult to understand or explain Examples:

It is an elaborate ceremony, surrounded in mystery.那是一个精心筹划的仪式，笼罩着一层神秘的色彩。Her dark glasses gave her an air of mystery.她黑色的眼镜给她增添了几分神秘。

—

n.2.an event, situation，etc.that people do not understand or cannot explain because they do not know enough about it Examples:

The source of the gunshots still remains a mystery.枪声来自何处仍是个谜。

What happened to the paintings after that is an unsolved mystery.在那之后这些画发生过什么是个未解之谜。16.humble —

a.1.simple and ordinary, but useful or effective Examples:

There are restaurants, both humble and expensive, that specialize in these dishes.专门做这些菜的餐馆既有毫不起眼的也有价格昂贵的。This delicious meal was made of humble ingredients.这美味佳肴是用普通食材做成的。

—

a.2.not considering oneself or one’s ideas to be as important as other people’s Examples:

It is, in my humble opinion, perhaps the best steak restaurant in Great Britain.依我拙见，这个饭店的牛排可能是英国最好的。Defeat and failure make people humble.挫折与失败使人谦卑。17.wardrobe — n.a piece of furniture like a large cupboard that you hang clothes in Examples:

This wardrobe is actually a secret entrance to a playroom.这个衣柜实际上是一个游戏室的秘密入口。

The windows and the wardrobe were shaking as if there was an earthquake or something similar.窗户和衣柜在摇晃，好像地震了或是什么。18.avalanche —

v.(of a mass of snow, ice, etc.)to descend rapidly down a mountainside Examples:

A pile of books avalanched out of the shelf.一堆书从书架上雪崩似的掉下来。A snow step avalanched.冰雪砌的台阶崩塌了。19.pristine — a.extremely fresh or clean Examples:

This island used to be a near-empty oasis of white sand and pristine waters.过去,这个岛是个人迹罕至、白砂弥望、水体清澈的绿洲。No man ever looks at the world with pristine eyes.没有一个人是用纯净、毫无偏见的眼光看待世界的。— a.simple and straightforward Examples:

I knew I should thank her, but the memory of her no-nonsense, crisp class style still intimidated me.我知道我应该感谢她，但是回忆起她那种严肃干脆的课堂作风，我仍然感到害怕。no-nonsense She saw herself as a direct, no-nonsense, modern woman.她认为自己为一个率直、高效、干练的现代女性。20.go a long way — to help a lot to sth.Examples:

The new standards adopted will go a long way towards protecting human health.通过的这些新标准将对保护人类健康大有帮助。

The administration believes that these measures will go a long way to ensure the stability of the financial system.政府认为，这些措施将极大地有助于确保金融体系的稳定。21.wag — v.（of the tongue）to move rapidly in talking Examples:

What set tongues wagging was the age difference between the two partners.这对伴侣年龄上的差异招来了不少闲话。

You must stop visiting that woman;tongues are beginning to wag.你不能再去看望那个女人了，人们已经议论纷纷了。22.short-hand — n.a shorter but less clear way of saying sth.Examples:

The fiction that ―he‖ is a neutral short-hand for ―he or she‖ is no longer acceptable to many.很多人已不再接受用―他‖作为―他或她‖的中性简称这种做法。

When we describe a three-year-old as smart, it’s short-hand for ―smarter than other three-year-olds.‖

当我们说一个三岁小孩聪明时，实际上不过是说他比其他三岁的小孩聪明。

Unit 5: Consumption Text A The Wisdom of Collaborative Consumption

I.Theme-related Information

What is collaborative consumption? Source: Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The term collaborative consumption is used to describe an economic model based on sharing, swapping, bartering, trading or renting access to products as opposed to ownership.Technology and peer communities are enabling these old market behaviours to be reinvented in ways and on a scale never possible before.From enormous marketplaces such as eBay and Craigslist, to peer-to-peer marketplaces such as Tradepal, Fiverr, Collaborative Consumption is disrupting outdated modes of business and reinventing not just what people consume but how they consume it.II.Language and Cultural Points 1.property — n.1.the thing or things that sb.owns

2.a building, a piece of land, or both together Examples: I told him that the computer was my personal property.我告诉他这台电脑是我的私人物品。

Several properties on this street are for sale.这条街上有几处房产正在出售。2.psychological — a.relating to the way that your mind works and the way that this affects your behavior Examples: Sleep disorders are causing a series of serious psychological problems.睡眠紊乱会导致一系列严重的心理问题。

As for bankers, there seems to be another psychological factor at work.对银行家而言，另一个心理因素似乎在发挥作用。3.covet — v.to have a very strong desire to have sth.that sb.else has Examples: We do not covet anything from any nation.我们不觊觎任何国家的任何东西。

She coveted his job so openly that their conversations were tense.她如此公开地凯觎他的工作，以致两人之间的谈话很紧张。4.acquire — v.1.to obtain sth.by buying it or being given it

2.to gain sth.by your efforts, ability or behavior Examples: The museum has managed to acquire an important work by Dali.博物馆设法弄到了达利的一件重要作品。

I look on it as an opportunity to acquire fresh skills.我把这当成是一次学习新技能的机会。5.charming Examples: He found her as smart and beautiful as she is charming.— a.very pleasing or attractive 他发现她聪明、美丽而且惹人喜爱。

I’ m glad you like it.I got it in a charming little boutique near here.我很高兴你喜欢它。我是在附近一家可爱的小时装店里买的。6.dull Examples: His house was the best, faced with dull red-and-grey old brick.— a.1.not bright or shiny

2.not interesting or exciting

他的房子是最好的，外面砌着一层暗红灰色的旧砖。It was a dull dinner, and I couldn’t stand it, so I left.那是一次很无聊的晚宴，我待不住，所以就溜了。

7.That additional Nikon lens that cost a month’s salary now seems extraneous on a camera that already performs well.Examples: Once in place, the injector is removed and the lens opens.lens — n.the part of a camera through which the light travels before it reaches the film 位置一旦定下来，注射器就抽出来，镜头就会打开。

We are still telling stories about courage and loss through the lens of every major conflict in history.透过历史上每个重要战争的镜头，我们依旧讲述着关于勇气和失败的故事。8.That additional Nikon lens that cost a month’s salary now seems extraneous on a camera that already performs well.Paraphrase: —

A month’s salary was spent on an additional Nikon lens just in case, but now it seems to be unnecessary because the camera is already working well.Examples:

If you agree to our proposal of a barter trade, we’ll give you

9.Trading a cow for a buffalo, jointly using the village water well, Egyptian homes built around a common courtyard where women gathered to dry spices and children gathered to play — all are examples of shared resources in ancient cultures.此句主干是破折号之后的部分，前面是三个名词性短语trading..., using...以及homes作并列主语。其中第三个例子里面built around a common courtyard 是动词过去分词短语作定语修饰前面的Egyptian homes，而where引导的从句是定语从句修饰前面的名词courtyard。10.rental —

n.1.the act of renting sth.or an arrangement to rent sth.2.amount of rent paid or received Examples: Last summer Brian rented out his house and went camping..房子。去年夏天，布赖恩把自己的房子租出去，然后去露营了。She rents a house with three other girls.她和另外3个女孩合租了一套 11.rent

— v.1.to let sb.live in a house, room, etc.that you own, or use

your land, in return for money

2.to pay money for the use of sth.for a short period of time 12.witness —

v.1.to experience important events or changes

2.to see sth.happen, especially a crime or accident Examples: This university has witnessed quite a few changes over the years.这所大学多年来经历了相当大的变革。

Anyone who witnessed the attack should call the police.任何目睹了那场攻击的人都应该报警。13.accompany —

v.1.to come with

2.to go somewhere with sb.Examples: Rapid economic growth is often accompanied by inflation.经济的迅速增长往往会伴随着通货膨胀。He agreed to accompany me on a trip to Africa.他同意陪我去非洲旅行。14.burden —

n.1.sth.difficult or worrying that you are responsible for

2.(fml.)a heavy load that is difficult to carry Examples: We cannot take on another heavy financial burden.我们无法承受又一个沉重的经济负担。

The truck was loaded with so many burdens that it broke down suddenly.卡车上装载的货物太多，以至于突然发生故障了。15.excess —

n.more than a particular amount

a.in addition to an amount that is necessary, usual or legal Examples: An excess of house plants in a small apartment can be oppressive.在一套狭小的公寓里放过多的室内植物会让人感到压抑。Make sure that you don’t have to pay expensive excess charges.确保你不需要支付昂贵的额外费用。16.suppose —

v.1.to expect that sth.will happen or be true, and to base your plans on it

2.to believe;to have as an opinion Examples: There is no reason to suppose that his new book will be any better than his last one.没有理由推测他的新书将比上一本好。

She was commonly supposed to be extremely rich.大家都认为她非常富有。17.reformer —

n.a person who works to achieve political or social change reform

—

v.1.to improve a system, law, organization, etc.by making a lot of changes to it, so that it operates in a fairer or more effective way

2.to change your behavior and become a better person, or to make sb.do this 18.… ―rapid explosion in sharing, bartering, trading and renting...on a scale never possible before.‖ Paraphrase: —

...―there are more people accepting the idea and practice of sharing, exchanging and trading things with other people, and the scale is unprecedented.‖

19.Rapid mass transit is a great example of collaborative consumption but it needs to take root into mindsets.Paraphrase: —

Rapid mass transit is a great example of collaborative consumption but efforts should be made to ensure that people accept it.20.spacious — a.(of a room, house, places, etc.)large and with plenty of space to move around in Examples: The house has a spacious kitchen and dining area.这座住宅有一个宽敞的厨房和用餐区。

The museum is complemented by a spacious garden.广大宽阔的庭院为博物馆增色不少。21.choked — a.1.(of a place)totally filled so that things cannot move through it

2.so angry, upset, or disappointed that one cannot speak Examples: The village’s roads are choked with traffic.那个村庄的道路被车辆堵住了。He was too choked to say anything more.他气得再也说不出话来。22.idle — a.1.not working or producing anything

2.lazy Examples: Now the machine is lying idle.现在这台机器正处于闲置状态。An idle youth, a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。

Unit 6: Aging Society

Text A The Time It Takes

I.Language and Cultural Points 1.trial

— n.1.sth.that is difficult to deal with, and that is worrying or annoying

2.a legal process in which a judge and often a jury in a court of law examine information to decide whether sb.is guilty of a crime

Examples:

Many a great man has succeeded only through trial and error.许多伟人就是在历经尝试及错误后才获得成功的。

Public pressure had been mounting in recent months calling for a trial.近几个月来呼吁开庭审判的公众压力越来越大。2.cripple —

v.to hurt sb.badly so that they cannot walk properly

n.a person with a physical disability or a serious permanent injury Examples:

Mr.Easton was crippled in an accident and had to leave his job.伊斯顿先生在一场事故中受伤致残，不得不放弃了工作｡

She has gone from being a healthy, fit and sporty young woman to being a cripple.她从一个健康、强健、爱好运动的年轻姑娘变成了一个残疾人。3.escort

— n.a person or group of people that travels with sb./sth.in order to protect or guard them

v.to take sb.somewhere, especially when you are protecting or guarding them Examples:

Armed escorts are provided for visiting heads of state.来访的国家元首由武装卫队护送。

He arrived escorted by a police shortly before half past nine.快到9点半时，他由一位警察护送到达。4.revelation

— n.a surprising fact about sb./sth.that was previously secret and is now made known Examples:

The ease with which he drives was quite a revelation to me.他开车如此娴熟自如，大大出乎我的意料｡

There are seemingly everlasting revelations about his private life.他的私生活似乎在永无休止地被披露｡ 5.loosen

—

v.to make sth.less tight or less firmly fastened, or to become less tight or less firmly fastened Examples:

He reached up to loosen the scarf around his neck.他抬手松了松脖子上的围巾。6.manipulate

— v.1.to use skill in moving or handling sth.2.to make sb.think and behave exactly as you want them to, by skillfully deceiving or influencing them Examples:

He manipulated the controls of the plane so well that it did not crash.他操作飞机的控制系统非常纯熟，因此飞机没有坠毁。7.adapt

—

v.1.to gradually change your behavior and attitudes in order to be successful in a new situation

2.to change sth.so that it can be used in a different way or for a different purpose Examples:

The world will be different, and we will have to be prepared to adapt to the change.这个世界将会不同，所以我们必须准备好适应变化。8.watchful

— a.very careful to notice what is happening，and to make sure that everything is all right Examples:

The best thing is to be watchful and see the family doctor for any change in your normal health.最好的做法就是时刻注意身体，一有变化就去看家庭医生。

He ran his hand into his pocket and looked at me with cold, watchful eyes.他把手伸到他的口袋里，用冰冷、戒备的眼神看着我。

9.Every time she had to go to the bathroom, I’d be on the alert.Every time she had to go to the bathroom, I would be very cautious and careful.10.miserable

—

a.1.extremely unhappy

2.(of weather)making you feel depressed Examples:

After a breakup, life can seem miserable, but a good friend brings light and joy into a broken heart.分手后，生活看起来会很痛苦，但是好友会给受伤的心带来光明和欢乐。They started their holiday on a miserable day.他们的假期开始时天气很不好。11.irritable

—

a.getting annoyed quickly or easily Examples:

He had been waiting for over an hour and was beginning to feel irritable.他已经等了一个多小时，开始觉得有些烦躁了。

Patientsusually suffer from memory loss, personality changes,and

become irritable easily.病人们通常会记忆力减退，性格发生变化，而且变得易怒。12.bounce

— v.1.(of a ball)to spring back or up again after hitting a surface

2.(of a person)to jump up and down on sth.Examples:

My father would burst into the kitchen bouncing a tennis ball.我父亲会拍打着网球闯进厨房。

She bounced up and down excitedly on the bed.她兴奋地在床上蹦蹦跳跳。13.jolly

—

a.happy and enjoying oneself Examples:

She was a jolly and kindhearted woman.她是一个开朗、善良的女人。

Everybody was in a relaxed and jolly mood.每个人的心情都非常轻松愉快。14.sullen

—

a.angry and silent Examples:

The offenders lapsed into a sullen silence.这些罪犯陷入了愠怒的沉默。

All my attempts to amuse the children were met with sullen faces.我想尽办法哄这些孩子们开心，但是他们总是满脸的不高兴。15.Maybe I was kind more often than just occasionally.Maybe most of the time, I was kind and patient.16.But mostly what I recall is hating the process, hating myself for hating it, and hating her for making it all necessary.此句是主系表结构。主语是what引导的名词性从句，表语是三个并列的动名词短语。

17.devour

—

v.1.to destroy sb./sth.2.to read or look at sth.with great interest and enthusiasm Examples:

The flames devoured the museum.火焰吞没了那座博物馆。

She began buying and devouring newspapers when she was only 12.她才12岁时，就开始买报纸并如饥似渴地阅读。18.exceptional

—

a.unusual and likely not to happen often Examples:

There are three exceptional situations，which you must handle separately.有三种例外的状况，您必须对其单独处理。

There were no exceptional circumstances that would warrant a lesser penalty for him.没有什么例外情况可使他获得从轻处罚。19.overtake

— v.1.(of sth.unpleasant)to reach suddenly and unexpectedly

2.to develop or increase more quickly than sb./sth.else and become more successful, more important, or more advanced than them Examples:

We mustn’t let ourselves be overtaken by our competitors.我们决不能让竞争对手超过我们。Sudden panic overtook her.她突然感到一阵恐慌。20.insult

— n.a remark or action that is offensive or deliberately rude v.to offend sb.by saying or doing sth.they think is rude Examples:

Their behavior was an insult to the people they present.他们的行为是对他们所代表的人们的一种侮辱。I did not mean to insult you.我并非故意要冒犯你。21.exhaust

— v.1.to make sb.feel extremely tired

2.to use all of sth.so that there is none left Examples:

All this studying, including part-time jobs, exhausted me but I knew I had to keep going.所有这些学习，再加上兼职工作，让我感到筋疲力尽，但我知道我必须坚持下去。Don’t give up until you exhausted all the possibilities.只要还有可能，就别放弃。22.disgrace

— n.the loss of other people’s respect because you have done sth.they strongly disapprove of

v.to behave badly in a way that makes you or other people feel ashamed

Examples:

His vice president also had to resign in disgrace.他的副总统也只得不光彩地辞职了。

His words disgraced his good image in front of the public.他的言论玷污了他在公众当中的形象。

Unit 7: Charity Text A Looking Good by Doing Good I.Theme-related Information Know more about charity organizations: The Red Cross Society of China(RCSC), founded on March 10th 1904, assisting wounded soldier, helping the refugees in times of conflict and providing assistance to disaster victims.Now, the RCSC has developed its activities in the humanitarian field with the support of the Government and the community.Its Disaster Preparedness/ Disaster Relief network has been initially set up.The RCSC will firmly abides by the seven Fundamental Principles of the Movement: Humanity, Impartiality, Neutrality, Independence, Voluntary Service, Unity and Universality and continue to work hard to increase its contribution towards the well-being of the Chinese people and towards world peace and progress.It has 70,000 grassroots units, claiming a total membership of 20 million people.The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation(B&MGF or the Gates Foundation)is the largest transparently operated private foundation in the world, founded by Bill and Melinda Gates.It is “driven by the interests and passions of the Gates family”.The primary aims of the foundation are, globally, to enhance healthcare and reduce extreme poverty, and in America, to expand educational opportunities and access to information technology.The foundation, based in Seattle, Washington, is controlled by its three trustees: Bill Gates, Melinda Gates and Warren Buffett.Other principal officers include Co-Chair William H.Gates, Sr.and Chief Executive Officer Jeff Raikes.To maintain its status as a charitable foundation, it must donate at least 5% of its assets each year.The donations from the foundation each year would amount to over US$1.5 billion at a minimum.II.Language and Cultural Points 1.dramatic

— a.intended to be impressive, so that people notice Examples:

Some of the most dramatic events in American history happened here.美国历史上很多令人印象深刻的事件就发生在这里。They watched dramatic pictures of the police raid on TV.他们在电视上看到了警察突击搜捕的惊心动魄的画面。2.identify

—

v.1.to recognize and correctly name sb./sth.2.to find sth.or discover exactly what it is, what its nature or origin is, etc.Examples:

Can you identify the man who robbed you? 你能认出抢劫你的那个人吗？

After years of research, scientists have identified the virus that is responsible for the disease.经过多年研究，科学家发现了导致这种疾病的病毒。3.anonymous

— a.done, sent, or given by sb.who does not want his/her name to be known Examples:

an anonymous phone call/letter 匿名电话/信

The college received an anonymous 5 million gift.这所大学收到了五百万美元的匿名捐赠。4.Richistan

Robert Frank’s book titled Richistan is about the lives of the new rich and those who make up the wealth boom occurring in the United States.The book is 250 pages long and is fun to read.While we know there are millions of millionaires in the world, Frank exposes them in completely new ways, from how they hire butlers to the silly ways in which they make their fortunes.Frank gives us perspectives that we never reckon about when it comes to the self-made, rich population.5.publication

— n.1.a book, magazine, etc.2.the process of printing a book, magazine, etc.and offering it for sale Examples:

He was the author of 70 major scientific publications.他是70种主要科学出版物的作者。The magazine has ceased publication.该杂志已经停止出版了。6.publicize

—

v.to give information about sth.to the public, so that they know about it Examples:

She did a series of interviews to publicize her new book.她做了一系列的访谈来宣传自己的新书。We must publicize the meeting widely.我们必须广泛地宣传这次会议。

7....the distinction between private and public generosity is helpful in understanding what motivates people to give money to charities or donate blood.If we get to know the difference between donation in public and donation in private, we’re likely to understand what motivates people to donate.8.equivalent

— n.sth.that has the same value, purpose, job, etc.as sth.else

a.having the same value, purpose, job, etc.as a person or thing of a different kind Examples:

Breathing such polluted air is the equivalent of smoking ten cigarettes a day.呼吸污染这么严重的空气等于每天抽十支烟。Silence is sometimes equivalent to agreement.沉默有时等于同意。9.by no means : not at all Examples:

It’s difficult, but by no means impossible.这件事很困难，但绝非不可能。

It is by no means certain that the game will take place.比赛是否举行仍不确定。

10.tend to : to be likely to do sth.or to happen in a particular way because this is what often or usually happen Examples:

People tend to need less sleep as they get older.人年纪越大，所需要的睡眠就越少。

It tends to be the brighter kids who get all the teachers’ attention.能得到所有老师关注的常常是较聪明的孩子。11.Tel Aviv University

Tel Aviv University(TAU)is a public university located in Ramat Aviv, Israel.Located in Israel’s cultural, financial and industrial center, Tel Aviv University is Israel’s largest university.It is a major center of teaching and research, comprising nine faculties, 106 departments, and 90 research institutes.Its origins go back to 1956, when three research institutes — the Tel Aviv School of Law and Economics, the Institute of Natural Sciences, and the Institute of Jewish Studies — joined together to form the University of Tel Aviv.12.Columbia University

Columbia University is a private research university in New York City and one of the eight members of the Ivy League.Columbia is the oldest institution of higher learning in the state of New York, the 5th oldest in the United States, and one of the country’s nine Colonial Colleges founded before the American Revolution.It was founded in 1754 as King’s College by royal charter of George II of Great Britain.Today the University operates four global centers overseas in Amman, Jordan;Beijing, China;Paris, France;and Mumbai, India.13.seek

—

v.1.to try to achieve or get sth.2.to look for sb./sth.Examples:

Most men seek wealth;all men seek happiness.多数人追逐财富；人人寻求幸福。14.insight

—

n.1.a sudden clear understanding of sth.or part of sth., especially a complicated situation or idea

2.the ability to understand and realize what people or situations are really like Examples:

Good teachers have insight into the problems of students.好的教师能洞察学生的问题。

The novelist has a subtle insight into human nature.那位小说家对人性具有敏锐的洞察力。15.monetary

—

a.relating to money, especially all the money in a particular country Examples:

The government adopted a tight monetary policy.政府采取了紧缩的货币政策。These are some objects of little monetary value.这是些不怎么值钱的东西。16.decisive：

—

a.1.very important for the final result of a particular situation

2.good at making decisions quickly and with confidence Examples:

The enemy was defeated in a decisive battle.敌人在一场决定性的战斗中被击败。

What the firm needs is a strong and decisive leader.公司需要的是一位强有力而又果断的领导。17.charitable

—

a.relating to giving help to the poor Examples:

Our school has received a charitable donation.我们学校收到了一份慈善捐赠。

His later years were devoted largely to charitable work.他晚年主要从事慈善工作。

18.in question : that is being discussed

Examples:

The woman in question is sitting over there.提到的那个女人正在那里坐着呢。That is not the point in question.那不是要考虑的要点。19.conduct

—

v.to carry out a particular activity or process, especially in order to get information or prove facts Examples:

I decided to conduct an experiment.我决定进行一次实验。我决定进行一次实验。He should learn how to conduct a meeting.他应该学会如何主持会议。20.awkward

—

a.1.difficult to do, use, or deal with

2.making you feel embarrassed so that you are not sure what to do or say Examples:

This machine is awkward to handle.这台机器很难操作。

They arrived at an awkward time.他们在一个尴尬的时间来了。

Unit 8: Leadership

Text A They Made a Difference I.Theme-related Information Leadership development is also personal development.领袖力发展亦是个人成长。

―The Ancients who wished to illustrate illustrious virtue throughout the kingdom first ordered well their own states.Wishing to order well their states, they first regulated their families.Wishing to regulate their families, they first cultivated their person.‖

— Confucius

―古之欲明明德于天下者，先治其国。欲治其国者，先齐其家，欲齐其家者，先修其身。‖

II.Language and Cultural Points 1.vision

— n.1.the knowledge and imagination that are needed in planning for the future with a clear purpose

2.(the)ability to see Examples:

Some businessmen cannot adapt to change because they have tunnel vision.有些生意人因为见识浅薄而无法顺应局势的变化。

I’ve had my eyes tested and the optician says my vision is perfect.我检测了眼睛，验光师说我的视力非常好。2.extraordinary

— a.1.very much greater or more impressive than usual

2.very unusual or surprising Examples:

She won acceptance by the King family only through extraordinary diligence.正是她超人的勤奋让王室家族接受了她。

Annie dreamed an extraordinary dream last night.安妮昨晚做了个奇特的梦。3.This misses the mark

—— This opinion is not to the point.miss mark： fail to hit the target 4.Warren G.Bennis Cultural note：

Warren Gamaliel Bennis(born on March 8, 1925)is an American scholar, organizational consultant and author, widely regarded as a pioneer of the contemporary field of Leadership studies.Bennis is University Professor and Distinguished Professor of Business Administration and Founding Chairman of The Leadership Institute at the University of Southern California.5.The leader necessarily deals to a large extent in symbols, and in the sort of galvanizing idea that becomes a force of history.To some degree, the leader’s thoughts and actions are his followers spiritual support and have a great impact on history.6.galvanize： v.to shock or surprise sb.so that they do sth.to solve a problem, improve a situation, etc.Examples:

How can we galvanize the students into taking the responsibility for their work? 我们如何才能激发学生对自己的学习负责呢？

You have superior teaching team, which can galvanize and inspire students potential and creativity.你们拥有很棒的师资，可以激发学生的潜能和创造力。7.indifferent

—— a.not at all interested in sb./sth.Examples:

I don’t think the Council can or should remain indifferent to these serious violations of human rights.我认为议会不能也不应该对这些严重侵犯人权的行为漠不关心。Whether you follow me is indifferent to me.你是否跟随我，对我都无关紧要。8.incapable

—

a.not able to do sth.;lacking capacity or ability Examples:

To be blind is not miserable;incapable of bearing that is.失明本身并不悲惨，不能忍受失明才是悲惨的。Computers are incapable of creative thought.计算机不会创造性地去思考。

9.The great cause that grips a leader may be one of creating something new or of preserving something old and often strong leaders on opposite sides of a conflict have causes that collide.—— What a leader engages in may bring a reform or keep something old

but beneficial.Two leaders whose ideas are opposite seek contrary causes.Note：本句末的that collide是定语从句，修饰前面的causes。10.collide：

—— v.1.to come into disagreement;to be opposed

2.to hit sb./sth.that is moving in a different direction from you Examples:

If the aims of two countries collide, there may be war.如果两国目标对立,就有可能爆发战争。Waves collide with rocks.波涛冲击着礁石。

11.The great leader needs insight, foresight, and the willingness to take the bold but calculated risk bold — a.1.not afraid of taking risks and making difficult decisions

2.so confident or determined that you sometimes offend people Examples:

He is bold but cautious and he always keeps calm when anything comes up.他这人胆大心细，遇事不慌。

May I make bold to ask your name, sir? 先生，我能冒昧地问一下您叫什么名字吗？ 12.prevail

—

v.1.(against/over)to gain control or victory;to win a fight

2.(in/among)to exist or be widespread Examples:

Virtue will prevail over evil.善良定将战胜邪恶。

A belief in magic still prevails among some tribes.某些部落至今仍然相信魔法。13.retrospect

—

n.thinking back to a time in the past, especially with the advantage of knowing more now than you did then Examples:

My school life seems happier in retrospect than it seemed at the time.我回忆中的学生生活似乎比我当时所感受到的更加美好。In retrospect, this battle is a turning point in the war.事后看来，这场战役是战争的转折点。14.elusive

—

a.difficult to catch, find, or remember Examples:

A settlement and peace will remain elusive.解决问题，实现和平，仍然是一件遥不可及的事。

As simple as the desire of many people, it is an elusive hope.这样一个许多人都有的简单愿望也是一个难以实现的奢望。15.above all

— most important of all

Above all, he is a good administrator in picking able assistants and laborers.Examples:

The basis for an effective solution of population problems is, above all, socioeconomic transformation.有效地解决人口问题的基础首先是社会经济状况的改变。

最重要的是，他是一个优秀的行政管理人员，善于挑选能干的助手和工人。16.keen

—

a.1.good, strong, quick at understanding

2.wanting to do sth.or wanting sth.to happen very much Examples:

As an interpreter, I should have sharp eyes and keen ears.作为一名翻译, 我要眼观六路耳听八方。She’s keen to get ahead in her career.她渴望在事业上出人头地。17.paralysis by analysis

— Over-analyzing(or over-thinking), so that a decision or action is never taken.18.viewpoint

—

n.1.a particular way of thinking about a problem or subject

2.a place from which you can see sth.Examples:

Honestly, I saw your mother’s viewpoint and quite sympathized with her.This function is especially useful when the camera viewpoint can be freely rotated.当摄像机视点能自由旋转时，这个功能就特别有用。老实讲，我明白你母亲的想法，也很同情她。19.if only

—

used to express a strong wish Examples:

If only some handsome boy invited me to be his partner at the ball.If only we knew where to look for him!我们要是知道到哪里找他就好了！

要是有个英俊的小伙子邀请我作他的舞伴就好了。20.Adlai Stevenson Cultural note:

Adlai Stevenson(February 5, 1900—July 14, 1965)was an American politician, noted for his intellectual demeanor, eloquent oratory, and promotion of liberal causes in the Democratic Party.He served as the 31st Governor of Illinois, and received the Democratic Party’s nomination for president in 1952 and 1956;both times he was defeated by Republican Dwight D.Eisenhower.During the 1952 presidential bid, despite his reluctance to run, he remained the most attractive candidate heading into the 1952 Democratic National Convention in Chicago.21.intensity

—

n.the quality of being felt very strongly or having a strong effect Examples:

I was amazed at my own intensity and the overwhelming motivation that compelled me to spend a hundred dollars on a total stranger.为一个素不相识的人花100块钱，连我自己都对这执着和强烈的动机感到惊异。The poem shows great intensity of feeling.这首诗表达了强烈的情感。22.sacrifice

—

v.to give up sth.that is important or valuable to sb.in order to get or do sth.that seems more important for oneself or for another person Example:

It is the company’s policy to sacrifice short-term profits for the sake of long-term growth.为长期发展而牺牲短期利益是公司的方针。

第二篇：新视野大学英语unit3 讲稿

Unit 3

Marriage Across Nations

Warm-up activities

A marriage is an interpersonal relationship with government, social, or religious recognition, usually intimate and sexual, and often created as a contract.The most frequently occurring form of marriage unites a man and a woman as husband and wife.The reasons people marry vary widely, but usually include one or more of the following: legal, social and economic stability;the formation of a family unit;procreation and the education and nurturing of children;legitimizing sexual relations;public declaration of love.Proverbs Related to Love

Every man is a poet when he is in love.恋爱中人人都是诗人。

Love is the joint experience between two persons.爱情是两个人之间的一种共享体验。Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌。

All shall be well and Jack shall have Jill.有情人终成眷属。

Beauty is in the eye of the beholder.情人眼里出西施。

Love makes the world go around.爱使世界运转

Questions:

（1）What may constitute barriers for one to marry his or her true love?

There are many factors for the failure to marry one’s true love.Apart from cultural differences, some other factors exert great influence on one’s marriage.To start with, the racial difference is one of the biggest obstacles to one’s marriage.Many lovers, driven by the true love for each other, go through diverse difficulties and hardships, only to part with each other in the end, just like the young couple shown in the video.Besides, the different family backgrounds sometimes prevent the lovers from getting married because they meet with resistance from their families.（2）What are your criteria for choosing your Mr.Right or Miss.Right? ⑴ good to talk to

⑵ not wimpy(懦弱的)⑶ gentle—not a “hard man”，⑷ no temper

⑸ responsible⑹ not passive

⑺ willing to take more risk ⑻ able

⑼ share things ⑽ confident

⑾ smile ⑿ want to talk to you

⒀ use money wisely, ⒁ not stingy—generous

⒂ trust ⒃ decisive

⒄mature ⒅a man(男子汉)

⒆sense of humor

Background Introduction

Interracial marriage: Before June 12th, 1967, interracial marriage was illegal and individual states in the US had the right to separate and punish interracial couples.These punishments included imprisonment of up to 10 years.Violations included marriage, sex, and living together.On June 12th, 1967, interracial couples became legal thanks to the US Supreme Court decision entitled Loving v.Virginia.Structure analysis The passage is a first-person narrative about the writer’s own experience of a mixed marriage in America.The passage is generally organized according to time sequence, the first thing first and the second thing second.The whole text is made up of four parts.PartⅠ(para.1-2)Why Gail and I live together and what we learn from our racial and cultural differences.PartⅡ(para.3-4)We want to marry for the right reasons.PartⅢ(para.5-9)Gail’s mother’s reaction when Gail spread the news of our wedding plans to her family.Part Ⅳ(para.10-21)Gail’s father’s reaction.New Words & Phrases

1.character n.1.[C] qualities that make sb.a particular type of person |性格，个性

e.g.What does her handwriting tell you about her character? |根据

她写的字，你觉得她有什么样的性格？

I choose my friends for their good characters.|我择友的标准 是品格一定要好。

1.[C] qualities that make sth.what it is and different from others |

特点，特征

e.g.The whole character of the village has changed since I was

last here.|自我上次来这里之后，这个村子的面貌完全变了。The idea was to rebuild the house without changing its basic character.|计划是将那幢房子按原貌加以改建。2.compromise n.[C, U] an agreement that is achieved after everyone involved accepts less than what they wanted at first |妥协；折中

e.g.She found that compromise was always the best way when

she quarreled with her mother.|她发现，与母亲争吵时让步总是最好的解决方法。

It is hoped that a compromise will be reached in today's talk.| 希望今天的会谈能达成妥协。

v.reach an agreement by making a compromise |妥协；折中 e.g.The workers are going to strike for their welfare if the

employers are not ready to compromise.|雇主们要是不妥协，工人们就将为争取自己的福利而罢工。

Well, you want $400 and I say $300, so let's compromise at $350.好吧，既然你开价400美元而我还价300美元，那我们 就来个折衷价350美元。3.mutual a.1.felt or done in the same way by two or more people toward each other |相互的

e.g.The plan was ended by mutual agreement.|双方均同意终止这项计划。

Their working well together was based on mutual respect, trust, and understanding.|他们的合作是建立在互相尊重、信任和理解基础上的。2.shared by two or more people |共同的；共有的 e.g.mutual interests |共同的利益

Lynn and Phil met through a mutual friend.|林恩和菲尔是通过共同的朋友相识的。5.compatible

a.1.(of people)able to have a good relationship because of

similar opinions or interests |合得来的；情投意合的

e.g.The couple separated because they were not compatible.|这

对夫妻因合不来而分手了。

Make sure you're compatible with him before you start sharing a house.|在你们合住之前你先要确定是否能和他和睦相处。2.(of equipment)able to be used together |兼容的；配套的 e.g.The computer program isn't compatible with this operating

system.|计算机程序与这套操作系统不兼容。

The printer is compatible with most computers.|这台打印机能 与大多数计算机配套使用。6.overlook vt.1.not notice sth.|没注意到；忽略

e.g.He overlooked a spelling mistake on the first page.|他没有注

意到第一页上的一处拼写错误。

I overlooked this problem and have to deal with it now.|我之前 忽视了这个问题，现在必须要着手解决它。2.have a view of a place from above |俯视；眺望

e.g.Her bedroom has large windows overlooking a lake.|她卧室的

几扇大窗户正对着湖面。

The beach house had a balcony that overlooked the sea.|从 那幢海边别墅的阳台能眺望大海。7.bud vi.produce buds |发芽，萌芽

e.g.The trees are budding early this year.|今年树木发芽早。

The unusually cold winter has caused many plants to bud late this year.|异常寒冷的冬天使今年许多植物都推迟了发芽。

n.[C] a part of a plant that will open to form a leaf or flower |芽；花蕾 e.g.The trees all around are covered in buds.|周围的树都发芽了。

Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May.|狂风会吹落五月的娇花嫩瓣。8.resistance n.1.[sing., U] refusal to accept sth.|抵制；反对

e.g.The idea met with some resistance.|那个意见遭到了一些反对。

There's a lot of resistance to the idea of a united Europe.|对欧洲统一的想法存在许多反对意见。

2.[sing., U] the use of force to act against sb.or sth.|抵抗；对抗

e.g.They put up a passive resistance.|他们进行着消极的抵抗。

A good diet helps the body to build up resistance to disease.|良好的日常饮食可增强身体的抗病能力。9.counsel vt.give sb.advice |劝告；忠告

e.g.He counseled them to give up the plan.|他劝他们放弃这个计

划。

The school is now providing a service to counsel students with drug problems.|学校向有吸毒问题的学生提供咨询服务。10.harbor(BrE harbour)vt.keep sth.in one's mind for a long time |心怀；怀有

e.g.Tiffany's been harboring spite against our boss ever since her

transfer was refused.|自从蒂芬妮的调职被拒绝后，她对我们 的老板一直怀恨在心。

I'm certainly not harboring a secret liking for the man, if that's what you are thinking.|如果你这样想的话，我告诉你我并没有 暗恋那个男人。

n.[C] a place of shelter for ships |港，港口

e.g.All the ships stayed in the harbor during the storm.|风暴期间

所有的船只都停泊在港湾里。

Some of the best natural harbors in the world are there.|那里 有几个世界上最好的天然港。11.reservation n.1.[C, U] a feeling of doubt about whether sth.is good or right | 存疑；保留

e.g.I support this measure without reservation.|我全力支持这项措

施。

She had some about her new job.|她对新工作心存疑虑。2.[C] an order of a room, seat, etc.in advance |预订

e.g.We made a reservation for dinner at the restaurant.|我们在这 家饭店预定了晚餐。

I plan to leave on August 4, and have made my flight

reservation for that date.|我打算8月4日离开，并已预订那天 的机票。

12.charm vt.attract sb.|迷人；使陶醉

e.g.He's a very effective boss;he in some way charms you into

doing what he wants.|他是个非常能干的老板，总有办法能让 你去做他所希望的事。

I was charmed by this gentleman when he stood up gracefully and came to me for a dance.|当这位绅士优雅地站起来并走过 来邀我跳舞时，我被他深深地吸引了。

n.[U] the quality of pleasing or attracting people |魅力；吸引力

e.g.She was a woman of great charm and she knew how to use it.她是个很有魅力的女人，而且她知道怎样利用这种魅力。

It's a town with a lot of old-world charm.|这是个具有古老魅力的小镇。Charming: a.very pleasing or attractive |迷人的；有魅力的

e.g.The old woman lived in a charming house near the beach.|那位老妇人住在海边一幢漂亮的房子里。

He nodded to me with a charming smile.|他带着迷人的微笑朝我点了点头。

13.confirm vt.prove that sth.is true |证实；证明；确定

e.g.The announcements confirmed that the election would take

place on June 20.|公告证实选举将于6月20日举行。

Everything you have just said confirms the view that nobody can be trusted.|你刚才所说的一切证实了一个观点：谁都不能 信任。

v.make a plan, meeting, etc.certain, esp.by telephone or writing | 确认

e.g.a note asking us to confirm when we would be arriving |要求我

们确定何时抵达的便条

I'd like to confirm a reservation for a double room on the first of July.|我预订了7月1日一间双人房，想确认一下。14.suspect vt.think that sth.is probably true |怀疑

e.g.Most people don't, I suspect, realize this.|我怀疑大部分人没

有意识到这一点。

He couldn't have suspected that she was lying to him.|他根本 不会想到她对他说的都是谎言。

n.[C] sb.who is thought to be guilty of a crime |嫌疑犯

e.g.The police have caught two suspects in connection with the

bank robbery.|警方逮捕了两名涉嫌银行抢劫案的嫌疑犯。Last week police finally had a suspect for the murder.|上星期 警方终于查出那起谋杀案的一名嫌疑犯。15.harsh a.1.cruel |严厉的；苛刻的

e.g.His behavior met harsh criticism from his family.|他的行为遭到了家人的严厉批评。

That is a very harsh punishment to give a young child.|那样惩 罚一个幼儿很残忍。

2.unpleasantly loud and rough |刺耳的

e.g.The noise is too harsh to the ear.|那种噪声十分刺耳。

I cannot imagine how she became a broadcaster with her harsh voice.|她的声音那么刺耳，真难想象她是怎么当上播音 员的。16.hesitate vi.be slow to speak or act because one feels uncertain or unwilling 犹豫；踌躇；迟疑

e.g.He hesitated before he spoke, as if he wasn't sure how his

words would be received.|他在开口前犹豫了一会，好像不确 定人们对他的话会有什么样的反应。

He who hesitates is lost.|当断不断，必受其患。17.proceed vi.go to a further or the next stage;go on |继续进行

e.g.Having said how much she liked it, she then proceeded to

make critical comments about the way I'd done it.|她说她很喜 欢我做的这件事，可接着就批评起我做这件事的方式来。Let's proceed to the next question.|现在讨论下一个问题。18.resolve vt.1.solve a problem or difficulty |解决；解除

e.g.We need to resolve this difference quickly.|我们需要很快解决

这场争端。

The couple resolved their differences and made an effort to get along.|这对夫妻解决了他们的矛盾，努力和睦相处。2.make a definite decision to do sth.|决定；决心

e.g.The company resolved to take further action against thieves.| 公司决定采取进一步的防盗措施。

She resolved that she would never speak to him again.|她打 定主意再也不同他讲话了。

Phrases and Expressions

19.ups and downs the mixture of good and bad experiences |盛衰；沉浮

e.g.He stuck by her through all life's ups and downs.|他始终不渝

地陪伴她历尽了人生的荣辱浮沉。

Like most married couples we've had our ups and downs, but life is like that.|像大多数夫妇一样，我们也经历过波折起伏。可生活就是那样的。20.work out be successful or end in a certain way |成功；产生结果 e.g.Things worked out quiet well.|事情的结局相当不错。

Is your new roommate working out OK? |你的新室友与你合得 来吗？ 21.for a time for a short period;temporarily |暂时；一度

e.g.You'll have your own office soon but for a time you'll have to

share one.|不久你会有自己的办公室，不过你暂时还得与别人 合用。

For a time, we all thought that Sherry and Frank would get married.|有一段时间，我们都以为雪莉和弗兰克会结婚。22.meet with experience sth.by chance |遭遇；遇到

e.g.She met with much kindness.| 她得到许多好心的帮助。

They'd never met with such poor service before.|他们以前从 未遇到过这么糟糕的服务。23.all along all the time |始终

e.g.I realized I had had it in my pocket all along.|我发现它一直就

在我衣袋里。

She was kind to me all along.|她一直对我很好。24.have nothing to do with have no connection with |与...无关

e.g.In the evening he likes to read books which have nothing to do

with his work.|晚上他喜欢看一些与工作无关的书籍。

He's a thief and a liar;I'd have nothing to do with him, if I were you.|他又偷东西又撒谎，我要是你，我才不跟他来往呢。

25.on the surface when not observed, thought about, etc.deeply |表面上；外表上 e.g.The plan seems on the surface to be quite practical.|表面看来

这个计划很切实可行。

On the surface, this seems like a difficult problem, but in fact there's an easy solution to it.|表面看来，这问题似乎很难，但 实际上答案很简单。26.at one's worst in one's worst state |最差的时候；最糟糕的时候

e.g.I'm at my worst in the morning.|我早晨的时候感觉最不好。

This problem over delayed payment has shown him at his worst.在拖延付款的问题上显示出他为人最糟糕的一面。27.learn of come to know |获悉；听说

e.g.I'm sorry to learn of your illness.|得知你生病，我甚为难过。

We were shocked when we learned of his sudden death.|听 到他突然去世的消息我们感到非常震惊。28.take care of be responsible for;deal with |负责；处理

e.g.Her secretary took care of all her appointments.|她的约会都由 她的秘书负责安排。

All the travel plans have been taken care of.|所有旅行安排都 处理好了。

29.proceed to do sth.do sth.next;go on to do sth.|接着做某事

e.g.After the boy finished with his own story, he proceed to ask me

to tell him mine.|那个男孩儿讲完自己的故事后又让我告诉他我 的故事。

She had washed the clothes, and then, she proceeded to do the dishes.|她洗碗了衣服，接着又继续洗碗了。

第三篇：大学英语四六级写作讲稿

大学英语四六级写作讲稿

一.四六级作文测试基本要求及分析 1． 四级考试写作要求：

《大学英语教学大纲》和《大学英语课程教学基本要求》都对培养学生的英语写作能力做了明确规定，即学生能在半小时内完成120字左右的短文，包括书信等应用问题写作，要求文理基本通顺，表达思想清楚，无重大语法错误。通过分析历年的真题，我们不难发现：英语作文考查的类型基本包括议论文(一般为三段论式的论说文字)，说明文(目前侧重于这方面的写作训练)，图表作文(要求描述性的语言要贴近图表信息，真实反映语言水平)和应用文写作(包括书信、便条、通知、海报

等)。2．近年四级写作改革变化追踪 2005．6

In Honour of Teachers on the Occasion of Teacher’s Day（演讲致辞型）2005．12

Should the University Campus Be Open to Tourists?（议论文）

2006．6

An announcement for a voluntary program（应用文）

2006．1CCTV Spring Festival Gala（议论文）

2007．6

Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed?（议论文）2007．12

Elective courses to choose（议论文）

2008．6

Recreational activities（议论文）

从上面的题目变化趋势看，描述现象、分析原因、个人看法仍是四、六级考试写作部分主要考查的重点，在今后相当长的时间内，英语写作教学和辅导的主要突破口应集中在说明文、议论文和应用文上

此外，仔细研究06年6月24日以后的四级试卷，我们还可发现，新四级的写作题目与校园生活密切相关，学生普遍感觉亲切，体裁包括两篇议论文，一篇应用文。不仅如此，新四级写作题中提供的文章框架清晰，思路比较明确，绝大多数考生都能利用“经典句型”或“万能模板”写出及格的作文。尽管新四级前两次都考查了议论文，但这并不能说明写作的重心有任何偏移。根据考试改革方案和课程教学要求的相关规定，应用文写作、说明文和议论文仍将是新四级作文的主

攻方向。3．时间配置：

30分钟

1）审题（3分钟）： 2）写作（25分钟）： 3）检查（2分钟）：语法（时态、冠词、主谓一致）、拼写、标点

4．具体要求：

1）语言第一位：表达通顺、无重大语言错误

（1）基础一般：简单原则、安全

第一（“平淡如水”、“简洁就是美”、“绚烂之极，归于平淡“，“与其写一个错误的复杂句，不

如写一个正确的简单句。”（2）基础较好：句子结构词多变 2）结构第二位：（1）逻辑性：

A.并列：and/or/but B.因果：because/in that, since/as, for C.转折：but/however（2）关联词：

3）内容第三位

二．四级写作高分策略

新四级考试并没有改变对写作的测试标准和要求，但在出题顺序上却做了明显的调整：写作作为第一项考查的内容，被提到新四级试卷的最开头，这令许多考生感觉不适应，部分网友甚至认为这是在折腾考生。其实，提高写作能力虽然较难，但写作教学却是一片大有可为的沃土。在过去十多年的英语写作辅导中，笔者坚持认为：考生如果坚持做到如下几点，就不难在规定的时间内写出一篇成功的英语作文。1．制造语言亮点

A.尝试使用中高级词汇替代低级词汇（主要是形容词和副词）

Good results-----favorable results Bad effects-------negative effects Big changes------great changes;

(Data)show that-----indicate;demonstrate Important--------significant;crucial;vital More and more(problems等名词)-------an increasing number of(problems)

More and more(important等形容词或副词)-------increasingly(important)All kinds of--------a variety of Many-----------a number of Deal with-------tackle

Possible--------likely(可用人或讨论的问题做主语)B．英语四六级考试写作30个最经典替换词 1.individuals,characters, folks替换(people ,persons)2: positive, favorable, rosy(美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good 3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill(有害的)替换bad 如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换

eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms.When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they records are less impressive.4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many.注：用many, if not most一定要小心，many后一定要有词。

Eg.Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理用most, if not all ,替换most.5: a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some 6:harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替think(因为是书面语，所以要加that)7:affair ,business ,matter替换thing 8: shared代 common 9.reap huge fruits替换get many benefits)10:for my part ,from my own perspective替换 in my opinion 11:Increasing(ly),growing替换more and more(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.Eg.sth has gained growing popularity.popular with the advancement of sth.12.little if anything,或little or nothing替换hardly 13..beneficial, rewarding替换helpful, 14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser,替换customer 15.exceedingly,extremely, intensely替换very 16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable...替换 unnecessary, avoidable 17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb替换sb take interest in / sb.be interested in 18.capture one's attention替换attract one's attention.19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect 20.be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代 indicate, suggest ,fear 21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger替换cause.22.There are several reasons behind sth替换..reasons for sth 23.desire替换want.24.pour attention into替换pay attention to 25.bear in mind that替换remember 26.enjoy, possess替换have(注意process是过程的意思)27.interaction替换communication 28.frown on sth替换 be against , disagree with sth 29.to name only a few, as an example替换 for example, for instance 30.next to / virtually impossible,替换nearly / almost impossible C.几个不能随意使用的词

“good”,”bad”,”terrible”,”something”这几个词在学生作文中反复出现。这几个词本身并没有问题，是英语常用词，但是，很多情况下，应该使用意义更准确的词。学生使用这几个词是因为懒惰，词汇量贫乏或者是缺乏修改。

四、六级作文要求的字数很少，一个意思只能用一个句子表达，句子里的关键词就要力求准确。good 原稿： Sports are definitely good for mental health.改后稿： Sports are beneficial to one’s mental health.原稿： Travelers can meet with people form other parts of the world and may develop a good relationship.改后稿： Travelers are able to make friends with people all over the world.bad 原稿：Some fake and shoddy goods are bad for people's health.改后稿： Fake goods can be dangerous to one’s health.terrible

原稿：Nowadays, the city has a lot of problems, terrible traffic, polluted air, too much noises, etc.改后稿： Today, many cities suffer from traffic congestion and air and noise pollution.something 原稿： There is something more important and that money can’t buy, for example, love.改后稿： There are more important things than money such as love.原稿：It means that people can master something perfectly by practicing it.改后稿：The meaning is that with constant practice, you can master what you set out to.2.捕获闪光词

基本表达(Basic Elements of English Writing)：

越来越：be increasingly + adj., be on the rise, the growing number of 人们认为：it is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that 许多问题：a host of/a number of problems 引起人们注意：claim call/attract general/public/world attention to sth.意识到：there is a growing awareness/realization of/that, awaken sb.to the fact/danger 适应新的形势/变化：adapt/adjust/accommodate oneself to new environment/change 接触各种思想/经历：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems 接触社会：come into frequent/close contact with the world/society 获得成功：achieve/accomplish success 提出观点/建议：advance / put forward / come up with the arguments/ideas/suggestions 作出努力：make tremendous/persistent/sustained effort to do sth., take great pains to do(with work/study)影响学习/工作：interfere with studies/work 产生影响：have/exert a profound influence on life/personality, have a dramatic/undesirable effect on 较好地驾驭生活：be a better pilot of one's life 剥夺机会/权力：deprive oneself of the chance/right/opportunity 取代旧的方式：substitute for/take the place of the old way 采取措施：take effective steps/measures to 控制我们的环境：take/gain increasing control over our own environment 躲避危险/挑战：shy/run away from the dangers/challenge 满足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodate the demand of 补偿损失：compensate for/make up for the loss/damage 解释某现象：account for/explain the phenomenon 对……很好的了解：have a better understanding/appreciation of, have a new perspective on.provide/gain an insight into 把某因素考虑进去：take sth.Into account(consideration), give much thought to 品位人生/自由/青春：savor the life/freedom/youth 培养对……的信心：develop/foster one's interest/confidence in 经历变化/困难/艰险：undergo/experience great changes/hardships/experience 表现出自信心等：project one's confidence/feeling/image 生活充满不公正的地方：life is full of minor irritation/injustice 追求学习/职业：pursue one's academic interest/professional career 学习知识/技术：pursue/acquire knowledge/technology/skill 被看作学习的……榜样：be held up as a good example 交流经验/知识：share experience/ideas/problems/knowledge 发挥/起到重要作用：play an(important/active/great)role/part 逃学/缺课：skip school/a class/a meeting/a lecture 知识/经验丰富：rich in knowledge/experience 确立/追求目标：set/pursue a goal/higher standard 到达目标：achieve/accomplish/stain the goal/aim/objective 克服困难：overcome obstacles/difficulty 面临危险/困难：be confronted/faced with/in the face of danger/difficulty 阻碍了成功：stand in the way of success, be an obstacle/barrier to success/growth 阻碍了发展：hamper/impede/stunt the development of 持传统的看法：hold conventional wisdom 发表看法：voice/express one's opinion 持相反/合理的观点：take the opposite/fresh view 揭穿某种一贯的说法：shatter the myth of 求得帮助：enlist one's support/help 缩小差别：bridge/narrow/fill the gap/gulf(between city and country)把成功/错误归咎于：attribute/own the success/failure to 对……重要：be indispensable/important/vital to 施加压力：put/exert a academic pressure on 重视：assign/attach much importance/significance to 强调：place/put much emphasis/stress/value on 把注意力集中在：focus/concentrate one's attention/efforts/thoughts upon 提供机会/信息：provide/offer/furnish an opportunity/information for sb.抓住机会：grab/seize/take the opportunity 得到机会：enjoy/gain access to a opportunity/information 有可能：there is(little/much)possibility/likelihood that, chances/the odds are that 展开竞争：compete against/with sb.for the prize/position/control/the mastery of 开展运动：conduct(carry on/undertake/initiate/launch/wage)a(vigorous/nation-wide/publicity/advertising)campaign(for/against)对我很有/没有什么意义：make much/little sense to me 带来无穷的幸福/满足：be a source of happiness satisfaction/contentment/pride/complaint 献身于：devote/dedicate/commit oneself to a cause/career 大不（没什么）两样：make much(little/no)difference 真正重要的是：what really matters/accounts is …

改变生活旅程：change/alter the course of life 建立在大量的学习/实践上：built on tremendous amount of study/practice 进行调查/执行任务：conduct/carry out an study/task/experiment 辞去工作/学习：leave/quit one's job/work/school 参加考试/竞赛等：enter(for)the examination/contest, race 参加活动/讨论：take part/participate/be engaged in sports/activities/discussion 影响思想/态度/事件的形成：shape one's thinking/attitude 进入大学/社会/家庭/劳力市场/职业：enter a school/college/society/the work force/professionals 实现自己的理想/愿望：realize/fulfill/achieve one's dream(hops/wish/desire)减轻压力/紧张：reduce/alleviate/relieve the stress/pressure/tension 提高社会地位：enhance/improve/upgrade social status/position/standing rise to the position of leadership 提高技术/能力：sharpen(increase/improve/enhance/boost)one's skill/ability 加快/促进发展：accelerate/facilitate/advance/enhance/boost the development of 随着生活节奏的加快：with the quickening pace/rhythm/tempo of modern life/society 开阔眼界/兴趣：broaden one's interest/outlook, expand(broaden/enlarge)one's mental horizons 有助于了解/发展/宣传/解决：contribute much/little/greatly/to a better understanding of/the popularity of/the growth of/the solution of 有助于解决问题：go a long way to(towards)solving the problem 迷恋名利/分数：be obsessed/preoccupied with grades/fame/fortune 把时间花/浪费在：spend/waste time doing sth., put in hours doing sth.利用机会/技术：make(full/better)use of/take advantage of opportunity/time, tap/harness technology potential/skills/talent 把知识/经验运用到…：apply/put the theory/knowledge/experience… to practice/daily life/good use 取得进步：make much progress/strides/gains in 充分发挥潜力/能力：develop one's ability/potential to the full, give full play to one's ability 充满激情/渴望：have a burning desire/a great passion fo

第四篇：新视野大学英语unit 4 讲稿

Leading in Questions

1.Is there any love at first sight? Why?

Yes.The factors for such love can be analyzed as follows: 1)It is the human nature to love anything beautiful;2)Physical attraction is the first seed of love;3)Love in one’s heart is like a hidden fire;

4)Love, whatever form it takes, is usually blind;…

No.The reasons for absence of such love can be deduced as follows: 1)Looks can be deceitful;2)It takes time for true love to grow;3)Love is an integration of two minds into one;4)Such love is like a flash in the pan;…

2.Can true love grow between pen pals or net friends who have never met each other? Why?

Yes.1)Love is a product of communication.It is through lines of communication that both sides know what insight they can get into each other’s inner world, how much they can have in common, and what their unity will hold for either of them.2)Love feeds on mystery about each other.To any of us, what attracts is just something mysterious about others.The same holds true for lovers, because correspondence like this is often characteristic of mystery about each other.3)Love is born of beauty in the distance.As an old Chinese saying goes, distance produces beauty.A case in point is the popular poem—You live at the head of the Yangtze River while I live at its end;I miss you day and night without seeing you ever;but the truth is we drink water from the same river.No.1)Love does not grow without contact between two minds.It is well said that sparks of love shine with frequent clashes of two hearts.No collision of their ideas, no birth of true love.2)True love depends on acceptance of each other’s demerits as well as on hunger for each other’s merits.But such correspondence almost never reflects the weaknesses of lovers.3)True love is based on the ups and downs of lovers in daily life.Deprived of such rises and falls in everyday life, lovers find no way to know, understand, and respect each other from all sides, thus making it impossible for both to be sure whether they are a good match.Warm-up activities

1.What is the young soldier doing in the speaker’s story? Key: He is waiting to see a woman he has fallen in love with.2.What kind of ending do the speaker’s stories tend to have? Key: A happy ending.3.What does love mean to you?

Love may be many things to many people, among which are as follows: 1)Love means sunshine that makes one thirsty for the other.2)Love means a game of emotion that is always deprived of reason.3)Love means a tree whose fruit is sometimes sweet and sometimes bitter.4)Love means a bottle of wine with which both sides like being drunk.5)Love means a river in which both sides seek to be drowned…

New Words & Phrases 1.digital a.giving information in the form of numbers 数字的；数字显示的 e.g.a digital camera 数码照相机

The quality of sound from a digital recording is truly excellent.数字录音声带的声音的质量的确出色。

2.eyesight n.[U] the ability to see 视力

e.g.You need to have your eyesight tested.你需要测一下视力。Many of those aged 75 or over will have failing eyesight.很多75岁以上的老人视力都会衰退。

3.volunteer

v.offer to do sth.without being paid 自愿（做某事）

e.g.Jenny volunteered to clean up afterwards.珍尼自愿过一会儿清除打扫。

He volunteered to show us around the school.他自愿带我们参观学校。

n.[C] sb.who offers to do sth.without being paid 志愿者 e.g.Any volunteers? 谁自愿来？

This is a huge project, but we have a lot of volunteers for the most difficult work.这是一个大项目，但有许多志愿者愿意来承担其中最困难的工作。

4.identical a.exactly the same 完全一样的，完全相同的 e.g.I've got three identical navy suits.我有3套相同的海军服。The tests are identical to those carried out last year.这些考试和去年举行的相同。

5.departure

n.[C, U] an act of leaving a place 离开，出发

e.g.His departure was quite unexpected.他的离去出人意料。

There was a delay in the departure of our plane.我们的飞机延迟了起飞。

6.destination

n.[C] a place to which sb.is going or sth.is being sent 目的地；终点 e.g.Tokyo was our final destination.东京是我们最终的目的地。We arrived at our destination tired and hungry.我们到达目的地时又累又饿。

7.overseas ad.in or to a country across the sea;abroad 在海外；在国外

e.g.If you are living overseas, you may not have to pay tax in your own country.如果你生活在海外，可以不必在你自己的国家付税。

Many more people travel overseas for their holidays now than used to be the case.比起以前，现在有更多的人去海外度假。

a.coming from or happening abroad 海外的；外国的

e.g.We are trying to build up overseas markets for our cars.我们正设法为我们的汽车开拓海外市场。

There are a lot of overseas students in America.美国有许多国外的留学生。

8.aboard

prep.& ad.in or on a ship, train, plane, etc.在船（车，飞机等）上；上船（车，飞机等）

e.g.The flight attendant welcomed us aboard the plane.空中小姐欢迎我们登机。

The boat is ready to leave.All aboard!船要开了，所有人都请上船！

9.cargo

n.[C, U] goods carried by a ship, plane, or vehicle（船，飞机或车辆运送的）货物 e.g.The ship was carrying a cargo of wool from England to France.这艘船正将羊毛货品从英国运往法国。

The boat calls at the main port to load its regular cargo of bananas.船停泊在主要港口，装上它通常装载的货物——香蕉。

10.territory

n.[C, U] an area of land controlled by a particular country, city, army, etc.领土；领地

e.g.The UN is sending aid to the occupied territories.联合国向被占领地区提供救援。

He was shot down in the enemy territory.他是在敌人的领土上被击落的。

11.deck

n.[C] a floor built across a ship over all or part of its length 甲板

e.g.When we've eaten, let's go up on deck and get some fresh air.吃好后我们上甲板去透透气吧。

The upper deck of the ship was always full of people smoking.船的上层甲板总是坐满了抽烟的乘客。

12.decrease n.[C, U] the process of becoming less 减少

e.g.a 10% decrease in sales 销售额下降了10%

The survey shows that there is a decrease in the number of young people out of work.调查表明，年轻人的失业率下降了。

v.become less or reduce sth.（使）减少；（使）降低 e.g.Profits have decreased by 15%.利润下降了15%。

13.nourish vt.give a person or other living things the food they need to live, grow, and stay healthy 滋养；给...营养

e.g.Most plants are nourished by water drawn up through their roots.大部分植物依赖其根所吸水分来获得养分。

Children need plenty of good fresh food to nourish them.儿童需要从健康新鲜的食物中摄取营养。

14.decline

v.refuse a request or offer, usu.politely 拒绝；谢绝 e.g.He declined my party invitation.我请他参加宴会，但他谢绝了。

I declined to go with them.我不愿和他们一道去。

vi.decrease in amount, quality, or importance 减少，降低，下降

e.g.The value of the dollar on the world market has declined in recent years.最近几年美元在世界市场上的价值有所下降。

The number of smokers in the United States declined greatly in the 1980s.20世纪80年代美国吸烟人数大量减少。

n.[sing., U] a reduction in the amount or quality of sth.减少，下降 e.g.Thankfully the smoking of cigarettes is on the decline.谢天谢地，抽烟的人越来越少了。

Many regular customers have noticed that the service in this restaurant is in decline.许多老主顾都感觉到了这家饭店的服务质量每况愈下。

15.objection n.[C, U] a statement that shows one disagrees with sth.反对；异议

e.g.He has a strong objection to getting up so early.他强烈反对这么早起床。

The only objection is that it may cost us more than you think.唯一的异议在于我们的花费要比你想象的更多。

16.forbid(forbade, forbidden)vt.not allow 禁止 e.g.I can't forbid you to see that man again.我不能禁止你再与那个人见面。

Driving has been forbidden in the town center.市中心禁止车辆行驶。

17.connection

n.[C] the state of being connected 联系；关系

e.g.There's a strong connection between smoking and heart disease.吸烟和心脏病密切相关。

The company has connections with a number of Japanese firms.这家公司与很多日本公司有联系。

18.spectacular

a.very impressive 壮观的；引人入胜的

e.g.a spectacular show of fireworks 烟花四散的壮观景象

The most spectacular goal of the match was scored by Harris.比赛中最精彩的进球是哈里斯的射门。

19.fancy

a.having a lot of decoration or bright colors 多装饰的；花哨的；别致的 e.g.I wanted a simple black dress, nothing fancy.我想要一件样式简洁的黑礼服，不要花哨的东西。

Never mind all these fancy phrases—just tell us the plain facts.不要使用什么华丽的辞藻，就告诉我们简单的事实。

n.[sing.] a feeling of liking sb.or sth.喜爱；迷恋

e.g.I think young Peter has taken quite a fancy to that girl next door.我想小彼得已经迷上了隔壁的那个女孩子。

Living in the countryside was only Patricia's passing fancy.到乡村定居不过是帕里西夏一时兴起的想法。

20.patch n.[C] a small area of sth.that is different from the area around it 小块 e.g.There was only a tiny patch of blue in the cloudy sky.多云的天空中只有一小片蓝天。

21.vanish

vi.disappear or go suddenly out of sight 消失

e.g.The child vanished while on her way home after a game of tennis.那个小女孩打完网球后在回家的路上不见了。

With a wave of his hand, the magician made the rabbit vanish.魔术师手一挥就把兔子变没了。

to vanish into 消失

The failure of one’s failures is to see one’s lifelong effort vanish into void.人最大的失败是看着自己一生的努力化为乌有.22.compress

vt.force sth.into less space 压缩；压紧

e.g.Firmly compress the soil in the pot so that the plant is secure.把盆里的泥土压紧，这样就能使植物固定。

I managed to compress ten pages of notes into four paragraphs.我成功地把十页的笔记压缩成四个段落。

to compress … into …

All his words are compressed into one sentence——His love for you remains what it has ever been.他千言万语汇成一句话:他对你的爱一如既往。

23.longing

n.[sing., U] a strong feeling of wanting sth.渴望 e.g.secret longings 暗藏心底的渴望

The boy looked with longing at the toys in the shop window.那男孩眼巴巴地望着商店橱窗里的那些玩具。

24.warmth

n.[U] a feeling of being warm 温暖

e.g.A baby's needs are quite basic—food, warmth, and love.婴儿的需求是很基本的——食物、温暖和爱抚。

25.resist

vt.prevent oneself from doing sth.忍住；抗拒

e.g.Students should resist the temptation to play computer games.学生应该抵制住玩电脑游戏的诱惑。

26.to focus one’s eyesight on

注视;盯着

They focused their burning eyesight on each other, with their hearts full of passion.他们彼此用炽热的目光注视着，心中充满了激情。

27.to fill a special place in one’s life 在某人的生命中占有特殊地位

The saddest thing about youth is the failure to take hold of what will fill a leading place in one’s future happiness.青春最遗憾的莫过于抓不住未来幸福中占主导地位的东西。

28.without fail : with complete certainty 必定；总是 e.g.He came to visit me every Thursday without fail.他每星期四一定会来看我们。

I'll pay you back 4,000 dollars without fail next month.我下个月肯定还你那四千元钱。Success cares, without fail, for those who keep moving ahead regardless of hardships and dangers.成功总是眷顾那些不畏艰险勇往直前的人。

29.as long as if;on condition that 假如，如果，只要 e.g.As long as it doesn't rain we can play.只要天不下雨，我们就能玩。

30.to forbid… from…

禁止······做······

Much to her surprise, the more his son is forbidden from doing something, the more eager he is to do it.使她感到极为惊讶的是，越不想让儿子做什么，他就越想做什么。

31.be free to do sth.be able to do whatever one wants 随意做某事 e.g.John was free to pursue his own life in his own way.约翰可以自由地用自己的方式追求自己的生活，不受拘束。

You are free to go now since everything has been cleared up.既然事情都弄清楚了，你可以离开了。

32.right away

at once;without delay 立即，马上 e.g.Now we must be off right away.It's eight already.我们必须马上离开。已经八点钟了。I'm getting in touch with him right away.我将马上和他取得联系。

to sport patches of gray 显露斑斑灰白

With summer giving way to autumn, the apple orchard sports patches of ripeness, and sends out spells of fruity smell.夏去秋来,苹果园呈现出片片成熟的景象,散发着阵阵果香。

33.more than(+adjective)

(colloq.)very;extremely 十分，非常 e.g.He was more than upset by the accident.他为发生的事故十分不安。

We were more than happy to hear of your recovery.听说你恢复健康，我们特别高兴。

This dish of food is most to my taste, for it is more than delicious.这道菜最合我的口味，因为它不是一般的好吃。

34.to resist the urge to do sth.克制做某事的冲动

One’s reason lies in resisting the urge to make mistake.人的理智在于及时克制犯错误的冲动。

35.be thankful for be grateful for 对...心存感激

e.g.You should always be thankful to your parents for giving you a good education.你父母让你受到良好教育，你应该一直心怀感激。

第五篇：新世纪大学英语2 unit1 讲稿

《新世纪大学英语》综合教程2 讲稿

Unit 1 1．Difficult Sentences 1.(Para.1)Marriage isn’t the only relationship that needs forgiveness.What other relationship are mentioned?(=The relationships between parents and kids, between friends, between workmates, neighbours and even strangers.)

2.(Para.2).…like cancer, bitterness can destroy its host.Is this a metaphor or a simile? What is bitterness compared to?(=It’s a simile.Bitterness is compared to the person who has been hurt.)

3.(Para.3)As the ancient Chinese proverb puts it, “Whoever seeks revenge should dig two graves.”

Translate this Chinese proverb into Chinese.(=复仇者必自绝。)

4.(Para.7)True forgiveness is not a one-off act;it’s a constant emotional confrontation.Paraphrase this sentence.(=True forgiveness is not done only once.It is a part of a series of acts and you will have to deal with it emotionally all the time.)

5.(Para.8)If you wait for the “right time”, you may never do it.What does it refer to?(=Forgiving someone.)

6.(Para.10)It didn’t create the same impression any more, but at least it was being honest!1.How could the furniture be honest?(=The furniture showed what it was like with the thin covering pelling at the edges.)2.Translate the sentence into Chinese.(=再也没有当初的效果了，不过至少它现在是以真实面目示人。)

7.(Para.10)The fact is that, like it or not, behind our smart covering, we’re all just chipboard.What is the implied meaning of chipboard?(=Chipboard is a type of board made from small pieces of wood pressed together with glue.Just like chipboard, we’re not as nice as what we seem to be beneath our surface.)8.(Para.11)So if you think you’re right and can’t find it in yourself to forgive, ask yourself this question: would you rather be right or happy? What is the implied meaning of would you rather be right or happy?(=If you insist that you are the person being hurt and refuse to forgive, you will be destroyed by this resentment sooner or later.But if you choose to forgive, joy and happiness will be with you.)

9.(Para.12)But keep in mind you’re doing this for you just as much as for them, so don’t be upset if they don’t react as you hoped.If you forgive someone, what kind of reaction do you expect and what’s his possible reaction?(=You expect that he will accept your forgiveness with gratitude, while he probably ignores your forgiveness with a kind of indifference.)

10.(Para.15)Forgiving puts you in control.However tough it is, the alternative is far worse.What does the alternative refer to?(=Refuse to forgive and hold the resentment in your mind.)

2.Words and Expressions 1.(Para.1)forgiveness:

n.[U] when sb.forgives another person

*He never admitted his guilt or asked for forgiveness.(= 他从不承认自己的罪行，也不请求饶恕。)

我必须请求你的宽恕。

(= I have to ask for your forgiveness.)

Collocation: ask / beg / pray, etc.for(sb’s)forgiveness Derivation: forgive v.CF: forgive & excuse

这两个动词均有“原谅”之意。

forgive 指尽管某人做错了事情，但是你不再生气，不再责怪他了，一般指原谅或者宽恕比较严重的错误。

excuse 指原谅一些不是很严重的错误，比如莽撞、失礼等小过失。

(Directions:)

Fill in the blanks with the two words above.Change the form where necessary.1.She was ______ for coming late.(= excused)

2.A wife ______ an unfaithful husband.(= forgives)3.Please _______ my bad handwriting.(=excuse)4.They _______ their enemies.(= forgive)2.(Para.1)good-tempered: adj.pleasant, kind, and not easily made

angry

（插入声音文件good-tempered）

(=Minnie was always good-tempered and agreeable.)

Note: 与temper有关的词组 lose one’s temper 发脾气

I’ve never seen Mike lose his temper.keep one’s temper 控制脾气、忍耐

I found it increasingly difficult to keep my temper.3.(Para.1)universal: adj.involving everyone in the world or in a

particular group There does not appear to be universal agreement on the future of the CBA.These stories have universal appeal.4.(Para.2)ironically: adv.used when talking about a situation in which the opposite of what you expected happens or is true

Ironically, his cold got better on the last day of his holiday.5.(Para.2)root sth.out: find out where a particular kind of problem

exists and get rid of it

Action is being taken to root out corruption in the police force.6.(Para.2)cripple: v.1.damage sth.badly so that it no longer works or is no longer effective

The industry is being crippled by high interest rates.Asia’s economy was crippled by inflation.(=通货膨胀曾使亚洲经济陷于瘫痪。)

罢工使工厂陷于瘫痪

（＝The strike crippled the factory.）

2.hurt sb.badly so that they cannot walk properly(插入图片cripple2)She was crippled in the car accident.(= 她在车祸中致残。)

7.(Para.2)cling: v.continue to believe or do sth., even though it may not

be true or useful any longer

For the moment I cling to the idea that there are a relatively small number of students left.他坚定地认为她有治愈的希望(插入图片cling)

(=He clung to the hope that she would be cured.)

Collocation: cling to the hope / belief / idea, etc.8.(Para.3)heal: v.1.if a wound or a broken bone heals or is healed, the flesh, skin, or bone grows back together and becomes healthy again

（插入声音文件heal）

（＝A sprain usually takes longer to heal than a broken bone.）

我胳膊上的伤已愈合了。

（＝The wound on my arm has healed.）

2.if an argument or disagreement between people heals or you heal it, the people stop arguing or disagreeing

The disagreement among the family members healed over with time.(=家庭成员之间的不和随着时间的流逝而消失。)CF: treat, heal & cure

这三个动词均有“治疗”之意。

treat 指通过用药、住院、手术等来治疗疾病。

heal 着重治疗的效果，多指外伤的治愈，也可以指精神上的创伤的愈合。

cure也着重治疗的结果，多指治愈内科疾病，也可用来指消除某种不良的影响。(Directions:)Fill in the blanks with the three words above.Change the form where necessary.1.The dentist is _______ my teeth.(= treating)2.Penicillin ______ him of pneumonia.(= cured)3.The cut on his finger ______ quickly.(= healed)

4.The new treatment _____ his skin disease.(= cured)5.Time ______ most troubles.(= heals)9.(Para.3)put: v.say or write sth.using words in a particular way When women joined the organization, it “took on a new look”, as the news report put it.It’s a matter of balance, as one teacher put it.10.(Para.5)core: n.the most important or central part of sth.（插入声音文件core）

(= The core of the book focuses on the period between 1660 and 1857.)

问题的关键是债务。(插入图片core)

（＝Debt is at the core of the problem.）

Collocations: the core of the problem core curriculum

11.(Para.6)shallow: adj.not interested in or not showing any understanding of important or serious matters — used to show disapproval

（插入声音文件shallow）

(=He’s only interested in your look, which shows how shallow he is.)

12.(Para.7)initial: adj.happening at the beginning(插入图片initial)

The initial talks were the base of the later agreement.(=最初的会谈是后来达成协议的基础。)

Collocations: initial stage / phase / period of

the initial letter首字母

13.(Para.7)one-off: adj.happening or done only once, not as part of a

regular series

In fact the whole exercise was fairly straight forward, except for one problem which required a one-off solution.14.(Para.7)confrontation: n.a situation in which there is a lot of angry

disagreement between two people or groups

（插入声音文件confrontation）(插入图片confrontation)(= Julia had stayed in her room to avoid any more confrontation.)

They sense this may develop into a confrontation between teachers.Pattern: confrontation with / between

15.(Para.8)resentment: n.a feeling of anger because sth.has happened that you think is unfair（插入声音文件resentment）(插入图片resentment)(= Tom stared at the other boys with resentment.)

*She was filled with deep resentment at being passed over for promotion.Collocation: feel / harbour / bear resentment.CF: resentment & offence

这两个名词均有“愤怒、怨恨”之意。

resentment 指因受到侮辱或自尊心受到伤害而产生的怨恨。例如: She cherished a deep resentment towards her employer for having denied her a promotion.Everyone feels resentment at being treated unfairly.offence 指因为话语或者行为而感到生气，语气没有resentment强烈。例如：

I hope you will not take any offence at my words.She easily takes offence.16.(Para.9)tackle v.try to deal with a difficult problem(插入图片tackle)

It took twelve fire engines to tackle the blaze.There is more than one way to tackle the problem.(＝解决这个问题有许多方法。)

The question set by the teacher was so difficult that the pupils did not know how to tackle it.17.(L45)innocent: adj.not guilty of a crime

（插入声音文件innocent）

(=Nobody would believe that I was innocent.)*Can you provide any evidence that he was innocent of the crime?(=你能提供证据证明他没有犯这罪吗?)

Pattern: innocent of

18.(Para.9)functional: adj.designed to be useful rather than beautiful or

attractive(插入图片functional)

These buildings are beautifully designed, not purely functional.Note:

functional 的反义词为decorative

19.(Para.10)peel: v.1.if skin, paper, or paint peels, it comes off, usually in small pieces;lose an outer layer or surface（插入声音文件peel）

(=The paper was peeling from the wall.)

(插入图片peel 1)The bark peels off.My skin always peels after I’ve been in the sun.2.remove the outer layer from sth.;remove the skin from fruit or vegetables

Peel the label from the jar.(=撕下这个瓶罐的标签。.)

(插入图片peel 2)

请剥开这只香蕉的皮。

(=Please peel this banana.)

20.(Para.10)flaw: n.a mistake, mark, or weakness that makes sth.imperfect A design flaw caused the engine to explode.(插入图片flaw)

A flaw in the crystal caused it to shatter.Pattern: flaw in CF: flaw & defect

这两个名词均有“缺陷”之意。

flaw 表示存在或出现瑕疵，使某物不完美。例如: The flaw in the weapon was its inability to fire rapidly.The length of her white gloves was the only flaw in her appearance.defect 常常表示一个缺陷非常严重，以致完全妨碍了某种功能的发挥。例如: A defect in the fuel lines prevented the missile from blasting off.21.(Para.13)at peace(with): a situation in which there is no war or

fighting

The country is at peace with its neighbours for the first time in years.22.(Para.14)nurture: v.help a plan, idea, feeling, etc.to develop It is important to nurture potential in your employees.（插入声音文件nurture）（插入图片nurture）

(=Reading aloud nurtures the love of books in children.)

23.(Para.15)alternative: n.an alternative idea, plan etc is different from

the one you have and can be used instead We have no alternative but to go on.(=除了继续下去，我们没有别的选择。)

There was no other alternative but to fight till the victory.CF: choice, alternative & option 这三个名词均有“选择”之意。

choice 指从几样东西中选择，强调选择的自由度。例如: New stocks have just arrived, so the shop now has a large choice of goods.The blue one is my choice.alternative 多指从两者之间做出选择，强调选择的范围受到限制。例如：

You have the alternative of staying in high school or going to work.option 指在特定条件下作出的选择，强调选择的可能性。例如：

None of the options are satisfactory.There are three options open to us.