第一篇：TED演讲—Joseph Nye《21世纪权力的变迁》(中英对照)
I'm going to talk to you about power in this 21st century.And basically, what I'd like to tell you is that power is changing, and there are two types of changes I want to discuss.One is power transition, which is change of power amongst states.And they are the simple version of the message, is it's moving from West to East.The other is power diffusion, the way power is moving from all states, West or East, to non-state actors.Those two things are the huge shifts of power in our century.And I want to tell you about them each separately and then how they interact and why, in the end, there may be some good news.我想讨论的是21世纪的权利。基本上我想告诉大家的是权利的变化，有两种变化是我想探讨的。一种是权利的转移，国家和国家之间的权利变化。这是对权利转移的简单解读，即权利正从西方转移到东方。另一种是权利的分散，即权利的转移是从西方和东方的各个国家 到非国家的范围。以上两种情况是本世纪权利的重要转移。我想分别说说这两种情况 和它们之间的相互影响 以及为什么说最终可能是个好消息。
When we talk about power transition, we often talk about the rise of Asia.It really should be called the recovery, or return, of Asia.If we looked at the world in 1800, you'd find that more than half of the world's people lived in Asia and they made more than half the world's product.Now fast forward to 1900: half the world's people--more than half--still live in Asia, but they're making only a fifth of the world's product.What happened? The Industrial Revolution, which meant that all of a sudden, Europe and America became the dominant center of the world.What we're going to see in the 21st century is Asia gradually returning to being more than half of the world's population and more than half of the world's product.That's important, and it's an important shift.But let me tell you a little bit about the other shift that I'm talking about, which is power diffusion.说到权利的转移，我们经常会提起亚洲的崛起。确切地说应该称作亚洲的复兴或者亚洲的回归。回顾19世纪的世界，你会发现世界上一半以上的人口都居住在亚洲 而且他们生产的产品占了世界总量的一半以上。现在我们来看20世纪，世界上一般的人口——超过一半——仍然在亚洲居住，但是他们的生产总值进占全球的五分之一。这是为什么呢？工业革命，也就是说突然之间，欧洲和美国成为主导世界的中心。而到了21世纪，我们看到的是亚洲将重新回到占世界一半以上人口和生产总值的位置。这很重要，而且是一次重大的权利转移。但是接下来我要和你们探讨一下刚才提到的另外一种转移，那就是权利分散。
To understand power diffusion put this in your mind: computing and communications costs have fallen a thousandfold between 1970 and the beginning of this century.Now that's a big, abstract number, but to make it more real, if the price of an automobile had fallen as rapidly as the price of computing power, you could buy a car today for five dollars.Now when the price of any technology declines that dramatically, the barriers to entry go down;anybody can play in the game.So in 1970, if you wanted to communicate from Oxford to Johannesburg to New Delhi to Brasilia and anywhere simultaneously, you could do it, the technology was there.But to be able to do it, you had to be very rich--a government, a multinational corporation, maybe the Catholic Church--but you had to be pretty wealthy.Now, anybody has that capacity, which previously was restricted by price just to a few actors, if they have the price of entry into an internet cafe--the last time I looked, it was something like a pound an hour--and if you have Skype, it's free.So capabilities that were once restricted are now available to everyone.要理解权利分散 就要明白一点：计算和交流的成本已经降到原来的千分之几 从1970年到本世纪初。这个数字很大，很抽象，但是具体来说，如果汽车价格的降幅和计算机的降幅一样，那么今天你只花五美元，就可以买辆车。那么如果所有的技术价格 都以这个
幅度下跌，获得这一技术的门槛就会降低；人人都可以享有。从20世纪70年代开始，如果你想 从牛津到约翰内斯堡 或到新德里 或到巴西利亚 或是其他任何地方获得即时通讯，是可行的，因为技术已经发展到了这个阶段。但是要真正做到这一点，你需要很有钱才行—— 你要么是政府，要么是跨国公司，也可能是基督教堂 不过你得及其有钱才行。但是几天人人都能享有这些技术，以前人们受到价格的制约 只有少数人才能享有，如果人们有足够的钱去网吧—— 我上次查到的价格大概是每小时一磅左右—— 但是如果你用Skype，是免费的。所以曾经被限制的能力现在人人都可以享有。
And what that means is not that the age of the State is over.The State still matters.But the stage is crowded.The State's not alone.There are many, many actors.Some of that's good.Oxfam, a great non-governmental actor.Some of it's bad.Al Qaeda, another non-governmental actor.But think of what it does to how we think in traditional terms and concepts.We think in terms of war and interstate war.And you can think back to 1941, when the government of Japan attacked the United States at Pearl Harbor.It's worth noticing that a non-state actor attacking the United States in 2001 killed more Americans than the government of Japan did in 1941.You might think of that as the privatization of war.So we're seeing a great change in terms of diffusion of power.这并不意味着国家的时代结束了。国家依然很重要。但是舞台是很拥挤的。国家不可能单独存在。还有很多很多的角色。其中有一些是好的角色。比如牛津饥荒救济委员会（乐施会）就是一个很重要的非政府角色。其中也有一些是不好的。基地组织，是另一个非政府角色。但是试想这些对我们 传统的思维方式和观念有哪些改变。我们过去考虑的是战争 和内战。大家可以想一想1941年，日本政府日本政府袭击美国珍珠港。只得注意的是 在2001年，一个非政府的角色 袭击了美国 在这次袭击中丧生的美国人超过了 1941年日本政府的行为。你可能会想战争已经不再是国家行为。因此我们看到的是权力分散的一个重大变化。
Now the problem is that we're not thinking about it in very innovative ways.So let me step back and ask: what's power? Power is simple the ability to affect others to get the outcomes you want, and you can do it in three ways.You can do it with threats, of coercion--sticks, you can do it with payments--carrots, or you can do it by getting others to want what you want.And that ability to get others to want what you want, to get the outcomes you want, without coercion or payment, is what I call soft power.And that soft power has been much neglected and much misunderstood.And yet it's tremendously important.Indeed, if you can learn to use more soft power, you can save a lot on carrots and sticks.Traditionally, the way people thought about power was primarily in terms of military power.For example, the great Oxford historian who taught here at this university, A.J.P.Taylor, defined a great power as a country able to prevail in war.But we need a new narrative if we're to understand power in the 21st century.It's not just prevailing at war, though war still persists.It's not whose army wins;it's also whose story wins.And we have to think much more in terms of narratives and whose narrative is going to be effective.可问题是我们对此的看法不够新。所以让我们再退一步重新审视并且想一想：什么是权利？ 权利其实就是一种能力 能够影响他人 以达到你的目的，实现权利的方式有三种。可以威胁他人，通过强迫——棍棒，可以买通他人 胡萝卜，或者通过让别人心甘情愿地做你想要达成的结果。而让别人心甘情愿地做逆向要做的，来达到你的目的，而不是通过强迫或买通，就是我所说的软实力。而这种软实力很大程度上被人们所忽视所误解了。然而软实力是极其重要地。事实上，如果你知道如何运用软实力，你会节省很多地胡萝卜和棍棒。按照惯例，人们认为权利基本就是军事力量。例如来自牛津的伟大的历史学家 A.J.P.泰勒 对大国的定义是 能够打赢战争的国家。但是我们需要一个新的阐述来真正懂得21世纪地
权利。权利不仅仅是赢得战争尽管战争依旧存在。哪一个国家的军队赢了并不重要； 重要的是谁讲的故事能够赢得人心。而且我们需要进一步考虑这个阐释以及谁的阐释更加有效。
Now let me go back to the question of power transition between states and what's happening there.the narratives that we use now tend to be the rise and fall of the great powers.And the current narrative is all about the rise of China and the decline of the United States.Indeed, with the 2008 financial crisis, many people said this was the beginning of the end of American power.The tectonic【筑造的;构造的】plates of world politics were shifting.And president Medvedev of Russia, for example, pronounced in 2008 this was the beginning of the end of United States power.But in fact, this metaphor【暗喻】of decline is often very misleading.If you look at history, in recent history, you'll see the cycles of belief in American decline come and go every 10 or 15 years or so.In 1958, after the Soviets put up Sputnik【俄人造卫星】, it was “That's the end of America.” In 1973, with the oil embargo【禁运】 and the closing of the gold window, that was the end of America.In the 1980s, as America went through a transition in the Reagan period, between the rust belt【铁锈地带(指从前工业繁盛今已衰落的发达国家一些地区】economy of the midwest to the Silicon Valley economy of California, that was the end of America.But in fact, what we've seen is none of those were true.Indeed, people were over-enthusiastic in the early 2000s, thinking America could do anything, which led us into some disastrous foreign policy adventures, and now we're back to decline again.现在我要回到国家之间权利转移的问题讲讲最新的动态。我们现在用的阐释大多是大国的 崛起和没落。而近来这种阐述全都是中国的崛起和美国的没落。确实，2008年发生的经济危机 会让很多人说这是美国领导力终结的开始。全球政治格局的板块正在发生转变。例如俄罗斯的总统梅德韦杰夫，在2008年曾说过经济危机是美国领导力结束的开端。然而事实上，这种衰落的比喻非常误导人。如果回顾历史，近代历史你会发现这种认为美国衰落的说法 每隔10年到20年左右就会出现。1958年，苏联发射人造卫星以后 人们就说“美国要衰落了。” 1973年的石油禁运和黄金窗口的关闭，又有人说美国要衰落了。20世纪80年代，在里根就职期间，美国经历了一次 从美国中西部老工业基地到加州的硅谷经济的转变，又有人在说美国要衰落了。但事实上，我们发现 所有这些谣言都不是真的。事实上，正是人们在21世纪初过分乐观，认为美国无所不能，导致了我们作出了一些灾难性的外交政策，现在又出现了美国衰落的声音。
The moral of this story is all these narratives about rise and fall and decline tell us a lot more about psychology than they do about reality.If we try to focus on the reality, then what we need to focus on is what's really happening in terms of China and the United States.Goldman Sachs has projected that China, the Chinese economy, will surpass that of the U.S.by 2027.So we've got, what, 17 more years to go or so before China's bigger.Now someday, with a billion point three people getting richer, they are going to be bigger than the United States.But be very careful of these projections such as the Goldman Sachs projection as though that gives you an accurate picture of power transition in this century.Let me mention three reasons why it's too simple.First of all, it's a linear projection.You know, everything says, here's the growth rate of China, here's the growth rate of the U.S., here it goes--straight line.History is not linear.There are often bumps along the road, accidents along the way.The second thing is that the Chinese economy passes the U.S.economy in, let's say, 2030, which it may it【就算事实真的如此】, that will be a measure of
total economic size, but not of per capita income--won't tell you about the composition of the economy.China still has large areas of underdevelopment.And per capita income is a better measure of the sophistication of the economy.And that the Chinese won't catch up or pass the Americans until somewhere in the latter part, after 2050, of this century.总之 所有这些关于崛起，倒退和衰落的阐述 讲的更多的是一种心理 而不是事实。现在让我们只关注事实，那么我们就需要关注 当下在中国和美国 正在发生的事情。高盛预言 中国，中国经济 将会在2027年 超过美国。所以我们只剩下在中国超过美国之前 我们只剩下17年左右。也许未来等到这1.3亿人口富起来的时候，他们将超过美国。但是不要轻易接受 高盛这些公司做出的预测。尽管这些预测能给你本世纪潜力转移的精确画面。让我来给出为什么这些预测过于简单的原因。第一，它是线性的预测。种种迹象 这是中国的增长率，这是美国的增长率，请看——直线 然而历史不是一条直线。历史进程经常出现曲折和突发事件。第二 中国经济 如果说在2030年超过了美国经济，就算事实真的如此，也是按经济总量来衡量的，并非人均收入—— 并不能说明经济的组成。中国的广大地区 还很落后。人均收入能够更好的衡量 经济的复杂性。在这之后，中国才有可能在人均收入超过美国，那会是在本世纪，2050年以后。
The other point that's worth noticing is how one-dimensional this projection is.You know, it looks at economic power measured by GDP.Doesn't tell you much about military power, doesn't tell you very much about soft power.It's all one-dimensional.And also, when we think about the rise of Asia, or return of Asia, as I called it a little bit earlier, it's worth remembering Asia's not one thing.If you're sitting in Japan, or in New Delhi, or in Hanoi, your view of the rise of China is a little different than if you're sitting in Beijing.Indeed, one of the advantages that the Americans will have in terms of power in Asia is all those countries want an American insurance policy against the rise of China.It's as though Mexico and Canada were hostile neighbors to the United States, which they're not.So these simple projections of the Goldman Sachs type are not telling us what we need to know about power transition.另外值得一提的是这个预测的衡量标准 是多么的单一。它看到是通过GDP，衡量的经济实力。并不说明军事实力，也不能说明软实力。它的衡量标准是单一的。而且说到亚洲的崛起，或者是亚洲的回归，就像我之前提到的，需要注意的是亚洲不是一个整体。对于日本，新德里，或者河内来说，对与中国的崛起和中国自己的看法是不同的。事实上，关于亚洲的势力 美国拥有的一个优势就是所有这些国家都希望得到美国政策的保护来制衡中国。就像墨西哥和加拿大历史上是美国不很友好的邻邦，现在也是这样的。所以高盛作出的这些简单的预测并不能说明我们应该知道的全力转移。
But you might ask, well so what, in any case? Why does it matter? Who cares? Is this just a game that diplomats and academics play? The answer is it matters quite a lot.Because, if you believe in decline and you get the answers wrong on this, the facts, not the myths, you may have policies which are very dangerous.Let me give you an example from history.The Peloponnesian War【伯罗奔尼萨战争】was the great conflict in which the Greek city state system tore itself apart two and a half millennia ago.What caused it? Thucydides【修西得底斯】, the great historian of the the Peloponnesian War, said it was the rise in the power of Athens and the fear it created in Sparta.Notice both halves【对半分】of that explanation.然而，你可能会说，无论如何，那又怎么样呢？ 为什么这一点很重要？谁会在乎？ 这只是一场 外交家们和学术界的一场游戏吗？答案是这一点很重要。因为，如果相信衰落关于这个问题得到的答案是错误的，事实上，不是谣传，这样错误的答案是很危险的。以下是历史上的例子。伯罗奔尼萨战争是希腊城邦体制的很大的冲突导致了两千伍佰年前希腊的分崩离析。根源是什么？ 修西得底斯，伯罗奔尼萨战争时期的伟大历史学家，说是因为希腊人的崛起 和斯巴达克人对希腊人崛起的恐惧。注意这前后这两部分的原因。
Many people argue that the 21st century is going to repeat the 20th century, in which World War One, the great conflagration【大火】in which the European state system tore itself apart and destroyed its centrality in the world, that that was caused by the rise in the power of Germany and the fear that it created in Britain.So there are people who are telling us this is going to be reproduced today, that what we're going to see is the same thing now in this century.No.I think that's wrong.It's bad history.For one thing, Germany had surpassed Britain in Industrial strength by 1900.And as I said earlier, China has not passed the United States.But also, if you have this belief and it creates a sense of fear, it leads to overreaction.And the greatest danger we have of managing this power transition of the shift toward the East is fear.To paraphrase【释义，解释】 Franklin Roosevelt from a different context, the greatest thing we have to fear is fear itself.We don't have to fear the rise of China or the return of Asia.And if we have policies in which we take it in that larger historical perspective, we're going to be able to manage this process.很多人认为 21世纪将会重蹈20世纪的覆辙，第一次世界大战的战火 使得整个欧洲的体制 分崩离析 破坏了它在世界的中心地位，原因就是德国的崛起和英国的恐慌。所以今天有些人告诉我们 今天这样得历史将会重演，为我们将会看到的是本世纪历史得重演。不，我认为这不会发生。那段历史不会重蹈。一方面，在1900年德国得工业实力已经超过了英国。就像我之前说过的，中国还没有超过美国。但同时如果相信衰落就会产生恐惧，导致过度反映。我们在处理权利向东方转移时面临的最大的危险就是恐惧。用罗斯福的话来说就是我们最需要害怕的是害怕本身。我们不需要害怕中国的崛起或者亚洲的回归。如果我们采取的政策能够从历史的大局出发，我们就可以处理好这个过程。
Let me say a word now about the distribution of power and how it relates to power diffusion and then pull these two types together.If you ask how is power distributed in the world today, it's distributed much like a three-dimensional chess game.Top board: military power among states.The United States is the only superpower, and it's likely to remain that way for two or three decades.China's not going to replace the U.S.on this military board.Middle board of this three-dimensional chess game: economic power among states.Power is multi-polar.There are balancers.The U.S., Europe, China, Japan can balance each other.The bottom board of this three-dimensional, the board of transnational relations, things that cross borders outside the control of governments, things like climate change, drug trade, financial flows, pandemics,【传染病】all these things that cross borders outside the control of governments, there nobody's in charge.It makes no sense to call this unipolar or multi-polar.Power is chaotically distributed.And the only way you can solve these problems--and this is where many greatest challenges are coming in this century--is through cooperation, through working together, which means that soft power becomes more important, that ability to organize networks to deal with these kinds of problems and to be able to get cooperation.现在我想说的一个词就是权利的分配以及它是如何和权利的分散相联系的 然后我会把二者撮合到一起。如果你们想知道今天世界的是如何分配的，权利的分配很像是 三维的象棋。最高层： 各国的军事力量。美国是唯一的超级大国，而且未来20到30年 依然如此。中国在军事这盘棋还不能取代美国。这盘三维象棋的中间是：各国经济实力的较量。经济实力是多极的。各级之间相互平衡。美国，欧洲，中国，日本 能够相互制衡。三维象棋的最下层，是各国之间的关系，是各国政府所不能够控制的因素，例如气候变暖，毒品走私，货币流入和流出，传染病，所有这些跨国因素 都不是政府所能掌控的，而且也没有人负责。把这些叫做单极或者多极是没有 任何意义的。权利的分配是很混乱的。而且唯一能解决这些跨国问题的—— 这也正是本世纪出现的很多大的挑战的唯一出路—— 那就是合作，通过互相合作，也就是说软实力越来越重要了，协调各国的关系来解决这些问题 并达成一致日益重要。
Another way of putting it is that as we think of power in the 21st century, we want to get away from the idea that power's always zero sum--my gain is your loss and vice versa.Power can also be positive sum, where your gain can be my gain.If China develops greater energy security and greater capacity to deal with its problems of carbon emissions, that's good for us as well as good for China as well as good for everybody else.So empowering China to deal with its own problems of carbon is good for everybody, and it's not a zero sum, I win, you lose.It's one in which we can all gain.So as we think about power in this century, we want to get away from this view that it's all I win, you lose.Now I don't mean to be Pollyannaish【盲目乐观】about this.Wars persist.Power persists.Military power is important.Keeping balances is important.All this is still persists.Hard power is there, and it will remain.But unless you learn how to mix hard power with soft power into strategies that I call smart power, you're not going to deal with the new kinds of problems that we're facing.另外一种阐释就是 说到21世纪的权利，我们想要摆脱 权利总是走向零和—— 不是你死就是我活 权利也可以是正和，你获得的同时我也可以获得。如果中国能的能源安全发展的更好，处理 碳排放的能力越强 对我们来说有好处，同时对中国有好处 而且对每个国家都有好处。因此赋予中国 应对温室效应的能力 对谁都有好处，而且这不是一个零和游戏，我赢你就输了。这是一场双赢的游戏。所以想到本世纪的 权利，我们要摆脱这种 你死我活的观念。我并不是过分乐观。战争已就存在，权利依旧存在。军事力量依旧很重要。保持平衡很重要。所有这些仍然继续。硬实力很重要，而且依然很重要。但是除非学会如何将 硬实力和软实力相结合 到我所说的巧实力的战略中，就不用再处理我们所面对的类似的 新问题了。
So the key question that we need to think about as we look at this is how do we work together to produce global public goods, things from which all of us can benefit? How do we define our national interests so that it's not just zero sum, but positive sum.In that sense, if we define our interests, for example, for the United States the way Britain defined its interests in the 19th century, keeping an open trading system, keeping a monetary stability, keeping freedom of the seas--those were good for Britain, they were good for others as well.And in the 21st century, you have to do an analog to that.How do we produce global public goods, which are good for us, but good for everyone at the same time? And that's going to be the good news dimension of what we need to think about as we think of power in the 21st century.因此关键问题是关于这个问题时我们需要思考如何合作来创造有益于全世界有益于每个国家的东西。思考如何定义国家利益 这样它就不再是零和，而是正和。那样的话，如果我们能够定义我们的利益，例如，在19世纪英国认为美国可以使其保持开放的贸易体系，稳定的货币，和海上自由——这些对英国都是有利的，对其他国家也是有利的。在21世界，我们应该以史为鉴，如何创造有利于全世界，有利于我们自己，但同时又有利于每个人的事情，这就是我们在思考 21世纪的权利时 想到的一些好的结果。
There are ways to define our interests in which, while protecting ourselves with hard power, we can organize with others in networks to produce, not only public goods, but ways that will enhance our soft power.So if one looks at the statements that have been made about this, I am impressed that when Hillary Clinton described the foreign policy of the Obama administration, she said that the foreign policy of the Obama administration was going to be smart power, as she put it, “using all the tools in our foreign policy tool box.” And if we're going to deal with these two great power shifts that I've described, the power shift represented by transition among states, the power shift represented by diffusion of power away from all states, we're going to have to develop a new narrative of power in which we combine hard and soft power into strategies of smart power.And that's the good news I have.We can do that.对于国家利益的理解，在用硬实力保护自我的同时 我们还可以协调和其他国家的关系 来创造不仅是有利于全世界 同时也有利于增强我们的软实力的理解。因此得到这一结论的 说法，希拉里克林顿关于奥巴马政府外交政策的阐述让我印象颇深，她说奥巴马政府的外交政策 应该立足于巧实力，就向她说得那样“利用 外交政策的各种策略。“ 要处理好 我提到的这两种全力转移，一种是国家之间权利的转移，一种是 从国家分散出来的权利，我们就需要形成关于权利的新的阐释 将软硬实力结合 到巧实力中。这就是我说的好消息。我们能够做到。
Thank you very much.
第二篇：TED演讲中英对照3
My job is to design, build and study robots that communicate with people.But this story doesn't start with robotics at all, it starts with animation.When I first saw Pixar's “Luxo Jr.,” I was amazed by how much emotion they could put into something as trivial as a desk lamp.I mean, look at them--at the end of this movie, you actually feel something for two pieces of furniture.(Laughter)And I said, I have to learn how to do this.So I made a really bad career decision.And that's what my mom was like when I did it.(Laughter)I left a very cozy tech job in Israel at a nice software company and I moved to New York to study animation.And there I lived in a collapsing apartment building in Harlem with roommates.I'm not using this phrase metaphorically, the ceiling actually collapsed one day in our living room.Whenever they did those news stories about building violations in New York, they would put the report in front of our building.As kind of like a backdrop to show how bad things are.我的工作是设计、构造和研究 那些能够与人交流的机器人。不过这个故事不是从机器人说起，而是要从动画说起。当我第一次看到皮克斯的《顽皮跳跳灯》电影时，我惊呆了，一个如此微不足道的台灯 竟能表现如此多的感情。你看他们啊！电影结尾的时候，你真的开始喜欢上这两件小小的家具了。（笑声）我对自己说，我要学会做这样的东西。所以我做了一个很坏的职业决策，我做出这个决定的时候，我妈妈就是这样的。（笑声）我辞去了在以色列一个软件公司的 一份非常舒服的技术工作，我搬到了纽约 去学习动画。在那，我和我的室友住在 哈莱姆一栋即将坍塌的公寓楼里。我没有夸张，有一天天花板真的塌下来了 就塌在了我们的客厅里。每次报到纽约的违章建筑时，他们都会跑到们的大楼下进行采访。就好像让你看看现场有多糟糕一样。
Anyway, during the day I went to school and at night I would sit and draw frame by frame of pencil animation.And I learned two surprising lessons--one of them was that when you want to arouse emotions, it doesn't matter so much how something looks, it's all in the motion--it's in the timing of how the thing moves.And the second, was something one of our teachers told us.He actually did the weasel in Ice Age.And he said: “As an animator you are not a director, you're an actor.” So, if you want to find the right motion for a character, don't think about it, go use your body to find it--stand in front of a mirror, act it out in front of a camera--whatever you need.And then put it back in your character.言归正传，我上学的日日夜夜，我不停地一幅又一幅地用铅笔画着画。我学到了两个让我惊讶的东西—— 其中一个是： 当你想要唤起某些情感时，外观并不算太重要，关键是动作——物体运动时，对时间的把握。关键是动作——物体运动时，对时间的把握。第二个是我们的一个老师告诉我们的。他正是电影《冰河世纪》的黄鼠狼。他说： ”作为一个动画制作者，你不是一个导演，而是一个演员。“ 所以如果你要为一个角色找到正确的肢体语言，不要想，用你的身体找到它，站在镜子面前，摄像机前，演出来，无论你需要做什么。然后再把这个动作放在你的角色上。
A year later I found myself at MIT in the robotic life group, it was one of the first groups researching the relationships between humans and robots.And I still had this dream to make an actual, physical Luxo Jr.lamp.But I found that robots didn't move at all in this engaging way that I was used to for my animation studies.Instead, they were all--how should I put it, they were all kind of robotic.(Laughter)And I thought, what if I took whatever I learned in animation school, and used that to design my robotic desk lamp.So I went and designed frame by frame to try to make this robot as graceful and engaging as possible.And here when you see the robot interacting with me on a desktop.And I'm actually redesigning the robot so, unbeknownst to itself, it's kind of digging its own grave by helping me.(Laughter)I wanted it to be less of a mechanical structure giving me light, and more of a helpful, kind of quiet apprentice that's always there when you need it and doesn't really interfere.And when, for example, I'm looking for a battery that I can't find, in a subtle way, it will show me where the battery is.So you can see my confusion here.I'm not an actor.And I want you to notice how the same mechanical structure can at one point, just by the way it moves seem gentle and caring--and in the other case, seem violent and confrontational.And it's the same structure, just the motion is different.Actor: “You want to know something? Well, you want to know something? He was already dead!Just laying there, eyes glazed over!”(Laughter)But, moving in graceful ways is just one building block of this whole structure called human-robot interaction.I was at the time doing my Ph.D., I was working on human robot teamwork;teams of humans and robots working together.I was studying the engineering, the psychology, the philosophy of teamwork.And at the same time I found myself in my own kind of teamwork situation with a good friend of mine who is actually here.And in that situation we can easily imagine robots in the near future being there with us.It was after a Passover seder.We were folding up a lot of folding chairs, and I was amazed at how quickly we found our own rhythm.Everybody did their own part.We didn't have to divide our tasks.We didn't have to communicate verbally about this.It all just happened.And I thought, humans and robots don't look at all like this.When humans and robots interact, it's much more like a chess game.The human does a thing, the robot analyzes whatever the human did, then the robot decides what to do next, plans it and does it.And then the human waits, until it's their turn again.So, it's much more like a chess game and that makes sense because chess is great for mathematicians and computer scientists.It's all about information analysis, decision making and planning.一年以后，我去了麻省理工大学（MIT）的 机器人生命小组，这是最早 开始研究人类和机器人关系的小组之一。我依然怀揣着要造一个 真正的、可触碰的顽皮跳跳灯的梦想。但是我发现机器人完全不是 按照我的动画课程中的那种 引人入胜的方式移动。相反的，他们都—— 该怎么说呢？他们都有点儿机械化。（笑声）我就想，如果我可以把我在动画学校学到的东西 应用于设计我的机器人台灯会怎样？ 因此我设计了一幅又一幅，试图让这个机器人 尽量优雅、有吸引力。这里你可以看到这个桌子上的机器人 在跟我互动，我其实是在重新设计这个机器人，而这个机器人完全不知道，它帮我，其实是在自掘坟墓呢。（笑声）比起把他它做成一个照明的机械，比起把他它做成一个照明的机械，我更想要一个能帮忙的、安静的学徒，随时满足你的需求却不打扰你。比如，当我要找一个我怎么也 找不到的电池时，它可以巧妙地提醒我电池在哪里。你看到我的困惑了吗？ 我不是一个演员。我希望你们注意到，同一个机械如何 在前一刻非常温柔、充满关怀，在前一刻非常温柔、充满关怀，下一刻又显得非常暴力，有进攻性。一模一样的结构，改变的仅仅是动作。演员：”你想知道吗？你真的想知道吗？ 他已经死了！他就躺在那里，目光呆滞！“（笑声）但是，以一种优雅的方式移动只是这整个 人类机器人互动结构的一块基石。那时候我正在攻读我的博士学位，我正在研究人类与机器人的团队合作，也就是人类和机器人一起合作。我在学习团队合作的工程学，心理学和哲学。同时，我意识到自己 和我的一个好朋友（他今天也在这里），也碰到了一个团队合作的情境。在那个情境中，我们很容易想象 不久的将来机器人会和我们在一起。那是在一个逾越节家宴结束后，我们要收起大量的折叠椅，我惊讶于我们迅速找到了各自的节奏。每个人都做了自己的那部分，无需分工，无需特意口头沟通。就这样发生了。于是我想，人类和机器人的互动却完全不是这样。当人类和机器人互动的时候，就好像他们在下象棋。人类走一步，机器人对此分析一下，然后机器人决定接下来怎么做，计划好，走下一步。这时候人类就等着，直到轮到他们玩为止。所以，人类和机器人的互动更像下象棋，这很好理解，因为 对数学家和计算机科学家来说，象棋很好，它们都是关于信息分析、决策制定和计划。
But I wanted my robot to be less of a chess player, and more like a doer that just clicks and works together.So I made my second horrible career choice: I decided to study acting for a semester.I took off from a Ph.D.I went to acting classes.I actually participated in a play, I hope theres no video of that around still.And I got every book I could find about acting, including one from the 19th century that I got from the library.And I was really amazed because my name was the second name on the list--the previous name was in 1889.(Laughter)And this book was kind of waiting for 100 years to be rediscovered for robotics.And this book shows actors how to move every muscle in the body to match every kind of emotion that they want to express.但比起象棋玩家，我更希望我的机器人是一个行动者，但比起象棋玩家，我更希望我的机器人是一个行动者，可以和人类有默契地一起工作。于是我做了我人生中的第二个糟糕的职业决策： 我决定学习一学期的表演课程。我放下了我的博士课程，去上了表演课。我还参与了一个戏剧，希望现在已经找不到那个视频了。我找到了每一本关于表演的书，其中包括一本从图书馆里借来的 19世纪的书。我震惊地发现我的名字是借阅者名单上的第二个，之前的一个名字是1889年。（笑声）这本书已经躺了100年了，只为了借机器人之名被重新发现。这本书教演员 如何调动他们身体上的每块肌肉 来表达他们想要表达的情感。
But the real revelation was when I learned about method acting.It became very popular in the 20th century.And method acting said, you don't have to plan every muscle in your body.Instead you have to use your body to find the right movement.You have to use your sense memory to reconstruct the emotions and kind of think with your body to find the right expression.Improvise, play off yor scene partner.And this came at the same time as I was reading about this trend in cognitive psychology called embodied cognition.Which also talks about the same ideas--We use our bodies to think, we don't just think with our brains and use our bodies to move.but our bodies feed back into our brain to generate the way that we behave.And it was like a lightning bolt.I went back to my office.I wrote this paper--which I never really published called “Acting Lessons for Artificial Intelligence.” And I even took another month to do what was then the first theater play with a human and a robot acting together.That's what you saw before with the actors.And I thought: How can we make an artificial intelligence model--computer, computational model--that will model some of these ideas of improvisation, of taking risks, of taking chances, even of making mistakes.Maybe it can make for better robotic teammates.So I worked for quite a long time on these models and I implemented them on a number of robots.Here you can see a very early example with the robots trying to use this embodied artificial intelligence, to try to match my movements as closely as possible, sort of like a game.Let's look at it.You can see when I psych it out, it gets fooled.And it's a little bit like what you might see actors do when they try to mirror each other to find the right synchrony between them.And then, I did another experiment, and I got people off the street to use the robotic desk lamp, and try out this idea of embodied artificial intelligence.So, I actually used two kinds of brains for the same robot.The robot is the same lamp that you saw, and I put in it two brains.For one half of the people, I put in a brain that's kind of the traditional, calculated robotic brain.It waits for its turn, it analyzes everything, it plans.Let's call it the calculated brain.The other got more the stage actor, risk taker brain.Let's call it the adventurous brain.It sometimes acts without knowing everything it has to know.It sometimes makes mistakes and corrects them.And I had them do this very tedious task that took almost 20 minutes and they had to work together.Somehow simulating like a factory job of repetitively doing the same thing.And what I found was that people actually loved the adventurous robot.And they thought it was more intelligent, more committed, a better member of the team, contributed to the success of the team more.They even called it 'he' and 'she,' whereas people with the calculated brain called it 'it.' And nobody ever called it 'he' or 'she'.When they talked about it after the task with the adventurous brain, they said, “By the end, we were good friends and high-fived mentally.” Whatever that means.(Laughter)Sounds painful.Whereas the people with the calculated brain said it was just like a lazy apprentice.It only did what it was supposed to do and nothing more.Which is almost what people expect robots to do, so I was surprised that people had higher expectations of robots, than what anybody in robotics thought robots should be doing.And in a way, I thought, maybe it's time--just like method acting changed the way people thought about acting in the 19th century, from going from the very calculated, planned way of behaving, to a more intuitive, risk-taking, embodied way of behaving.Maybe it's time for robots to have the same kind of revolution.真正让我受到启示的是 方法演技。它在20世纪的时候非常流行。方法演技指出，你不需要安排你的每一块肌肉，相反，你可以用你的身体找到对的动作。你应该运用你的感觉记忆，去重新建构情感，用你的身体找到对的表情。即兴发挥，根据你的场景搭档即兴表演。这个时候我也正读到 认知心理学关于具身认知的东西，这也谈到同样的观点—— 即我们用我们的身体思考，我们并不是用大脑思考用身体表现，而是我们的身体反馈给大脑 并做出相应的动作，这对我好像一道闪电。我马上回了我的办公室。我写了这篇论文，从来也没发表过，叫做《人工智能的表演课》。我甚至花了一个月的时间 去做当时第一部由人类和机器人 一起主演的戏剧。你之前看到的演员和机器人的表演就是这部戏剧。当时我就想： 我们怎样可以做出这样的人工智能模型—— 计算机、计算机模型等等，它们会即兴发挥、会冒险、甚至会犯错。它可能会是更好的机器人队友。因此我花了很多时间去研究这些模型，我还在几个机器人身上做了试验。这里你可以看到一个早期的例子，这个机器人试图运用具身人工智能 来尽量模仿我的动作，就好像一个游戏。我们来看一下。你可以看到我可以糊弄它。有点像你可能看到的演员们 互相模仿对方 只为了找到他们之间的默契。然后，我又做了另外一个实验，我从大街上拉人来使用这个机器人台灯，试验具身人工智能。其实，同样的机器人我用了两个大脑，机器人就是你看到的这个台灯，我给了它两个大脑。对一半的人，我放入了一个传统的、机械计算的大脑。它会等，会分析，会计划，我们暂且称它为“会计算的大脑”。给另一半人则是那个舞台演员、爱冒险的大脑，我们暂且称它为“爱冒险的大脑”，有的时候它在并不知道所有事情的时候行动，有的时候它会犯错然后去纠正。我让他们完成一项无比乏味的任务，这个任务要花近20分钟，他们必须一起合作完成，有点类似在工厂工作，机械地重复一件事情。我发现人们非常喜欢 那个“爱冒险的机器人”。他们觉得它非常聪明，非常忠心，是一个很好的团队成员，一起帮助团队成功。他们甚至称它为“他”和“她”，而另外那些人称那个“会计算的机器人”为“它”，没有人称它为“他”或“她”。任务完成后，那些与“会冒险的大脑”互动的人说： “最后，我们成了好朋友，还在脑内举手击掌了。” 不管那是啥意思……（笑声）听上去很…（口齿不清）然而，那些与“会计算的大脑”互动的人 则说“它就像一个懒徒弟，只做最基本的。“ 这基本上和同人对机器人期待一样，所以我有些惊讶，比起那些机器人研究专家，人们居然对机器人有更高的期望。但从另一个角度，我又想，也许就像方法演技改变了 19世纪人们思考表演的方式一样，是时间改变这种通过精确计算的 行为方式，而转向一种更直觉的、冒险的、用身体表现的行为方式。也许类似的 机器人革命时间到了。A few years later, I was at my next research job at Georgia Tech in Atlanta, and I was working in a group dealing with robotic musicians.And I thought, music, that's the perfect place to look at teamwork, coordination, timing, improvisation--and we just got this robot playing marimba.Marimba, for everybody who was like me, it was this huge, wooden xylophone.And, when I was looking at this, I looked at other works in human-robot improvisation--yes, there are other works in human-robot improvisation--and they were also a little bit like a chess game.The human would play, the robot would analyze what was played, would improvise their own part.So, this is what musicians called a call and response interaction, and it also fits very well, robots and artificial intelligence.But I thought, if I use the same ideas I used in the theater play and in the teamwork studies, maybe I can make the robots jam together like a band.Everybody's riffing off each other, nobody is stopping it for a moment.And so, I tried to do the same things, this time with music, where the robot doesn't really know what it's about to play.It just sort of moves its body and uses opportunities to play, And does what my jazz teacher when I was 17 taught me.She said, when you improvise, sometimes you don't know what you're doing and you're still doing it.And so I tried to make a robot that doesn't actually know what it's doing, but it's still doing it.So let's look at a few seconds from this performance.Where the robot listens to the human musician and improvises.And then, look at how the human musician also responds to what the robot is doing, and picking up from its behavior.And at some point can even be surprised by what the robot came up with.(Music)(Applause)几年后，我在亚特兰大的乔治理工大学做研究，我在一个研究机器人音乐家的 小组工作。我想，音乐是可以很好的 研究团队合作、配合、时间分配和即兴表演的领域，我们有这个玩马林巴的机器人。和我一样对乐器不在行的朋友，马林巴是 一个巨大的木琴。我看着这个，又看了那些其它的人类和机器人的即兴互动，——没错，还有其它人和机器人即兴互动的项目—— 都差不多也是一个个象棋游戏式的互动。人类走一步，机器人对此分析，然后决定下一步。音乐家们称其为 呼叫和应答互动，作为机器人和人工智能，这很合适。但是我想，如果我可以运用 戏剧表演和团队合作中的研究发现，也许我可以让这些机器人 组成一个乐队，每个人都在即兴发挥，没有人需要停下来。于是这次我尝试用音乐做试验，机器人并不知道 它会演奏什么，它就这样移动它的身体，找机会演奏，做着我17岁时候的爵士老师教我的事情。她说，当你即兴表演的时候，有的时候，你并不知道你在做什么，但是你还是继续做。于是我尝试做一个不知道自己在做什么 却仍然继续做的机器人。让我们来看一下这个表演的一个小片段。机器人听人类音乐家演奏 然后即兴发挥。接着，看人类音乐家如何 回应机器人的行为，回应机器人的行为，有时甚至被机器人的表现惊讶。（音乐）（掌声）
Being a musician is not just about making notes, otherwise nobody would ever go see a live show.Musicians also communicate with their bodies, with other band members, with the audience, they use their bodies to express the music.And I thought, we already have a robot musician on stage, why not make it be a full-fledged musician.And I started designing a socially expressive head for the robot.The head does't actually touch the marimba, it just expresses what the music is like.These are some napkin sketches from a bar in Atlanta, that was dangerously located exactly halfway between my lab and my home.(Laughter)So I spent, I would say on average, three to four hours a day there.I think.(Laughter)And I went back to my animation tools and tried to figure out not just what a robotic musician would look like, but especially what a robotic musician would move like.To sort of show that it doesn't like what the other person is playing--and maybe show whatever beat it's feeling at the moment.作为一个音乐家不仅仅是编写音符，否则没有人会去看现场表演了。音乐家也用他们的身体交流，和他们的乐队成员，和观众，他们用他们的身体来表现音乐。于是我想，我们已经有一个在舞台上的机器人音乐家，为什么不把它打造成一个真正的音乐家呢？ 于是我开始为机器人设计一个 可以表现情感的头部。头部并不会碰到马林巴，它只是用来表现音乐是什么样的。这草图的纸巾来自亚特兰大某处一个酒吧，而且酒吧就正好在实验室和我家的正中间。（笑声）而且酒吧就正好在实验室和我家的正中间。（笑声）我大概平均 每天有3到4个小时的时间在那里，“大概”…（笑声）我重新拾起了我的动画工具，试图想象 不仅仅一个机器人音乐家的样子，特别是一个机器人音乐家会如何移动它的身体，来告诉人们它不喜欢其他人的演奏，还有它自己当下感觉到的节奏。还有它自己当下感觉到的节奏。
So we ended up actually getting the money to build this robot, which was nice.I'm going to show you now the same kind of performance, this time with a socially expressive head.And notice one thing--how the robot is really showing us the beat it's picking up from the human.We're also giving the human a sense that the robot knows what it's doing.And also how it changes the way it moves as soon as it starts its own solo.(Music)Now it's looking at me to make sure I'm listening.(Music)And now look at the final chord of the piece again, and this time the robot communicates with its body when it's busy doing its own thing.And when it's ready to coordinate the final chord with me.(Music)(Applause)幸运的是，我们最终还获得了一笔 造这样一个机器人的资金。接下来我给大家看一下同样的表演 换成一个情感表现头的效果。注意一点： 请观察这个机器人如何 根据人类的演奏即兴发挥，也让人类知道，这个机器人知道它在做什么。还有独奏开始时，它是如何做出回应的。还有独奏开始时，它是如何做出回应的。（音乐）这会儿它正看着我确保我在听。（音乐）我们再看一下这段的最后一部分，现在机器人正在用它的身体进行沟通，当它正忙于做它自己的事情时，忙于准备 跟我一起演奏最后的旋律。（音乐）（掌声）
Thanks.I hope you see how much this totally not--how much this part of the body that doesn't touch the instrument actually helps with the musical performance.And at some point, we are in Atlanta, so obviously some rapper will come into our lab at some point.And we had this rapper come in and do a little jam with the robot.And here you can see the robot basically responding to the beat and--notice two things.One, how irresistible it is to join the robot while it's moving its head.and you kind of want to move your own head when it does it.And second, even though the rapper is really focused on his iPhone, as soon as the robot turns to him, he turns back.So even though it's just in the periphery of his vision--it's just in the corner of his eye--it's very powerful.And the reason is that we can't ignore physical things moving in our environment.We are wired for that.So, if you have a problem with maybe your partners looking at the iPhone too much or their smartphone too much, you might want to have a robot there to get their attention.(Laughter)(Music)(Applause)谢谢。我希望你能看到 它的头部不碰到乐器 其实有助于音乐表演！既然我们在亚特兰大，就不会没有说唱歌手参与到我们的试验中来。既然我们在亚特兰大，就不会没有说唱歌手参与到我们的试验中来。这个说唱歌手来了之后，我们让他和这个机器人一起表演。这里你可以看到这个机器人 对节奏的回应，请注意两点。第一，当这个机器人在摇头晃脑的时候，你是不是也很想加入其中，和它一起晃动你的头部？ 第二，虽然这个说唱歌手非常专注于它的苹果手机，当机器人转向它的时候，他也马上转回来。虽然仅仅是在他的视线边缘—— 他的眼角的余光里，它仍然非常强大。这就是为什么我们不能忽视 我们周边物体的移动。我们天生会这样做。所以，如果你的搭档 很喜欢看它的苹果手机或智能手机，也许你需要一个机器人 来获得他们的注意力。（笑声）（音乐）（掌声）
Just to introduce the last robot that we've worked on, that came out of something kind of surprising that we found: At some point people didn't care anymore about the robot being so intelligent, and can improvise and listen, and do all these embodied intelligence things that I spent years on developing.They really liked that the robot was enjoying the music.(Laughter)And they didn't say that the robot was moving to the music, they said that the robot was enjoying the music.And we thought, why don't we take this idea, and I designed a new piece of furniture.This time it wasn't a desk lamp;it was a speaker dock.It was one of those things you plug your smartphone in.And I thought, what would happen if your speaker dock didn't just play the music for you, but it would actually enjoy it too.(Laughter)And so again, here are some animation tests from an early stage.(Laughter)And this is what the final product looked like.(“Drop It Like It's Hot”)So, a lot of bobbing head.(Applause)A lot of bobbing heads in the audience, so we can still see robots influence people.And it's not just fun and games.最后再为大家介绍一下 我们最近在打造的一个机器人。说来也奇怪，我们发现 到了某个阶段，人们不再对那些聪明的、会即兴表演、会聆听、会做那些我花了多年研究的身体智能表演的 机器人感兴趣了。他们真的很喜欢那个会享受音乐的机器人。（笑声）他们没有说这个机器人是随着音乐扭动身体，而是说这个机器人在享受音乐。于是我们想，为什么不借用这个想法呢，因此我设计了一件新的小家具。这次不是一个台灯，而是一个扬声器底座，就是你可以把你的智能手机放上去的那种。于是我想，如果这个扬声器底座 不仅可以为你放音乐，还可以享受音乐，会怎样？（笑声）这是早期的一些动画尝试。这是早期的一些动画尝试。这是最终的成品的样子。饶舌音乐 不停的点头……（掌声）观众那里也有很多人在不停点头，因此我们可以看到机器人可以影响人。当然这一切不仅仅只是娱乐和游戏。
I think one of the reasons I care so much about robots that use their body to communicate and use their body to move--and I'm going to let you in on a little secret we roboticists are hiding--is that every one of you is going to be living with a robot at some point in their life.Somewhere in your future there's going to be a robot in your life.And if not in yours, then in your children's lives.And I want these robots to be--to be more fluent, more engaging, more graceful than currently they seem to be.And for that I think that maybe robots need to be less like chess players and more like stage actors and more like musicians.Maybe they should be able to take chances and improvise.And maybe they should be able to anticipate what you're about to do.And maybe they need to be able to make mistakes and correct them, because in the end we are human.And maybe as humans, robots that are a little less than perfect are just perfect for us.Thank you.(Applause)我觉得自己非常热衷研究 那些可以用身体沟通、用身体移动的机器人的一个原因是—— 我告诉你一个只有我们机器人专家知道的秘密—— 我们每一个人在生命的某个阶段 都会需要机器人，你未来的某个阶段会有个机器人。如果不是你的未来，那么你的孩子的未来。我希望这些机器人 比现在 可以更流畅、更吸引人、更优雅。比现在 可以更流畅、更吸引人、更优雅。因此，我觉得机器人 不应该是像一个象棋玩家，而应该更像一个舞台演员或者音乐家。它们应该可以冒险，会即兴表演，甚至会预料到你接下来会做什么。它们也应该可以犯错 并且改正，因为到头来，我们只是人类。也许对人类而言，不完美的机器人 才是完美的。谢谢！
第三篇：莱温斯基TED演讲 中英对照
The price of shame
主讲人：莫妮卡 莱温斯基
主题：耻辱的代价
You're looking at a woman who was publicly silent for a decade.Obviously, that's changed, but only recently.站在你们面前的是一个在大众面前沉默了十年之久的女人。当然，现在情况不一样了，不过这只是最近发生的事。
It was several months ago that I gave my very first major public talk at the Forbes 30 Under 30 summit:1,500 brilliant people, all under the age of 30.That meant that in 1998, the oldest among the group were only 14, and the youngest, just four.I joked with them that some might only have heard of me from rap songs.Yes, I'm in rap songs.Almost 40 rap songs.几个月前，我在《福布斯》杂志举办的“30岁以下”峰会（Under 30 Summit）上发表了首次公开演讲。现场1500位才华横溢的与会者都不到30岁。这意味着1998年，他们中最年长的是14岁，而最年轻的只有4岁。我跟他们开玩笑道，他们中有些人可能只在说唱歌曲里听到过我的名字。是的，大约有40首说唱歌曲唱过我。
But the night of my speech, a surprising thing happened.At the age of 41, I was hit on by a 27-year-old guy.I know, right? He was charming and I was flattered, and I declined.You know what his unsuccessful pickup line was? He could make me feel 22 again.I realized later that night, I'm probably the only person over 40 who does not want to be 22 again.但是，在我演讲当晚，发生了一件令人吃惊的事——我作为一个41岁的女人，被一个27岁的男孩示爱。我知道，这听上去不太可能对吧？他很迷人，说了很多恭维我的话，然后我拒绝了他。你知道他为何搭讪失败吗？他说，他可以让我感到又回到了22岁。后来，那晚我意识到，也许我是年过40岁的女人中唯一一个不想重返22岁的人。
At the age of 22, I fell in love with my boss, and at the age of 24, I learned the devastating consequences.Can I see a show of hands of anyone here who didn't make a mistake or do something they regretted at 22? Yep.That's what I thought.So like me, at 22, a few of you may have also taken wrong turns and fallen in love with the wrong person, maybe even your boss.Unlike me, though, your boss probably wasn't the president of the United States of America.Of course, life is full of surprises.Not a day goes by that I'm not reminded of my mistake, and I regret that mistake deeply.22岁时，我爱上了我的老板；24岁的时，我饱受了这场恋爱带来的灾难性的后果。现场的观众们，如果你们在22岁的时候没有犯过错，或者没有做过让自己后悔的事，请举起手好吗？是的，和我想的一样。与我一样，22岁时，你们中有一些人也曾走过弯路，爱上了不该爱的人，也许是你们的老板。但与我不同的是，你们的老板可能不会是美国总统。当然，人生充满惊奇。之后的每一天，我都会想起自己所犯的错误，并为之深深感到后悔。
In 1998, after having been swept up into an improbable romance, I was then swept up into the eye of a political, legal and media maelstrom like we had never seen before.Remember, just a few years earlier,news was consumed from just three places: reading a newspaper or magazine, listening to the radio, or watching television.That was it.But that wasn't my fate.Instead, this scandal was brought to you by the digital revolution.That meant we could access all the information we wanted, when we wanted it, anytime, anywhere, and when the story broke in January 1998, it broke online.It was the first time the traditional news was usurped by the Internet for a major news story, a click that reverberated around the world.饱受网络欺凌之苦 1998年，在卷入一场不可思议的恋情后，我又被卷入了一场前所未有的政治、法律和舆论漩涡的中心。记得吗？几年前，新闻一般通过三个途径传播：读报纸杂志、听广播、和看电视，仅此而已。但我的命运并不是仅此而已。这桩丑闻是通过数字革命传播的。这意味着我们可以获取任何我们需要的信息，不论何时何地。这则新闻在1998年1月爆发时，它也在互联网上火了。这是互联网第一次在重大新闻事件报道中超越了传统媒体。只要轻点一下鼠标，就会在全世界引起反响。
What that meant for me personally was that overnight I went from being a completely private figure to a publicly humiliated one worldwide.I was patient zero of losing a personal reputation on a global scale almost instantaneously.This rush to judgment, enabled by technology, led to mobs of virtual stone-throwers.Granted, it was before social media, but people could still comment online, email stories, and, of course, email cruel jokes.News sources plastered photos of me all over to sell newspapers, banner ads online, and to keep people tuned to the TV.Do you recall a particular image of me, say, wearing a beret? 对我个人而言，这则新闻让我一夜之间从一个无名小卒变成了全世界人民公开羞辱的对象。我成了第一个经历在全世界范围内名誉扫地的“零号病人”。科技是这场草率审判的始作俑者，无数暴民向我投掷石块。当然，那时还没有社交媒体，但人们依然可以在网上发表评论，通过电子邮件传播新闻和残酷的玩笑。新闻媒体贴满了我的照片，借此来兜售报纸，为网页吸引广告商，提高电视收视率。记得当时的那张照片吗？我戴着贝雷帽的照片。
Now, I admit I made mistakes, especially wearing that beret.But the attention and judgment that I received, not the story, but that I personally received, was unprecedented.I was branded as a tramp, tart, slut, whore, bimbo, and, of course, that woman.I was seen by many but actually known by few.And I get it: it was easy to forget that that woman was dimensional, had a soul, and was once unbroken.现在，我承认我犯了错，特别是不该戴那顶贝雷帽。但是，除了事件本身，我因此受到的关注和审判是前所未有的。我被贴上“淫妇”、“妓女”，“荡妇”，“婊子”，“蠢女人”的标签，当然，还有“那个女人”。许多人看到了我，但很少有人真正了解我。对此我表示理解，因为人们很容易忘记“那个女人”也是一个活生生的人，她也有灵魂，她也曾过着平静的生活。
When this happened to me 17 years ago, there was no name for it.Now we call it cyberbullying and online harassment.Today, I want to share some of my experience with you, talk about how that experience has helped shape my cultural observations, and how I hope my past experience can lead to a change that results in less suffering for others.17年前，对于我经历的这些遭遇还没有一个专有名词。现在，我们称之为“网络欺凌”和“网上骚扰”。今天我要与你们分享一些我的经历，我想谈谈那次经历是如何形成了我的文化观察，我希望我过去的经历能够产生一些改变，减少他人的痛苦。
In 1998, I lost my reputation and my dignity.I lost almost everything, and I almost lost my life.1998年，我失去了名誉和尊严。我几乎失去了所有，我几乎失去了我的人生。丑闻爆发之后，铺天盖地都是对此事件的报道。Let me paint a picture for you.It is September of 1998.I'm sitting in a windowless office room inside the Office of the Independent Counsel underneath humming fluorescent lights.I'm listening to the sound of my voice, my voice on surreptitiously taped phone calls that a supposed friend had made the year before.I’m here because I've been legally required to personally authenticate all 20 hours of taped conversation.For the past eight months, the mysterious content of these tapes has hung like the Sword of Damocles over my head.I mean, who can remember what they said a year ago?
让我来描绘这样一幅场景：1998年9月的一天，我坐在美国独立检察官办公室一间没有窗的屋子里，头顶上的日光灯嗡嗡作响。我正在听我的录音，那是一位所谓的朋友偷偷录下的电话谈话。我被依法要求鉴定那20个小时的电话录音是真实的。在过去的八个月里，这些录音带中神秘的内容就像一把悬在我头顶的达摩克利斯之剑。我的意思是，有谁会记得自己一年前说过的话？ Scared and mortified, I listen, listen as I prattle on about the flotsam and jetsam of the day;listen as I confess my love for the president, and, of course, my heartbreak;listen to my sometimes catty, sometimes churlish, sometimes silly self being cruel, unforgiving, uncouth;listen, deeply, deeply ashamed, to the worst version of myself,a self I don't even recognize.在恐惧和羞愧中，我听着录音，听我闲扯每天发生的琐碎之事；听我坦白对总统的爱慕，当然，还有我的心碎；听有时尖酸，有时粗鲁，有时愚蠢的我是如何冷酷，无情，无理取闹。我带着深深的羞愧听着那个最糟糕的我的声音，糟糕到我自己都不认识了。A few days later, the Starr Report is released to Congress, and all of those tapes and trans, those stolen words, form a part of it.That people can read the trans is horrific enough, but a few weeks later, the audio tapes are aired on TV, and significant portions made available online.The public humiliation was excruciating.Life was almost unbearable.几天后，斯塔尔报告提交至国会，那些录音带和文字记录，那些被窃取的言语，都是这份报告的一部分。人们能够读到这些文字对我来说已经够恐怖了，但是几个星期后，那些录音又在电视上播放，有一些重要的内容还被发布在网络上。公开的羞辱让我饱受折磨。这样的生活让我几乎无法忍受。
This was not something that happened with regularity back then in 1998, and by this, I mean the stealing of people's private words, actions，conversations or photos, and then making them public--public without consent, public without context, and public without compassion.在1998年，我所说的这些还并不常见。我指的是窃取他人私下的言语、行动、谈话内容和照片，并公之于众——在未经本人同意，未交待背景的情况下，毫无恻隐之心地将这些内容公之于众。
Fast forward 12 years to 2010, and now social media has been born.The landscape has sadly become much more populated with instances like mine, whether or not someone actually make a mistake, and now it's for both public and private people.The consequences for some have become dire, very dire.快进到12年后的2010年，社交媒体诞生了。可悲的是，社交媒体上充斥着更多像我这样的例子，不管这个当事人是不是真的犯了错，而且，公众人物和普罗大众都深受其害。对于有些人来说，后果是严重的，非常严重。
I was on the phone with my mom in September of 2010, and we were talking about the news of a young college freshman from Rutgers University named Tyler Clementi.Sweet, sensitive, creative Tyler was secretly webcammed by his roommate while being intimate with another man.When the online world learned of this incident, the ridicule and cyberbullying ignited.A few days later, Tyler jumped from the George Washington Bridge to his death.He was 18.2010年9月的一天，我正在和我的母亲通电话，我们在讨论一则新闻，关于罗格斯大学的一个名叫泰勒 克莱门蒂的大一新生。可爱、敏感、富有创意的克莱门蒂被室友偷拍到和另一个男人有亲密关系。当这个视频在网络世界曝光后，嘲笑和网络欺凌的火种被点燃。几天后，泰勒从乔治华盛顿大桥上纵身跳下。一个年仅18岁的生命就这样逝去。
My mom was beside herself about what happened to Tyler and his family, and she was gutted with painin a way that I just couldn't quite understand, and then eventually I realized she was reliving 1998, reliving a time when she sat by my bed every night, reliving a time when she made me shower with the bathroom door open, and reliving a time when both of my parents feared that I would be humiliated to death,literally.我母亲在讲到泰勒和他的家人时情绪有些失控，她所表现出的痛苦让我并不十分理解。后来，我才终于意识到，她正在重新经历1998年发生的一切。重新经历她每晚坐在我的床头的时候；重新经历她要我开着浴室门洗澡的时候，重新经历她和父亲担心我会因为受到羞辱而自寻短见的时候。真的是这样。
Today, too many parents haven't had the chance to step in and rescue their loved ones.Too many have learned of their child's suffering and
humiliation after it was too late.今天，太多父母没有机会及时介入来拯救他们挚爱的孩子。太多的人，当他们获悉自己的孩子的痛苦和受到的羞辱时，已为时已晚。
Tyler's tragic, senseless death was a turning point for me.It served to recontextualize my experiences, and I then began to look at the world of humiliation and bullying around me and see something different.泰勒悲惨而毫无意义的死亡对我来说是一个转折点。他让我开始重新审视我的亲身经历，他让我开始观察身边这个充满羞辱和欺凌的世界，让我看到了不同的东西。In 1998, we had no way of knowing where this brave new technology called the Internet would take us.Since then, it has connected people in unimaginable ways, joining lost siblings, saving lives, launching revolutions, but the darkness, cyberbullying, and slut-shaming that I experienced had mushroomed.1998年，没有人知道这种名叫“因特网”的新技术会把人类带向何方。自诞生以来，因特网用难以想象的方式将人类联系起来。它让人们找到失散的兄弟姐妹、拯救生命、发起革命，但是我所遭受的黑暗、网络欺凌和被称为“荡妇”的羞辱也如雨后春笋般疯长。Every day online, people, especially young people who are not developmentally equipped to handle this, are so abused and humiliated that they can't imagine living to the next day, and some, tragically, don't, and
there's nothing virtual about that.ChildLine, a U.K.nonprofit that's focused on helping young people on various issues,released a staggering statistic late last year: From 2012 to 2013, there was an 87 percent increase in calls and emails related to cyberbullying.A meta-analysis done out of the Netherlands showed that for the first time, cyberbullying was leading to suicidal ideations more significantly than offline bullying.And you know what shocked me, although it shouldn't have, was other research last year that determined humiliation was a more intensely felt emotion than either happiness or even anger.每天，在网络上都会有人，特别是年轻人被辱骂和羞辱，而他们对此束手无策。这些辱骂和羞辱让他们想立刻死去。悲剧的是，有些人，真的因此死去。这一点儿也不虚拟。
ChildLine是英国一个致力于帮助年轻人解决各种问题的公益组织。去年年底，该组织公布了一组令人震惊的数据：从2012年到2013年，与网络欺凌有关的电话和邮件数量增加了87%。一份来自荷兰的综合分析首次披露，网络欺凌比线下欺凌更容易让人产生自杀的念头。去年，还有一项研究让我震惊，尽管我并不该感到震惊。研究显示，羞辱是比快乐或者生气更为强烈的情绪。Cruelty to others is nothing new, but online, technologically enhanced shaming is amplified, uncontained, and permanently accessible.残忍对待他人不是什么新鲜事，但是，在互联网上，技术让羞辱放大，一发而不可收，并且永远可以被看到。
The echo of embarrassment used to extend only as far as your family, village, school or community, but now it's the online community too.Millions of people, often anonymously, can stab you with their words, and that's a lot of pain, and there are no perimeters around how many people can publicly observe you and put you in a public stockade.There is a very personal price to public humiliation, and the growth of the Internet has jacked up that price.过去，丑闻最多在你的家庭、村庄、学校或者社区传播。但是现在也在网络社区流传。数百万的网民，经常匿名地恶语相向，这带来很多痛苦。而且，到底有多少人可以公开地关注你，让你成为众矢之的？这是无法计算的。被公开羞辱对个人而言代价很大，而互联网的发展加剧了这种代价。
For nearly two decades now, we have slowly been sowing the seeds of shame and public humiliation in our cultural soil, both on-and offline.Gossip websites, paparazzi, reality programming, politics, news outlets and
sometimes hackers all traffic in shame.It's led to desensitization and a
permissive environment online which lends itself to trolling, invasion of privacy, and cyberbullying.This shift has created what Professor Nicolaus Mills calls a culture of humiliation.近20年来，我们慢慢地在文化的土壤中播下耻辱和公开羞辱的种子，无论是线上还是线下。八卦网站、狗仔队、真人秀节目、政治、新闻媒体，有时甚至是黑客都是羞辱的通道。冷酷、放纵的网络环境助长了网络煽动、侵犯个人隐私、和网络欺凌。这种转变形成了一种尼古拉斯
米尔斯教授所说的羞辱文化。Consider a few prominent examples just from the past six months alone.Snapchat, the service which is used mainly by younger generationsand claims that its messages only have the lifespan of a few
seconds.You can imagine the range of content that that gets.A third-party app which Snapchatters use to preserve the lifespan of the messages was hacked, and 100,000 personal conversations, photos, and videos were leaked online to now have a lifespan of forever.想想最近六个月发生的事情。Snapchat是一项主要是年轻人使用的服务，它号称所有的信息只有几秒钟的寿命。你可以想象这些信息会包含哪些内容。Snapchat用户使用的保存信息的第三方应用被黑客攻击，近10万名用户的私人谈话、照片、视频被泄露到网上。现在，它们可以永久保留了。Jennifer Lawrence and several other actors had their iCloud accounts hacked, and private, intimate, nude photos were plastered across the Internet without their permission.One gossip website had over five million hits for this one story.And what about the Sony Pictures
cyberhacking? The documents which received the most attention were private emails that had maximum public embarrassment value.詹妮弗 劳伦斯和其他几位演员的iCloud账户被攻击，他们所有私人的、亲密的、裸体的照片在未经允许的情况下在互联网上铺天盖地地传播。一个八卦网站仅仅因为这一则新闻就获得了超过500万的点击量。索尼影视被黑客攻击的情况又如何呢？最受关注的文件是那些公开羞辱价值最大的私人电子邮件。
But in this culture of humiliation, there is another kind of price tag attached to public shaming.The price does not measure the cost to the victim, which Tyler and too many others, notably women, minorities,and members of the LGBTQ community have paid, but the price measures the profit of those who prey on them.This invasion of others is a raw material, efficiently and ruthlessly mined, packaged and sold at a profit.但是在这种羞辱文化中，公开羞辱还被贴上了另一种价格标签。这个价格标签衡量的并不是受害者付出的代价，比如泰勒、还有其他很多人，特别是妇女，少数群体和同性恋、双性恋、变性群体(LGBTQ)成员所付出的代价，而是衡量损害他们利益的牟利者的收益。侵入他人领域成了一种原材料，被人以最快的速度无情地挖掘，打包并出售。
A marketplace has emerged where public humiliation is a commodity and shame is an industry.How is the money made? Clicks.The more shame, the more clicks.The more clicks, the more advertising dollars.We're in a dangerous cycle.The more we click on this kind of gossip, the more numb we get to the human lives behind it, and the more numb we get, the more we click.一个市场横空出世，公开羞辱是商品，耻辱变成了一种产业。靠什么赚钱呢？点击。耻辱越多，点击越多。点击越多，广告收入就越多。我们身处一个恶性循环。我们对这类八卦点击得越多，我们就会对故事背后的当事人越麻木。我们越麻木，就越会去点击。
All the while, someone is making money off of the back of someone else's suffering.With every click, we make a choice.The more we saturate our culture with public shaming, the more accepted it is, the more we will see behavior like cyberbullying, trolling, some forms of hacking, and online harassment.Why? Because they all have humiliation at their cores.This behavior is a symptom of the culture we've created.Just think about it.与此同时，有些人把自己的利益建立在他人的痛苦之上，每一次点击，我们都是在做出选择。我们文化中充斥的公开耻辱越多，它就越容易被接受，我们就会看到越多的网络欺凌、网络煽动、某些形式的黑客入侵，和线上骚扰。为什么呢？因为它们的核心都是羞辱。这种行为成为了我们所创造的一种文化病症。想想吧。
Changing behavior begins with evolving beliefs.We've seen that to be true with racism, homophobia, and plenty of other biases, today and in the past.As we've changed beliefs about same-sex marriage, more people have been offered equal freedoms.When we began valuing sustainability, more people began to recycle.向网络欺凌说不。改变行为从改变信念开始。不管是现在还是过去，无论是种族歧视、同性恋歧视和其它很多的歧视，都是这样来消除的。随着对同性恋结婚观念的改变，更多人被赋予了平等的自由。随着对可持续性的提倡，越来越多的人开始循环利用。
So as far as our culture of humiliation goes, what we need is a cultural revolution.Public shaming as a blood sport has to stop, and it's time for an intervention on the Internet and in our culture.对于羞辱的文化也应该如此。我们需要文化革命。公开羞辱这种血腥的运动应该终止，是时候对英特网和我们的文化采取干预行动了。
The shift begins with something simple, but it's not easy.We need to return to a long-held value of compassion--compassion and empathy.Online, we've got a compassion deficit, an empathy crisis.Researcher Brené Brown said, and I quote, “Shame can't survive empathy.” Shame cannot survive empathy.I've seen some very dark days in my life, and it was the compassion and empathy from my family, friends, professionals, and sometimes even strangers that saved me.转变可以从简单的事开始，不过这也不容易。我们需要回归人类固有的一种价值，也就是同情心和同理心。互联网正经历着同情心匮乏和同理心危机。引用研究者布林 布朗的话来说就是，“羞辱在同理心之下无法存活”。羞辱在同理心之下无法存活。我的人生中有过一些非常黑暗的日子，是来自家人、朋友、专业人士、甚至是一些陌生人的同情心和同理心拯救了我。
Even empathy from one person can make a difference.The theory of minority influence, proposed by social psychologist Serge Moscovici, says that even in small numbers, when there's consistency over time, change can happen.In the online world, we can foster minority influence by becoming upstanders.To become an upstander means instead of bystander apathy, we can post a positive comment for someone or report a bullying situation.哪怕只有一个人的同情也会产生改变。社会心理学家谢尔盖 莫斯科维奇提出了小众影响理论。他说，哪怕是小众人群，只要能坚持下去，也能做出改变。在网络世界中，我们可以成为行动派，培养小众影响力。成为行动派意味着不再袖手旁观，而是发表积极评论或是举报欺凌现象。
Trust me, compassionate comments help abate the negativity.We can also counteract the culture by supporting organizations that deal with these kinds of issues, like the Tyler Clementi Foundation in the U.S., In the U.K., there's Anti-Bullying Pro, and in Australia, there's Project Rockit.相信我，表达同情的评论能够削弱负面影响。我们还可以通过支持处理这类问题的组织机构来对抗这种羞辱文化。例如，美国有泰勒 克莱门蒂基金，英国有反欺凌项目，澳大利亚有Rockit项目。
We talk a lot about our right to freedom of expression, but we need to talk more about our responsibility to freedom of expression.We all want to be heard, but let's acknowledge the difference between speaking up with intention and speaking up for attention.The Internet is the superhighway for the id, but online, showing empathy to others benefits us all and helps create a safer and better world.We need to communicate online with compassion, consume news with compassion, and click with compassion.Just imagine walking a mile in someone else's headline.I'd like to end on a personal note.关于言论自由的权力我们讨论了很多，但我们还应该更多地谈谈享受言论自由时所承担的责任。我们都希望自己的声音被听到，但是我们要区分有意图的发声和寻求关注的发声。因特网是表达自我的超级高速公路，但是，站在他人角度考虑问题对我们都是有利的，而且能够帮助创建更安全，更美好的世界。
我们需要怀着同情心在网络上交流，怀着同情心阅读新闻，怀着同情心点击鼠标。试着想象活在别人的新闻头条里。
In the past nine months, the question I've been asked the most is why.Why now? Why was I sticking my head above the parapet? You can read between the lines in those questions, and the answer has nothing to do with politics.最后我想以个人说明做总结。过去九个月里，我被人问得最多的问题是“为什么”。为什么是现在？为什么要逆流而上？你们应该可以听出这些问题的言外之意。答案与政治无关。
The top note answer was and is because it's time: time to stop tip-toeing around my past;time to stop living a life of opprobrium;and time to take back my narrative.It's also not just about saving myself.Anyone who is suffering from shame and public humiliation needs to know one thing: You can survive it.I know it's hard.It may not be painless, quick or easy, but you can insist on a different ending to your story.我的答案是，因为是时候了，是时候不再为过去而过得如履薄冰，是时候结束背负骂名的生活，是时候夺回我的话语权了。这不仅仅是为了拯救我自己。任何遭受耻辱和公开羞辱的人，都需要明白一点：你能挺过来。我知道这很难，肯定会伴随痛苦，肯定不会又快又轻松，但你可以通过你的坚持，书写一个不同的故事结局。
Have compassion for yourself.We all deserve compassion, and to live both online and off in a more compassionate world.同情自己。我们都值得同情，无论线上还是线下，我们都应该生活在一个更富有同情心的世界。Thank you for listening.谢谢聆听！
第四篇：ted演讲中英对照 拖延症
TED演讲——拖延症
拖延症者的思维方式到底是什么样的？为什么有些人非要到deadline来的时候才知道打起精神做事情？是否存在执行力强的人或是说人人都有一定程度的拖延症？Tim Urban从一个被deadline赶着走的拖延症者的角度带你走进拖延症的神奇思维世界。
中英对照翻译
So in college, I was a government major, which means I had to write a lot of papers.Now, when a normal student writes a paper, they might spread the work out a little like this.So, you know--you get started maybe a little slowly, but you get enough done in the first week that, with some heavier days later on, everything gets done, things stay civil.And I would want to do that like that.That would be the plan.I would have it all ready to go, but then, actually, the paper would come along, and then I would kind of do this.在大学，我读的是政府专业。也就是说，我需要写很多的论文。一般的学生写论文时，他们可能会这样安排：(看图)你可能开头会慢一点，但第一周有这些已经足够。后期再一点点的增加，最后任务完成，非常的有条理。我也想这么做，所以一开始也是这么计划的。我做了完美的安排(看图)，但后来，实际上论文任务一直出现，我就只能这样了(看图)。
And that would happen every single paper.But then came my 90-page senior thesis, a paper you're supposed to spend a year on.And I knew for a paper like that, my normal work flow was not an option.It was way too big a project.So I planned things out, and I decided I kind of had to go something like this.This is how the year would go.So I'd start off light, and I'd bump it up in the middle months, and then at the end, I would kick it up into high gear just like a little staircase.How hard could it be to walk up the stairs? No big deal, right?
我的每一篇论文都是这种情况，直到我长达90页的毕业论文任务，这篇论文理应花一年的时间来做，我也知道这样的工作，我先前的工作方式是行不通的，这个项目太大，所以我制定了计划。决定按照这样的方式工作，这样来安排我这一年。(看图)开头我会轻松一点，中期任务逐渐增加，到最后，我再全力冲刺一下。整体是这种阶梯式安排，一层一层走楼梯有多难?所以没什么大不了的，是吧?
But then, the funniest thing happened.Those first few months? They came and went, and I couldn't quite do stuff.So we had an awesome new revised plan.And then--But then those middle months actually went by, and I didn't really write words, and so we were here.And then two months turned into one month, which turned into two weeks.但后来，好笑的事情出现了，头几个月时光匆匆而逝，我还没有来得及动工，所以我们明智的调整了计划。然后，中间的几个月也过去了，我还是一个字也没有动，眨眼就到了这里，然后两个月变成了一个月，再变成了2周。
And one day I woke up with three days until the deadline, still not having written a word, and so I did the only thing I could: I wrote 90 pages over 72 hours, pulling not one but two all-nighters--humans are not supposed to pull two all-nighters--sprinted across campus, dove in slow motion, and got it in just at the deadline.一天我醒来，发现离交稿日期只剩3天了，但我还一个字都没写。我别无选择，只能在接下来的72小时里，连续通宵两个晚上赶论文——一般人不应连续通宵两个晚上。90页赶出来后，我飞速冲过校园，像电影中的特写慢镜头一样，恰好在截止日期前的最后一刻交上。
I thought that was the end of everything.But a week later I get a call, and it's the school.And they say, “Is this Tim Urban?” And I say, “Yeah.” And they say, “We need to talk about your thesis.” And I say, “OK.” And they say, “It's the best one we've ever seen.” That did not happen.It was a very, very bad thesis.I just wanted to enjoy that one moment when all of you thought, “This guy is amazing!” No, no, it was very, very bad.我以为事情就这么完了，但一周后，我接到一个电话，是学校打来的。他们说：“你是Tim Urban吗?”我说：“是。”他们说：“我们要说一说你的毕业论文。”我说：“好啊。”他们说：“这是我见过最棒的论文。”……当然不可能。论文非常非常的差劲。我只想享受下你们对我的崇拜，想听你们说：“这老兄太厉害了。”没有，其实写的非常差劲。
Anyway, today I'm a writer-blogger guy.I write the blog Wait But Why.And a couple of years ago, I decided to write about procrastination.My behavior has always perplexed the non-procrastinators around me, and I wanted to explain to the non-procrastinators of the worldwhat goes on in the heads of procrastinators, and why we are the way we are.不管怎样，我现在成为了一个博客写手，经营着“wait but why”这个博客。几年前，我决定写写拖延这件事。我的行为方式总让身边非拖延者感到不能理解。我很想对世界上非拖延者的人解释一下，我们拖延症患者的脑子是什么样的，为什么我们会拖延。
Now, I had a hypothesisthat the brains of procrastinators were actually different than the brains of other people.And to test this, I found an MRI lab that actually let me scan both my brain and the brain of a proven non-procrastinator,so I could compare them.I actually brought them here to show you today.I want you to take a look carefully to see if you can notice a difference.I know that if you're not a trained brain expert, it's not that obvious, but just take a look, OK? So here's the brain of a non-procrastinator.Now...here's my brain.首先我假设，拖延症患者的大脑实际上和其他人的大脑不一样。为了验证这一点，我找了家核磁共振实验室，给我和另一个确定是非拖延症的人，进行了脑部扫描，我好将二者进行对比，今天我带到现场，给大家展示一下。我希望大家仔细观察，看能不能注意到差异。我知道大家并非专业的大脑专家，较难看出他们的差异，但大家不妨先看一眼，如何?这张是非拖延者的大脑，这张是我的大脑。
There is a difference.Both brains have a Rational Decision-Maker in them, but the procrastinator's brain also has an Instant Gratification Monkey.Now, what does this mean for the procrastinator? Well, it means everything's fine until this happens.[This is a perfect time to get some work done.] [Nope!] So the Rational Decision-Maker will make the rational decision to do something productive, but the Monkey doesn't like that plan, so he actually takes the wheel, and he says, “Actually, let's read the entire Wikipedia page of the Nancy Kerrigan/ Tonya Harding scandal, because I just remembered that that happened.两张是有一点不同，两个大脑都有一个理性决策人，但在拖延症患者的大脑里，还有一个及时行乐的猴子。那这对拖延症患者来说意味着什么呢? 这意味着平时没什么异样，但一旦发生了以下的情况，理性的决策人做出理性的决策，要去做一些实际的工作，但猴子不喜欢这个计划，所以他抢过方向盘，说道：“说实话，我们还是去维基百科上查一查NKTH的丑闻吧。”因为我刚想起来还发生过这件事。
Then--Then we're going to go over to the fridge, to see if there's anything new in there since 10 minutes ago.After that, we're going to go on a YouTube spiral that starts with videos of Richard Feynman talking about magnets and ends much, much later with us watching interviews with Justin Bieber's mom.然后我们会去翻冰箱，看看和十分钟前相比有没有什么新的东西。然后我们去youtobe看一连串的视频，从Richard Feynman谈论磁铁开始，一直到很久很久之后看到一个Justin Bieber妈妈的访谈才结束。以上这些事情都得花时间，所以我们今天没有时间再来工作了。
”All of that's going to take a while, so we're not going to really have room on the schedule for any work today.Sorry!“ Now, what is going on here? The Instant Gratification Monkey does not seem like a guy you want behind the wheel.He lives entirely in the present moment.He has no memory of the past, no knowledge of the future, and he only cares about two things: easy and fun.5:15Now, in the animal world, that works fine.If you're a dog and you spend your whole life doing nothing other than easy and fun things, you're a huge success!
所以，到底发生了什么?这个及时行乐的猴子并非你，希望是控制方向的人，他完全生活在当下，没有过去的记忆，也没有未来的概念。他只关注两件事情：简单和开心。在动物界，这两点完全没有问题。如果你是一条狗，一辈子只追求一些简单和快乐的事，那就是巨大的成功了。
And to the Monkey, humans are just another animal species.You have to keep well-slept, well-fed and propagating into the next generation, which in tribal times might have worked OK.But, if you haven't noticed, now we're not in tribal times.We're in an advanced civilization, and the Monkey does not know what that is.Which is why we have another guy in our brain, the Rational Decision-Maker, who gives us the ability to do things no other animal can do.We can visualize the future.We can see the big picture.We can make long-term plans.And he wants to take all of that into account.And he wants to just have us do whatever makes sense to be doing right now.但对猴子来说，人类是另外一个物种，你得正常睡眠、规律饮食、繁衍后代。在原始部落时代，这也没太大问题。但你注意到没有，现在并非原始部落时代，我们生活在一个现代文明社会中，而猴子完全不能理解这是什么意思，这也是为什么我们大脑中会有另外一个，理性的决策者，他使人类有能力做到其他动物无法做到的事情。我们能设想未来，可以从大局出发，制定长期计划，他可以把所有这些事考虑在内。希望让我们做出最合理的事情.Now, sometimes it makes sense to be doing things that are easy and fun, like when you're having dinner or going to bed or enjoying well-earned leisure time.That's why there's an overlap.Sometimes they agree.But other times, it makes much more senseto be doing things that are harder and less pleasant, for the sake of the big picture.And that's when we have a conflict.And for the procrastinator, that conflict tends to end a certain way every time, leaving him spending a lot of time in this orange zone, an easy and fun place that's entirely out of the Makes Sense circle.I call it the Dark Playground.有时，做一些简单开心的事情是很合理的，比如吃饭睡觉、享受赢得的休闲时光，所以二者也有重叠的部分。有时二者是一致的，但有些时候，从长远的角度来看，一些更困难不开心的事情，才是合理的事情，所以就出现了冲突。对拖延症患者来说，每次这种冲突到最后的结果都一样，都让他在这片橙色区域里耗费大量时间，这里很简单很开心，但完全不在合理圈的范围内，我将这个区域称为黑暗操场。
Now, the Dark Playground is a place that all of you procrastinators out there know very well.It's where leisure activities happen at times when leisure activities are not supposed to be happening.The fun you have in the Dark Playground isn't actually fun, because it's completely unearned, and the air is filled with guilt, dread, anxiety, self-hatred--all of those good procrastinator feelings.And the question is, in this situation, with the Monkey behind the wheel, how does the procrastinator ever get himself over here to this blue zone, a less pleasant place, but where really important things happen?
这个黑暗操场，所有的拖延者患者都应该很熟悉，在这里发生了许多，本不应该在此时进行的休闲活动。你在黑暗操场获得的乐趣，实际并不有趣，因为这并非你应得的。这里的空气充满了内疚、恐惧、焦虑和自我憎恨——这些都是拖延症患者常有的情绪。所以问题是，在猴子掌握方向盘的情况下，拖延症患者如何进入这边的蓝色区域呢?这里虽然没有这么舒适，但进行的事情都非常重要。
And they were all writing, saying the same thing: ”I have this problem too." But what struck me was the contrast between the light tone of the post and the heaviness of these emails.These people were writing with intense frustration about what procrastination had done to their lives, about what this Monkey had done to them.And I thought about this, and I said, well, if the procrastinator's system works, then what's going on? Why are all of these people in such a dark place?
他们都在写同一句话：“我也有这个问题。”但真正让我感到触动的，是我博客的轻描淡写，和邮件的沉重文风之间的强烈对比。这些读者以非常沮丧的语言，告诉我拖延对他们的生活造成了哪些影响，告诉我猴子对他们都做了些什么。我思考了一下，问道，既然拖延症患者的系统是有效果的，那到底哪不对呢?为什么这些人都置身黑暗之中呢?
Well, it turns out that there's two kinds of procrastination.Everything I've talked about today, the examples I've given, they all have deadlines.And when there's deadlines, the effects of procrastination are contained to the short term because the Panic Monster gets involved.But there's a second kind of procrastination that happens in situations when there is no deadline.So if you wanted a career where you're a self-starter--something in the arts, something entrepreneurial--there's no deadlines on those things at first, because nothing's happening, not until you've gone out and done the hard work to get momentum, get things going.原来，拖延分为两种，我今天所说的拖延和所举的例子，都是有截止日期的。一旦有了截止日期，拖延的影响会被限制在一定时期内，因为后期惊慌怪兽会出现，但还有第二种拖延，这种拖延是没有截止日期的，所以如果你想在一些领域内自学成才——比如学个艺术或者创个业——这些事情开始都是没有截止日期的，因为开始不会有什么变化，直到你拼尽全力，辛勤投入，才会有一点起色，你才能看到进展。
There's also all kinds of important things outside of your career that don't involve any deadlines, like seeing your family or exercising and taking care of your health, working on your relationship or getting out of a relationship that isn't working.Now if the procrastinator's only mechanism of doing these hard things is the Panic Monster, that's a problem, because in all of these non-deadline situations, the Panic Monster doesn't show up.He has nothing to wake up for, so the effects of procrastination, they're not contained;they just extend outward forever.除了工作之外，还有很多其他重要的事情，也是没有截止日期的，比如看望家人、锻炼身体、保持健康、维系感情，或者从一段不合适的感情中抽身。如果说拖延症患者处理这些困难的唯一机制，是惊慌怪兽的话，那就有问题了，因为在这些没有截止日期的情况下，惊慌怪兽是不会现身的，没有唤醒他的条件，所以这一类拖延的后果是没有限制的，他们会不断地肆意延伸。
And it's this long-term kind of procrastination that's much less visible and much less talked about than the funnier, short-term deadline-based kind.It's usually suffered quietly and privately.And it can be the source of a huge amount of long-term unhappiness, and regrets.和有截止日期的好笑的短期拖延相比，这种长时期的拖延，更不易被人察觉，也更少被谈论到，他常常在无声无息中折磨着人们，可以说是大部分长期抑郁和悔恨的根源。
And I thought, that's why those people are emailing, and that's why they're in such a bad place.It's not that they're cramming for some project.It's that long-term procrastination has made them feel like a spectator, at times, in their own lives.The frustration is not that they couldn't achieve their dreams;it's that they weren't even able to start chasing them.我想，这也是为什么这些人会写信，为什么状态这么差的原因吧。他们并非在为某个项目临时抱佛脚，这种长期拖延使他们有时感觉，自己只是生活的旁观者，让他们沮丧的不是他们没有实现梦想，而是他们甚至还没有开始追寻梦想。
So I read these emails and I had a little bit of an epiphany--that I don't think non-procrastinators exist.That's right--I think all of you are procrastinators.Now, you might not all be a mess, like some of us, and some of you may have a healthy relationship with deadlines, but remember: the Monkey's sneakiest trick is when the deadlines aren't there.我读着这些来信，忽然有一种顿悟——我觉得非拖延者是不存在的，没错，我认为你们所有人都是拖延者，当然你们可能不像，我们有些人这么混乱。你们有些人可能与截止日期保持着良性的关系。但记住：猴子最狡猾的伎俩，发生在没有截止日期的时候。
Now, I want to show you one last thing.I call this a Life Calendar.That's one box for every week of a 90-year life.That's not that many boxes, especially since we've already used a bunch of those.So I think we need to all take a long, hard look at that calendar.We need to think about what we're really procrastinating on, because everyone is procrastinating on something in life.We need to stay aware of the Instant Gratification Monkey.That's a job for all of us.And because there's not that many boxes on there, it's a job that should probably start today.Well, maybe not today, but...You know.Sometime soon.最后我想给大家看一个东西，我称之为“生命日历”。这里的每一个格子都代表90年生命中的一周，格子数并不是很多，尤其我们已经用掉了许多。我想我们需要好好花时间，认真看看这个日历。我们需要想一下，我们真正在拖延的是什么，因为每个人在生命中都有拖延一些东西，我们需要警惕及时行乐的猴子，这是我们所有人的任务。因为这里的格子数并不多，所以或许我们今天就应该行动起来，或许不一定是今天，而是尽快。Thank you.
第五篇：TED演讲中英对照1
At every stage of our lives we make decisions that will profoundly influence the lives of the people we're going to become, and then when we become those people, we're not always thrilled with the decisions we made.So young people pay good money to get tattoos removed that teenagers paid good money to get.Middle-aged people rushed to divorce people who young adults rushed to marry.Older adults work hard to lose what middle-aged adults worked hard to gain.On and on and on.The question is, as a psychologist, that fascinates me is, why do we make decisions that our future selves so often regret? 在我们生命的每个阶段，我们都会做出一些决定，这些决定会深刻影响未来我们自己的生活，当我们成为未来的自己时，我们并不总是对过去做过的决定感到高兴。所以年轻人花很多钱洗去当还是青少年时花了很多钱做上的纹身。中年人急着跟年轻时迫不及待想结婚的人离婚。老年人很努力的挥霍着作为中年人时不停工作所赚的钱。如此没完没了。作为一个心理学家，让我感兴趣的问题是，为什么我们会做出让自己将来常常后悔的决定？
Now, I think one of the reasons--I'll try to convince you today — is that we have a fundamental misconception about the power of time.Every one of you knows that the rate of change slows over the human lifespan, that your children seem to change by the minute but your parents seem to change by the year.But what is the name of this magical point in life where change suddenly goes from a gallop to a crawl? Is it teenage years? Is it middle age? Is it old age? The answer, it turns out, for most people, is now, wherever now happens to be.What I want to convince you today is that all of us are walking around with an illusion, an illusion that history, our personal history, has just come to an end, that we have just recently become the people that we were always meant to be and will be for the rest of our lives.我认为其中一个原因——而我今天想说服你们的——就是我们对时间的力量有个基本的错误概念。你们每个人都知道变化的速度随着人的年龄增长不断放慢，孩子们好像每分钟都有变化，而父母们的变化则要慢得多。那么生命中这个让变化突然间从飞速变得缓慢的神奇转折点应该叫什么呢？是青少年时期吗？是中年时期吗？是老年阶段吗？其实对大多数人来说，答案是，现在，无论现在发生在什么。今天我想让大家明白的是，我们所有人都在围绕着一种错觉生活，这种错觉就是，我们每个人的过去，都已经结束了，我们已经成为了我们应该成为的那种人，在余下的生命中也都会如此。
Let me give you some data to back up that claim.So here's a study of change in people's personal values over time.Here's three values.Everybody here holds all of them, but you probably know that as you grow, as you age, the balance of these values shifts.So how does it do so? Well, we asked thousands of people.We asked half of them to predict for us how much their values would change in the next 10 years, and the others to tell us how much their values had changed in the last 10 years.And this enabled us to do a really interesting kind of analysis, because it allowed us to compare the predictions of people, say, 18 years old, to the reports of people who were 28, and to do that kind of analysis throughout the lifespan.我想给你们展示一些数据来支持这个观点。这是一项关于人们的个人价值观随时间变化的研究。这里有3种价值观。每个人的生活都与这三个价值观相关，但是你们可能知道，随着你们慢慢长大，变老，这三个价值观的平衡点会不断变化。到底是怎么回事呢？我们询问了数千人。我们让他们当中一半的人预测了一下在未来10年中，他们的价值观会发生多大的改变，让另一半人告诉我们在过去的10年中，他们的价值观发生了多大的变化。这项调查可以让我们做一个很有趣的分析，因为它可以让我们将大约18岁左右的人的预测同大约28岁左右的人的答案相比较，这项分析可以贯穿人的一生。
Here's what we found.First of all, you are right, change does slow down as we age, but second, you're wrong, because it doesn't slow nearly as much as we think.At every age, from 18 to 68 in our data set, people vastly underestimated how much change they would experience over the next 10 years.We call this the “end of history” illusion.To give you an idea of the magnitude of this effect, you can connect these two lines, and what you see here is that 18-year-olds anticipate changing only as much as 50-year-olds actually do.这是我们的发现。首先，你们是对的，随着我们年龄的增长，变化会减缓。第二，你们错了，因为这种变化并不像我们想象的那么慢。在我们的数据库从18岁到68岁的每一个年龄段中，人们大大的低估了在未来的10年他们会经历多少变化。我们把这叫做“历史终止”错觉。为了让你们了解这种影响有多大，你们可以把这两条线连接起来，你们现在看到的是18岁的人群预期的改变仅仅和50岁的人群实际经历的一样。
Now it's not just values.It's all sorts of other things.For example, personality.Many of you know that psychologists now claim that there are five fundamental dimensions of personality: neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness, extraversion, and conscientiousness.Again, we asked people how much they expected to change over the next 10 years, and also how much they had changed over the last 10 years, and what we found, well, you're going to get used to seeing this diagram over and over, because once again the rate of change does slow as we age, but at every age, people underestimate how much their personalities will change in the next decade.现在不仅仅是价值观了。其他的方面都也有变化。比如说，人格。你们当中的很多人知道现在心理学家们认为人格可以分为五个基本维度：神经质性，经验汲取度，协调性，外向性和道德感。回到原来的话题，我们问人们他们期待未来的10年中自己会有多大的变化，以及他们在过去的10年中发生了多少变化，我们发现了，你们会习惯不断地看到这个图表，因为又一次，变化速率随着我们的年龄增长减慢了。但是在每一个年龄阶段，人们都低估了在未来的十年中他们的人格会发生多大的改变。
And it isn't just ephemeral things like values and personality.You can ask people about their likes and dislikes, their basic preferences.For example, name your best friend, your favorite kind of vacation, what's your favorite hobby, what's your favorite kind of music.People can name these things.We ask half of them to tell us, “Do you think that that will change over the next 10 years?” and half of them to tell us, “Did that change over the last 10 years?” And what we find, well, you've seen it twice now, and here it is again: people predict that the friend they have now is the friend they'll have in 10 years, the vacation they most enjoy now is the one they'll enjoy in 10 years, and yet, people who are 10 years older all say, “Eh, you know, that's really changed.” 而且不光是像价值观和人格这样的临时性的特质。你们可以问问人们关于他们喜好和厌恶的事，他们基本的偏好。比如说，说出你最好朋友的名字，你最喜欢什么样的假期，你最大的爱好是什么，你最喜欢什么样的音乐。人们可以说出这些事情。我们让他们当中的一半人告诉我们，“你认为这在未来10年内会改变吗？”让另一半告诉我们，“这个在过去十年内变化了吗？”我们的发现是，嗯，这个图你们已经看过2次了，再展示一次：人们推测他们现在的朋友在未来10年中还会是他们的朋友，他们喜欢的度假之地在未来10年内还会是他们喜欢的地方，然而，年长10岁的人都会说：“嗯，你知道，这确实不一样了。”
Does any of this matter? Is this just a form of mis-prediction that doesn't have consequences? No, it matters quite a bit, and I'll give you an example of why.It bedevils our decision-making in important ways.Bring to mind right now for yourself your favorite musician today and your favorite musician 10 years ago.I put mine up on the screen to help you along.Now we asked people to predict for us, to tell us how much money they would pay right now to see their current favorite musician perform in concert 10 years from now, and on average, people said they would pay 129 dollars for that ticket.And yet, when we asked them how much they would pay to see the person who was their favorite 10 years ago perform today, they say only 80 dollars.Now, in a perfectly rational world, these should be the same number, but we overpay for the opportunity to indulge our current preferences because we overestimate their stability.这有什么关系吗？这只是一种并不会有什么后果的错误的预测吗？不，这有很大的关系，我会举例告诉你们为什么。它在很多重要的方面困扰着我们做决定。现在想想你们此时此刻最喜欢的音乐人，还有10年前你们最喜欢的音乐人。我把我的答案放在大屏幕上作为提示。现在我们让人们预测一下，告诉我们他们现在愿意付多少钱来参加他们现在最喜欢的音乐人从现在起10年后的音乐会，平均来讲，人们会说他们会付129美元买票。然而，当我们问他们愿意付多少钱去看他们10年前喜欢的人现在的演出，他们说只有80块。那么，在一个完全理性的世界里，这两个数字应该是相同的，但是我们为沉浸于当前喜好中的机会付了更多的钱，因为我们高估了它们的持久性。
Why does this happen? We're not entirely sure, but it probably has to do with the ease of remembering versus the difficulty of imagining.Most of us can remember who we were 10 years ago, but we find it hard to imagine who we're going to be, and then we mistakenly think that because it's hard to imagine, it's not likely to happen.Sorry, when people say “I can't imagine that,” they're usually talking about their own lack of imagination, and not about the unlikelihood of the event that they're describing.为什么会发生这样的变化呢？我们也不是很确定，不过这可能与记忆的消逝和想象的难度相关。我们中的大多数人都能记得10年前的我们是什么样子，但是要想像我们会成为什么样的人就困难了，然后我们会错误地认为因为很难想象，就不太可能会发生。很遗憾，当人们说“我可想象不出来”，他们通常是在表达他们缺乏想象力，而不是他们所描述的不可能发生的事情。
The bottom line is, time is a powerful force.It transforms our preferences.It reshapes our values.It alters our personalities.We seem to appreciate this fact, but only in retrospect.Only when we look backwards do we realize how much change happens in a decade.It's as if, for most of us, the present is a magic time.It's a watershed on the timeline.It's the moment at which we finally become ourselves.Human beings are works in progress that mistakenly think they're finished.The person you are right now is as transient, as fleeting and as temporary as all the people you've ever been.The one constant in our life is change.总而言之，时间是一种强大的力量。它改变了我们的喜好。它重塑了我们的价值观。它改变了我们的人格。我们似乎会感激这个事实，但是只在回想过去的时候。只有在我们回首过去的时候我们才会认识到在过去的十年里发生了多么大的变化。好像，对我们大多数人来说，当前是个有魔力的时刻。它是时间轴上的分水岭。它是一个使我们最终成为我们自己的时刻。人类还处在发展变化的过程中，却错误地以为他们不会发生任何改变了。现在的你只是处于过渡中，转瞬即逝，暂时的的状态而已，就像所有那些过去的你。在我们的生命中唯一不变的就是，变化。
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