关于国外留学的英语访谈模式演讲稿

第一篇：关于国外留学的英语访谈模式演讲稿

Presentation(开场：)A: For a long time, contradictions between children and parents are emerging in an endless stream.Maybe about just a trivial matter, maybe about a big decision made by family member.but they may reflect the common problem which has been bothering people a lot.Find problems in life and help you solve them, I’m Jennifer, welcome to the grogram.Before we start our topic, let’s watch two videos first, Mary, a girl who is studying abroad and her father will tell us the contradiction between them.B: As a father, to be honest, it’s a big decision for us to send our child to go abroad.Actually, the cost of it isn't chicken feed for ordinary families, just like us.But finally, we did that.Children in young to another environment to live, to work, to study is a very good thing.Even if China there are some things you can do, but in a country groups to better.Because they can accept to different culture, and take the diploma, which will play an important role in the future.Sadly, my child did not answer the expectations, she pay much attention to pleasure in places of entertainment.Reading in the library seems like a torture to her.And it wasn’t a surprise for me that she got such poor grades last semester.But that hurt me deeply.We want she can change her attitude as early as possible, and treasure the chance that not all the people can get rather than waste it.A: Then the second one.B: hello.I’m Mary.Above all, I must say that I’m not a willful child but that doesn’t mean I have no definite views of my own.I agree to the idea that studying abroad is a great chance to improve abilities.This is where our opinions diverge from each other.As far as I’m concerned, abilities which I have mentioned just now should never contain only study.I mean grades are not the signs for growth, just for school work.My parents are always thinking I have paid little attention to my study, but since I was in abroad, I have been learning, not just from books, but also from everything surrounding me.(Hey!Girls!Keep the noise down, ok? I can’t hear myself!)Going abroad gives me frequent access to different cultures.I go to bars, dancing hall, gym, sauna, but I don’t think I have done something wrong.There’s no reason to pass up the opportunity of experiencing a new life.I make the most of time in the class and reviewing the lesson the teacher speak after class.Why I have to pay all my attention to school work and focus too much on the things I can also do in domestic.（情景过后）

A: After watching the videos, I’m sure everyone has got today’s topic, the keyword—studying abroad.As for this, we have invited the famous expert to talk with us.Let’s welcome Mr.Michele A: Hello, Mr.Michele B: Hello, miss Pan.A: In recent years, studying abroad has flourished.Thousands of scholars and students have gone to foreign countries to study.Many people are sparing no effort in applying for going abroad.Could you please make a preliminary analysis of the course of this phenomenon, Mr.Michel?

B: Yes, in fact, some people prefer to go with the stream.In most parents’ eyes, the most important is students receive foreign advanced education;this can be in the Chinese university in the world rankings see out.A: The domestic famous in the world rankings and not very high.Yeah? B: Right.Studying abroad can exercise the student's independent thinking and problem solving ability, this in the later work is very important;Can also broaden our horizons, and enhance the knowledge;Enhance the ability to relate to others;Own the ability of money;If can play some odd jobs, to oneself is a big help.Sending children abroad makes so many benefits, so why not?

A: As studying abroad becomes ordinary, many problems are beginning surface.Just like the contradiction from the father and son.They concentrated on a different aspect of studying abroad.So, how do you think?

B: Actually, it’s difficult to judge who is right and who is wrong.Superficially, even both of them are right.A: And they both have legitimate reasons.B：Yes, but whatever you say, there is no doubt that study is the most important, because that’s you fundamental purpose, right? A: Yes, the primary reason.B: But we should also remember study is not only the process of learning the advanced culture, and the will of the people is to exercise.Taking degree is just the one reason;it would never be the only one.Study abroad experience not only let the sea life experience, rich receives the advanced idea;update the way of thinking, harvest the great spiritual wealth, and to bring the sea to the rich material wealth and great sense of achievement.Those are the greatest harvests.A: So, that means students should make good use of time to balance study and daily life.Is that a big problem?

B: I’m sorry, but I have to say” yes”.To tell the truth, it’s not easy for students to arrange time in domestic, and when you in abroad, it even becomes much more difficult.A: Yes, because new experiences and new ways of life will make influence on you decision.But we all know Mr.Michal has a lot of knowledge about this, and it is not easy to meet with you, so would you please give us some advices of using or allocating time in abroad? B: That’s my pleasure.At first I want to say, your harvests and you time are the greatest wealth in life.As time goes by, your time becomes less, but you harvests are almost invariable, which means you are wasting time.And you can’t use the time of having meals or sleeping to study, what you need to do is make best use of available time which you never pay attention to before.A: So that’s what we should focus on before we arrange our limited time, and now how about giving us some specific suggestion about how to make use of time?

B: First, know how much time you have spent and spent on what.You can choose one week to write down what you did every 30 minutes, and sort them out, like reading, chatting, participating in activities and so on.Then see where you spent too much time on.If you want make progress, you should make a change.Secondly, learn to use short time and died time。

A: Died time? Is that mean the time you have to spend whether you like or not?

B: Yes.When you are waiting a bus or waiting in row, waking, you can read newspaper or a book;remember the words and so on.And then you will find there is so much time you have wasted before.A: Yeah, I agree to that.A few days ago, I had a business trip with my friends, they asked me why I could reply all the e-mails in time because I stayed with them all the day, and they were very surprised.In fact, when they were chatting, wondering or sleeping in the bus or airplane, I was using my computer to send e-mails.B: Yes.you can find time if you want no matter how busy you are, you can arrange the short time ahead and do what you have decided when you are free.Thirdly, list all the things you need to do in every morning, and then decide the three most important things, then do them in order.Many students who study abroad say they don't have time to study.Put it another way, study isn’t graded in you list.A professor has done an experiment.he but stones ,sands into a glass jar, then asked his students whether the jar was full。

A：He put stones and sands as many as he can, right? So no thing can be put into it think.B：Students gave the same answer that you just gave me.But the professor said “no” ,he put the whole bottle of water into it and asked” is it full now?” this tell us there will never be no time, it all depends on how you arrange and use them.A: Just like in China, we say that time is like the water in the sponge, which can be got for the asking.After that, let’s focus on another thing which is also important, the efficiency.B: Yes, that is what I want to say then.There is a principle, called 80% and 20%.Someone make the best use of time, 20% of pay will exchange for 80 %of returns.On the contrary, 80% of pay can only get 20% of returns back.time is limited, make your energies dedicated to the most necessary or difficult thing.although people have already said it many times, I also want to stress that getting up and going to bed early is really important.And these are some details students studying abroad should pay attention to.(结尾)A: studying abroad is a great chance.If you have, catch the opportunity of experiencing a new life.And try to make good use of time, which will make your life meaningful and successful.Thanks for your coming today, Mr.Michele

And I hope our talk will help some of viewers.And see you next time!

End

第二篇：国外留学的利弊

advantages of studying abroad: 出国留学的优势

1)To practise the ability of independence and solving problems alone on the students who study abroad.出国的留学生能够锻炼独立自主和独自解决问题的能力

2)The abroad students can learn how to allocate their time better.国外留学生能够学习如何更好地分配他们的时间 3)To broaden their horizons 开阔视野和见识

4)To improve the ability of adapting themselves to a totally new environment and experience cultural differences.提高适应全新环境的能力并有机会体验文化差异

5)To be accessible to the advanced teaching methods and better educational systems.可以得到更先进的教学方法和更好的教育体系

6)To improve their ability of learning or mastering a second language(or even a third language)提高学习第二门语言的能力或将其掌握的能力（甚至是第三门语言）7)Have a better chance to find a job abroad to improve practical ability.在国外找到工作的机会更大,从而可以使实践能力得到提高 Disadvantages of studying abroad: 出国留学的劣势 1)Long time being apart from their families may cause several mental problems or even illnesses.长时间的与家人分离有可能导致心理上的一些问题,甚至疾病

2)Too young to accept or adapt to a new environment after going abroad.年龄太小以至于出国后不能接受或适应新的环境 3)The students abroad who have weak self-control may give in to some certain kinds of bad temptations so that they spend much less time and effort on their major goal-study 自制力差的出国留学生有可能会经不住一些不良诱惑从而大大减少了他们在学习上花的功夫和时间.4)Sometimes they are possible to be discriminated or abandoned by the foreign students.有时他们有可能被国外学生歧视或孤立.5)More and more students begin to choose to go abroad for a further education recently so that the competition among all the abroad students can be tremendous.如今越来越多的学生开始选择出国留学这条道路来获取更高的教育以至于国外留学生（海归）之间的竞争非常激烈.6)Generally speaking,the students who study abroad spend much more money than the students who study internally.So the economic burdens of the abroad students'families are much heavier than the students who stay in their own countries.通常来讲,国外留学生比国内的学生花费多很多,所以导致留学生家庭的经济负担要比在国内学习的学生的家庭重很多

第三篇：国外留学的优缺点

Advantages and Disadvantages of Studying Abroad

In the US, the number of university students who study abroad increased dynamically.154,168 American college students studied abroad from 2000 to 2001 compared to 48,483 students from 1985 to 1986(Rooney 4).The more students study abroad, the more organizations have to work flexible.“The university has tried to track the changing interests of its students and the increasingly global nature of its curriculum by setting up programs in countries that did not attract as much interest a generation ago”(Rooney 2).A decade ago, the only destinations of studying abroad were in Western Europe, but there are many places for students to study abroad all over the world now(Rooney 2).Why students want to study abroad? For the reason, they can experience many amazing things.Studying abroad is not only to participate in classes at university but also to stay in different cultures and languages.To know other cultures is interesting, because bad manners in a country are sometimes normal things in the other.If you can speak more languages, we can talk to many people.Nowadays, it is very important to communicate with people who are from other countries because of businesses and to understand other cultures.This experience will positively affect one’s future.Furthermore, ways of thinking and knowledge will be wide and flexible.Therefore, studying abroad has many benefits.However, most students who desire to study abroad tend to think that they can experience only good things.This thinking relate to pamphlets because they only say good things.A studying abroad pamphlet says, “Learn a language, broaden your perspective, explore your identity, challenge yourself, increase your self-confidence and decision making skills, re-evaluate your priorities, values or goals, and discover a new or family cultural heritage”.If students read this, they will definitely feel like studying abroad, but they have to know opposite side.Besides, the most important thing to remember is why they go overseas.The purpose of studying abroad is, of course, to study.Some foreign students die because of accidents or committing suicide.International students experience not only good things but also many bad situations.However, bad things are rarely showed in public.Actually, a Japanese student was killed in Australia last year, but we did not hear any information after a few days of the first news.Students commit suicide rather than die by accidents.We meet with bad experiences because of the gap of cultures and languages, or we just do not suit the country.We cannot predict until we go to the country and stay.In addition, these bad experiences affect our study.Moreover, the worse situations are, the more we feel homesick.Consequently, everything makes us frustrated.People who want to study abroad have to know both good and bad sides.There are mainly three advantages of studying abroad, which are to be able to learn foreign language, experience fun things, and study much harder than doing in their own countries.On the other hand, three disadvantages are predicaments of communicating with people, getting used to a different culture, and tendency to be with people who are from same country.One of the most beneficial things of studying abroad is to be able to learn foreign languages from daily life.To speak more than two languages is necessity now because we have many chances to talk to people who are from overseas by business and even daily life.Most companies require us whether we can speak another language or not today.It is not unusual that people can speak more than 2 languages fluently any more.It means that borders of each county are getting low, and more people go out from their own countries recently than a decade ago.“We think language proficiency is one of the best things that can come out of study abroad”(Rooney 2).As she mentions, studying abroad equals to learn foreign language.Naturally foreign students can learn another language.The more they improve their language skills, the more they can enjoy their lives and make many friends who are native speakers.What do you expect when you travel abroad? You will expect different experiences from your culture.Of course, you can feel difference, but if you really want to experience different culture, you have to stay there.Otherwise you will not understand the culture in depth.Another advantage of studying abroad is that you can experience many interesting things.For example, there are different religions in

different countries.Mostly, East Asian countries are Buddhism, Middle Asian is Islam, and Christianity is the one of the biggest religions in the world.There are many unique or mixed religions all over the world.If students go to these certain places, they will experience different religious and traditional events.It is also very important to understand other cultures and people.They might feel weird, strange, or even sad, and annoyed, but these feelings help their thoughts wide and flexible because there is no right or wrong culture.My friend, Satoko Kogure, talked about her opinions of studying abroad.“I’m enjoying studying abroad in the US.I met a lot of people, and I could get different opinions and thoughts from them.I sometimes feel tired of this society and culture, but many people encourage me.What makes me really happy is that people try to understand me and they are interested in my culture.I like talking about cultures with people who have different cultures”(Kogure).She appeals to her emotions and characters.She mentions what she got and felt something warm from this country and people.In addition, she said that she was discriminated by American students at university.However, people who discriminated her recovered her.They had not considered her situation when they understood what foreign people feel about staying other countries.Finally, she appealed that, “What we have to do when we communicate with foreigners is not to be ethnocentrism.Everyone is also different even if they are from same country.Thus, we cannot say that this ethnic group is right and others are wrong”(Kogure).There are no bad things to know other cultures.The third advantage is to study much harder.Local students can understand what the teacher talks about during the class, whereas international students have a difficulty of following classes because of the gap of language, so we spend much more time for studying than students who are native speakers.Moreover, international students pay tuition twice as local students pay.It helps us study harder.Therefore, we have to study hard to get good scores and not to waste money.Actually, many foreign students get good grades and scholarships.Moreover, if we do not have a strong will about study, we cannot gain anything from this experience, and even we cannot live in another country.Hence, we are able to have confidence to try something new when

we study harder and harder.On the other hand, however, students who want to study abroad should not forget that they would also experience sad, hard, and bad things.One of the disadvantages is students are always facing difficulty of language.In classes, students sometimes do not know what the teachers talk about, they do not know what to do, and they miss very important information.Besides, they hesitate to ask what the other students are doing.Because of that, people seem to think that international students cannot speak the language at all so that people sometimes misunderstand or even ignore them.Actually, most international students learn the languages before studying abroad, but the native speakers’ speaking speed is totally different from the speed that foreign students learn in their own countries.Moreover, every language has difficult pronunciations.Language teachers can understand what foreigners say because the teachers have already gotten used to listen to foreigners’ speaking.But it is a little bit hard for general people to understand it.Thus, foreign students are disappointed to their language skills.Another problem of communicating with people who speak different languages is there are many words that have same meanings or similar meanings, or even a word has several meanings.Taking exams is hard for international people.First of all we have to understand exactly what the teachers ask about.Even we use dictionaries during the exams, dictionaries make us more confuse.Consequently, it takes more time to finish than local students.It is very interesting to know other cultures, but it is hard to live in another culture.We do feel different and uncomfortable living in different countries.There is a proverb, which is “When in Rome do as the Romans do”.This is true.If you behave as if you were in your country, you will be scorned because what you do might be bad manner or taboo in the country.But we cannot imitate everything local people do, and we sometimes cannot respect what they do.These differences make students annoy and frustrate.In addition, international students are sometimes discriminated because of their race and ethnic groups.Especially, discrimination against Arab people became severe after September 11th 2001.This is an article, which titled, “So, where are you

from”, written by Kristina Lane.This is about the situation of Middle East university students studying in United States of America after the accident happened.Actually, they are in the very difficult situation.They are dealt with in the same way as suspects.Many Arab students were arrested or detained as suspects of the terrorism just because they are from Arabic countries(Lane 5).Even if they were born in the US, and have US citizenships, they are still discriminated because of their race.Unfortunately, my Indian friend was attacked by Americans.We do not know why it happened, but he said that it was because of his race.The author mentions that, “I view it as a clear message that this country does not want Arab students to be in the country”(Lane 2).She appeals emotions, which is what Arab students feel now, and how some Americans feel to them.Not only Arab students but also people from all over the world have been dealt with American government strictly.For example, it is difficult to enter the US now and to get any kinds of visa.We have to be checked more than before at the airports.Even we can enter the US luckily;we have to submit many certificates to the government.Our all data is inputted into the computer.If you had a serious problem in another country, who would you ask to help? You would ask to people who are from same country.You could tell them exactly and they could understand why you are worried.You would better to find someone whom you can trust in another country.However, it is not good to be with someone who is from same country all the time.Once international students find someone who is from same country, they seem to be together anytime.When they feel homesick, they can encourage each other, and it is comfortable to be the people.However, as a result, they tend to restrict ourselves into the small group, and lose the chance to know the more diverse community.It does not make sense because we came to study another language and make many friends who are native speakers.This is just waste of money.In these advantages and disadvantages, there are similarities.In the case of language, if students try speaking a language to people who are the native speakers, they will improve their language skills.However, if they stick to only same ethnic

group, of course, to study abroad does not mean anything.It depends on person’s will whether studying abroad become their benefits or not.As the same as language, what they experience and how they take things will decide worth of studying abroad.Good experiences make them confident, and they will think that studying abroad is worth doing.On the other hand, even if they experience bad things, they will learn something from the experiences, and these episodes will help them think wide and flexible.Either this experience becomes advantage or disadvantage depends on students’ will and endeavor.Nobody can help them, but everyone can encourage them if they try hard.I wondered why I decided to study abroad.When I decided to go to England, I just wanted to learn English.I thought if it spoke English fluently, it could be advantage to get a job.I did not think anything more.However, after staying in England, I realized what I was interested in.I was interested in other cultures, customs, and behave.I was amazed that there were so many unique and unbelievable things all over the world.That is why I decided to study Anthropology in English.Besides, I am interested in Native Americans, too.Nowadays studying abroad programs are very well organized.For example, the program is length and strength;we can choose curriculums, majors, and specializations, “Students body diversity-total size, geographic and cultural representations, professional backgrounds”, “Faculty and program diversity, international diversity of the faculty, and international scope of the curriculum”, and so on(“Guide” 9).We do not have to worry anything about complicated systems in another country.Therefore, my situation at present is perfect for me.However, I experienced many things, which were not only good things but many bad things that were because of cultural differences and language difficulty.A bad experience makes me uncomfortable still now.But if I had not experienced it, my thought would not be wide and flexible.As I said, I also have thousands of good memories.Hence, I would like many students to know that studying abroad has both advantages and disadvantages, but they can make it good way.After considering these things, I want them to study abroad.They will definitely gain something from this experience.

第四篇：国外教学模式简介

国内外教学模式简介

一、教学模式的历史与发展

教学模式是教学活动的基本结构，每个教师在教学工作中都在自觉不自觉地按照一定的教学模式进行教学，只不过这里有一个你采取的存在一个是否科学合理的问题。了解教学模式的历史发展有助于人们借鉴传统和对当代各种新教学模式的理解，有助于人们把握教学模式的发展趋势。

㈠教学模式的演变

系统完整的教学模式是从近代教育学形成独立体系开始的，“教学模式”这一概念与理论在20世纪50年代以后才出现。不过在中外教学实践和教学思想中，很早就有了教学模式的雏形。

古代教学的典型模式就是传授式，其结构是“讲—听—读—记—练”。其特点是教师灌输知识，学生被动机械地接受知识，书中文字与教师的讲解几乎完全一致，学生对答与书本或教师的讲解一致，学生是靠机械的重复进行学习。

到了17世纪，随着学校教学中自然科学内容和直观教学法的引入，班级授课制度的实施，夸美纽斯提出应当把讲解、质疑、问答、练习统一于课堂教学中，并把观察等直观活动纳入教学活动体系之中，首次提出了以“感知—记忆—理解—判断”为程序结构的教学模式。

19世纪是一个科学实验兴旺繁荣的时期。赫尔巴特的理论在相当的程度上反映了当时科学发展的趋势。他从统觉论出发，研究人的心理活动，认为学生在学习的过程中，只有当新经验已经构成心理的统觉团中概念发生联系时，才能真正掌握知识。所以教师的任务就是选择正确的材料，以适当的程序提示学生，形成他们的学习背景或称统觉团。从这一理论出发，他提出了“明了—联合—系统—方法”的四阶段教学模式。以后他的学生莱因又将其改造为“预备—提示—联合—总结—应用”的五阶段教学模式。

以上这些教学模式都有一个共性，它们都忽视了学生在学习中的主体性，片面强调灌输方式，在不同程度上压抑和阻碍了学生的个性发展。所以在19世纪20年代，随着资本主义大工业的发展，强调个性发展的思想的普遍深入与流行，以赫尔巴特为代表的传统的教学模式受到了挑战，应运而生的杜威的实用主义的教育理论得到了社会的推崇，同时也促进了教学模式向前推进了一步。

杜威提出了“以儿童为中心”的“做中学”为基础的实用主义教学模式。这一模式的基本程序是“创设情境—确定问题—占有资料—提出假设—检验假设”。这种教学模式打破了以往教学模式单一化的倾向，弥补了赫尔巴特教学模式的不足，强调学生的主体作用。强调活动教学，促进学生发现探索的技能，获得探究问题和解决问题的能力，开辟了现代教学模式的新路。

当然，实用主义教学模式也有其缺陷。它把教学过程和科学研究过程等同起来，贬低了教师在教学过程中的指导作用，片面强调直接经验的重要性，忽视知识系统性的学习，影响了教学质量。因此在20世纪50年代受到了社会的强烈批评。

20世纪50年代以来，随着科学技术的发展，教育面临着新的科技革命的挑战，促进人们利用新的理论和技术去研究学校教育和教学问题。现代心理学和思维科学对人脑活动机制的揭示，发生认识论对个体认识过程的概括，认知心理学对人脑接受和选择信息活动是研究，特别是系统论、控制论、信息加工理论等的产生，对教学实践产生了深刻的影响，也给教学模式提出了许多新的课题。因此这一阶段在教育领域出现了许多的教学思想和理论，与此同时也产生了许多新的教学模式。

㈡教学模式的发展趋势

1．从单一教学模式向多样化教学模式发展

自从赫尔巴特提出“四段论”教学模式以来，经过其学生的实践和发展逐渐以“传统教学模式”的名称成为20世纪教学模式的主导。以后杜威打着反传统的旗号，提出了实用主义教学模式，20世纪50年代以来一直在“传统”与“反传统”之间来回摆动。50年代以后，由于新的教学思想层出不穷，再加上新的科学技术革命使教学产生了很大的变化，教学模式出现了“百花齐放、百家争鸣”的繁荣局面。据乔伊斯和韦尔1980年的统计，现在教学模式有23种之多，其中我国提出的教学模式就有10多种。

2．由归纳型向演绎型教学模式发展

归纳型教学模式重视从经验中总结、归纳，它的起点是经验，形成思维的过程是归纳。演绎型教学模式指的是从一种科学理论假设出发，推演出一种教学模式，然后用严密的实验来验证其效用。它的起点是理论假设，形成思维的过程是演绎。归纳型教学模式来自于教学实践的总结，不免有些不确定性，有些地方还不能自圆其说。而演绎型教学模式有一定的理论基础，能够自圆其说，有自己完备的体系。

3．由以“教”为主向重“学”为主的教学模式发展

传统教学模式都是从教师如何去教这个角度来进行阐述，忽视了学生如何学这个问题。杜威的“反传统”教学模式，使人们认识到学生应当是学习的主体，由此开始了以“学”为主的教学模式的研究。现代教学模式的发展趋势是重视教学活动中学生的主体性，重视学生对教学的参与，根据教学的需要合理设计“教”与“学”的活动。

4．教学模式的日益现代化

在当代教学模式的研究中，越来越重视引进现代科学技术的心理论、新成果。有些教学模式已经开始注意利用电脑等先进的科学技术的成果，教学条件的科学含量越来越高，充分利用可提供的教学条件设计教学模式。

二、国内外各种教学模式简介

教学模式是教学理论的具体化，是教学实践的概括化的形式和系统，具有多样性和可操作性，因此教师对教学模式的选择和运用是有一定的要求，教学模式必须要与教学目标相契合，要考虑实际的教学条件针对不同的教学内容来选择教学模式，当然首先还是要了解有哪些教学模式，它们的特点是什么。

㈠传递----接受式

该教学模式源于赫尔巴特的四段教学法，后来由前苏联凯洛夫等人进行改造传入我国。在我国广为流行，很多教师在教学中自觉不自觉地都用这种方法教学。该模式以传授系统知识、培养基本技能为目标。其着眼点在于充分挖掘人的记忆力、推理能力与间接经验在掌握知识方面的作用，使学生比较快速有效地掌握更多的信息量。该模式强调教师的指导作用，认为知识是教师到学生的一种单向传递的作用，非常注重教师的权威性。

1．理论基础：根据行为心理学的原理设计，尤其受斯金纳操作性条件反射的训练心理学的影响，强调控制学习者的行为达到预定的目标。认为只要通过联系----反馈----强化，这样反复的循环过程就可以塑造有效的行为目标。

2．教学基本程序

该模式的基本教学程序是：复习旧课—激发学习动机—讲授新课—巩固练习—检查评价—间隔性复习。

复习旧课是为了强化记忆、加深理解、加强知识之间的相互联系和知识进行系统整理。激发学习动机是根据新课的内容，设置一定情境和引入活动，激发学生的学习兴趣。讲授新课是教学的核心，在这个过程中主要以教师的讲授和指导为主，学生一般要遵守纪律，跟着教师的教学节奏，按部就班地完成教师布置给他们的任务。巩固练习是学生在课堂上对新学的知识进行运用和练习解决问题的过程。检查评价是通过学生的课堂和家庭作业来检查学生对新知识的掌握情况。间隔性复习是为了强化记忆和加深理解。

3．教学原则：教师要根据学生的知识结构的认知水平对教学内容进行加工整理，力求使得所传授的知识与学生原有的认知结构相联系。充分发挥教师的主导作用，教师在传授知识的时候需要很高的语言表达能力，同时要对学生在掌握知识时候常遇到的问题有所经验与觉察。

4．辅助系统：课本、黑板、粉笔、挂图、模型、投影仪等。

5．教学效果

优点：学生能在短时间内接受大量的信息，能够培养学生的纪律性，能够培养学生的抽象思维能力。缺点：学生对接受的信息很难真正地理解，培养单一化、模式化的人格，不利于创新性、分析性学生的发展，不利于培养的学生创新思维和解决实际问题的能力。

6．在运用这种模式时的建议：在介绍讲解性的内容上运用比较有效，当期望学生在短时间掌握一定的知识去应试时比较可行，教师不可在任何教学内容上都运用这种模式，长此以往必然造成一种“满堂灌”的教学模式，非常不利于学生的全面发展，从而培养出一大批没有思想与主见的高分低能者。

㈡自学──辅导式

自学辅导式的教学模式是在教师的指导下自己独立进行学习的模式。这种教学模式能够培养学生的独立思考能力，在教学实践中也有很多教师在运用它。

1．理论基础：从人本主义出发，注意发挥学生的主体性，以培养学生的学习能力为目标。这种教学模式基于先让学生独立学习，然后根据学生的具体情况教师进行指导。它承认学生在学习过程中试错的价值，培养学生独立思考和学会学习的能力。

2．教学基本程序

自学辅导式的教学程序是：自学—讨论—启发—总结—练习巩固。

教师在教学中根据学生的最近发展区，布置一些有关新教学内容的学习任务组织学生自学，在自学之后让学生之间交流讨论，发现他们所遇到的困难，然后教师根据这些情况对学生进行点拨和启发，总结出规律，再组织学生进行练习巩固。

3．教学原则：自学内容难度适宜，教师在教学过程中要适时点拨，先进行自主学习，后教师进行指导概括和总结。

4．辅助系统：要提供必要的学习材料和学习的辅助设施，给学生自学提供有力的支持。

5．教学效果

优点：能够培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力；有利于教师因材施教；能发挥学生的自主性和创造性；有利于培养学生相互合作的精神。缺点：学生如果对自学内容不感兴趣，可能在课堂上一无所获；需要较长的时间；需要教师非常敏锐地观察学生的学习情况，必要时进行启发和调动学生的学习热情，针对不同学生进行讲解和教学，所以很难在大班教学中开展。

6．实施建议：最好选择难度适时学生比较感兴趣的内容进行自学，教师要有很高的组织能力和业务水平，讲师避免讲解而是多启发。

㈢探究式教学

探究式教学以问题解决为中心的，注重学生的独立活动，着眼于学生的思维能力的培养。

1．理论基础：依据皮亚杰和布鲁纳的建构主义的理论，注重学生的前认知，注重体验式教学，培养学生的探究和思维能力。

2．基本程序

教学的基本程序是：问题—假设—推理—验证──总结提高。

首先创设一定的问题情境提出问题，然后组织学生对问题进行猜想和做假设性的解释，再设计实验进行验证，总后总结规律。

3．教学原则：建立一个民主宽容的教学环境，充分发挥学生的思维能力，教师要掌握学生的前认知特点实施一定的教学策略。

4．辅助系统：需要一定的供学生探究学习的设备和相关资料。

5．教学效果

优点：能够培养学创新能力和思维能力，能够培养学生的民主与合作的精神，能够培养学生自主学习的能力。缺点：一般只能在小班进行，需要较好的教学支持系统，教学需要的时间比较长。

6．实施建议：在探究性教学中教师一定要尊重学生的主体性，创设一个宽容民主平等的教学环境，教师要对那些打破常规的学生予以一定的鼓励，不要轻易地对学生说对或错，教师要以引导为主切不可轻易告知学生探究的结果。

㈣概念获得模式

该模式的目标是使学习者通过体验所学概念的形成过程来培养他们的思维能力。该模式主要反映了认知心理学的观点，强调学习是认知结构的组织与重组的观点。

1．理论基础：布鲁纳、古德诺和奥斯汀的思维研究理论。他们认为分类是把不同的事物当作相等看待，是将周围的世界进行简化和系统化的手段，从而建立一定的概念来理解纷繁复杂的世界。布鲁纳认为所谓的概念是根据观察进行分类而形成的思想或抽象化。在概念形成的过程中非常注重事物之中的一些相似成分，而忽略那些不同的地方。在界定概念的时候需要五个要素：名称、定义、属性、例子以及与其他概念的相互关系。

2．基本程序：概念获得模式共包含这些步骤：教师选择和界定一个概念----教师确定概念的属性----教师准备选择肯定和否定的例子----将学生导入概念化过程----呈现例子----学生概括并定义----提供更多的例子----进一步研讨并形成正确概念----概念的运用与拓展。

3．教学原则：帮助学生有效地习得概念是学校教育的基本任务之一。概念获得模式是采取“归纳—演绎”的思维形式。首先通过一些例子让学生发现概念一些共同属性，掌握概念区别于其他概念的本质特征。学生在获得概念后还需要进行概念的理解，即引导学生从概念的内涵、外延、属、种、差别等方面去理解概念。为了强化学生对概念的理解，还应该把与概念相关的或相似的概念、逻辑相关概念、相对应的概念等等进行辨析。学习的目的在于运用，在运用的过程中我们可以发现学生对概念的掌握程度，可以及时地采取补救措施。

4．辅助系统：需要大量正反例子，课前教师需要精心的准备。

5．教学效果：能够培养学生的归纳和演绎能力，能够形成比较清晰的概念，能够培养学生严谨的逻辑推理能力。

6．实施建议：针对概念性很强的内容实施教学，课前教师要对概念的内涵与外延要做很好的梳理。

㈤巴特勒的自主学习模式

20世纪70年代美国教育心理学家巴特勒提出教学的7要素，并提出“七段”教学论，在国际上影响很大。

1．理论基础：它的主要理论依据是信息加工理论。

2．教学程序

基本教学程序是：设置情境----激发动机----组织教学----应用新知----检测评价----巩固练习----拓展与迁移。

他的教学七步骤中的情境是指学习的内外部的各种情况，内部情况是学生的认知特点，外部情况是指学习环境，它的组成要因素有：个别差异、元认知、环境因子。动机是学习新知识的各种诱因，它的主要构成要素有：情绪感受、注意、区分、意向。组织是将新知识与旧知识相互关联起来，它的主要构成要素有：相互联系、联想、构思、建立模型。应用是对新知识的初步尝试，它的构成要素有：参与、尝试、体验、结果。评价是对新知识初步尝试使用之后的评定，它的组成要素有：告知、比较、赋予价值、选择。重复是练习与巩固的过程，它的主要组成要素有：强化、练习、形成习惯、常规、记忆、遗忘。拓展是把新知识迁移到其他情境中去，它的构成要素有延伸、迁移、转换、系统、综合。

3．教学原则：巴特勒从信息加工理论出发，非常注重元认知的调节，利用学习策略对学习任务进行加工，最后生成学习结果。教师在利用这种模式的时候，要时常提醒学生进行反思自己的学习行为。要考虑各种步骤的组成要素，根据不同情况有所侧重。

4．辅助系统：一般的课堂环境，掌握学习策略的教师。

5．教学效果

这是一个比较普适性的教学模式，根据不同发教学内容它可以转化为不同的教学法，只要教师灵活驾御就能达到他想要的教学效果。

6．实施建议

教师应该是一位研究型的教师，具有一定是教育学和心理学的知识，掌握元认知策略，就可以灵活运用这种教学模式。

㈥抛锚式教学

这种教学要求建立在有感染力的真实事件或真实问题的基础上。确定这类真实事件或问题被形象地比喻为“抛锚”，因为一旦这类事件或问题被确定了，整个教学内容和教学进程也就被确定了(就像轮船被锚固定一样)。

1．理论基础：它的理论基础是建构主义。建构主义认为，学习者要想完成对所学知识的意义建构，即达到对该知识所反映事物的性质、规律以及该事物与其它事物之间联系的深刻理解，最好的办法是让学习者到现实世界的真实环境中去感受、去体验(即通过获取直接经验来学习)，而不是仅仅聆听别人(例如教师)关于这种经验的介绍和讲解。由于抛锚式教学要以真实事例或问题为基础(作“锚”)，所以有时也被称为“实例式教学”或“基于问题的教学”或“情境性教学”。

2．基本程序：抛锚式教学由这样几个环节组成：

⑴创设情境----使学习能在和现实情况基本一致或相类似的情境中发生。

⑵确定问题----在上述情境下，选择出与当前学习主题密切相关的真实性事件或问题作为学习的中心内容。选出的事件或问题就是“锚”，这一环节的作用就是“抛锚”。

⑶自主学习----不是由教师直接告诉学生应当如何去解决面临的问题，而是由教师向学生提供解决该问题的有关线索，并特别注意发展学生的“自主学习”能力。

⑷协作学习----讨论、交流，通过不同观点的交锋，补充、修正、加深每个学生对当前问题的理解。

⑸效果评价----由于抛锚式教学的学习过程就是解决问题的过程，由该过程可以直接反映出学生的学习效果。因此对这种教学效果的评价不需要进行独立于教学过程的专门测验，只需在学习过程中随时观察并记录学生的表现即可。

3．教学原则：情境设置与产生问题一致，问题难易适中要具有一定的真实性，在教学中要充分发挥学生的主体性。

4．辅助系统：巧设情境，合作学习。

5．教学效果：能培养学生的创新能力、解决问题能力、独立思考能力、合作能力等。

6．实施建议：创设情境适时抛出问题，注意情境感染与熏陶作用。

㈦范例教学模式

范例教学模式比较适合原理、规律性的知识。是中学思想政治课教学最基础的内容之一。他是美国教育心理学家M·瓦根舍因提出来的。

1．理论基础：遵循人的认知规律：从个别到一般，从具体到抽象的过程。在教学中一般从一些范例分析入手感知原理与规律，并逐步提炼进行归纳总结，再进行迁移整合。

2．基本程序

范例教学的基本过程是：阐明“个”案→范例性阐明“类”案→范例性地掌握规律原理→掌握规律原理的方法论意义→规律原理运用训练。

“范例教学”主张选取蕴含本质因素、根本因素、基础因素的典型案例，通过对范例的研究，使学生从个别到一般、从具体到抽象、从认识到实践理解、掌握带有普遍性的规律、原理的模式。所谓范例性地阐明“个”案，指用典型事实和现象为例说明事物的本质特征；所谓范例性阐明“类”案，是指用许多在本质上与“个”案一致的事实和现象来阐明事物的本质特征；范例性掌握规律原理是指从大量的“类”案中总结出规律和原理，在总结归纳的过程中，要注意对规律或原理的表述要准确，对规律原理的名称要清楚；掌握规律原理的目的和意义在于运用，因而教师要让学生掌握规律、原理的方法论意义；为了了解学生对规律和原理的掌握程度，从而获得反馈信息，规律原理的运用训练是教学必不可少的环节。

3．教育原则

要遵循这个基本顺序：从个别入手，归纳成类，再从类入手，提炼本质特征，最后上升到规律与原理。

4．辅助系统：选取不同的带有典型性的范例。

5．教学效果：有助于培养学生的分析能力，有助于学生理解规律和原理。

6．实施建议：比较适合社会科学中的一些原理和规律教学，范例一定有一定的代表性，最好能激发学生的兴趣。

㈧现象分析模式

1．理论基础：它主要基于建构主义的认知理论，非常注意学生利用自己的先前经验对问题进行解释。

2．基本程序：现象分析模式的基本教学程序是：出示现象→解释现象的形成原因→现象的结果分析→解决方法分析。在教学中，某种现象往往是以材料的形式出现的，学生要能通过现象揭示其背后的本质。

3．教育原则：现象能够反映本质规律，创设民主环境，充分发挥学生的主体性，让他们进行解释说明。

4．辅助系统：真实的现象感受，最好有音像辅助设备。

5．教学效果：培养学生的分析能力、综合能力。

6．实施建议：教师要调动学生的思维，让他们去发现现象背后的规律；选取的现象要具有一定的典型性，能揭示背后的规律。

㈨加涅模式

1．理论基础

依据信息加工理论，加涅认为学习的条件分为内部条件和外部条件，内部条件又进一步分为基本先决条件和支持性的先决条件。支持性的先决条件在学习过程中起辅助作用，但是没有这些条件学习也可以发生，而如果缺少基本先决条件则是不行的。不同的学习类别需要不同的学习条件，并能产生五种类型的学习结果：言语信息、智力技能、认知策略、动作技能、态度。言语信息包括名称、符号、事实和原则。为了使言语信息的学习得以发生，言语信息的内容对学习者必须是有意义的。考查言语信息是否掌握，必须对一些事实进行提问。

智慧技能，包括辨别、概念、规则、和高级规则。智慧技能的学习是通过呈现许多规则和例子以指导学习者找到正确的答案。可以通过要求学习者解决特定的问题来考查学习结果。认知策略，对这种技能的教学方法是演示或说明策略后，学习者练习，一旦学生熟悉了一个问题，新的问题要呈现，以帮助学生将策略迁移，或者评价学生对策略的掌握。动作技能，反复练习对这种技能的掌握是关键。可以通过完成任务的时间或者精确性来测试对动作技能的掌握。态度，强化相依原理在态度学习中起主要作用。

加涅的学习层级论主要适用于智慧技能的学习。学习层级论，也称累积学习理论，其基本观点是：学习任何新的智慧技能都需要某种先前的学习，学习是累积性的。按照复杂性程度的不同，由简单到复杂，加涅将智慧技能分为八个层次：信号学习、刺激－反应学习、连锁学习、言语联想、辨别学习、概念学习、规则学习和高级规则学习。其中前四类学习是学习的基础形式，总称联想学习。学校教育更关注的是后面四类的学习。

加涅把人的学习过程等同于电脑对信息的加工处理，在他的学习理论中要点是：注意、选择性知觉、复诵、语义编码、提取、反应组织、反馈。

2．基本程序

按照电脑加工信息的步骤（环境---接受器----登记----编码----反应器执行监控----效应器----环境），他提出九步教学法：

⑴引起注意

⑵告知目标

⑶刺激回忆先决条件

⑷呈现刺激材料

⑸提供学习指导

⑹引发业绩

⑺提供业绩正确程度反馈

⑻评价

⑼增强保持与迁移

加涅认为学习这九个阶段和分为三个部分，即准备、操作和迁移三个部分。

准备包括接收、预期、提取到工作记忆中。对应的教学事件是引起注意、告知目标、刺激回忆先前的知识。操作包括选择性知觉、语义编码、反应、强化。对应的教学事件是呈现刺激、提供学习指导、引出行为、提供反馈。学习迁移包括提取和强化、提取并一般化。对应的教学事件是评价行为、促进保持与迁移。

㈩奥苏贝尔模式

奥苏贝尔是认知结构理论的具体化的实用者。他通俗地认为认知结构就是书本知识在学生头脑中地再现形式，是有意义学习的结果和条件。他着重强调了概括性强、清晰、牢固、具有可辨别性和可利用性的认知结构在学习过程中的作用，并把建立学习者对教材的清晰、牢固、认知结构作为教学的主要任务。奥苏贝尔的有意义学习理论着重强调了认知结构的地位，围绕着认知结构提出的上位学习、下位学习、相关类属学习、并列结合学习和创造学习等几种学习类型，为新旧知识是如何组织的提供了一条较有说服力的解释。自他之后，认知结构理论才真正引起人们的重视并为人们广泛理解。

1．理论基础──“有意义接受学习”理论

美国著名教育心理学家奥苏贝尔在对学习类型做深入研究的基础上，•将“学习”•按照其效果划分为“有意义学习”与“机械学习”两种类型。所谓有意义学习，•其实质是指：“符号表示的观念，以非任意的方式和在实质上（而不是字面上）•同学习者已经知道的内容联系在一起。所谓非任意的和实质上的联系是指这些观念和学习者原有认知结构中的某一方面（如一个表象、•一个已经有意义的符号、•一个概念或一个命题）有联系。”换句话说，要想实现有意义的学习真正习得知识的意义，•即希望通过学习获得对知识所反映事物的性质规律及事物之间关联的认识，•关键是要在当前所学的新概念、新知识（即“符号表示的观念”•）与学习者原有认知结构中的某个方面（表象、概念或命题）之间建立起非任意的实质性联系。•只要能建立起这种联系就是有意义的学习，否则就必然是死记硬背的机械学习。•奥苏贝尔认为，能否建立起新旧知识之间的这种联系，•是影响学习的唯一的最重要因素，是教育心理学中最基本、最核心的一条原理。•正如他的代表性论著“教育心理学一种认知观点”一书的扉页中用特大号字所表述的：•“假如让我把全部教育心理学仅仅归结为一条原理的话，•那么，我将一言以蔽之曰：影响学习的唯一最重要因素就是学习者已经知道了什么。要探明这一点，并应据此进行教学”。

奥苏贝尔指出，•要想实现有意义学习可以有两种不同的途径或方式：接受学习和发现学习。•接受学习的基本特点是：“所学知识的全部内容都是以确定的方式被（教师）•传递给学习者。学习课题并不涉及学生方面的任何独立的发现。学习者只需要把呈现出来的材料（无意义音节或配对形容词；一首诗或几何定理）加以内化或组织，以便在将来某个时候可以利用它或把它再现出来。”发现学习的基本特点则是：•“要学的主要内容不是（由教师）传递的，而是在从意义上被纳入学生的认知结构以前必须由学习者自己去发现出来。•”奥苏贝尔还强调指出，•如果根据学习引起的能力变化来区分学习类型（能否实现有意义学习是引起能力发展变化的关键），即根据用何种方式来引起能力变化(也就是用何种方式来实现有意义学习)，那么，就只能区分出“接受学习”与“发现学习”•两种，而所有其他的学习类型皆可并入到这两大类型之中。他认为目前学术界对学习类型的众多分类（如“辨别学习”•、“概念学习”、“尝试错误学习”•、“条件反应学习”、“配对联想学习”„„等等）实际上都是“没有按照这些学习类型所引起的能力变化来区分学习”•的结果。

2．“先行组织者”教学策略

奥苏贝尔不仅正确地指出通过“发现学习”•和“接受学习”均可实现有意义学习，•而且还对如何在这两种教学方式下具体实现有意义学习的教学策略进行了研究，•特别是对“传递—接受”教学方式下的教学策略作了更为深入的探索，•并取得了成为教学论领域一座丰碑的出色成果──“先行组织者”教学策略。•这是在分析与操纵三种认知结构变量（即原有认知结构的可利用性、可分辨性和稳固性等三个变量）•基础上而实施的一种教学策略，由于它具有认知学习理论作基础又有很强的可操作性，•自奥苏贝尔于1978年提出以来，其影响日益扩大，目前，它已成为实现“有意义接受学习”的最有代表性、最具影响力、也是最见实际效果的教学策略之一。

3．动机理论

奥苏贝尔不仅在对学习过程的认知条件、•认知因素进行深入研究的基础上提出了“有意义接受学习”•理论和“先行组织者”教学策略，而且他还注意到影响学习过程的另一重要因素即情感因素的作用，•并在这方面提出了独到的见解（在当代众多教育心理学家中，•能重视情感因素的作用并对此进行认真研究的并不多见），这些见解可归纳如下：

⑴他认为，情感因素对学习的影响主要是通过动机在以下三个方面起作用：

①动机可以影响有意义学习的发生由于动机并不参与建立新旧概念、新旧知识之间的联系，•所以并不能直接影响有意义学习的发生，但是动机却能通过使学习者在“集中注意”•、“加强努力”、“学习持久性”和“挫折忍受力”等方面发挥出更大潜能而加强新旧知识的相互作用（起催化剂作用）•，从而有效地促进有意义的学习。

②动机可以影响习得意义的保持由于动机并不参与建立新旧知识之间的联系和新旧知识的相互作用，•所以也不能直接影响习得意义的保持，但是保持总是要通过复习环节来实现，•而在复习过程中动机仍可通过使学习者在“集中注意”•、“加强努力”、和“持久性”等方面发挥出更大潜能来提高新获得意义的清晰性和巩固性，从而有效地促进保持。

③动机可以影响对知识的提取（回忆）动机过强，可能产生抑制作用，使本来可以提取的知识提取不了（回忆不起来）•，考试时由于心理紧张，动机过强，•影响正常水平发挥就是一个例子；反之，有时动机过弱，不能调动起学习者神经系统的全部潜力，也会减弱对已有知识的提取。

⑵他认为，动机是由三种内驱力组成的，由于动机是驱使人们行动的内部力量，•所以心理学家常把动机和内驱力视为同义词。•奥苏贝尔认为通常所说的动机是由“认知内驱力”、“自我提高内驱力”和“附属内驱力”等三种成分组成的。认知内驱力是指要求获得知识、•了解周围世界、阐明问题和解决问题的欲望与动机，•与通常所说的好奇心、求知欲大致同义。这种内驱力是从求知活动本身得到满足，•所以是一种内在的学习动机。由于有意义学习的结果就是对学习者的一种激励，•所以奥苏贝尔认为，这是“有意义学习中的一种最重要的动机”•。例如，儿童生来就有好奇心，他们越是不断探索周围世界，了解周围世界，•就越是从中得到满足。这种满足感（作为一种“激励”）又会进一步强化他们的求知欲，即增强他们学习的内驱力。自我提高内驱力是指儿童希望通过获得好成绩来提高自己在家庭和学校中地位的学习动机。•随着年龄增长，儿童自我意识增强，他们希望在家庭和学校集体中受到尊重。•这种愿望也可以推动儿童努力学习，争取好成绩，以赢得与其成绩相当的地位。•自我提高内驱力强的学习者，所追求的不是知识本身，而是知识之外的地位满足（受人敬重、有地位），所以这是一种外在的学习动机。附属内驱力是指通过顺从、•听话从父母和老师那里得到认可，从而获得派生地位的一种动机。•这种动机也不是追求知识本身，而是追求知识之外的自尊满足（家长和老师认可），所以也是一种外在的学习动机。

上述三种不同成分的动机对每个人来说都可能具有，•但三种成分所占的不同比例，•则依年龄、性别、文化、社会地位和人格特征等因素而定。在童年时期，•附属内驱力是获得良好学业成绩的主要动机；童年晚期和少年期，附属内驱力降低，•而且从追求家长认可转向同龄伙伴的认可；到了青年期和成人，自我提高内驱力则逐渐成为动机的主要成分。前面强调了内在动机（认知内驱力）的重要性，•但决不应由此贬低外部动机（特别是自我提高内驱力）的作用。在个人的学术生涯和职业生涯中自我提高内驱力是一种可以长期起作用的强大动机。•这是因为，与其他动机相比，这种动机包含更为强烈的情感因素既有对成功和随之而来的声誉鹊起的期盼、渴望与激动，又有对失败和随之而来的地位、自尊丧失的焦虑、不安与恐惧。

由上面关于“动机理论”（包括动机成分的组成与动机的作用等两个方面）的介绍可以看出，•奥苏贝尔确实对情感因素在认知过程中的作用与影响作了较深入的研究。•如果我们在教学设计或在课件脚本设计过程中能根据学习者的不同年龄特征，•有意识地帮助学习者逐步形成与不断强化上述三种动机并在教学过程的不同阶段（例如在有意义学习发生、•习得意义保持及知识提取等阶段）恰当地利用这些动机，•那么，由于学习过程中认知因素与情感因素能得到较好的配合，所以定将取得更为良好的教学效果。

4．基本程序：提出先行组织者----逐步分化----综合贯通。

（十一）合作学习模式

它是一种通过小组形式组织学生进行学习的一种策略。小组取得的成绩与个体的表现是紧密联系的。约翰逊(D.W.Johnson，1989)认为合作式学习必须具备五大要素：①个体积极的相互依靠，②个体有直接的交流，③个体必须都掌握给小组的材料，④个体具备协作技巧，⑤群体策略。合作式学习有利于发展学生个体思维能力和动作技能，增强学生之间的沟通能力和包容能力，还能培养学生的团队精神，提高学生的学业成绩。

课堂里的合作有四点不足之处：首先，如果学得慢的学生需要学得快的学生的帮助，那么对于学得快的学生来说，在一定程度上就得放慢学习进度，影响自身发展。其次，能力强的学生有可能支配能力差或沉默寡言的学生，使后者更加退缩，前者反而更加不动脑筋。第三，合作容易忽视个别差异，影响对合作感到不自然的学生的学习进步。最后，小组的成就过多依靠个体的成就，一旦有个体因为能力不足或不感兴趣，则会导致合作失败。

（十二）发现式学习模式

发现式学习是培养学生探索知识、发现知识为主要目标的一种教学模式。这种模式最根本的地方在于让学生像科学家的发现一样来体验知识产生的过程。布鲁纳(J.S.Bruner)认为发现式教学法有四个优点：

1．提高学生对知识的保持。

2．教学中提供了便于学生解决问题的信息，可增加学生的智慧潜能。

3．通过发现可以激励学生的内在动机，引发其对知识的兴趣。

4．学生获得了解决问题的技能。

根据许多心理学家对这种教学模式的研究，它更适合于低年级的教学，而且在课堂上运用太费时间，又难以掌握。

另外还有研讨教学模式、基于前概念的探究教学模式等，由于篇幅所限这里不再一一介绍。

教学模式是从教学的整体出发，根据教学的规律原则而归纳提炼出的包括教学形式和方法在内的具有典型性、稳定性、易学性的教学样式。简洁地说就是在一定教学理论指导下，以简化形式表示的关于教学活动的基本程序或框架。

教学模式包含着一定的教学思想以及在此教学思想指导下的课程设计、教学原则、师生活动结构、方式、手段等。在一种教育模式中可以集中多种教学方法。任何模式都不是僵死的教条，而是既稳定有发展变化的程序框架。

第五篇：国外农业产业化模式

国外农业产业化模式

国外农业产业化是伴随着工业化和城镇化逐步形成的。在农业产业化的浪潮中，各国的发展模式多种多样，北美、欧洲和一些发展中国家的经济作物、畜牧、水产、林业等产业，都普遍推行了农、工、商一体化的经营体制，有的已实行跨国经营，俄罗斯和东欧国家也纷纷出现了“农、工、商综合体”之类的模式。综合起来主要有以下几种：

1.合作社模式

合作社模式主要有农牧业生产合作、生产资料供应合作、产品加工销售合作、经营管理和技术信息咨询合作以及信贷保险合作等。这种模式在欧洲较普遍，大多是中、小农户自愿联合集体加工或销售，社务由全体社员协商，一人一票，民主议决，其收入一般是在扣留必要的公共积累后，按社员投入多少进行分配。在合作社巩固和发展的基础上，各地合作社又自愿按产业联合，逐步组成从地方到中央的联社。例如，芬兰25600个奶牛户（占全国80％），组成47个乳制品合作社，经营牛奶的加工和销售。经过资产重组，以股份制形式组成全国联社性质的公司，产品多达1400种，加工量占全国的77％，年营业额已达18亿美元之多，企业资本迅速扩张，竞争力大大增强；美国家庭农场一般都参加几个不同性质的合作社，平均每个农场参加2个合作社；在德国，几乎所有的农民都参加1～3个合作社，各种农民合作组织的最高联合机构是设在波恩的德国赖夫艾森合作联社，它代表农民在经济、法律、税收政策等方面的利益，负责咨询并设立合作组织基金，保持与政府及国内外农民合作组织的联系。

2.专业协会模式

这是一种以农民为主体自愿组成的社会团体，把分散的农场或农户通过市场开拓和技术、信息服务等环节联结起来，形成利益结合、互相依赖的社会化生产和销售服务体系。如日本的农业协同组合（简称农协），是以农民为主要成员，共同出资建立的农民自我服务组织，其组织系统包括区、县、中央三级，业务范围包括信贷、购买、销售和生产指导等，日本农协批发的农畜产品占批发总量的60％以上。澳大利亚设有全国羊毛协会、羊毛销售经纪人协会、羊毛出售商协会和羊毛加工者协会，分别代表羊毛生产者、经纪人、销售商和加工商的利益开展

业务。这四方面的代表共同组成澳大利亚羊毛交易所，经营全澳90％以上的羊毛销售。交易所在全国设立8个销售中心，每个销售中心是一大型的室内市场，陈列着各种展箱、样品以及质量鉴定书和价格标签，买主与经纪人签订购买合同，一般经纪人收到羊毛后两周内将其卖掉，收取货款。

3.企业集团模式

这是国际国内资本向农业倾斜而形成的综合或专业的企业集团。如意大利的全国农业合作社联合会菲亚特集团、皮雷利集团所经营的大型农场和公司以及水果收购、分级、贮存、保鲜、加工和销售的产、供、销一体化的综合企业。企业集团向农业生产者提供财政、物资和技术援助，参与农场（农户）的经营管理，并根据市场情况对农畜产品的品种、数量、质量、供货时间等提出严格要求，农业生产者必须按合同的约定进行大批量的、均衡的、标准化和高质量的生产，不能满足合同要求的农业生产者将被淘汰。近年来，跨国农业企业集团迅速崛起，它们在兼并有关食品加工企业之后，成为世界性的跨国农业集团。如可口可乐公司，1990年收买了与食品加工有关的销售额达39亿美元的华垂斯食品公司，一跃成为世界屈指可数的跨国农业综合企业。

4.其他模式

韩国的农协和产、学、管、研一体化模式。20世纪60年代以来，韩国农业在本国发展现代农业中一直起着举足轻重的支撑作用，它的主要任务是围绕发展农业和农村社区福利，开展资金存贷，生产要素购买，农产品仓储、运输、加工、营销、保险，以及与农业有关的研究、出版和教育等支持性活动，深受农民的欢迎。泰国的“农业工业化”战略与“政府＋公司＋银行＋农户”模式，使农业从单纯的原料供给者上升为制造业的参与者，使产品加工业成为泰国出口业的支柱，使农业和工业的关系进入一个谁也离不开谁的新阶段，使国民经济保持了持续快速发展的势头。前苏联的农业跨单位合作和农工一体化等等。

国外在农业产业化经营中，不管采取哪种模式，都是立足农业，发展农业一体化，以农业生产结构的转变推进一体化的发展，在一体化结构中加强农业社会化服务和政府积极采取措施，扶持一体化的发展。