TED演讲--如何掌控你的自由时间

第一篇：TED演讲--如何掌控你的自由时间

How to Manage Your Free Time When people find out I write about time management, Theyassume two things.One is that I'm always on time, and I'm not.I have four small children, and I would like to blame them for my occasional tardiness, but sometimes it's just not their fault.I was once late to my own speech on time management.We all had to just take a moment together and savor that irony.The second thing they assume is that I have lots of tips and tricks for saving bits of time here and there.Sometimes I'll hear from magazines that are doing a story along these lines, generally on how to help their readers find an extra hour in the day.And the idea is that we'll shave bits of time off everyday activities, add it up, and we'll have time for the good stuff.I question the entire premise of this piece, but I'm always interested in hearing what they've come up with before they call me.Some of my favorites: doing errands where you only have to make right-hand turns、Being extremely judicious in microwave usage: it says three to three-and-a-half minutes on the package, we're totally getting in on the bottom side of that.And my personal favorite, which makes sense on some level, is to DVR your favorite shows so you can fast-forward through the commercials.That way, you save eight minutes every half hour, so in the course of two hours of watching TV, you find 32 minutes to exercise.Which is true.You know another way to find 32 minutes to exercise? Don't watch two hours of TV a day, right? Anyway, the idea is we'll, save bits of time here and there, add it up, we will finally get to everything we want to do.But after studying how successful people spend their time and looking at their schedules hour by hour, I think this idea has it completely backward.We don't build the lives we want by saving time.We build the lives we want, and then time saves itself.Here's what I mean.I recently did a time diary project looking at 1,001 days in the lives of extremely busy women.They had demanding jobs, sometimes their own businesses, kids to care for, maybe parents to care for, community commitments...busy, busy people.I had them keep track of their time for a week, so I could add up how much they worked and slept, and I interviewed them about their strategies, for my book.One of the women whose time log I studied...she goes out on a Wednesday night for something.She comes home to find that her water heater has broken, and there is now water all over her basement.If you've ever had anything like this happen to you, you know it is a hugely damaging, frightening, sopping mess.So she's dealing with the immediate aftermath that night, next day she's got plumbers coming in, day after that, professional cleaning crew dealing with the ruined carpet.All this is being recorded on her time log.Winds up taking seven hours of her week.Seven hours.That's like finding an extra hour in the day.But I'm sure if you had asked her at the start of the week, “Could you find seven hours to train for a triathlon?” “Could you dind seven hours to mentor seven worthy people?” I'm sure she would've said what most of us would've said, which is, “No...can't you see how busy I am?” Yet when she had to find seven hours because there is water all over her basement, she found seven hours.And what this shows us is that time is highly elastic.We cannot make more time, but time will stretch to accommodate what we choose to put into it.And so the key to time management is treating our priorities as the equivalent of that broken water heater.To get at this, I like to use language from one of the busiest people I ever interviewed.By busy,I mean she was running a small business with 12 people on the payroll,she had six children in her spare time.I was getting in touch with her to set up an interview on how she “had it all”...that phrase.I remember it was a Thursday morning,and she was not available to speak with me.Of course,right? But the reason she was unavailable to speak with me is that she was out for a hike,because it was a beautiful spring morning,and she wanted to go for a hike.So of course this makes me even more intrigued,and when I finally do catch up with her,she explains it like this.She says,“Listen Laura,everything I do,every minute I spend,is my choice.”And rather than say,“I don't have time to do x,y or z,”she'd say,“I don't do x,y or z because it's not a priority.”“I don't have time,”often means“It's not a priority.”If you think about it,that's really more accurate language.I could tell you I don't have time to dust to dust my blinds,but that's not true.If you offered to pay me $100,000 to dust my blinds,I would get to it pretty quickly.Since that is not going to happen,I can acknowledge this is not a matter of lacking time,it's that I don't want to do it.Using this language reminds us that time is a choice.And granted,there may be horrible consequences for making different choices,I will give you that.But we are smart people,and certainly over the long run,we have the power to fill our lives with the things that deserve to be there.So how do we do that?How do we treat our priorities as the equivalent of that broken water heater? Well,first we need to figure out what they are.I want to give you two strategies for thinking about this.The first,on the professional side:I'm sure many people coming up to the end of the year are giving or getting annual performance reviews.You look back over your successes over the year,your “opportunities for growth.”And this serves its purpose,but I find it's more effective to do this looking forward.So I want you to pretend it's the end of next year.You're giving yourself a performance review（绩效评估）,and it has been an absolutely amazing year for you professionally.Write next year's review:What 3-5 things would make it a great year for you professionally.So you can write next year's performance review now.And you can do this for your personal life,too.I'm sure many of you,like me,come December,get cards that contain these folded up sheets of colored paper,on which written what is known as the family holiday letter.Bit of a wretched genre of literature,really,going on about how amazing everyone in the household is,or even more scintillating,how busy everyone in the household is.But these letters serve a purpose,which is that they tell your friends and family what you did in your personal life that mattered to you over the year.So this year's kind of done,but I want you to pretend it's the end of next year,and it has been an absolutely amazing year for you and the people you care about.Write the family hollday letter:What three to five things did you do that made it so amazing?So you can write next year's family holiday letter now.Don't send it.Please,don't send it.But you can write it.And now,between the performance review and the family holiday letter,we have a list of six to ten goals we can work on in the next year.And now we need to break these down into doable steps.So maybe you want to write a family history.First,you can read some other family histories,get a sense for the style.Then maybe think about the questions you want to ask your relatives,set up appointments to interview them.Or maybe you want to run a 5K.So you need to find a race and sign up,figure out a training plan,and dig those shoes out of the back of the closet.And then...this is key...we treat our priorities as the equivalent of that broken water heater,by putting them into our schedules first.We do this by thinking through our weeks before we are in them,I find a really good time to do this is Friday afternoons.Friday afternoon is what an economist might call a “low opportunity cost” time.Most of us are not sitting there on Friday afternoons saying,“I am excited to make progress toward my personal and professional priorities right now.”But we are willing to think about what those should be.So take a little bit of time Friday afternoon,make yourself a three-category priority list:career,relationships,self.Making a three-category list reminds us that there should be something in all three categories.Career,we think about;relationships,self...not so much.But anyway,just a short list,two to three items in each.Then look out over the whole of the next week,and see where you can plan them in.Where you plan them in is up to you.I know this is going to be more complicated for some people than others.I mean,some people's lives are just harder than others.It is not going to be easy to find time to take that poetry class if you are caring for multiple children on your own.I get that.And I don't want to minimize anyone's struggle.But I do think that the numbers I am about to tell you are empowering.There are 168 hours in a week.Twenty-four times seven is 168 hours.That is a lot of time.If you are working a full-time job,so 40 hours a week,sleeping eight hours a night,so 56 hours a week...that leaves 72 hours for other things.That is a lot of time.You say you're working 50 hours a week,maybe a main job and a side hustle.Well,that leaves 62 hours for other things.You say you're working 60 hours.Well,that leaves 52 hours for other things.You say you're working more than 60 hours.Well,are you sure?There was once a study comparing people's estimated work weeks with time diaries.They found that people claiming 75-plus-hour work weeks were off by about 25 hours.You can guess in which direction,right?Anyway,in 168 hours a week,I think we can find time for what matters to you.If you want to spend more time with your kids,you want to study more for a test you're taking,you want to exercise for three hours and volunteer for two,you can.And that's even if you're working way more than full-time hours.So we have plenty of time,which is great,because guess what? We don't even need that much time to do amazing things.But when most of us have bits of time,what do we do?Pull out the phone,right?Start deleting emails.Otherwise,we're puttering around the house or watching TV.But small moments can have great power.You can use your bits of time for bits of joy.Maybe it's choosing to read something wonderful on the bus on the way to work.I know when I had a job that required two bus rides and a subway ride every morning,I used to go to the library on weekends to get stuff to read.It made the whole experience almost,almost, enjoyable.Breaks at work can be used for meditating or praying.If family dinner is out because of your crazy work schedule,maybe family breakfast could be a good substitute.It's about looking at the whole of one's time and seeing where the good stuff can go.I truly believe this,there is time.Even if we are busy,we have time for what matters.And when we focus on what matters,we can build the lives we want in the time we've got.

第二篇：(TED英文演讲)如何掌控你的自由时间——观后感

“How to control your free time?”--------Feedback According to the speaker, the key to time management is not just use your fragmented time, but make use of time as planned with your aim.As the speaker said, “We don’t build the lives we want by saving time, we build the lives we want, and than time saves itself.” Perhaps you may be more exhausted on account of full of activities on your schedule.This is what the speaker pointed out that the traditional idea had completely been out of fashion.Time is highly elastic.Everything you do, every minute you spend, is your choice.You should build your aims so that you do things in your direction, then time can be fully taken advantage of.Well, the methods of time management the speaker told us could be divided into three steps.First of all, look forward to future and set up your new goals, which should be into small pieces and put the most essential on the top of your schedule.Secondly, find time for what matters to you, accomplish them in the order of priority.Third, it’s a good choice for you to free yourself in your fragmented time.Finally, I’d like to quote the speaker’s final words.“There is time.Even if we are busy, we have time for what matters.And when we focus on what matters, we can build the lives we want in the time we got.”

第三篇：TED演讲 健康的时间观念

Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time I want to share with you some ideas about the secret power of time, in a very short time.Video: All right, start the clock please.30 seconds studio.Keep it quiet please.Settle down.It's about time.End sequence.Take one.15 seconds studio.10, nine, eight, seven,six, five, four, three, two...Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation of the principals in Adam's temptation.“Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy.Take a bite.” “I did.” “One bite, Adam.Don't abandon Eve.” “I don't know, guys.I don't want to get in trouble.” “Okay.One bite.What the hell?”(Laughter)

Life is temptation.It's all about yielding, resisting, yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective,present focus and future focus.Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage--thank you George Bush--the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year.And most of them did so without using birth control.So much for promises.Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat.They can have one marshmallow now.But if they wait until the experimenter comes back, they can have two.Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait.What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation.They cannot wait.The others, of course, wait.They resist the temptation.They delay the now for later.Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford, went back 14 years later, to try to discover what was different about those kids.There were enormous differences between kids who resistedand kids who yielded, in many ways.The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT.That's enormous.That's like a whole set of different IQ points.They didn't get in as much trouble.They were better students.They were self-confident and determined.And the key for me today, the key for you, is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today.Time perspective is the study of how individuals, all of us, divide the flow of your human experience into time zones or time categories.And you do it automatically and non-consciously.They vary between cultures, between nations, between individuals, between social classes, between education levels.And the problem is that they can become biased, because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.What determines any decision you make? You make a decision on which you're going to base an action.For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation, what other people are doing and what you're feeling.And those people, when they make their decisions in that format--we're going to call them “present-oriented,” because their focus is what is now.For others, the present is irrelevant.It's always about “What is this situation like that I've

experienced in the past?” So that their decisions are based on past memories.And we're going to call those people “past-oriented,” because they focus on what was.For others it's not the past, it's not the present, it's only about the future.Their focus is always about anticipated consequences.Cost-benefit analysis.We're going to call them “future-oriented.” Their focus is on what will be.So, time paradox, I want to argue, the paradox of time perspective, is something that influences every decision you make, you're totally unaware of.Namely, the extent to which you have one of these biased time perspectives.Well there is actually six of them.There are two ways to be

present-oriented.There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future.You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative.You can be present-hedonistic,namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist--it doesn't matter, your life is controlled.You can be future-oriented, setting goals.Or you can be transcendental future:namely, life begins after death.Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly depending on the demands of the situation, that's what you've got to learn to do.So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile? High on past-positive.Moderately high on

future.And moderate on present-hedonism.And always low on past-negative and present-fatalism.So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past--past-positive gives you roots.You connect your family, identity and your self.What you get from the future is wings to soar to new destinations, new challenges.What you get from the present hedonism is the energy, the energy to explore yourself, places, people, sensuality.Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives.What do futures sacrifice for success? They sacrifice family time.They sacrifice friend time.They sacrifice fun time.They sacrifice personal indulgence.They sacrifice hobbies.And they sacrifice sleep.So it affects their health.And they live for work, achievement and control.I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters.(Laughter)

And it resonated for me.I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto, a Sicilian family--everyone lived in the past and present.I'm here as a future-oriented person who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented.Told me don't eat that marshmallow, because if you wait you're going to get two of them, until I learned to balance out.I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive, so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive, and I'm happier than I have ever been.I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems: changing the drop-out rates of school kids, combating addictions, enhancing teen health, curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors--getting miracle cures--promoting sustainability and conservation,reducing physical

rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate, altering appeals to suicidal terrorists, and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.So I want to end by saying: many of life's puzzles can be solved by understanding your time

perspective and that of others.And the idea is so simple, so obvious, but I think the consequences are really profound.Thank you so much.(Applause)

第四篇：TED演讲 健康的时间观念

Philip Zimbardo: The psychology of time I want to share with you some ideas about the secret power of time, in a very short time.Video: All right, start the clock please.30 seconds studio.Keep it quiet please.Settle down.It's about time.End sequence.Take one.15 seconds studio.10, nine, eight, seven,six, five, four, three, two...Philip Zimbardo: Let's tune into the conversation of the principals in Adam's temptation.“Come on Adam, don't be so wishy-washy.Take a bite.” “I did.” “One bite, Adam.Don't abandon Eve.” “I don't know, guys.I don't want to get in trouble.” “Okay.One bite.What the hell?”(Laughter)Life is temptation.It's all about yielding, resisting, yes, no, now, later, impulsive, reflective,present focus and future focus.Promised virtues fall prey to the passions of the moment.Of teenage girls who pledged sexual abstinence and virginity until marriage--thank you George Bush--the majority, 60 percent, yielded to sexual temptations within one year.And most of them did so without using birth control.So much for promises.Now lets tempt four-year-olds, giving them a treat.They can have one marshmallow now.But if they wait until the experimenter comes back, they can have two.Of course it pays, if you like marshmallows, to wait.What happens is two-thirds of the kids give in to temptation.They cannot wait.The others, of course, wait.They resist the temptation.They delay the now for later.Walter Mischel, my colleague at Stanford, went back 14 years later, to try to discover what was different about those kids.There were enormous differences between kids who resistedand kids who yielded, in many ways.The kids who resisted scored 250 points higher on the SAT.That's enormous.That's like a whole set of different IQ points.They didn't get in as much trouble.They were better students.They were self-confident and determined.And the key for me today, the key for you, is, they were future-focused rather than present-focused.So what is time perspective? That's what I'm going to talk about today.Time perspective is the study of how individuals, all of us, divide the flow of your human experience into time zones or time categories.And you do it automatically and non-consciously.They vary between cultures, between nations, between individuals, between social classes, between education levels.And the problem is that they can become biased, because you learn to over-use some of them and under-use the others.What determines any decision you make? You make a decision on which you're going to base an action.For some people it's only about what is in the immediate situation, what other people are doing and what you're feeling.And those people, when they make their decisions in that format--we're going to call them “present-oriented,” because their focus is what is now.For others, the present is irrelevant.It's always about “What is this situation like that I've experienced in the past?” So that their decisions are based on past memories.And we're going to call those people “past-oriented,” because they focus on what was.For others it's not the past, it's not the present, it's only about the future.Their focus is always about anticipated consequences.Cost-benefit analysis.We're going to call them “future-oriented.” Their focus is on what will be.So, time paradox, I want to argue, the paradox of time perspective, is something that influences every decision you make, you're totally unaware of.Namely, the extent to which you have one of these biased time perspectives.Well there is actually six of them.There are two ways to be present-oriented.There is two ways to be past-oriented, two ways to be future.You can focus on past-positive, or past-negative.You can be present-hedonistic,namely you focus on the joys of life, or present-fatalist--it doesn't matter, your life is controlled.You can be future-oriented, setting goals.Or you can be transcendental future:namely, life begins after death.Developing the mental flexibility to shift time perspectives fluidly depending on the demands of the situation, that's what you've got to learn to do.So, very quickly, what is the optimal time profile? High on past-positive.Moderately high on future.And moderate on present-hedonism.And always low on past-negative and present-fatalism.So the optimal temporal mix is what you get from the past--past-positive gives you roots.You connect your family, identity and your self.What you get from the future is wings to soar to new destinations, new challenges.What you get from the present hedonism is the energy, the energy to explore yourself, places, people, sensuality.Any time perspective in excess has more negatives than positives.What do futures sacrifice for success? They sacrifice family time.They sacrifice friend time.They sacrifice fun time.They sacrifice personal indulgence.They sacrifice hobbies.And they sacrifice sleep.So it affects their health.And they live for work, achievement and control.I'm sure that resonates with some of the TEDsters.(Laughter)And it resonated for me.I grew up as a poor kid in the South Bronx ghetto, a Sicilian family--everyone lived in the past and present.I'm here as a future-oriented person who went over the top, who did all these sacrifices because teachers intervened, and made me future oriented.Told me don't eat that marshmallow, because if you wait you're going to get two of them, until I learned to balance out.I've added present-hedonism, I've added a focus on the past-positive, so, at 76 years old, I am more energetic than ever, more productive, and I'm happier than I have ever been.I just want to say that we are applying this to many world problems: changing the drop-out rates of school kids, combating addictions, enhancing teen health, curing vets' PTSD with time metaphors--getting miracle cures--promoting sustainability and conservation,reducing physical rehabilitation where there is a 50-percent drop out rate, altering appeals to suicidal terrorists, and modifying family conflicts as time-zone clashes.So I want to end by saying: many of life's puzzles can be solved by understanding your time perspective and that of others.And the idea is so simple, so obvious, but I think the consequences are really profound.Thank you so much.(Applause)

第五篇：Ted演讲

私有制：中国经济奇迹的真正源泉

甚至连许多西方经济学家都认为,中国已经找到了主要依靠国家财政与控制的繁荣之路。但是，他们大错特错了。

2009年3月 • 黄亚生

美国式资本主义的可信性是全球金融危机中最早的牺牲品之一。随着雷曼兄弟银行的破产倒闭，全世界的权威评论家一窝蜂地唱衰美国经济理念——有限政府、最小限度的监管和对信贷的自由市场分配等。在考虑以何种模式取代没落的美国模式时，有些人把目光转向了中国。在中国，市场受到严格的监管，而金融机构则由国家控制。在经历了华尔街的溃败后，焦躁不安的弗朗西斯•福山在《新闻周刊》（Newsweek）上撰文指出，中国式的国家资本主义“看起来越来越有吸引力了。”《华盛顿邮报》（Washington Post）的专栏作家大卫•伊格内修斯为基于孔子思想的“新干预主义”在全球的出现而高声欢呼；伊格内修斯引用理查德•尼克松间接称颂经济学家凯恩斯（John Maynard Keynes）的话说：“现在我们都中国化了。”

但是，在宣布新的中国世纪的曙光到来之前，全球的领导人和高管们需要好好再想一想，中国活力的源泉到底是什么。说到中国经济奇迹产生的原因，获得广泛认可的看法——那是专家治国论的胜利，共产党依靠国家控制的企业实现了向市场经济的逐步转型——从各个重要方面来讲都错了。这种标准的看法认为，企业家精神、私有财产权、金融自由化和政治改革对中国的经济奇迹只发挥了很小的作用。但是，基于对中国政府的调查数据和中央及地方政府文件的详细分析，我的研究结论是，财产权和私营企业是高速增长和贫困水平降低最主要的激励因素。

我们经常读到这样的文章，认为渐进主义是中国成功地从马克思主义转型到市场经济的关键因素；许多文章称赞北京摒弃了俄罗斯式的休克疗法，采用更加务实的方法，创建了良好的商业环境，让私营企业有机地发展。这种观点认为，通过在上世纪80年代首先进行小范围改革，中国经济发展的自由度和市场导向水平逐渐提高，并在90年代后期积蓄了发展动力。但事实并非如此。实际发生的情况是，上世纪80年代进行的金融自由化和私营企业的早期地方性试验，催生了乡镇企业最初的蓬勃发展。正是这些早期的收获——而并非国家主导的大规模基础设施投资和90年代的城市化——为中国奇迹奠定了真正的基础。尽管有许多专家将中国宏大的基础设施项目和利用外国资金建设的崭新工厂与印度破败不堪的公路和微不足道的外国直接投资流进行比较，但这种观点夸大了公共开支和外国投资对中国发展的贡献。直到上世纪90年代后期以前，这两种因素在中国的影响力所占比重都不大——它们的出现比80年代宽松的金融控制和最初的乡镇企业发展大潮要晚得多。在上世纪80年代，中国经济的发展要比90年代快得多，并且产生了更好的社会效益：贫困人口下降，贫富差距缩小，而且劳动力在GDP中所占份额——衡量从经济发展中人均获益的指标——显著上升。从1978年到1988年，生活水平低于中国贫困线的农村人口减少了1.5亿以上。而在90年代，尽管GDP几乎都达到了两位数增长，并且实施了大规模的基础设施建设，但贫困人口数量却只下降了6,000万。此外，在80年代，中国经济增长主要靠投资而不是消费驱动的程度远不像今天这样严重。

换句话说，企业资本主义与国家资本主义不同，它不仅带来了增长，而且还对增长所带来的利益进行了广泛的分配。企业主义（Entrepreneurialism）既充满活力，又符合社会道德。

西方媒体总爱把像北京、上海和深圳这样的大城市称颂为生机勃勃的发展中心（见图表）。而中国的农村地区，即使被提到，也通常被形容为贫困的穷乡僻壤。但是，只要对经济数据进行仔细分析，就会发现，对中国现代化城市高楼大厦的这些令人震撼的描述完全是一种误导：事实上，中国的农村才具有最大的经济活力，而政府的强势干预已经窒息了中心城市的企业家精神和所有权。

后一种观点的重要性无论怎样强调都不过分。中国资本主义的发展历史事实上大部分都可以被描述为两个中国的斗争：由市场推动的、富有企业家精神的农村与由国家主导的城市之间的斗争。无论何时何地，只要中国农村占据优势地位，中国的资本主义就是企业式的、独立于政治的，并且是充满竞争活力的。无论何时何地，只要中国城市占据主导地位，中国的资本主义就会朝着依赖于政治和国家集权的方向发展。

上海是中国城市发展最显著的象征，其现代化的摩天大楼、外国奢侈品商店和全国最高的人均GDP使其成为中国的模范城市——一个国家资本主义获得成功的最好例证。事实果真如此吗？采用更具有实际意义的经济成就指标来衡量，上海的发展远不及温州。温州是位于上海南边数百英里以外一个浙江省的城市，这里是企业资本主义的一片乐土。上世纪80年代初期，使温州闻名于世的仅仅是它那勤劳的农民。当时，在温州的500万居民中，城市人口还不到10%。如今，温州是中国最具活力的城市，其数量众多的企业主宰着欧洲的服装市场。而相比之下，曾经是中国最早的实业家乐园的上海，如今却很少涌现出本土企业家。

温州的转型几乎完全是靠自由市场政策来实现的。早在1982年，当地官员就开始试行民间借贷、自由利率、存贷款机构的跨地区竞争，以及向私营企业提供贷款等。温州市政府还大力保护私营企业家的财产权，并从其他诸多方面使城市更有利于企业的发展。

本土企业为民生福祉带来了什么变化吗？非常多。按人均GDP计，上海几乎是温州所在的浙江省的两倍（难以获得温州人均GDP的详细数据）。但是，如果衡量家庭收入——一般居民的实际的支出能力——这两个地区的繁荣程度就旗鼓相当了。2006年，一个典型上海居民的家庭收入比一个典型浙江居民的家庭收入高13%，但上海居民的非工薪收入水平（如政府福利）却几乎是浙江居民的两倍。两地居民的平均劳动收入大体相当。平均来看，上海居民从经营企业中获得的收入比浙江居民低44%，而从所拥有的资产中获得的收入则要低34%。这就意味着：国家资本主义可以提高城市高楼大厦的楼高和GDP的统计数据，但并未提升居民的实际生活水平。

如果研究一下浙江省与其北部近邻江苏省的经济状况，这种对比就会更加清晰。这两个省份可以进行近乎完美的比较。它们的地理条件差不多相同：都是沿海省份，江苏位于上海北面，而浙江位于上海南面。它们还拥有相似的企业发展历史：都对解放前上海的实业家

和企业家阶层做出过重大贡献。然而，在改革以后的若干年里，江苏省吸引了外国投资并从公共建设工程开支中受益颇多，而浙江省却不然。这种差异产生了令人吃惊的结果。

20年前，江苏省比浙江省更为富庶，但如今却比浙江穷，在每一项重要的经济和社会福利指标上都落后于浙江。平均来看，浙江居民的资产性收入要大大高于其北方邻省的居民，他们居住的房子更大，拥有电话、计算机、彩电、相机或汽车的比例更高。浙江的婴儿死亡率更低，浙江人的平均预期寿命更长，识字率也更高。值得注意的是，浙江的收入不平等程度也远远低于江苏。应该如何解释浙江更胜一筹的繁荣呢？最令人信服的解释是，在江苏，政府对经济干预过多，歧视本地企业而青睐外国资本；而浙江的官员则让本土企业家拥有自由支配权，允许他们构建更大、更富有活力的本地供应链。

中国经济奇迹的真正难解之处并不是其经济如何发展，而是西方专家为何对其发展历程的理解错误百出。一个原因是，这些外来旁观者误解了构成中国经济体系最基本的元素之一——乡镇企业——的性质。一些西方最知名的经济学家将乡镇企业称为具有中国特色——具有创新意义的混合体，在政府的控制下实现了高速增长——的资本主义象征。例如，诺贝尔奖得主约瑟夫•斯蒂格里兹就称赞乡镇企业为从社会主义到资本主义转型时最常见的问题——私人投资者的资产剥离——提供了具有独创性的解决方案1他认为，这些企业既具有公有制的形式，可以避免被掠夺，同时又能实现私营企业的高效率。

简而言之，西方经济学家常常认为乡镇企业归乡镇政府所有。就在2005年，另一位诺贝尔奖得主道格拉斯•罗斯在《华尔街日报》上撰文指出，乡镇企业“与经济学中的标准企业很少有相似之处” 2。但有证据表明，情况并非如此。在中国国务院1984年3月1日发布的一份政策性文件中，第一次正式提到了乡镇企业的名称。该文件将它们定义为“由乡镇主办的企业、由农民组成的联合企业、其他联合企业和个体企业。”“由乡镇主办的企业”一词指的是归乡镇所有并管理的集体企业。该政策文件中提到的所有其他企业均为私营企业：个人所有的企业或有多个股东的较大型企业——都是严格意义上的“经济学中的标准企业”。官方对“乡镇企业”一词的使用具有非常显著的一致性：它一直是既包括私营企业，也包括政府主办的企业。

西方经济学家之所以会犯错误，是因为他们认定该名称涉及到所有制。但中国官方却从地理含义上去理解它——位于乡镇的企业。中国农业部的记录证明，私人拥有并管理的企业实体在乡镇企业中占绝大部分。在1985年到2002年期间，集体所有制企业的数量于1986年达到顶峰，为173万家，而私营企业的数量却迅猛增长，从大约1050万家增加到超过2,000万家。换句话说，在改革时期，乡镇企业数量的增长完全归功于私营企业。到1990年，在改革的头10年中，此类私营企业雇用的劳动力数量占到了乡镇企业雇用劳动力总数的50%，而税后利润则占到了58%。

对中国发展的真正源泉的思想混乱也搅乱了外国人对中国企业出现在国际市场上的理解认知。人们常说，中国为全球竞争带来了新的企业模式，国家所有制与明智的运用政府对金融的控制相结合，创造了独一无二的竞争力源泉。计算机制造商联想公司就经常被赞颂为中国非传统商业环境中的一个杰作。

但是，联想的成功大部分要归功于其早期便在香港注册并在香港募集资本的能力，而香港被认为是世界上最自由的市场经济。1984年，联想公司从中国科学院获得了第一笔启

动资金，但其后所有重大投资的资金均来自于香港3。1988年，该公司从总部位于香港的中国技术公司获得了90万港币（11.6万美元）的投资，成立了合资公司，使联想能够将香港作为其法定的公司所在地。1993年，香港联想公司在香港证券交易所首次公开上市，集资1,200万美元。联想公司是香港基于市场的金融与法律体系的成功故事，而并非中国由国家控制的金融体系的成功案例。

当中国在汲取华尔街崩溃的教训，并准备应对全球经济低迷之时，它可能做的最糟糕的事情莫过于去接受它已经发现了比自由市场更高效的发展模式的说法。中国经济奇迹的真正经验其实非常传统——基于私有制和自由市场金融。中国的经验为全世界提供了非常及时的提示：旨在鼓励这些力量发展的改革的确奏效。

作者简介：

黄亚生，麻省理工学院Sloan管理学院副教授，从事政治经济学的教学工作，创建并管理麻省理工学院的中国和印度实验室，该实验室旨在帮助本土企业家提高管理技能。本文摘自其《具有中国特色的资本主义：企业精神与国家》（Capitalism with Chinese Characteristics: Entrepreneurship and the State）一书。