ted演讲：如何成为一个更好的交谈者(中英对照)

第一篇：ted演讲：如何成为一个更好的交谈者(中英对照)

TED演讲：如何成为一个更好的交谈者？（中英对照）

Celeste Headlee 是一个靠交谈吃饭的人，她的工作是电台主持人。在几十年的工作中，她学到了很多沟通技巧，同时也发现居然有如此多的人真的很不会聊天。

下面是她在 TED 上分享的 10 条提高谈话质量的方法。全是干货，来一起学习：【视频请在wifi情况下观看，文字为中英对照】如何成为一个更好的交谈者格鲁吉亚公共广播节目主持人：Celeste Headlee 首先，我想让大家举手示意一下，有多少人曾经在 Facebook 上拉黑过好友，因为他们发表过关于政治，宗教，儿童权益，或者食物等不恰当的言论，有多少人至少有一个不想见的人，因为你就是不想和对方说话？

All right, I want to see a show of hands how many of you have unfriended someone on Facebook because they said something offensive about politics or religion, childcare, food? And how many of you know at least one person that you avoid because you just don’t want to talk to them? 要知道，在过去想要一段礼貌的交谈我们只要遵循亨利﹒希金斯在《窈窕淑女》中的忠告，只谈论天气和你的健康状况就行了。但这些年随着气候变化以及反对疫苗运动的开展——这招不怎么管用了。因此，在我们生活的这个世界，这个每一次交谈都有可能发展为争论的世界，政客无法彼此交谈。甚至为那些鸡毛蒜皮的事情，都有人群情绪激昂地赞成或者反对，这太不正常了。皮尤研究中心对一万名美国成年人做了一次调查，发现此刻我们的偏激程度，我们立场鲜明的程度，比历史上任何时期都要高。

You know, it used to be that in order to have a polite conversation, we just had to follow the advice of Henry Higgins in “My Fair Lady”: Stick to the weather and your health.But these days, with climate change and anti-vaxxing, those subjects—are not safe either.So this world that we live in, this world in which every conversation has the potential to devolve into an argument, where our politicians can’t speak to one another, and where even the most trivial of issues have someone fighting both passionately for it and against it, it’s not normal.Pew Research did a study of 10,000 American adults, and they found that at this moment, we are more polarized;we are more divided than we ever have been in history.我们更不倾向于妥协，这意味着我们没有倾听彼此。我们做的各种决定，选择生活在何处，与谁结婚甚至和谁交朋友，都只基于我们已有的信念。再重复一遍，这只说明我们没有倾诉彼此。

交谈需要平静讲述和倾听，而不知怎么的，我们却偏偏失去了这种平衡。技术进步是部分原因，比如智能手机，现在就在你们手里，或者就在旁边，随手就能拿到。

We are less likely to compromise, which means we’re not listening to each other.And we make decisions about where to live, who to marry and even who our friends are going to be based on what we already believe.Again, that means we’re not listening to each other.A conversation requires a balance between talking and listing, and somewhere along the way, we lost that balance.Now, part of that is due to technology.The smartphones that you all either have in your hands or close enough that you could grab them really quickly.根据皮尤的研究，大约三分之一的美国青少年每天发送超过一百条短信。而这中间很多人，几乎是所有人，更倾向于给朋友发短信，而不是面对面的交谈。

《大西洋》杂志等过一篇很棒的文章，作者是高中教室保罗﹒巴恩维尔。他给自己的学生一项交流任务，希望教会他们如何不借助笔记针对某一话题发表演讲。然后他说：“我开始意识到…我开始意识到交流能力，可能是最被我们忽视的，没有好好教授的技能。孩子每天花费数小时通过屏幕接触创意和其他伙伴，但很少有机会去发觉自己的人际交往技能。” 这听起来很好笑，但我们必须问问自己：“21世纪，有什么技能会比维持一段连贯、自信的谈话更为重要？”

According to the Pew Research, About a third of American teenagers send more than a hundred texts a day.And many of them, almost most of them, are more likely to text their friends than they are to talk to them face to face.There’s this great piece in The Atlantic.It was written by a high school teacher named Paul Barnwell.And he gave his kids a communication project.He wanted to teach them how to speak on a specific subject without using notes.And he said this:” I came to realize…”“I came to realize that conversational competence might be the single most overlooked skill we fail to teach.Kids spend hours each day engaging with ideas and each other through screens, but rarely do they have an opportunity to hone their interpersonal communications skills.It might sound like a funny question, but we have to ask ourselves.Is there any 21st-century skill more important than being able to sustain coherent, confident conversation?” 现在，我的职业就是跟别人谈话。诺贝尔奖获得者、卡车司机、亿万富翁、幼儿园老师、州长、水管工。我和我喜欢的人交谈，也和我不喜欢的人交谈。我和在个人层面非常不同的人交谈。但我仍旧和他们有很好的交流。所以，我希望接下来的 10 分钟教你们如何谈话，以及如何倾听。

你们中间很多人以及听过无数建议，比如看着对方的眼睛，提前想好可以讨论的有趣话题，注视，点头并且微笑来表明你的专注，重复你刚才听到的，或者做总结。

我想让你们忘掉所有这些，全部没用。根本没有必要去学习如何表现你的很专心，如果你确实很专心。我其实是把作为职业访谈者一模一样的技巧，用在了日常生活中。Now, I make my living talking to people: Nobel Prize winners, truck drivers, billionaires, kindergarten teachers, heads of state, plumbers.I talk to people that I like.I talk to people that I don’t like.I talk to some people that I disagree with deeply on a personal level.But I still have a great conversation with them.So I’d like to spend the next 10 minutes or so teaching you how to talk and how to listen.Many of you have already heard a lot of advice on this, things like look the person in the eye, things of interesting topics to discuss in advance, look, nod and smile to show that you’re paying attention, repeat back what you just heard or summarize it.So I want you to forget all of that.It is crap.There is no reason to learn how to show you’re paying attention, if you are in fact paying attention.Now, I actually use the exact same skills as a professional interviewer that I do in regular life.好，我要来教你们如何采访他人，这其实会帮助你们学习如何成为更好的沟通者。

学习开始一段交谈，不浪费时间，不感到无聊，以及最重要的是，不冒犯任何人。我们都曾有过很棒的交谈。我们曾有过，我们知道那是什么感觉，那种结束之后令你感到很享受，很受鼓舞的交谈，或者令你觉得你和别人建立了真实的连接，或者让你完全得到了他人的理解。没有理由说，你大部分人际互动不能成为那样，我有 10 条基本规则，我会一条条给你们解释，但说真的，如果你选择一条并且熟练掌握，你就已经可以享受更愉快的交谈了。

So, I’m going to teach you how to interview people, and that’s actually going to help you learn how to be better conversationalists.Learn to have a conversation without wasting your time, without getting bored, and, please God, without offending anybody.We’ve all had really great conversations.We’ve had them before.We know what it’s like.The kind of conversation where you walk away feeling engaged and inspired, or where you feel like you’ve made a real connection or you’ve been perfectly understood.There is no reason why most of your interactions can’t be like that.So I have 10 basic rules.I’m going to walk you through all of them, but honestly, if you just choose one of them and master it, you’ll already enjoy better conversations.第一条：不要三心二意。

我不是说单纯放下你的手机、平板电脑、车钥匙，或者随便什么握在手里的东西。我的意思是，处在当下。进入那个情境中去。不要想着你之前和老板的争吵。不要想着你晚饭吃什么。如果你想退出交谈，就退出交谈，但不要身在曹营心在汉。

Number one: Don't multitask.And I don't mean just set down your cell phone or your tablet or your car keys or whatever is in your hand.I mean, be present.Be in that moment.Don't think about your argument you had with your boss.Don't think about what you're going to have for dinner.If you want to get out of the conversation, get out of the conversation, but don't be half in it and half out of it.第二条：不要好为人师。

如果你想要表达自己的看法，又不想留下任何机会让人回应、争论、反驳或阐发，写博客去。有个很好的理由来说明我的谈话里为什么不允许有“专家说教”：因为真的很无聊。如果对方是个保守派，那一定讨厌奥巴马、食品券和堕胎。如果对方是个自由派，那一定会讨厌大银行、石油公司和迪克·切尼。完全可以预测的。你肯定不希望那样。

你需要在进入每一次交流时都假定自己可以学习到一些东西。著名的治疗师M.斯科特·派克说过，真正的倾听需要把自己放在一边。有时候，这意味着把你的个人观点放在一边。他说感受到这种接纳，说话的人会变得越来越不脆弱敏感，因而越来越有可能打开自己的内心世界，呈现给倾听者。

再强调一遍，假定你需要学习新东西。比尔·奈伊说：“每一个你将要见到的人都有你不知道的东西。”我来复述一下：每个人都是某方面的专家。Number two: Don't pontificate.If you want to state your opinion without any opportunity for response or argument or pushback or growth, write a blog.Now, there's a really good reason why I don't allow pundits on my show: Because they're really boring.If they're conservative, they're going to hate Obama and food stamps and abortion.If they’re liberal, they're going to hate big banks and oil corporations and Dick Cheney.Totally predictable.And you don't want to be like that.You need to enter every conversation assuming that you have something to learn.The famed therapist M.Scott Peck said that true listening requires a setting aside of oneself.And sometimes that means setting aside your personal opinion.He said that sensing this acceptance, the speaker will become less and less vulnerable and more and more likely to open up the inner recesses of his or her mind to the listener.Again, assume that you have something to learn.Bill Nye: 'Everyone you will ever meet knows something that you don't.' I put it this way: Everybody is an expert in something.第三条：使用开放式问题。

关于这一点，请参考记者采访的提问方式。以“谁”、“ 什么”、“ 何时”、“ 何地”、“ 为什么”或“如何”开始提问。

如果你询问一个复杂的问题将会得到一个简单的回答。如果我问你：“你当时恐惧吗？”你会回应那句话中最有力的词，即“恐惧”，而答案将是 “是的”或者“不是”。“你当时气愤吗？”“是的，我当时气得很。”

让对方去描述，对方才是了解情境的人。试着这样问对方：“那是什么样子？”，“你感觉怎么样？”因为这样一来，对方可能需要停下来想一想，而你会得到更有意思的回答。Number three: Use open-ended questions.In this case, take a cue from journalists.Start your questions with who, what, when, where, why or how.If you put in a complicated question, you’re going to get a simple answer out.If I ask you 'Were you terrified?' you're going to respond to the most powerful word in that sentence, which is 'terrified and the answer is 'Yes, I was' or 'No, I wasn’t.' 'Were you angry?' 'Yes, I was very angry.' Let them describe it.They're the ones that know.Try asking them things like, 'What was that like?' 'How did that feel?' Because then they might have to stop for a moment and think about it, and you're going to get a much more interesting response.第四条：顺其自然。

也就是说，想法会自然流入你的头脑，而你需要将它们表达出来。我们常听到采访中嘉宾说了几分钟，然后主持人回过来问问题，这问题好像不知道从何而来或者已经被回答过了。这说明主持人可能两分钟前就没在听，因为他想到了这个非常机智的问题，于是就心心念念想着问这个问题。我们同样也会这么干。当我们和某人坐在一起交谈时，我们突然想起那次和休·杰克曼在咖啡店的偶遇。Number four: Go with the flow.That means thoughts will come into your mind and you need to let them go out of your mind.We've heard interviews often in which a guest is talking for several minutes and then the host comes back in and asks a question which seems like it comes out of nowhere, or it's already been answered.That means the host probably stopped listening two minutes ago because he thought of this really clever question, and he was just bound and determined to say that.And we do the exact same thing.We're sitting there having a conversation with someone, and then we remember that time that we met Hugh Jack man in a coffee shop.第五条：如果你不知道，就说你不知道。

广播节目里的人，尤其在全国公共广播电台（NPR）中，非常明白他们的谈话会被播放出去。所以他们对自己声称专业的地方以及言之凿凿的东西会更加小心。要学着这样做，谨言慎行，谈话应该是负责任的行为。

Number five: If you don't know, say that you don't know.Now, people on the radio, especially on NPR, are much more aware that they're going on the record, and so they're more careful about what they claim to be an expert in and what they claim to know for sure.Do that.Err on the side of caution.Talk should not be cheap.第六条：不要把自己的经历和他人比较。

如果对方谈论失去了家人，不要就势开始说你失去家人的事情。如果对方在说工作上的困扰，不要告诉他们你多么讨厌你的工作。这不一样的，永远不可能一样。任何经历都是独一无二的。而且，更重要的是，这不是在谈论你的事。你不需要在此刻证明你多么能干，或者你经受了多少痛苦。有人曾问史蒂芬·霍金他的智商是多少，他回答道：“我不知道。拿智商吹牛的人都是屌丝。”

Number six: Don’t equate your experience with theirs.If they're talking about having lost a family member, don't start talking about the time you lost a family member.If they're talking about the trouble they're having at work, don't tell them about how much you hate your job.It's not the same.It is never the same.All experiences are individual.And, more importantly, it is not about you.You don’t need to take that moment to prove how amazing you are or how much you’ve suffered.Somebody asked Stephen Hawking once what his IQ was, and he said, 'I have no idea.People who brag about their IQs are losers.' 第七条：尽量别重复自己的话。

这很咄咄逼人，也很无聊。但我们很容易这样做。尤其是在工作交谈中，或者和孩子的交谈中。我们想声明一个观点，于是换着方式不停地说，别这样。Number seven: Try not to repeat yourself.It's condescending, and it's really boring, and we tend to do it a lot.Especially in work conversations or in conversations with our kids, we have a point to make, so we just keep rephrasing it over and over.Don't do that.第八条：少说废话。

说白了，没人在乎那些年份、名字、日期等等这些你努力试图在脑中回想的种种细节，别人不在乎，他们关注的是你，对方关心你是什么样的人，和你有什么共同点。所以忘掉细节吧，别管它们。

Number eight: Stay out of the weeds.Frankly, people don't care about the years, the names, the dates, all those details that you're struggling to come up with in your mind.They don't care.What they care about is you.They care about what you're like, what you have in common.So forget the details.Leave them out.第九条：这不是最后一条，但是最重要的一条。认真倾听。我说不上来到底有多少重要人士都说过倾听可能是最重要的，第一重要的你可以提升的技能。佛曰——我转述一下，“如果你嘴不停，你就学不到东西。”卡尔文·柯立芝曾说：“从没有人是因为听太多而被开除的。”

Number nine: This is not the last one, but it is the most important one.Listen.I cannot tell you how many really important people have said that listening is perhaps the most, the number one most important skill that you could develop.Buddha said, and I'm paraphrasing, 'If your mouth is open, you’re not learning.' And Calvin Coolidge said, 'No man ever listened his way out of a job.' 第十条：简明扼要。

“好的交谈就像恰到好处的迷你裙；足够短，能够吸引人，又足够长，能够包纳（盖住）主体——我妹妹的比喻”，所有这些都浓缩成同一个概念，那就是：对他人产生兴趣。我在一个名人外公身边长大，我家里宾客络绎不绝。访客会前来和我的外祖父母交谈，而那些人离开后，我母亲会过来对我们说：“你们知道那是谁吗？她是美国小姐的亚军。他是萨克拉门托市长。她拿过普利策奖。他是俄罗斯芭蕾舞蹈家。”

我在成长中默认了每个人都有不为人知的精彩。说真的，我想是这一切让我成为了更好的主持人。我尽量少说话，但开放自己的思想，永远准备着大吃一惊，而我从不会感到失望。你们也可以这样。走出门去，和别人交谈，听别人说，以及最重要的，准备好大吃一惊。

One more rule, number 10, and it's this one: Be brief.[A good conversation is like a miniskirt;short enough to retain interest, but long enough to cover the subject.--My Sister] All of this boils down to the same basic concept, and it is this one: Be interested in other people.You know, I grew up with a very famous grandfather, and there was kind of a ritual in my home.People would come over to talk to my grandparents, and after they would leave, my mother would come over to us, and she'd say, 'Do you know who that was? She was the runner-up to Miss America.He was the mayor of Sacramento.She won a Pulitzer Prize.He's a Russian ballet dancer.' And I kind of grew up assuming everyone has some hidden, amazing thing about them.And honestly, I think it's what makes me a better host.I keep my mouth shut as often as I possibly can, I keep my mind open, and I'm always prepared to be amazed, and I'm never disappointed.You do the same thing.Go out, talk to people, listen to people, and, most importantly, be prepared to be amazed.以上就是今天分享的全部内容。不冒犯任何人，不三心二意，不好为人师，不要把自己的经历和他人比较，认真倾听，谨言慎行，但开放自己的思想，永远准备着大吃一惊。希望 Celeste Headlee 几十年工作总结出的 10 条交谈心得能帮助大家在与人沟通上更游刃有余。

-END-“设计”是商业工具，“设计力”则是创造性的商业思维和方法，未来所有公司都将是设计公司。新物种方法论下，“设计力” 如何从商品附加功能转变为商品核心价值？为什么“设计力”是每个组织、品牌、个人最应该掌握的跨领域科学思维？以用户情绪流动为核心，融合场景、用户行为的“设计力”商业应用方法是什么？新物种学院一期一会之“设计力”报名中，详情请点击??▼关注场景实验室第一时间获取场景、超级IP、新物种的干货内容有任何想法、问题与建议，欢迎留言与我们互动

第二篇：TED演讲如何成为一个更好的交谈者

TED演讲:如何成为一个更好的交谈者?

如何成为一个好的交谈者?我们一定听过很多这方面的建议，例如：要看着对方的眼睛，提前想好可以讨论的有趣话题，注视和点头并且微笑来表明你的专注，重复你刚才听到的，或者做总结等。本次TED演讲者Celeste Headlee女士认为这些技巧完全没用，我们可以将它们丢在一边，因为如果你交谈时确实很专心的话，就根本没必要去学习如何表现你很专心的技巧。让我们洗耳聆听她这次给大家带来的最新也是最实用关于如何成为更好交谈者的十条建议吧。

When your job hinges on how well you talk to people, you learn a lot about how to haveconversations — and that most of us don't converse very well.Celeste Headlee has worked as aradio host for decades, and she knows the ingredients of a great conversation: Honesty, brevity,clarity and a healthy amount of listening.In this insightful talk, she shares 10 useful rules forhaving better conversations.“Go out, talk to people, listen to people,” she says.“And, mostimportantly, be prepared to be amazed.” TED演讲英文文稿: TED演讲中文文稿:

00:11All right, I want to see a show of hands: how many of you have unfriended someone onFacebookbecause they said something offensive about politics or religion, childcare, food? 00:22(Laughter)00:24And how many of you know at least one person that you avoid because you just don't want to talkto them? 00:29(Laughter)00:31You know, it used to be that in order to have a polite conversation, we just had to follow the adviceof Henry Higgins in “My Fair Lady”: Stick to the weather and your health.But these days, withclimate change and anti-vaxxing, those subjects--00:43(Laughter)00:45are not safe either.So this world that we live in, this world in which every conversation has thepotential to devolve into an argument, where our politicians can't speak to one another and whereeven the most trivial of issues have someone fighting both passionately for it and against it, it's notnormal.Pew Research did a study of 10,000 American adults, and they found that at this moment,we are more polarized, we are more divided, than we ever have been in history.We're less likelyto compromise,which means we're not listening to each other.And we make decisions aboutwhere to live, who to marry and even who our friends are going to be, based on what we alreadybelieve.Again, that means we're not listening to each other.A conversation requires a balancebetween talking and listening, and somewhere along the way, we lost that balance.01:34Now, part of that is due to technology.The smartphones that you all either have in your hands orclose enough that you could grab them really quickly.According to Pew Research, about a third ofAmerican teenagers send more than a hundred texts a day.And many of them, almost most ofthem, are more likely to text their friends than they are to talk to them face to face.There's thisgreat piece in The Atlantic.It was written by a high school teacher named Paul Barnwell.And hegave his kids a communication project.He wanted to teach them how to speak on a specificsubject without using notes.And he said this: “I came to realize...” 02:07(Laughter)02:11“I came to realize that conversational competence might be the single most overlooked skill we failto teach.Kids spend hours each day engaging with ideas and each other through screens, butrarely do they have an opportunity to hone their interpersonal communications skills.It mightsound like a funny question, but we have to ask ourselves: Is there any 21st-century skill moreimportant than being able to sustain coherent, confident conversation?” 02:38Now, I make my living talking to people: Nobel Prize winners, truck drivers, billionaires,kindergarten teachers, heads of state, plumbers.I talk to people that I like.I talk to people that Idon't like.I talk to some people that I disagree with deeply on a personal level.But I still have agreat conversation with them.So I'd like to spend the next 10 minutes or so teaching you how totalk and how to listen.03:03Many of you have already heard a lot of advice on this, things like look the person in the eye, thinkof interesting topics to discuss in advance, look, nod and smile to show that you're payingattention,repeat back what you just heard or summarize it.So I want you to forget all of that.It iscrap.03:23(Laughter)03:26There is no reason to learn how to show you're paying attention if you are in fact paying attention.03:34(Laughter)03:35(Applause)03:38Now, I actually use the exact same skills as a professional interviewer that I do in regular life.So,I'm going to teach you how to interview people, and that's actually going to help you learn how tobe better conversationalists.Learn to have a conversation without wasting your time, withoutgetting bored, and, please God, without offending anybody.03:59We've all had really great conversations.We've had them before.We know what it's like.The kindof conversation where you walk away feeling engaged and inspired, or where you feel like you'vemade a real connection or you've been perfectly understood.There is no reason why most of yourinteractions can't be like that.04:17So I have 10 basic rules.I'm going to walk you through all of them, but honestly, if you just chooseone of them and master it, you'll already enjoy better conversations.04:26Number one: Don't multitask.And I don't mean just set down your cell phone or your tablet or yourcar keys or whatever is in your hand.I mean, be present.Be in that moment.Don't think aboutyour argument you had with your boss.Don't think about what you're going to have for dinner.Ifyou want to get out of the conversation, get out of the conversation, but don't be half in it and halfout of it.04:49Number two: Don't pontificate.If you want to state your opinion without any opportunity forresponse or argument or pushback or growth, write a blog.05:01(Laughter)05:04Now, there's a really good reason why I don't allow pundits on my show: Because they're reallyboring.If they're conservative, they're going to hate Obama and food stamps and abortion.Ifthey're liberal, they're going to hate big banks and oil corporations and Dick Cheney.Totallypredictable.And you don't want to be like that.You need to enter every conversation assumingthat you have something to learn.The famed therapist M.Scott Peck said that true listeningrequires a setting aside of oneself.And sometimes that means setting aside your personalopinion.He said that sensing this acceptance, the speaker will become less and lessvulnerable and more and more likely to open up the inner recessesof his or her mind to thelistener.Again, assume that you have something to learn.05:51Bill Nye: “Everyone you will ever meet knows something that you don't.” I put it thisway: Everybody is an expert in something.06:02Number three: Use open-ended questions.In this case, take a cue from journalists.Start yourquestions with who, what, when, where, why or how.If you put in a complicated question, you'regoing to get a simple answer out.If I ask you, “Were you terrified?” you're going to respond to themost powerful word in that sentence, which is “terrified,” and the answer is “Yes, I was” or “No, Iwasn't.” “Were you angry?” “Yes, I was very angry.” Let them describe it.They're the ones thatknow.Try asking them things like, “What was that like?” “How did that feel?” Because then theymight have to stop for a moment and think about it, and you're going to get a much moreinteresting response.06:39Number four: Go with the flow.That means thoughts will come into your mind and you need to letthem go out of your mind.We've heard interviews often in which a guest is talking for severalminutes and then the host comes back in and asks a question which seems like it comes out ofnowhere, or it's already been answered.That means the host probably stopped listening twominutes ago because he thought of this really clever question, and he was just bound anddetermined to say that.And we do the exact same thing.We're sitting there having a conversationwith someone, and then we remember that time that we met Hugh Jackman in a coffee shop.07:16(Laughter)07:17And we stop listening.Stories and ideas are going to come to you.You need to let them come andlet them go.07:25Number five: If you don't know, say that you don't know.Now, people on the radio, especially onNPR,are much more aware that they're going on the record, and so they're more careful aboutwhat they claim to be an expert in and what they claim to know for sure.Do that.Err on the side ofcaution.Talk should not be cheap.07:45Number six: Don't equate your experience with theirs.If they're talking about having lost a familymember, don't start talking about the time you lost a family member.If they're talking about thetrouble they're having at work, don't tell them about how much you hate your job.It's not the same.It is never the same.All experiences are individual.And, more importantly, it is not about you.Youdon't need to take that moment to prove how amazing you are or how much you'vesuffered.Somebody asked Stephen Hawking once what his IQ was, and he said, “I have no idea.People who brag about their IQs are losers.” 08:20(Laughter)08:22Conversations are not a promotional opportunity.08:27Number seven: Try not to repeat yourself.It's condescending, and it's really boring, and we tend todo it a lot.Especially in work conversations or in conversations with our kids, we have a point tomake, so we just keep rephrasing it over and over.Don't do that.08:45Number eight: Stay out of the weeds.Frankly, people don't care about the years, the names, thedates, all those details that you're struggling to come up with in your mind.They don't care.Whatthey care about is you.They care about what you're like, what you have in common.So forget thedetails.Leave them out.09:07Number nine: This is not the last one, but it is the most important one.Listen.I cannot tell you howmany really important people have said that listening is perhaps the most, the number one mostimportant skill that you could develop.Buddha said, and I'm paraphrasing, “If your mouth is open,you're not learning.” And Calvin Coolidge said, “No man ever listened his way out of a job.” 09:31(Laughter)09:33Why do we not listen to each other? Number one, we'd rather talk.When I'm talking, I'm incontrol.I don't have to hear anything I'm not interested in.I'm the center of attention.I can bolstermy own identity.But there's another reason: We get distracted.The average person talks at about225 word per minute, but we can listen at up to 500 words per minute.So our minds are filling inthose other 275 words.And look, I know, it takes effort and energy to actually pay attention tosomeone, but if you can't do that, you're not in a conversation.You're just two people shouting outbarely related sentences in the same place.10:13(Laughter)10:15You have to listen to one another.Stephen Covey said it very beautifully.He said, “Most of us don'tlisten with the intent to understand.We listen with the intent to reply.” 10:27One more rule, number 10, and it's this one: Be brief.10:31[A good conversation is like a miniskirt;short enough to retain interest, but long enough to coverthe subject.--My Sister] 10:37(Laughter)10:39(Applause)All of this boils down to the same basic concept, and it is this one: Be interested inother people.10:49You know, I grew up with a very famous grandfather, and there was kind of a ritual in myhome.People would come over to talk to my grandparents, and after they would leave, my motherwould come over to us, and she'd say, “Do you know who that was? She was the runner-up toMiss America.He was the mayor of Sacramento.She won a Pulitzer Prize.He's a Russian balletdancer.” And I kind of grew up assuming everyone has some hidden, amazing thing aboutthem.And honestly, I think it's what makes me a better host.I keep my mouth shut as often as Ipossibly can, I keep my mind open, and I'm always prepared to be amazed, and I'm neverdisappointed.11:27You do the same thing.Go out, talk to people, listen to people, and, most importantly, be preparedto be amazed.11:37Thanks.

第三篇：TED演讲：如何成为一个更好的（共）

TED演讲

《如何成为一个更好的交谈者》

All right, I want to see a show of hands how many of you have unfriended someone on Facebook because they said something offensive about politics or religion, childcare, food? And how many of you know at least one person that you avoid because you just don’t want to talk to them?

好的，我想让大家举手示意一下，有多少人曾经在Facebook上拉黑过好友，因为他们发表过关于政治，宗教，儿童权益，或者食物等，不恰当的言论，有多少人至少有一个不想见的人，因为你就是不想和对方说话？

You know, it used to be that in order to have a polite conversation, we just had to follow the advice of Henry Higgins in “My Fair Lady”: Stick to the weather and your health.But these days, with climate change and anti-vaxxing, those subjects—are not safe either.So this world that we live in, this world in which every conversation has the potential to devolve into an argument, where our politicians can’t speak to one another, and where even the most trivial of issues have someone fighting both passionately for it and against it, it’s not normal.Pew Research did a study of 10,000 American adults, and t hey found that at this moment, we are more polarized;we are more divided than we ever have been in history.要知道，在过去想要一段礼貌的交谈我们只要遵循亨利﹒希金斯在《窈窕淑女》中的忠告，只谈论天气和你的健康状况就行了。但这些年随着气候变化以及反对疫苗运动的开展——这招不怎么管用了。因此，在我们生活的这个世界，这个每一次交谈，都有可能发展为争论的世界，政客无法彼此交谈，甚至为那些鸡毛蒜皮的事情。都有人群情绪激昂地赞成或者反对，这太不正常了。皮尤研究中心对一万名美国成年人做了一次调查，发现此刻我们的偏激程度，我们立场鲜明的程度，比历史上任何时期都要高。

We are less likely to compromise, which means we’re not listening to each other.And we make decisions about where to live, who to marry and even who our friends are going to be based on what we already believe.Again, that means we’re not listening to each other.A conversation requires a balance between talking and listing, and somewhere along the way, we lost that balance.Now, part of that is due to technology.The smartphones that you all either have in your hands or close enough that you could grab them really quickly.我们更不倾向于妥协，这意味着我们没有倾听彼此。我们做的各种决定，选择生活在何处，与谁结婚甚至和谁交朋友，都只基于我们已有的信念。再重复一遍，这只说明我们没有倾诉彼此。交谈需要平静讲述和倾听，而不知怎么的，我们却偏偏失去了这种平衡。技术进步是部分原因，比如智能手机，现在就在你们手里，或者就在旁边，随手就能拿到。

According to the Pew Research, About a third of American teenagers send more than a hundred texts a day.And many of them, almost most of them, are more likely to text their friends than they are to talk to them face to face.There’s this great piece in The Atlantic.It was written by a high school teacher named Paul Barnwell.And he gave his kids a communication project.He wanted to teach them how to speak on a specific subject without using notes.And he said this:” I came to realize…”“I came to realize that conversational competence might be the single most overlooked skill we fail to teach.Kids spend hours each day engaging with ideas and each other through screens, but rarely do they have an opportunity to hone their interpersonal communications skills.It might sound like a funny question, but we have to ask ourselves.Is there any 21st-century skill more important than being able to sustain coherent, confident conversation?”

根据皮尤的研究，大约三分之一的美国青少年每天发送超过一百条短信。而着中间很多人，几乎是所有人，更倾向于给朋友发短信，而不是面对面的交谈。《大西洋》杂志等过一篇很棒的文章，作者是高中教室保罗﹒巴恩维尔。他给自己的学生一项交流任务，希望教会他们如何不借助笔记针对某一怀胎发表演讲。然后他说：“我开始意识到…我开始意识到交流能力，可能是最被我们忽视的，没有好好教授的技能。孩子每天花费数小时通过屏幕接触创意和其他伙伴，但很少有机会去发觉自己的人际交往技能。”着听起来很好笑，但我们必须问问自己：“21实际，有什么技能会比维持一段连贯，自信的谈话更为重要？”

Now, I make my living talking to people: Nobel Prize winners, truck drivers, billionaires, kindergarten teachers, heads of state, plumbers.I talk to people that I like.I talk to people that I don’t like.I talk to some people that I disagree with deeply on a personal level.But I still have a great conversation with them.So I’d like to spend the next 10 minutes or so teaching you how to talk and how to listen.Many of you have already heard a lot of advice on this, things like look the person in the eye, things of interesting topics to discuss in advance, look, nod and smile to show that you’re paying attention, repeat back what you just heard or summarize it.So I want you to forget all of that.It is crap.There is no reason to learn how to show you’re paying attention, if you are in fact paying attention.Now, I actually use the exact same skills as a professional interviewer that I do in regular life.So, I’m going to teach you how to interview people, and that’s actually going to help you learn how to be better conversationalists.现在，我的职业就是跟别人谈话。诺贝尔奖获得者、卡车司机、亿万富翁、幼儿园老师、州长、水管工。我和我喜欢的人交谈，也和我不喜欢的人交谈。我和在个人层面非常不同的人交谈。但我人就和他们有很好的交流。所以我希望接下来的10分钟教你们如何谈话，以及如何倾听。你们中间很多人以及听过无数建议，比如看着对方的眼睛，提前想好可以讨论的有趣话题，注视，点头并且微笑来表明你的专注，重复你刚才听到的，或者做总结。我想让你们忘掉所有这些，全部没用。根本没有必要去学习如何表现你的很专心，如果你确实很专心。我其实是把作为职业访谈者一模一样的技巧，用在了日常生活中。好，我要来教你们如何采访他人，这其实会帮助你们学习如何成为更好的沟通者。

Learn to have a conversation without wasting your time, without getting bored, and, please God, without offending anybody.We’ve all had really great conversations.We’ve had them before.We know what it’s like.The kind of conversation where you walk away feeling engaged and inspired, or where you feel like you’ve made a real connection or you’ve been perfectly understood.There is no reason why most of your interactions can’t be like that.So I have 10 basic rules.I’m going to walk you through all of them, but honestly, if you just choose one of them and master it, you’ll already enjoy better conversations.学习开始一段交谈，不浪费时间，不感到无聊，以及最重要的是，不冒犯任何人。我们都曾有过很棒的交谈。我们曾有过，我们知道那是什么感觉，那种结束之后令你感到很享受，很受鼓舞的交谈，或者令你觉得你和别人建立了真实的连接，或者让你完全得到了他人的理解。没有理由说，你大部分人际互动不能成为那样，我有10条基本规则，我会一条条给你们解释，但说真的，如果你选择一条并且熟练掌握，你就已经可以享受更愉快的交谈了。

Number one: Don't multitask.And I don't mean just set down your cell phone or your tablet or your car keys or whatever is in your hand.I mean, be present.Be in that moment.Don't think about your argument you had with your boss.Don't think about what you're going to have for dinner.If you want to get out of the conversation, get out of the conversation, but don't be half in it and half out of it.第一条：不要三心二意。我不是说单纯放下你的手机、平板电脑、车钥匙，或者随便什么握在手里的东西。我的意思是，处在当下。进入那个情境中去。不要想着你之前和老板的争吵。不要想着你晚饭吃什么。如果你想退出交谈，就退出交谈。但不要身在曹营心在汉。

Number two: Don't pontificate.If you want to state your opinion without any opportunity for response or argument or pushback or growth, write a blog.Now, there's a really good reason why I don't allow pundits on my show: Because they're really boring.If they're conservative, they're going to hate Obama and food stamps and abortion.If they’re liberal, they're going to hate big banks and oil corporations and Dick Cheney.Totally predictable.And you don't want to be like that.You need to enter every conversation assuming that you have something to learn.The famed therapist M.Scott Peck said that true listening requires a setting aside of oneself.And sometimes that means setting aside your personal opinion.He said that sensing this acceptance, the speaker will become less and less vulnerable and more and more likely to open up the inner recesses of his or her mind to the listener.Again, assume that you have something to learn.Bill Nye: 'Everyone you will ever meet knows somethingthat you don't.' I put it this way: Everybody is an expert in something.第二条：不要好为人师。如果你想要表达自己的看法，又不想留下任何机会让人回应、争论、反驳或阐发，写博客去。有个很好的理由来说明我的谈话里为什么不允许有“专家说教”：因为真的很无聊。如果对方是个保守派，那一定讨厌奥巴马、食品券和堕胎。如果对方是个自由派，那一定会讨厌大银行、石油公司和迪克·切尼。完全可以预测的。你肯定不希望那样。你需要在进入每一次交流时都假定自己可以学习到一些东西。著名的治疗师M.斯科特·派克说过，真正的倾听需要把自己放在一边。有时候，这意味着把你的个人观点放在一边。他说感受到这种接纳，说话的人会变得越来越不脆弱敏感，因而越来越有可能打开自己的内心世界，呈现给倾听者。再强调一遍，假定你需要学习新东西。比尔·奈伊说：“每一个你将要见到的人都有你不知道的东西。”我来复述一下：每个人都是某方面的专家。

Number three: Use open-ended questions.In this case, take a cue from journalists.Start your questions with who, what, when, where, why or how.If you put in a complicated question, you’re going to get a simple answer out.If I ask you 'Were you terrified?' you're going to respond to the most powerful word in that sentence, which is 'terrified and the answer is 'Yes, I was' or 'No, I wasn’t.' 'Were you angry?' 'Yes, I was very angry.' Let them describe it.They're the ones that know.Try asking them things like, 'What was that like?' 'How did that feel?' Because then they might have to stop for a moment and think about it, and you're going to get a much more interesting response.第三点：使用开放式问题。关于这一点，请参考记者采访的提问方式。以“谁”、“ 什么”、“ 何时”、“ 何地”、“ 为什么”或“如何”开始提问。如果你询问一个复杂的问题将会得到一个简单的回答。如果我问你：“你当时恐惧吗？”你会回应那句话中最有力的词，即“恐惧”，而答案将是 “是的”或者“不是”。“你当时气愤吗？”“是的，我当时气得很。”让对方去描述，对方才是了解情境的人。试着这样问对方：“那是什么样子？”，“你感觉怎么样？”因为这样一来，对方可能需要停下来想一想，而你会得到更有意思的回答。

Number four: Go with the flow.That means thoughts will come into your mind and you need to let them go out of your mind.We've heard interviews often in which a guest is talking for several minutes and then the host comes back in and asks a question which seems like it comes out of nowhere, or it's already been answered.That means the host probably stopped listening two minutes ago because he thought of this really clever question, and he was just bound and determined to say that.And we do the exact same thing.We're sitting there having a conversation with someone, and then we remember that time that we met Hugh Jack man in a coffee shop.第四点：顺其自然。也就是说，想法会自然流入你的头脑，而你需要将它们表达出来。我们常听到采访中嘉宾说了几分钟，然后主持人回过来问问题，这问题好像不知道从何而来或者已经被回答过了。这说明主持人可能两分钟前就没在听，因为他想到了这个非常机智的问题，于是就心心念念想着问这个问题。我们同样也会这么干。当我们和某人坐在一起交谈时，我们突然想起那次和休·杰克曼在咖啡店的偶遇。

Number five: If you don't know, say that you don't know.Now, people on the radio, especially on NPR, are much more aware that they're going on the record, and so they're more careful about what they claim to be an expert in and what they claim to know for sure.Do that.Err on the side of caution.Talk should not be cheap.第五点：如果你不知道，就说你不知道。广播节目里的人，尤其在全国公共广播电台（NPR）中，非常明白他们的谈话会被播放出去。所以他们对自己声称专业的地方以及言之凿凿的东西会更加小心。要学着这样做，谨言慎行，谈话应该是负责任的行为。

Number six: Don’t equate your experience with theirs.If they're talking about having lost a family member, don't start talking about the time you lost a family member.If they're talking about the trouble they're having at work, don't tell them about how much you hate your job.It's not the same.It is never the same.All experiences are individual.And, more importantly, it is not about you.You don’t need to take that moment to prove how amazing you are or how much you’ve suffered.Somebody asked Stephen Hawking once what his IQ was, and he said, 'I have no idea.People who brag about their IQs are losers.' 第六条：不要把自己的经历和他人比较。如果对方谈论失去了家人，不要就势开始说你失去家人的事情。如果对方在说工作上的困扰，不要告诉他们你多么讨厌你的工作。这不一样的，永远不可能一样。任何经历都是独一无二的。而且，更重要的是，这不是在谈论你的事。你不需要在此刻证明你多么能干，或者你经受了多少痛苦。有人曾问史蒂芬·霍金他的智商是多少，他回答道：“我不知道。拿智商吹牛的人都是屌丝。”

Number seven: Try not to repeat yourself.It's condescending, and it's really boring, and we tend to do it a lot.Especially in work conversations or in conversations with our kids, we have a point to make, so we just keep rephrasing it over and over.Don't do that.第七条：尽量别重复自己的话。这很咄咄逼人，也很无聊。但我们很容易这样做。尤其是在工作交谈中，或者和孩子的交谈中。我们想声明一个观点，于是换着方式不停地说，别这样。

Number eight: Stay out of the weeds.Frankly, people don't care about the years, the names, the dates, all those details that you're struggling to comeup with in your mind.They don't care.What they care about is you.They care about what you're like, what you have in common.So forget the details.Leave them out.第八条：少说废话。说白了，没人在乎那些年份、名字、日期等等这些你努力试图在脑中回想的种种细节，别人不在乎，他们关注的是你，对方关心你是什么样的人，和你有什么共同点。所以忘掉细节吧，别管它们。

Number nine: This is not the last one, but it is the most important one.Listen.I cannot tell you how many really important people have said that listening is perhaps the most, the number one most important skill that you could develop.Buddha said, and I'm paraphrasing, 'If your mouth is open, you’re not learning.' And Calvin Coolidge said, 'No man ever listened his way out of a job.' 第九条：这不是最后一条，但是最重要的一条。认真倾听。我说不上来到底有多少重要人士都说过倾听可能是最重要的，第一重要的你可以提升的技能。佛曰——我转述一下，“如果你嘴不停，你就学不到东西。”卡尔文·柯立芝曾说：“从没有人是因为听太多而被开除的。”

One more rule, number 10, and it's this one: Be brief.[A good conversation is like a miniskirt;short enough to retain interest, but long enough to cover the subject.--My Sister] All of this boils down tothe same basic concept, and it is this one: Be interested in other people.You know, I grew up with a very famous grandfather, and there was kind of a ritual in my home.People would come over to talk to my grandparents, and after they would leave, my mother would come over to us, and she'd say, 'Do you know who that was? She was the runner-up to Miss America.He was the mayor of Sacramento.She won a Pulitzer Prize.He's a Russian ballet dancer.' And I kind of grew up assuming everyone has some hidden, amazing thing about them.And honestly, I think it's what makes me a better host.I keep my mouth shut as often as I possibly can, I keep my mind open, and I'm always prepared to be amazed, and I'm never disappointed.You do the same thing.Go out, talk to people, listen to people, and, most importantly, be prepared to be amazed.最后一条，第十条：简明扼要。“好的交谈就像恰到好处的迷你裙；足够短，能够吸引人，又足够长，能够包纳（盖住）主体——我妹妹的比喻”所有这些都浓缩成同一个概念，那就是：对他人产生兴趣。我在一个名人外公的身边长大，我家里宾客络绎不绝。访客会前来和我的外祖父母交谈，而那些人离开后，我母亲会过来对我们说：“你们知道那是谁吗？她是美国小姐的亚军。他是萨克拉门托市长。她拿过普利策奖。他是俄罗斯芭蕾舞蹈家。”我在成长中默认了每个人都有不为人知的精彩。说真的，我想是这一切让我成为了更好的主持人。我尽量少说话，但开放自己的思想，永远准备着大吃一惊，而我从不会感到失望。你们也可以这样。走出门去，和别人交谈，听别人说，以及最重要的，准备好大吃一惊。

第四篇：好口才-如何成为一个成功的交谈者-浙江演讲口才网

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好口才——如何成为一个成功的交谈者

或许有人会说：难道还有人不会交谈吗？在现实生活中确实有人轻车熟路，很善于交谈，而有的人却处于无人可谈、无话可谈的难堪境地。那么在交谈时应该注意哪些事情呢？美国研究语言交际的专家埃尔金博士认为以下三个方面对于成功的交谈十分重要，掌握有关的技巧就可以提高人们交谈的能力，取得良好的交流效果。

选择合适的话题

人们交谈时通常是由开始讲话的人选择一个话题，大家围绕这一话题各抒己见，然后转向另一个话题，因此选择合适的话题便十分重要。如果选择的话题能被大家接受，谈话便会顺畅地进行下去。如果选择了不适宜的话题，引不起大家的兴趣，没有人做出反应，交谈便失败了。有时候您可能拥有权势使别人不得不坐下来听您讲话，他们可能假装用心听您讲话，但您却无法强迫别人开口讲话。不合适的话题主要有以下几种类型：

(1)有关谈话者自己的话题，有的人谈来谈去总是围绕着自己的生活，开始人们也许还有兴趣听，时间久了人们便失去了兴趣甚至躲着这样的谈话者了。

(2)有关禁忌的话题，如夫妻关系、家庭成员之间的矛盾、不愿谈及的疾病等等。如有的人不愿意别人打听自己的经济来源或经济状况等。所以这些话题最好不要触及，除非对方主动提及。

(3)假话题，假话题是指那些无法继续下去的话题，如果你用“今天天气很好”来开始谈话，对方便没有什么话来回应。如果您发现周围的人不愿意与您交

谈，那您就要检查一下您在选择话题方面是不是存在问题。检查的方法如下：以一星期为限，尽可能记下您与人交谈时所选择的所有话题。如果有的话题重复出现，在话题后面记下次数。这样就得到一张您选择的话题的清单。检查出现次数较多的话题，问自己两个问题：如果别人总是跟您谈这样的话题，您想不想听?如果不想听，为什么?

按照一定的顺序交谈

人们的交谈是按照一定的顺序进行的，不是想说什么就说什么，想什么时候说就什么时候说。交谈时谈者和听者双方互相配合才能使谈话顺利进行下去。假设有A、B、C三个人在一起谈话，理想的交谈方式如下：

1．A先开始讲话，他选择一个题目，围绕着它讲几句话。

2．A通过某些方法使B继续谈下去。

3．B接过话茬，顺着A选的题目讲几句话。

4．B选择C作为下一个谈话者。

5．C接过B的话茬，顺着话题讲几句话。

6．C选择A作为下一个谈话者。

7．这个过程一直进行下去直到大家感到有关这个题目已无话可说或者时间用完了。在这个过程中每个人都有大致相等的机会和时间来谈话，并且当一个人讲话时其他人只能听。

8．最后一个人总结A选择的话题，这时候表明该话题已经结束，可以引出另一个话题。

正是靠着这种说者和听者互换位置的规则，交谈才能够平稳地进行下去。这种规则好像交通规则一样，即便没有警察指挥，大家也都会遵守着红灯停绿灯行的规则，否则便会造成交通堵塞。交谈的规则虽然没有交通规则那样明显，但也是被严格遵守着。依据这些规则，参加谈话的人才

能根据自己的需要决定加入交谈或者回避交谈。如果您想加入谈话，您必须等待

说话的人讲完以后停顿时接过话茬。如果在这中间打断别人，就会被认为不礼貌。而如果您想把话题交给下一个人，就要出现停顿，暗示您已经讲完。

有两种不好的习惯需要加以改正，一种是边想边说，在句子中间出现了不应有的停顿，使听话的人无法判断您是否已讲完。另一种是不停地讲，不出现任何停顿，这时人们便不得不打断您的话。把话题交给别人可以采用各种手段，除了上面提到的停顿以外，还包括提出一个问题，指定某人发表意见。但是表明谈话结束的重要线索是目光接触。如果谈话者在停顿时和您目光接触，那就表明他选择了您作为下一个谈话者。在您准备把发言权交给别人时可采用同样的方法。因此如果不想加入谈话，就不要与正在谈话的人目光接触。另外一种情况是谈话者出现了停顿，但并没有选定下一个谈话者，这时候可以自己选择接着话茬。这种情况下可能出现竞争，即两个以上的人同时讲话，按照上面提到的规则应有人放弃自己的权利，只留下一个人讲话。注意听别人谈话口头交谈有许多特点需要注意。讲出的话转瞬即逝，不可能像听磁带一样倒放。交谈的双方互相影响，说出的话不可能完全是事先想好了的，需要根据前面的人讲的话修订我们自己说什么，我们的话又影响到双方后面要说的话。因此认真仔细地听别人讲话就显得十分重要。只有听懂了别人的话我们才可能有效地做出反应。只有注意地听，我们才可能准确地判断对方是否谈完，才能及时地接过话茬，而不是冒昧地打断别人或者该自己发言却没有反应。下面所举的是一些不好的听话习惯，应设法加以改正。

①一边听一边想或演习该自己讲话时怎么说。

②一边听一边想谈话者多么糟糕，换一个人(或者自己)来谈就会好得多。③一边听一边想一些无关的琐事。

④为了一有停顿就抢过话头拼命注意谈话者说的每一个词。

⑤拼命写下谈话者所说的每一句话。为了提高自己的“听力”，可以利用电视机来练习。选择一个谈话节目，坐下来注意地听，不要记笔记。一发现自己走

神，赶快回到节目上来。不断地练习直到您能坚持认真听完一个半小时长的节目为止。

第五篇：TED演讲中英对照3

My job is to design, build and study robots that communicate with people.But this story doesn't start with robotics at all, it starts with animation.When I first saw Pixar's “Luxo Jr.,” I was amazed by how much emotion they could put into something as trivial as a desk lamp.I mean, look at them--at the end of this movie, you actually feel something for two pieces of furniture.(Laughter)And I said, I have to learn how to do this.So I made a really bad career decision.And that's what my mom was like when I did it.(Laughter)I left a very cozy tech job in Israel at a nice software company and I moved to New York to study animation.And there I lived in a collapsing apartment building in Harlem with roommates.I'm not using this phrase metaphorically, the ceiling actually collapsed one day in our living room.Whenever they did those news stories about building violations in New York, they would put the report in front of our building.As kind of like a backdrop to show how bad things are.我的工作是设计、构造和研究 那些能够与人交流的机器人。不过这个故事不是从机器人说起，而是要从动画说起。当我第一次看到皮克斯的《顽皮跳跳灯》电影时，我惊呆了，一个如此微不足道的台灯 竟能表现如此多的感情。你看他们啊！电影结尾的时候，你真的开始喜欢上这两件小小的家具了。（笑声）我对自己说，我要学会做这样的东西。所以我做了一个很坏的职业决策，我做出这个决定的时候，我妈妈就是这样的。（笑声）我辞去了在以色列一个软件公司的 一份非常舒服的技术工作，我搬到了纽约 去学习动画。在那，我和我的室友住在 哈莱姆一栋即将坍塌的公寓楼里。我没有夸张，有一天天花板真的塌下来了 就塌在了我们的客厅里。每次报到纽约的违章建筑时，他们都会跑到们的大楼下进行采访。就好像让你看看现场有多糟糕一样。

Anyway, during the day I went to school and at night I would sit and draw frame by frame of pencil animation.And I learned two surprising lessons--one of them was that when you want to arouse emotions, it doesn't matter so much how something looks, it's all in the motion--it's in the timing of how the thing moves.And the second, was something one of our teachers told us.He actually did the weasel in Ice Age.And he said: “As an animator you are not a director, you're an actor.” So, if you want to find the right motion for a character, don't think about it, go use your body to find it--stand in front of a mirror, act it out in front of a camera--whatever you need.And then put it back in your character.言归正传，我上学的日日夜夜，我不停地一幅又一幅地用铅笔画着画。我学到了两个让我惊讶的东西—— 其中一个是： 当你想要唤起某些情感时，外观并不算太重要，关键是动作——物体运动时，对时间的把握。关键是动作——物体运动时，对时间的把握。第二个是我们的一个老师告诉我们的。他正是电影《冰河世纪》的黄鼠狼。他说： ”作为一个动画制作者，你不是一个导演，而是一个演员。“ 所以如果你要为一个角色找到正确的肢体语言，不要想，用你的身体找到它，站在镜子面前，摄像机前，演出来，无论你需要做什么。然后再把这个动作放在你的角色上。

A year later I found myself at MIT in the robotic life group, it was one of the first groups researching the relationships between humans and robots.And I still had this dream to make an actual, physical Luxo Jr.lamp.But I found that robots didn't move at all in this engaging way that I was used to for my animation studies.Instead, they were all--how should I put it, they were all kind of robotic.(Laughter)And I thought, what if I took whatever I learned in animation school, and used that to design my robotic desk lamp.So I went and designed frame by frame to try to make this robot as graceful and engaging as possible.And here when you see the robot interacting with me on a desktop.And I'm actually redesigning the robot so, unbeknownst to itself, it's kind of digging its own grave by helping me.(Laughter)I wanted it to be less of a mechanical structure giving me light, and more of a helpful, kind of quiet apprentice that's always there when you need it and doesn't really interfere.And when, for example, I'm looking for a battery that I can't find, in a subtle way, it will show me where the battery is.So you can see my confusion here.I'm not an actor.And I want you to notice how the same mechanical structure can at one point, just by the way it moves seem gentle and caring--and in the other case, seem violent and confrontational.And it's the same structure, just the motion is different.Actor: “You want to know something? Well, you want to know something? He was already dead!Just laying there, eyes glazed over!”(Laughter)But, moving in graceful ways is just one building block of this whole structure called human-robot interaction.I was at the time doing my Ph.D., I was working on human robot teamwork;teams of humans and robots working together.I was studying the engineering, the psychology, the philosophy of teamwork.And at the same time I found myself in my own kind of teamwork situation with a good friend of mine who is actually here.And in that situation we can easily imagine robots in the near future being there with us.It was after a Passover seder.We were folding up a lot of folding chairs, and I was amazed at how quickly we found our own rhythm.Everybody did their own part.We didn't have to divide our tasks.We didn't have to communicate verbally about this.It all just happened.And I thought, humans and robots don't look at all like this.When humans and robots interact, it's much more like a chess game.The human does a thing, the robot analyzes whatever the human did, then the robot decides what to do next, plans it and does it.And then the human waits, until it's their turn again.So, it's much more like a chess game and that makes sense because chess is great for mathematicians and computer scientists.It's all about information analysis, decision making and planning.一年以后，我去了麻省理工大学（MIT）的 机器人生命小组，这是最早 开始研究人类和机器人关系的小组之一。我依然怀揣着要造一个 真正的、可触碰的顽皮跳跳灯的梦想。但是我发现机器人完全不是 按照我的动画课程中的那种 引人入胜的方式移动。相反的，他们都—— 该怎么说呢？他们都有点儿机械化。（笑声）我就想，如果我可以把我在动画学校学到的东西 应用于设计我的机器人台灯会怎样？ 因此我设计了一幅又一幅，试图让这个机器人 尽量优雅、有吸引力。这里你可以看到这个桌子上的机器人 在跟我互动，我其实是在重新设计这个机器人，而这个机器人完全不知道，它帮我，其实是在自掘坟墓呢。（笑声）比起把他它做成一个照明的机械，比起把他它做成一个照明的机械，我更想要一个能帮忙的、安静的学徒，随时满足你的需求却不打扰你。比如，当我要找一个我怎么也 找不到的电池时，它可以巧妙地提醒我电池在哪里。你看到我的困惑了吗？ 我不是一个演员。我希望你们注意到，同一个机械如何 在前一刻非常温柔、充满关怀，在前一刻非常温柔、充满关怀，下一刻又显得非常暴力，有进攻性。一模一样的结构，改变的仅仅是动作。演员：”你想知道吗？你真的想知道吗？ 他已经死了！他就躺在那里，目光呆滞！“（笑声）但是，以一种优雅的方式移动只是这整个 人类机器人互动结构的一块基石。那时候我正在攻读我的博士学位，我正在研究人类与机器人的团队合作，也就是人类和机器人一起合作。我在学习团队合作的工程学，心理学和哲学。同时，我意识到自己 和我的一个好朋友（他今天也在这里），也碰到了一个团队合作的情境。在那个情境中，我们很容易想象 不久的将来机器人会和我们在一起。那是在一个逾越节家宴结束后，我们要收起大量的折叠椅，我惊讶于我们迅速找到了各自的节奏。每个人都做了自己的那部分，无需分工，无需特意口头沟通。就这样发生了。于是我想，人类和机器人的互动却完全不是这样。当人类和机器人互动的时候，就好像他们在下象棋。人类走一步，机器人对此分析一下，然后机器人决定接下来怎么做，计划好，走下一步。这时候人类就等着，直到轮到他们玩为止。所以，人类和机器人的互动更像下象棋，这很好理解，因为 对数学家和计算机科学家来说，象棋很好，它们都是关于信息分析、决策制定和计划。

But I wanted my robot to be less of a chess player, and more like a doer that just clicks and works together.So I made my second horrible career choice: I decided to study acting for a semester.I took off from a Ph.D.I went to acting classes.I actually participated in a play, I hope theres no video of that around still.And I got every book I could find about acting, including one from the 19th century that I got from the library.And I was really amazed because my name was the second name on the list--the previous name was in 1889.(Laughter)And this book was kind of waiting for 100 years to be rediscovered for robotics.And this book shows actors how to move every muscle in the body to match every kind of emotion that they want to express.但比起象棋玩家，我更希望我的机器人是一个行动者，但比起象棋玩家，我更希望我的机器人是一个行动者，可以和人类有默契地一起工作。于是我做了我人生中的第二个糟糕的职业决策： 我决定学习一学期的表演课程。我放下了我的博士课程，去上了表演课。我还参与了一个戏剧，希望现在已经找不到那个视频了。我找到了每一本关于表演的书，其中包括一本从图书馆里借来的 19世纪的书。我震惊地发现我的名字是借阅者名单上的第二个，之前的一个名字是1889年。（笑声）这本书已经躺了100年了，只为了借机器人之名被重新发现。这本书教演员 如何调动他们身体上的每块肌肉 来表达他们想要表达的情感。

But the real revelation was when I learned about method acting.It became very popular in the 20th century.And method acting said, you don't have to plan every muscle in your body.Instead you have to use your body to find the right movement.You have to use your sense memory to reconstruct the emotions and kind of think with your body to find the right expression.Improvise, play off yor scene partner.And this came at the same time as I was reading about this trend in cognitive psychology called embodied cognition.Which also talks about the same ideas--We use our bodies to think, we don't just think with our brains and use our bodies to move.but our bodies feed back into our brain to generate the way that we behave.And it was like a lightning bolt.I went back to my office.I wrote this paper--which I never really published called “Acting Lessons for Artificial Intelligence.” And I even took another month to do what was then the first theater play with a human and a robot acting together.That's what you saw before with the actors.And I thought: How can we make an artificial intelligence model--computer, computational model--that will model some of these ideas of improvisation, of taking risks, of taking chances, even of making mistakes.Maybe it can make for better robotic teammates.So I worked for quite a long time on these models and I implemented them on a number of robots.Here you can see a very early example with the robots trying to use this embodied artificial intelligence, to try to match my movements as closely as possible, sort of like a game.Let's look at it.You can see when I psych it out, it gets fooled.And it's a little bit like what you might see actors do when they try to mirror each other to find the right synchrony between them.And then, I did another experiment, and I got people off the street to use the robotic desk lamp, and try out this idea of embodied artificial intelligence.So, I actually used two kinds of brains for the same robot.The robot is the same lamp that you saw, and I put in it two brains.For one half of the people, I put in a brain that's kind of the traditional, calculated robotic brain.It waits for its turn, it analyzes everything, it plans.Let's call it the calculated brain.The other got more the stage actor, risk taker brain.Let's call it the adventurous brain.It sometimes acts without knowing everything it has to know.It sometimes makes mistakes and corrects them.And I had them do this very tedious task that took almost 20 minutes and they had to work together.Somehow simulating like a factory job of repetitively doing the same thing.And what I found was that people actually loved the adventurous robot.And they thought it was more intelligent, more committed, a better member of the team, contributed to the success of the team more.They even called it 'he' and 'she,' whereas people with the calculated brain called it 'it.' And nobody ever called it 'he' or 'she'.When they talked about it after the task with the adventurous brain, they said, “By the end, we were good friends and high-fived mentally.” Whatever that means.(Laughter)Sounds painful.Whereas the people with the calculated brain said it was just like a lazy apprentice.It only did what it was supposed to do and nothing more.Which is almost what people expect robots to do, so I was surprised that people had higher expectations of robots, than what anybody in robotics thought robots should be doing.And in a way, I thought, maybe it's time--just like method acting changed the way people thought about acting in the 19th century, from going from the very calculated, planned way of behaving, to a more intuitive, risk-taking, embodied way of behaving.Maybe it's time for robots to have the same kind of revolution.真正让我受到启示的是 方法演技。它在20世纪的时候非常流行。方法演技指出，你不需要安排你的每一块肌肉，相反，你可以用你的身体找到对的动作。你应该运用你的感觉记忆，去重新建构情感，用你的身体找到对的表情。即兴发挥，根据你的场景搭档即兴表演。这个时候我也正读到 认知心理学关于具身认知的东西，这也谈到同样的观点—— 即我们用我们的身体思考，我们并不是用大脑思考用身体表现，而是我们的身体反馈给大脑 并做出相应的动作，这对我好像一道闪电。我马上回了我的办公室。我写了这篇论文，从来也没发表过，叫做《人工智能的表演课》。我甚至花了一个月的时间 去做当时第一部由人类和机器人 一起主演的戏剧。你之前看到的演员和机器人的表演就是这部戏剧。当时我就想： 我们怎样可以做出这样的人工智能模型—— 计算机、计算机模型等等，它们会即兴发挥、会冒险、甚至会犯错。它可能会是更好的机器人队友。因此我花了很多时间去研究这些模型，我还在几个机器人身上做了试验。这里你可以看到一个早期的例子，这个机器人试图运用具身人工智能 来尽量模仿我的动作，就好像一个游戏。我们来看一下。你可以看到我可以糊弄它。有点像你可能看到的演员们 互相模仿对方 只为了找到他们之间的默契。然后，我又做了另外一个实验，我从大街上拉人来使用这个机器人台灯，试验具身人工智能。其实，同样的机器人我用了两个大脑，机器人就是你看到的这个台灯，我给了它两个大脑。对一半的人，我放入了一个传统的、机械计算的大脑。它会等，会分析，会计划，我们暂且称它为“会计算的大脑”。给另一半人则是那个舞台演员、爱冒险的大脑，我们暂且称它为“爱冒险的大脑”，有的时候它在并不知道所有事情的时候行动，有的时候它会犯错然后去纠正。我让他们完成一项无比乏味的任务，这个任务要花近20分钟，他们必须一起合作完成，有点类似在工厂工作，机械地重复一件事情。我发现人们非常喜欢 那个“爱冒险的机器人”。他们觉得它非常聪明，非常忠心，是一个很好的团队成员，一起帮助团队成功。他们甚至称它为“他”和“她”，而另外那些人称那个“会计算的机器人”为“它”，没有人称它为“他”或“她”。任务完成后，那些与“会冒险的大脑”互动的人说： “最后，我们成了好朋友，还在脑内举手击掌了。” 不管那是啥意思……（笑声）听上去很…（口齿不清）然而，那些与“会计算的大脑”互动的人 则说“它就像一个懒徒弟，只做最基本的。“ 这基本上和同人对机器人期待一样，所以我有些惊讶，比起那些机器人研究专家，人们居然对机器人有更高的期望。但从另一个角度，我又想，也许就像方法演技改变了 19世纪人们思考表演的方式一样，是时间改变这种通过精确计算的 行为方式，而转向一种更直觉的、冒险的、用身体表现的行为方式。也许类似的 机器人革命时间到了。A few years later, I was at my next research job at Georgia Tech in Atlanta, and I was working in a group dealing with robotic musicians.And I thought, music, that's the perfect place to look at teamwork, coordination, timing, improvisation--and we just got this robot playing marimba.Marimba, for everybody who was like me, it was this huge, wooden xylophone.And, when I was looking at this, I looked at other works in human-robot improvisation--yes, there are other works in human-robot improvisation--and they were also a little bit like a chess game.The human would play, the robot would analyze what was played, would improvise their own part.So, this is what musicians called a call and response interaction, and it also fits very well, robots and artificial intelligence.But I thought, if I use the same ideas I used in the theater play and in the teamwork studies, maybe I can make the robots jam together like a band.Everybody's riffing off each other, nobody is stopping it for a moment.And so, I tried to do the same things, this time with music, where the robot doesn't really know what it's about to play.It just sort of moves its body and uses opportunities to play, And does what my jazz teacher when I was 17 taught me.She said, when you improvise, sometimes you don't know what you're doing and you're still doing it.And so I tried to make a robot that doesn't actually know what it's doing, but it's still doing it.So let's look at a few seconds from this performance.Where the robot listens to the human musician and improvises.And then, look at how the human musician also responds to what the robot is doing, and picking up from its behavior.And at some point can even be surprised by what the robot came up with.(Music)(Applause)几年后，我在亚特兰大的乔治理工大学做研究，我在一个研究机器人音乐家的 小组工作。我想，音乐是可以很好的 研究团队合作、配合、时间分配和即兴表演的领域，我们有这个玩马林巴的机器人。和我一样对乐器不在行的朋友，马林巴是 一个巨大的木琴。我看着这个，又看了那些其它的人类和机器人的即兴互动，——没错，还有其它人和机器人即兴互动的项目—— 都差不多也是一个个象棋游戏式的互动。人类走一步，机器人对此分析，然后决定下一步。音乐家们称其为 呼叫和应答互动，作为机器人和人工智能，这很合适。但是我想，如果我可以运用 戏剧表演和团队合作中的研究发现，也许我可以让这些机器人 组成一个乐队，每个人都在即兴发挥，没有人需要停下来。于是这次我尝试用音乐做试验，机器人并不知道 它会演奏什么，它就这样移动它的身体，找机会演奏，做着我17岁时候的爵士老师教我的事情。她说，当你即兴表演的时候，有的时候，你并不知道你在做什么，但是你还是继续做。于是我尝试做一个不知道自己在做什么 却仍然继续做的机器人。让我们来看一下这个表演的一个小片段。机器人听人类音乐家演奏 然后即兴发挥。接着，看人类音乐家如何 回应机器人的行为，回应机器人的行为，有时甚至被机器人的表现惊讶。（音乐）（掌声）

Being a musician is not just about making notes, otherwise nobody would ever go see a live show.Musicians also communicate with their bodies, with other band members, with the audience, they use their bodies to express the music.And I thought, we already have a robot musician on stage, why not make it be a full-fledged musician.And I started designing a socially expressive head for the robot.The head does't actually touch the marimba, it just expresses what the music is like.These are some napkin sketches from a bar in Atlanta, that was dangerously located exactly halfway between my lab and my home.(Laughter)So I spent, I would say on average, three to four hours a day there.I think.(Laughter)And I went back to my animation tools and tried to figure out not just what a robotic musician would look like, but especially what a robotic musician would move like.To sort of show that it doesn't like what the other person is playing--and maybe show whatever beat it's feeling at the moment.作为一个音乐家不仅仅是编写音符，否则没有人会去看现场表演了。音乐家也用他们的身体交流，和他们的乐队成员，和观众，他们用他们的身体来表现音乐。于是我想，我们已经有一个在舞台上的机器人音乐家，为什么不把它打造成一个真正的音乐家呢？ 于是我开始为机器人设计一个 可以表现情感的头部。头部并不会碰到马林巴，它只是用来表现音乐是什么样的。这草图的纸巾来自亚特兰大某处一个酒吧，而且酒吧就正好在实验室和我家的正中间。（笑声）而且酒吧就正好在实验室和我家的正中间。（笑声）我大概平均 每天有3到4个小时的时间在那里，“大概”…（笑声）我重新拾起了我的动画工具，试图想象 不仅仅一个机器人音乐家的样子，特别是一个机器人音乐家会如何移动它的身体，来告诉人们它不喜欢其他人的演奏，还有它自己当下感觉到的节奏。还有它自己当下感觉到的节奏。

So we ended up actually getting the money to build this robot, which was nice.I'm going to show you now the same kind of performance, this time with a socially expressive head.And notice one thing--how the robot is really showing us the beat it's picking up from the human.We're also giving the human a sense that the robot knows what it's doing.And also how it changes the way it moves as soon as it starts its own solo.(Music)Now it's looking at me to make sure I'm listening.(Music)And now look at the final chord of the piece again, and this time the robot communicates with its body when it's busy doing its own thing.And when it's ready to coordinate the final chord with me.(Music)(Applause)幸运的是，我们最终还获得了一笔 造这样一个机器人的资金。接下来我给大家看一下同样的表演 换成一个情感表现头的效果。注意一点： 请观察这个机器人如何 根据人类的演奏即兴发挥，也让人类知道，这个机器人知道它在做什么。还有独奏开始时，它是如何做出回应的。还有独奏开始时，它是如何做出回应的。（音乐）这会儿它正看着我确保我在听。（音乐）我们再看一下这段的最后一部分，现在机器人正在用它的身体进行沟通，当它正忙于做它自己的事情时，忙于准备 跟我一起演奏最后的旋律。（音乐）（掌声）

Thanks.I hope you see how much this totally not--how much this part of the body that doesn't touch the instrument actually helps with the musical performance.And at some point, we are in Atlanta, so obviously some rapper will come into our lab at some point.And we had this rapper come in and do a little jam with the robot.And here you can see the robot basically responding to the beat and--notice two things.One, how irresistible it is to join the robot while it's moving its head.and you kind of want to move your own head when it does it.And second, even though the rapper is really focused on his iPhone, as soon as the robot turns to him, he turns back.So even though it's just in the periphery of his vision--it's just in the corner of his eye--it's very powerful.And the reason is that we can't ignore physical things moving in our environment.We are wired for that.So, if you have a problem with maybe your partners looking at the iPhone too much or their smartphone too much, you might want to have a robot there to get their attention.(Laughter)(Music)(Applause)谢谢。我希望你能看到 它的头部不碰到乐器 其实有助于音乐表演！既然我们在亚特兰大，就不会没有说唱歌手参与到我们的试验中来。既然我们在亚特兰大，就不会没有说唱歌手参与到我们的试验中来。这个说唱歌手来了之后，我们让他和这个机器人一起表演。这里你可以看到这个机器人 对节奏的回应，请注意两点。第一，当这个机器人在摇头晃脑的时候，你是不是也很想加入其中，和它一起晃动你的头部？ 第二，虽然这个说唱歌手非常专注于它的苹果手机，当机器人转向它的时候，他也马上转回来。虽然仅仅是在他的视线边缘—— 他的眼角的余光里，它仍然非常强大。这就是为什么我们不能忽视 我们周边物体的移动。我们天生会这样做。所以，如果你的搭档 很喜欢看它的苹果手机或智能手机，也许你需要一个机器人 来获得他们的注意力。（笑声）（音乐）（掌声）

Just to introduce the last robot that we've worked on, that came out of something kind of surprising that we found: At some point people didn't care anymore about the robot being so intelligent, and can improvise and listen, and do all these embodied intelligence things that I spent years on developing.They really liked that the robot was enjoying the music.(Laughter)And they didn't say that the robot was moving to the music, they said that the robot was enjoying the music.And we thought, why don't we take this idea, and I designed a new piece of furniture.This time it wasn't a desk lamp;it was a speaker dock.It was one of those things you plug your smartphone in.And I thought, what would happen if your speaker dock didn't just play the music for you, but it would actually enjoy it too.(Laughter)And so again, here are some animation tests from an early stage.(Laughter)And this is what the final product looked like.(“Drop It Like It's Hot”)So, a lot of bobbing head.(Applause)A lot of bobbing heads in the audience, so we can still see robots influence people.And it's not just fun and games.最后再为大家介绍一下 我们最近在打造的一个机器人。说来也奇怪，我们发现 到了某个阶段，人们不再对那些聪明的、会即兴表演、会聆听、会做那些我花了多年研究的身体智能表演的 机器人感兴趣了。他们真的很喜欢那个会享受音乐的机器人。（笑声）他们没有说这个机器人是随着音乐扭动身体，而是说这个机器人在享受音乐。于是我们想，为什么不借用这个想法呢，因此我设计了一件新的小家具。这次不是一个台灯，而是一个扬声器底座，就是你可以把你的智能手机放上去的那种。于是我想，如果这个扬声器底座 不仅可以为你放音乐，还可以享受音乐，会怎样？（笑声）这是早期的一些动画尝试。这是早期的一些动画尝试。这是最终的成品的样子。饶舌音乐 不停的点头……（掌声）观众那里也有很多人在不停点头，因此我们可以看到机器人可以影响人。当然这一切不仅仅只是娱乐和游戏。

I think one of the reasons I care so much about robots that use their body to communicate and use their body to move--and I'm going to let you in on a little secret we roboticists are hiding--is that every one of you is going to be living with a robot at some point in their life.Somewhere in your future there's going to be a robot in your life.And if not in yours, then in your children's lives.And I want these robots to be--to be more fluent, more engaging, more graceful than currently they seem to be.And for that I think that maybe robots need to be less like chess players and more like stage actors and more like musicians.Maybe they should be able to take chances and improvise.And maybe they should be able to anticipate what you're about to do.And maybe they need to be able to make mistakes and correct them, because in the end we are human.And maybe as humans, robots that are a little less than perfect are just perfect for us.Thank you.(Applause)我觉得自己非常热衷研究 那些可以用身体沟通、用身体移动的机器人的一个原因是—— 我告诉你一个只有我们机器人专家知道的秘密—— 我们每一个人在生命的某个阶段 都会需要机器人，你未来的某个阶段会有个机器人。如果不是你的未来，那么你的孩子的未来。我希望这些机器人 比现在 可以更流畅、更吸引人、更优雅。比现在 可以更流畅、更吸引人、更优雅。因此，我觉得机器人 不应该是像一个象棋玩家，而应该更像一个舞台演员或者音乐家。它们应该可以冒险，会即兴表演，甚至会预料到你接下来会做什么。它们也应该可以犯错 并且改正，因为到头来，我们只是人类。也许对人类而言，不完美的机器人 才是完美的。谢谢！