第一篇:英文文献小短文(原文加汉语翻译)
A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(这是题目,百度一下就能找到原文好,原文还有表格,我没有
翻译)
A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soils Contamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1.We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata(brake fern)is extremely efficient in extracting arsenic from soils and translocating it into its above-ground biomass.This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.We found brake fern growing on a site in Central Florida contaminated with chromated copper arsenate(Fig.1a).We analysed the fronds of plants growing at the site for total arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy.Of 14 plant species studied, only brake fern contained large amounts of arsenic(As;3,280–4,980 p.p.m.).We collected additional samples of the plant and soil from the contaminated site(18.8–1,603 p.p.m.As)and from an uncontaminated site(0.47–7.56 p.p.m.As).Brake fern extracted arsenic efficiently from these soils into its fronds: plants growing in the contaminated site contained 1,442–7,526 p.p.m.Arsenic and those from the uncontaminated site contained 11.8–64.0 p.p.m.These values are much higher than those typical for plants growing in normal soil, which contain less than 3.6 p.p.m.of arsenic3.As well as being tolerant of soils containing as much as 1,500 p.p.m.arsenic, brake fern can take up large amounts of arsenic into its fronds in a short time(Table 1).Arsenic concentration in fern fronds growing in soil spiked with 1,500 p.p.m.Arsenic increased from 29.4 to 15,861 p.p.m.in two weeks.Furthermore, in the same period, ferns growing in soil containing just 6 p.p.m.arsenic accumulated 755 p.p.m.Of arsenic in their fronds, a 126-fold enrichment.Arsenic concentrations in brake fern roots were less than 303 p.p.m., whereas those in the fronds reached 7,234 p.p.m.Addition of 100 p.p.m.Arsenic significantly stimulated fern growth, resulting in a 40% increase in biomass compared with the control(data not shown).After 20 weeks of growth, the plant was extracted using a solution of 1:1 methanol:water to speciate arsenic with high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry.Almost all arsenic was present as relatively toxic inorganic forms, with little detectable organoarsenic species4.The concentration of As(III)was greater in the fronds(47–80%)than in the roots(8.3%), indicating that As(V)was converted to As(III)during translocation from roots to fronds.As well as removing arsenic from soils containing different concentrations of arsenic(Table 1), brake fern also removed arsenic from soils containing different arsenic species(Fig.1c).Again, up to 93% of the arsenic was concentrated in the fronds.Although both FeAsO4 and AlAsO4 are relatively insoluble in soils1, brake fern hyperaccumulated arsenic derived from these compounds into its fronds(136–315 p.p.m.)at levels 3–6 times greater than soil arsenic.Brake fern is mesophytic and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas with a mild climate.In the United States, it grows in the southeast and in southern California5.The fern is versatile and hardy, and prefers sunny(unusual for a fern)and alkaline environments(where arsenic is more available).It has considerable biomass, and is fast growing, easy to propagate,and perennial.We believe this is the first report of significant arsenic hyperaccumulation by an unmanipulated plant.Brake fern has great potential to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply and could also aid studies of arsenic uptake, translocation, speciation, distribution and detoxification in plants.*Soil and Water Science Department, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0290, USA e-mail: lqma@ufl.edu †Cooperative Extension Service, University of Georgia, Terrell County, PO Box 271, Dawson, Georgia 31742, USA ‡Department of Chemistry & Southeast Environmental Research Center, Florida International University, Miami, Florida 33199,1.Nriagu, J.O.(ed.)Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cycling and Characterization(Wiley, New York, 1994).2.Brooks, R.R.(ed.)Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals(Cambridge Univ.Press, 1998).3.Kabata-Pendias, A.& Pendias, H.in Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 203–209(CRC, Boca Raton, 1991).4.Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C.A., Cullen, W.R.& Reimer, K.J.Envir.Sci.Technol.34, 22–26(2000).5.Jones, D.L.Encyclopaedia of Ferns(Lothian, Melbourne, 1987).积累砷的蕨类植物
耐寒,多功能,生长快速的植物,有助于从污染土壤去除砷
有毒和致癌的土壤砷污染是非常广泛的。我们已经发现,蕨类植物蜈蚣草(凤尾蕨)对从土壤中提取砷和转运到地上部生物量是非常有效的。据我们所知这种植物,是第一个已知的砷超富集植物以及也是第一种在已发现的蕨类中可以作为超富集植物,它有许多属性比如建议使用在砷污染土壤的修复。
我们发现被铬砷酸铜污染的生长在佛罗里达州中部的一个站点的凤尾蕨图1a)。我们用石墨炉原子吸收法分析了在站点正生长植物叶子总砷的吸收光谱。对于14种研究植物物种中,只有凤尾蕨植物中含有大量的砷(含量;3280–4980 ppm)。我们从受污染的站点(18.8–1603 ppm)和未受污染的站点(0.47–7.56 ppm)收集更多的植物和土壤样品。凤尾蕨从土壤中有效吸收砷转运到其叶子中,在受污染的站点生长的植物,含有1442–7526 ppm的砷和那些未受污染的站点包含11.8–64 ppm的这些值是比那些正常的土壤中生长的植物的高很多,其中包含小于3.6 ppm的砷。
对于含有高达1500 ppm砷的疏松土壤中,凤尾蕨植物可以在很短的时间内吸收大量的砷进入它的叶子(表1)。在掺入1500 ppm砷的土壤中蕨类叶子中砷浓度是不断增长的,在两周内砷含量从29.4增加到15861 ppm。在蕨类叶子中的砷,是126倍的富集。凤尾蕨根的砷浓度小于303 ppm,而那些在叶的浓度达到7234 ppm。
加入100 ppm的砷显著刺激蕨类生长,导致在与对照相比,生物量增加了(数据未显示)。
经过20周的增长,用1:1甲醇:水的方法提取该植物用高效液相色谱法–电感耦合等离子体质谱法来平衡砷。目前几乎所有的砷是相对无毒的无机形式,几乎没有检测到有机砷物种。作为(Ⅲ)的浓度叶(47-80%)与根(8.3%)相比更多,表示AS(V)被转换AS(III)在根转运到叶的过程中。
以及从土壤中除去砷的植物含有不同浓度的砷(表1),从土壤中去除含砷的凤尾蕨也含有不同形态的砷(图1C)。再着,高达93%的砷主要集中在叶。虽然feaso4和AlAsO42H2O在土壤中的相对不溶,凤尾蕨富集的砷来自这些化合物进入它的叶状体(136–315 ppm)在3级–6倍大于土壤砷。凤尾蕨是裸子植物,并广泛栽培归功于许多地区气候温和。在美国,它生长在东南部和加利福尼亚南部。蕨类植物是有多种有优点,耐寒,喜欢阳光(不寻常的蕨类植物)和碱性环境(如砷是更有效)。它具有相当大的生物量,而且常年生长迅速,易于繁殖。
我们相信这是用一个未经处理的显著砷超富集植物为例的第一次报告。凤尾蕨在修复砷污染土壤方面的潜力很大,也可以帮助研究砷的吸收,转运,形态研究,在植物中的分布及排毒。
*土壤和水科学系,大学
佛罗里达州,盖恩斯维尔,佛罗里达州32611-0290,美国 电子邮件:lqma@ufl.edu †合作推广服务,大学
格鲁吉亚,特勒尔县,邮政信箱271,道森,佐治亚州31742,美国 ‡化学与东南部
环境研究中心,佛罗里达州
国际大学,迈阿密,佛罗里达州,33199,1。Nriagu,J.O.(主编)环境中的砷1部分:循环 与特性(威利,纽约,1994)。
2。布鲁克斯,R.R.(主编),重金属超富集植物(剑桥大学出版社,1998)。
3。kabata pendias,A.pendias,在土壤中的微量元素 植物203–209(CRC,博卡拉顿,1991)。
4。科赫,I.,王,L.,ollson,C.A.,卡伦,W.R.& Reimer,K.J.环境。SCI。技术。34,22,26(2000)–。
5。琼斯,D.L.百科全书的蕨类植物(洛锡安区,墨尔本,1987)。
感想:首先来了解一下砷,砷俗称砒,为银灰色晶体,具有金属性,毒性很小,但其化合物都有毒性。砷中毒主要由砷化合物引起,三价砷化合物的毒性较五价砷为强,其中以毒性较大的三氧化二砷(俗称砒霜)中毒为多见。砷化物还可经皮肤或创面吸收而中毒。长期接触砷化物可引起慢性中毒。熔烧含砷矿石、制造合金、玻璃、陶瓷、印染、含砷医药和农药的生产工人和长期服用含砷药物均可引起砷中毒,饮水中含砷过高,可引起地方性砷中毒。
从这篇文章中我了解到了蕨类植物蜈蚣草(凤尾蕨)是第一个已知的砷超富集蕨类植物,可以在在砷污染土壤修复方面有所应用。通过石墨炉原子吸收法这种方法来分析植物叶子总砷的吸收光谱,在分析过程中用1:1甲醇:水的方法提取该植物用高效液相色谱法–电感耦合等离子体质谱法来平衡砷,而且了解到目前几乎所有的砷是相对无毒的无机形式,几乎没有检测到有机砷物种。
那么即然这样,可不可以用此类蕨来定期富集土壤中的砷然后除去,来达到治理砷的土地污染的问题呢?有这个想法,我们要明确几个问题:
1、凤尾蕨是否容易生长?
2、凤尾蕨在什么样的情况下生长旺盛?
3、是否有明确的昆虫或动物以此为食?
4、在植物类中有没有天地?
5、在新环境中是否会出现不受控制的情况?
6、如果容易成活,怎么样大批量的生产?
7、在凤尾蕨富集砷的过程中,有没有特殊的培养条件?
8、富集完成后,凤尾蕨怎么样处理?等等问题,都需要我们来明确的解答。
在实验的基础上如果成功(可以来治理土地砷污染),还需要在具体的环境中进行测试。
读完此篇文章后,感到又增长了知识,以后会多读文献来增长自己的知识。
第二篇:英文励志小短文加翻译
每天一篇短文阅读,可以加强阅读能力,下面是小编整理的英文励志小短文加翻译,欢迎阅读。
【第一篇】
Have you ever been around someone who immediately put you at ease? Perhaps you may be one of those people who others feel safe around.有没有遇到过那么一个人,只要他/她在你身边,你立即就觉得安心?或许你就是让别人觉得安心的那么一个人。
What is the common thread in people who emanate warmth? Some may think it is related to personality or physical appearance.But this does little to explain why bright beacons of light can be found anywhere.Essence has nothing to do with our exterior.那些气场中自带温暖的人有哪些共性呢?一些人也许认为这与性格或外貌有关。但这基本解释不了为什么明亮的灯塔之光四处可见。本质与咱们的外在无关。
I like to believe the common thread is a universal trait we are all able to tap into.When we see the truth of who we are and wholeheartedly love every part of that truth, we automatically shine.When we embrace our essence and live in congruence with who we are, we radiate peace.我愿意相信这个共性是咱们都能够触及的、普遍存在的品质。当咱们欣赏自己的本质并全心全意热爱着这一切的时候,咱们自然而然就会出类拔萃。每当咱们欣然接受自己的本质并遵循本心来生活的时候,咱们会自带平和的光环。
Every day we can choose to wake up and see the gift of getting to be who we are.When we decide to live from this way of “being,” it becomes easy to see this same light and gift in everyone — even those who may not yet see it in themselves.每天,咱们都可以选择一醒来就欣赏做自己这一项天赋。当咱们决定以“本性”来生活的时候,在每一个人身上,甚至是那些可能还没有开始欣赏自身本性的人身上,咱们变得很容易就能看到同样的光芒和天赋了。
The benefits of self-love are many.What I know to be true without a doubt in my heart, is that we are all capable of giving this gift to ourselves.自爱的益处有很多很多。我所知道的真相就是,咱们都能赋予自己这项天赋,这点我深信不疑。
These words help me remember why embracing my essence is always the best thing to do.Perhaps this may resonate with where you are.这些话让我想起欣然接受自己的本质始终是上策的原因。或许这也会与你产生共鸣。
When you love who you are,当你爱自己的时候,you become a conduit of light.你会成为一道光。
Just drop into your heart space,只需触及心房,and live life from this view.并遵循本心来生活。
For all of this doing
做这一切
is not who you are.无关你是谁。
Listen to your heart’s soft whisper,聆听内心轻柔的呢喃,this voice will show you the way.她会告诉你方法。
Live life from your essence
遵循本性来生活
is what she will say.她会这样告诉你。
See the light in yourself,欣赏自身的光芒,and your world will be bright.你的世界都会变得明亮。
There is no need to worry,没必要担心,you are exactly as you should be;
你正是自己本来的模样;
remember to love who you are,记得爱自己,and love you will see.爱自己欣赏的一切。
【第二篇】
“Always remember that your present situation is not your final destination.The best is yet to come.”-Unknown
“一定要记住,你目前的处境并非你的最终目标,最好的日子终将到来。”——匿名
If your life isn't where you want it to be, change it.It's what successful people have done for thousands of years.You may currently be struggling and frustrated with your life but it's not going to stay like this forever, that is, unless you don't do anything to change it.如果现在的生活并非如你所愿,那就去改变,数千年来成功人士都是这样做的。你现在可能正在挣扎,目前的生活使你沮丧,但生活不会一成不变,只要你能行动起来做出改变。
The best time of your life may still be ahead of you but it won't just magically show up, you have to create it.It's in your power to create whatever future you want for your life.Even if your best days are truly behind you, you can still have plenty of great days ahead of you if you decide to make it so.最好的生活仍在前方等着你,但它不会无缘无故出现,需要你亲手去创造。你拥有那种力量去创造自己未来想要的生活,即使最好的日子已经过去,但只要你下定决心未来仍有很多好日子等着你。
Instead of letting circumstances control and defeat you, use them to push you into action so that you can change your present situation.Bad times aren't going to last forever but if you want more great times ahead of you instead of just good times, it's time to start doing things that will make that a reality… it's time to work toward your ideal destination.不要让生活控制或打败你,你要把压力变成动力去改变目前的处境。糟糕的情况不会永远持续下去,但如果你想要以后的生活更美好,那现在就要行动起来去把愿望变成现实,现在就要朝自己梦想的生活努力前行。
【第三篇】
Not until you realize that life itself is a beautiful thing will you really start to live.Although living combines tragedy with splendor, life is beautiful and even tragedies reflect something engaging.If you were simply to live, do more than that;live beautifully.唯有在你了解了人生的真谛后,才能真正地生活。虽然人生苦忧参半,但依旧美妙,而且即使在悲剧中也藏着迷人之处。如果你只是活着,那就再努力点吧,试着活得精彩。
Through the sea of darkness, hope is the light that brings us comfort, faith, and reassurance.It guides our way if we are lost and gives us a foothold on our fears.The moment we lose hope is the moment we surrender our will to live.We live in a world that is disintegrating into a vicious hatred, where hope is needed more than ever but cannot be discerned.Finding that is rare while the world lives in fear, but the belief in something better, something bigger than this, is what keeps life worth living.在潮水般的黑暗之中,希望是光。它带来舒适、信仰和信心。它在咱们迷失时给予指引,在咱们恐惧时给予支持。而在咱们放弃希望的那一刻,也就放弃了生命。咱们生活的世界正瓦解成一个充满恶意和仇恨的地方,在这里咱们就更需要希望,却又难以寻得。在这充满恐惧的世界里,找到希望谈何容易,但是,对更好、更有意义的人生的信仰才会让生命有意义。
Then you hear a baby speaking her first word, you see seniors holding hands, you feel the first spring rain, or smell the pine tree at Christmas, and remember that no matter how awful it is, there is always hope.No matter how weak we are, we will always survive.然后,你听到婴儿说出第一个字、看到老年夫妇挽起对方的手、感受到第一场春雨或是闻到圣诞节松树的味道,你要明白,无论现在多么糟糕,希望永在;无论咱们多么脆弱,咱们终将是人生的幸存者。
【第四篇】
An elderly carpenter was ready to retire.He told his employer(contractor)of his plans to leave the house building business and live a more leisurely life with his wife enjoying his extended family.He would miss the paycheck, but he needed to retire.They could get by.一位老木匠打算退休了。他向自己所在的建筑公司雇主请辞,表示想要和自己的老伴以及大家庭去过一种更加闲适的生活。他会想念领薪水的日子,但他还是该退休了,他想日子总是能过下去的。
The contractor was sorry to see his good worker go and asked if he could build just one more house as a personal favor.The carpenter said yes, but in time it was easy to see that his heart was not in his work.He resorted to shoddy workmanship and usedinferior materials.It was an unfortunate way to end his career.老板很舍不得自己的好员工离开,他对木匠说请你再建最后一座房子吧,就算是帮我个忙。木匠答应了,但很快就明显可以看出他的心已经不在工作上了。他用拙劣的技巧和劣质的材料建这座房子,用这种状态来结束他的职业生涯其实是一种遗憾。
When the carpenter finished his work and the builder came to inspect the house, the contractor handed the front-door key to the carpenter.“This is your house,” he said, “my gift to you.”
木匠完成了他的工作,负责人来验收房屋,老板将这座房屋的前门钥匙递到了木匠手上,说:“这房子现在归你了,作为我给你的礼物。”
What a shock!What a shame!If he had only known he was building his own house, he would have done it all so differently.Now he had to live in the home he had built none too well.木匠顿时感到很震惊。多可惜啊!如果他知道是在为自己修建这所房子的话,他会完全以另一种态度来对待。而现在他不得不住在这座自己胡乱修建的房子里了。
So it is with us.We build our lives in a distracted way, reacting rather than acting, willing to put up less than the best.At important points we do not give the job our best effort.Then with a shock we look at the situation we have created and find that we are now living in the house we have built.If we had realized, we would have done it differently.想象下你就是这个木匠,想象你正在建造这座房子,你每天钉进颗钉子、安装块板子或者筑起一面墙。请用心对待吧,这是唯一一个你为自己打造的生活。即使你只在里面住上一天,这一天也要活得有光彩、有尊严。正如格言所说,“生活是一个只有靠自己才能完成的项目。”
Think of yourself as the carpenter.Think about your house.Each day you hammer a nail, place a board, or erect a wall.Build wisely.It is the only life you will ever build.Even if you live it for only one day more, that day deserves to be lived graciously and withdignity.The plaque on the wall says, “Life is a do-it-yourself project.”
谁还能说的再清楚些呢?你今天的生活就是你自己过去的态度和选择的结果,你未来的生活就是你现在的态度和选择的结果。
Who could say it more clearly? Your life today is the result of your attitudes and choices in the past.Your life tomorrow will be the result of your attitudes and the choices you make today.
第三篇:英文短文翻译
11The key problem here lies in the causality
12Those who made a fuss said that they have confirmed that violence on the media causes aggressive behavior.13But the assumption in their study need to be tested.14When we list game as violence or nonviolence, whether the scene a hero eat ghost can be referred to violence? 15When experimenter record the time which game player spent on reading a list of the “aggressive” or “non-aggressive” , can we be sure that they are weighing?
16In order to compare the method, ideas and conclusion of the media violence’s research, the new Harvard Media and Child Health collected these media violence, and made it standardized, their intention was an important step in the right direction.17Another appropriate method should be desalinizing criticism before we know more.18Many researchers have done a lot of writing , communication and validation on the threat caused by media violence
19Of course , it’s their privilege.20But when do this now, they often announced the problem has been solved, thus incurred criticism from colleagues.21In response to these criticisms, those who are alarmist accused of these critics and journalists to be deceived by the entertainment
industry.22Such a conflict is not helpful to the scientific research and the society.
第四篇:英文文献翻译(模版)
在回顾D和H的文章时,我愿意第一个去单独地讨论每一篇,然后发表一些总体的观点。
在他的论文中,D系统地发表了一个隐形的问题的分析和当前在教育研究中的两难问题。他提出了几个含蓄的假设需要被提问,严重地甚至通过定量的和定型的研究者,就像政策的提出者。
在这些假设中,其中一个是关于推论创新的项目的原因。D的总体结论是我们做改革因为他们有有用的政治和经济的末端。不幸运地是,它看起来很多的项目都被做了因为确实是D提出来的原因。
另一个提出的观点与被学习变量有关。在讨论他的第三章中,D提出了一个观点,研究需要利用很长的时间,比半年和一年的在校时间还要长。正如第三章,他指出,这个很长的等级观点是因为巨大的变化。大量的变量需要被考虑进去在下一代被提出之前,或者有庞大地例子在传统的例子被改革之前。
在最近几年,研究者已经使用不同的变量,例如盟约。更多的这些是“天资与勤奋相互作用。”然而,仅仅设定了一个标准变量。在第三章中的一个暗示是,我们需要去看多种变量就像我们去看预测的变量。每一个个体的支出都与确定的协变量紧密相关。另外,多种的支出在不同的联系当中将会代表其他的变量需要去学习。这个提出了一些问题:。足够的数据分析工具是为了这些分析吗?他对一些简单的单一变量有什么作用呢?
同等重要的是。我们需要停止与那些旧的变量保持联系在一些教育的研究当中。并且这些研究没有表明新的关系。也许通过定量研究方法和新的理论的结构,我们能辨别一些新的变量。当我们去预测这些方法的时候,将会有新的理解。除此之外,D建议,大多数创新不能使它成为过去的一点。这一点说明。是否在一个控制变量的因素当中,有一个改变。二是在支出中的变量,我自己的研究暗示表明大多数的研究实际上不使它成为一点,例如在一项估计的研究当中,我们发现百分之四十九的老师被叫做控制组在创新当中,当百分之八十四的老师在训练组正在使用它。依靠是否对控制组和实验组的数据分析。或者使用者和不使用者的数据分析。支出是完全不同的。针对粒子的设计是不充足的情况,我们需要对暗示是否出现做一个明显的检查。
最后,我建议Dawson的文章需要另外一章。我知道来自研究的所有产量在第九章里不是一个相同的尺码。一些携带了大量的重量来解释更多的变化比起其他。在教室里的老师,例如,占据了大多数的变量与地位和因素的影响有关。另外一章将会展现不同的变量去反应一些关于变量是怎样相互作用的知识。
根据H的文章,我得到了大量有帮助的思想,我有几个想发表的观点。其中一个最重要的和令人兴奋的观点是给每一个网站设计一个全职工作者。这是一条来自最短的报道评估设计,他提供了一个去得到另外一个网站的机会。H描述的策略是为了选择和训练这些领域的工人听起来很受影响,尤其是关于前所未有的领域的关于他们角色的一个有能力的设施。
然而,我是带着不舒服去尝试制作领域的工人不引人注目,通过不允许他们在正在学习的领域里办演。正如H的文件,最后的结果是任何事情除了不引人注目。如果他们已经参与到观测,看起来将会更少引人注目和惊讶,在当前系统里扮演着一个暂时的角色。
它也会出现失败,那就是在主题背后会增加领域内工作人员和客户的困难。鉴于研究的长度和广度,确定必要的信息去面对主题。几乎任何数据至少给出客户一种客户系统,那就是正在被收集的数据各种数据,去帮助更多在这个领域的信誉和研究本身。
H的建议,学校文化的“客户”被用来作为领域的工作者是有趣的。我怀疑,尽管“客户”需要来自美洲的去被招聘,来自这个国家的学校与美国的不同。教育领域之外的美国人不适应于有根据的,或者很少了解美国的学校比起教育家。知道“顾客”是否做是有益的,实际上,与那些被训练的教育家不同的是,他们收集的数据。
H非常强调合同研究的问题,。我注意到我们已经完全陷入到研究当中,通过不断地改变权力项目地实施产品的需求的经历,还有做了的网站评论,还有不断的不确定支出。这是合同研究专利的事实之一,而且不是质性研究方法的唯一。
根据这些文章我将有两个观点。首先,如果D是正确的,对于支出的复杂性而言,还有就是当遇到两个问题的分析。多种多样的质性设计在目标上h正确的.。一方面。如果D是正确的话这个有意义的改变在收入和支出的变量中间是不一样的,我们将学校在传统的形势下,他能进入更加有益的改变,然后整个事实在这个实验学校项目当中有一个大的尝试,并且在这个尝试当中有一个小的改变,可能不是一个好的投资。
第二,h的整个项目案例在抵御政治上的需要,为了一个更快的荣誉。d的文章和h的工作建议,我们需要去追求更长的研究,然而,但是在政治和经济的压力下会得到更加真实,并且每一个资金都会与那些被选择的少于批评的有关系。并且在一些长期的研究过程中需要一个稳定。这两个作者都认为。我怀疑,我们有一些政府的问题需要解决,如果这个问题是为什么做这个演示的项目呢,需要一个积极的答案。
第五篇:英文文献翻译
2.2 影响SO3浓度的过程因素
一直减少的体积流量和引入的富氧燃烧过程的烟气循环增加了烟气中SO3的浓度。例如Ochs等人计算的SO2浓度从空气燃烧条件中的200ppm增加到富氧燃烧条件中900ppm,Kakaras等人估算的以褐煤为基础时模型由空气到O2/CO2(有循环的)时,SO2浓度从270ppm增加到到800ppm。
试验结果说明虽然实际中SO2的浓度依赖于很多的因素(概括在表4中),但是从空气燃烧到富氧燃烧SO2的浓度增加2-4倍。对于同一个研究中湿烟气循环(没有凝结水)已经表明它比干烟气循环(在循环之前使水凝结)的SO2的浓度的高。
表4 富氧燃烧条件下影响熔炉中SO2浓度的因素
变量控制因素相关结果
燃料中硫煤的质量
矿物质煤/灰分的质量
理论配比需煤的质量
求的氧气量
(燃料/O2比率)
过量O2,火焰的控制
阶级风/燃尽风
氧浓度火焰的控制
烟气循环的比率火焰的控制
一次风/二次风
送风量,速度的型线
烟气的杂质(空气分离单元,不
O2,N2,Ar,H2O)控制的空气入口
酸露点热量传递的控制灰分的化学成分,SO3/SO2的转化,H2SO4的转化 飞灰中Na,K,Ca,Mg倾向于形成硫酸盐从而减少SO2的浓度。在飞灰中硫的捕获率依赖于数量,微粒粒径,金属氧化物在灰分中的形成和分布。更高浓度的水分和灰分使燃料/O2的比值更小。S的生成物H2S和COS在还原气氛中间断的形成,焦炭的燃尽影响影响整个燃料中硫元素的转化。碳的燃尽,火焰的温度,传递给锅炉的辐射热。通过燃烧器的烟气流体积的改变,稀释/SO2的循环。通过燃烧器的气体流体积发生改变,SO2稀释 在烟气酸露点下运行的热量交换单元将会导致H2SO4的沉
积而引起腐蚀的问题。在富氧燃烧条件下,特定的烟气温度
将发生改变,SO3和H2O的浓度也将随着改变。