英语毕业论文-论中西饮食文化差异

第一篇：英语毕业论文-论中西饮食文化差异

Content Abstract On Differences Between Chinese and Western Dietary Cultures Abstract Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development.Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature.We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west.Taiwan Professor Zhang Qijun said, “The old saying, 'Eat, drink, man, woman who wishes greatly'.For such a standard fair, western culture(in particular, modern American culture)can be said to be male and female culture.But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture.“As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women, but because of the narrow gender relations, Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants.Thus the diet is rich in culture.Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet.By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west.And we can also improve and create the culture of China.Key Words dietary culture;cultural tradition;differences 摘 要 饮食是人类生活、生存与发展的必需，可是由于中西方文化传统的差异，导致了中西方饮食文化在观念、对象、方式、归属与性质方面产生了差异，研究这些差异，找出可以融会贯通的地方，促进中西文化交流。台湾张起钧教授说过“古语说‘饮食男女人之大欲存焉’。就这样的标准而论，西方文化（特别是近代美国式的文化）可说是男女文化，而中国可说是一种饮食文化。”由于文化传统的缘故，西方人的人生倾向男女关系，而中国人由于对男女关系的褊狭，把人生精力倾泄导向于饮食。由此赋予饮食以丰富的文化内涵，虽然饮食文化在西方不够发达，但这种不发达本身也是一种文化发展的结果，所以对中西饮食文化的比较仍有意义。通过对中西饮食文化差异的分析，我们可以了解中西方各自的文化传统；同时能对中国文化进行改善与创新。关键词 饮食文化;文化传统;差异 Introduction Once there is a saying that ”Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings.There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive;and another is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line.Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter.Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west.As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization.But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the “heaven” degree.With the opposite, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more.Whether the awareness of original sin of Christianity, Adam and Eve legend, or ancient Greek philosophy(such as Plato's dialogue)who considered the personal relationships “love” as the love of ontology of beauty, and regarded it as a reality thinking of philosophy, all these ideas become the basis of western philosophers’ cultural thoughts.All these had potential effects on the development of western culture and westerners’ characters.Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristic.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.I.Differences in Concepts First, the Chinese and western diet have the differences that cannot be ignored in concepts.Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured.It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition.And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine.The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy.Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy.Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development.In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere.In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials.But no matter how luxurious the grade is;from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of.And as dishes, the chicken is chicken;steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish.In a dish of “French Muttonchops”, one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato.Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clear.Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet.When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is “delicious”, and that dish is “not delicious”.But if you ask what is meant by “delicious”, why “tasty” and what are the aspects of “delicious”, I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer.This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything.Even using the “color, flavor, shape and implement ”which people often said to make the“ realm ”reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown all.The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit.This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy.Chinese philosophy as a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive.Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste.The main stress is measure and the overall co1q-ordination.It contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish.The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs.II.Differences in targets All diet cannot be done without vegetables.The word “dish” is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants.According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west.In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food.Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of “fresh vegetables”.Chu ? Mandarin language: “Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship.” It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship.Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure.Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish;it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists.They deem animals as “people” and plants have “no soul.” So, they advocate vegetarianism.Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit.They uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation.Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement.There are more meat dishes in their lives.Feeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals.When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China.food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition.Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles;but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak.The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified.Mr.Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition.In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: “Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal.Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life.Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet.“He added:” The Chinese vegetarians all eat tofu.Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has.It is the meat without toxic materials.So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars.It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish.So there was science promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition.And the transfer will not carry out in a short time.“Mr.Sun’s words tell out the scientific benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet.According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners’ is animal character.In response to the cultural behaviors, Westerners love adventure, exploration, conflict;but the Chinese people only like to live banally.According to American expert on folklore Ruth’s opinions on the ”cultural pattern“ theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners’ is similar to the modern world Faust-type.Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies.The Chinese people are always thinking about ”home“ and ”roots“, despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home.But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots.This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet.Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the human folk full of energy.III.Differences in Dietary Patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character.In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast.Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.Cate are in the center of the table.It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication.People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity.Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national ”happy“ mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of ”and“ impact for future generations.It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil.The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation.If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing.This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious.Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors.The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West.This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat.They walk freely.This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals;they never need to put every word on the table.This also shows a western personality and self-respect.However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people.Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible.Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: ”First, buffet is not like drinking tea.Drinking tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet.Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat.Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes.Then you can access for large plots.And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show.Third, the buffet can do stewing pot;it means a big pot in terms of food.Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people.So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts.“The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place.This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture.IV.Differences in Diet Attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental.During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.And when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this different purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor Cooking is from diet;the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition.Therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality.The emphasis on the flavor of Chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field.Mencius said: ”Flavor in the mouth has the same interests“.”Interests“ points out the key from nutrition to arts.Such interests are from the meaning of flavor.In China, eating is not meant to have enough.It is about nutrition.Sometimes we eat though we are full.We are overloaded with food.Why? Saying bluntly, it is to appreciate the art of cooking;and not saying it nicely, it is the temptation of ”delicious“ for the enjoyment of taste.Watching the rational diet in the west, it is not only waste, but also harmful to the men body.In fact, the herbalist doctors are also opposed to overeat, claiming ”dietary restraint“.But the dialectics tell us Chinese people, occasionally the ”overload“ and once we are comfortable, we can absorb and store.Qigong masters at the situation of non-eat and non-drink at home is still in good spirits, although their weight loses, but it is intact on the human.doctor also advocates winter nutrition.It is also in order to store for keeping energy in the coming year.Chinese people's views are more dialectical than the western diet propositions opposing overloaded stubbornly.It is closer to the science truth, and has been checked up for thousands of Chinese medicine practice.Psychologists Spinoza said: ”The desire is human nature than other.” The human desire for delicious is the nature of human beings which is fully reflected.In process of the taste enjoyment, it is imbued with the shares of élan vital.Life should not be a yoke, but also not be a repressed desire.We can not use the absolute reason to regulate the behavior of all people.On the diet, it is not the purpose of “science” and “nutrition” and some delicious are excluded from the table outside.Only delicious things can satisfy people's appetite and then give the arrival of physical and mental pleasure.Chinese diet shows the transformation about sentimental form to rational form from the old days till now, and cause the Chinese dietary culture brimming with imagination and creativity.The sensibility of Chinese culinary culture is a sublime sensibility, infiltrating rational sense, also the realization of the nature of life.In addition, gustatory enjoyment is one of the main objectives pursued of the human struggle.The art of Chinese cuisine is compatible with the development of human history in the process, more scientific than the progress of the western diet.As Zhang Qijun in his work Cooking Principles said: “The United States is unprecedented least affluent society, but till today, in essence it is still 'food to eat' stage.There are still some distances from entering the realm of art.” In China, The role of diet goes beyond the subsistence of existence, which is designed not only to have the physical presence, but also to meet people's spiritual needs for pleasure.It is positive to enrich people's life performance, and fine arts, music, literature, etc.which have the same level of significance to the improvement of life.Chinese diet tends to artistry, the so-called art realm, in fact, that is a complete leap from the necessity to freedom.It is characterized by randomness.For example, similar dishes, because of the differences in area, season, target, function and grade, it has different treatments on operation.Set braised fish for example, in winter deep colors are advised and tastes are advised strongly, but in summer it should be light color and flavor.And for the people in Zhejiang province, their dishes can be put up more sugar in the braised fish, and if facing Chuanxiang customers it should allocate spicy.It easy to see that if out of the arbitrary, there would be no cooking variety;we will lose the unique charm of Chinese cuisine.Whereas in the west, dishes in different areas and different seasons and facing different customers, is the same flavor, no changes.Although it is the most valuable banquet, which is just tableware known, conducted layout, and the vegetables remain the same as before.Moreover, as for materials, westerners think the food is to eat, eating special “hard vegetables” such as large piece of meat, chicken block.China's cuisine is “taste”.The Chinese cooking in materials has shown tremendous arbitrariness: The things which many, many westerners consider as disposable things in China are excellent raw materials.Foreign cooks are not able to deal with things, but in the hands of a Chinese chef, it can get a magic result.Chinese cuisine is evident in the wide use of materials.Besides skills, an excellent cook, of course, can do more complicated dishes.But facing the real simple materials and condiments, the cooks are often able to produce delicious flavors.It is the arbitrariness of skills.In the surface, the menu seems to be scientific.Westerners always use menu to buy ingredients to produce dishes, but in comparison, it is the machinery, and often powerless facing the complex specific situation.Of course, this mechanical science is still can be said as science, but it is primitive science, and it is not the complete science.Chinese cooking talks about artistry, but it still fit the requirements among the ever-changing, it can be said such science is a real science.The characters of western food which lacks nutrition and artistic atmosphere have great distinction from the artistic realm of Chinese cuisine.V.Differences in the Nature Differences in the nature of the Chinese and western diet are inosculated with the respective lifestyle and the pace of life.In the west, people do the duplication of pipeline operations, and implement piece-wage system, so the paces of their lives are so fast.People fall under the mechanical method either intentionally or unintentionally, and believe that “Work is work, and game is game.” Mechanical lives led to oneness of diet or a single blind about diet, and eat beefsteak and potatoes every day.Monotonous diet is the same as work, for which the purposes is to fulfill the “incident”, naturally with no interests, and all these have no word in terms of taste.But China is not, “The game is work, and the work is of a game”.Such life manner is also emerged in diet.A baker sells bread in the street, he likes using the rolling pole to beat the chopping board rhythmically when they knead flour.When the cooks fry a dish, even beating scoop, they also care the sense of rhythm during cooking.These would not work for any conveniences, but it increases the interests of workers.Only in such an atmosphere work will be meaningful, and it will have more creativity and artistry of Chinese cuisine.There still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the ”KFC“ ”DICOS“, ”McDonald“.This marks a new western dietary culture exchanges and infiltration.We believe that with the development of society, the cultural differences between Chinese and western dietary will no longer be the difference.Conclusion By the text from this thesis, we can easily find that there still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the ”KFC“ ”DICOS“, ”McDonald".These mark a new western food culture exchanges and infiltration.The impact brought about by economic globalization is stronger and deeper than the internationalization.Economic globalization is a double-edged sword, on one hand, it brings the vitality of economic growth, and on the other hand, the dominant culture is put into other countries through strong economic and infiltrated every corner of the globe.Therefore, the cultural communication focus on how to assimilate advantages of the other countries’ culture, abandon its shortcoming, and learn how to transform and make it localized, all countries need to study the issue.So in the face of the dietary cultural exchange problems between China and the West, we should find each other's advantages and draw the mutual advantages, as China can learn from the point that western diet stresses nutrition match, and make the Chinese cuisine more outstanding.China is the country of a long history with an ancient culture, and enriching in cultural traditions.She feeds the 1.3 billion Chinese people, and Chinese culture is very inclusive;in the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures.Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World.China's reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China's new culture.This work can make the world to know China better and let China go to the world.Acknowledgements I am deeply grateful to assistant professor, Guo Jun, my tutor, to whom I owe a great deal of gratitude and appreciation.Mr.Guo gave me many invaluable instructions and helped me much in every stage of my thesis writing.And I also greatly appreciate the help coming from my respectable teachers, Professor Deng Xingyi, assistant professor, Liao Hong, Zhang Chun and Sun Peng.Moreover, my numerous thanks go to my dear friends and my lovely roommates, Wu chengying, Zou Yan and Hu Ping, who spend much time with me on my thesis.And I also want to thank my dear parents;they give me the best love and supporting for my study.Finally, I would like to offer my sincere gratitude to those who spend their precious time in reading this thesis.Bibliography [1] 安静.解读美国[M].北京：中国旅游出版社，2007.[2] 陈洁.得心应手---西餐礼仪[M].北京：世界知识出版社, 2005.[3] 金炳镐.民族理论通论[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社,1994.[4] 刘枋.吃的艺术[M].山东:山东画报出版社,2003.[5] 刘玫君，陈加真.出国点菜不求人---别人不会告诉你的旅行智慧[M].北京:中国旅游出版社，2005.[6] 马文.哈里斯(美).好吃:食物与文化之迷[M].山东:山东画报出版社,2001.[7] 苏珊.罗德里格.亨特.巴黎:一席浮动的豪宴[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,2004.[8] 唐鲁孙.天下味[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004.[9] 王晓昕,李学友.传统文化与道德建设[M].贵阳：贵州民族出版社,2004.[10] 萧家成.升华的魅力---中华民族酒文化[M].北京:华龄出版社，2007.[11] 徐先玲,李祖状.西方饮食文化[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社, 2005.[12] 徐先玲,李祖状.中国饮食文化[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社, 2005.[13] 向世陵.中国哲学智慧[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社, 2000.[14] 殷珍泉.礼仪有学问[M].北京：北京台海出版社, 2002.[15] 张茗阳.食物改变你的一生[M].上海:学林出版社, 2003.[16] 张志伟,欧阳谦.西方哲学智慧[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社, 2000.[17] 张起钧.烹饪原理[M].北京: 中国轻工业出版社,2000.

第二篇：浅谈中西饮食文化差异

浅谈中西饮食文化差异

【摘要】在世界全球化的今天，国家和民族间的交流亦越发频繁。而“吃”作为一种可以拉近彼此距离的交流手段，理应加以重视。“吃的文化”即饮食文化，也是文化交流中不也或缺的重要部分。本文将就中西饮食文化从饮食观念、宴会礼仪及饮食内容三大方面加以比较，展示中西餐饮文化差异，以便更加顺利的进行中西间的跨文化交际。【关键词】中西方 饮食文化 差异

不同的民族及国家有着不同的饮食文化，而饮食文化又是文化系统的一个重要组成部分。了解不同民族及国家饮食文化间的差异有利于促进他们间的文化交流，利于跨文化的交际。而中国和英美等西方国家的饮食文化，在对于饮食的观念，宴会礼仪及饮食内容方面都存在着很大的差异。比较和了解这些差异，将会为中西方将来的跨文化交际提供依据。

1饮食观念上的差异

1.1“泛食主义”对“食用主义”

在中国，“吃”不仅仅是“吃”，它被赋予了丰富的意义。古语有云“民以食为天”，可见饮食一事在国人心中的重要地位。而“民以食为天”的这种思想，也被很多学者称为“泛食主义”。饮食，在国人心中不止是一种对“胃”与“味”的满足，它亦溶于人们的生活之中，与精神世界挂钩。例如，以前人们一见面的寒暄语就是“吃了吗？”，可见古来人们都把“吃”或为“吃而准备当作很重要的事。”小孩出生的时候要办满月酒，成人结婚时要办婚宴，高寿安康时要办寿宴，长辞人世时要办丧礼，诸如此类，中国人的一生都与饮食紧密关。“吃”可以被看做一种传递心理沟通交流和表达礼节的方式。“泛食主义”在汉语i也有充分的体现。易中天先生曾在《闲话中国人》中写道：“如前述把人称为‘口’，吧职业称为‘饭碗’等。又比如思索叫做‘拒绝’，体验叫‘品味’，嫉妒叫‘吃醋’，幸福叫‘陶醉’，司空见惯叫‘家常便饭’，轻而易举叫‘小菜一碟’„„ ”1 可见“民以食为天”的中国人心中及生活中，饮食的重要性。

而在西方人眼中，“吃”仅仅是一种生存手段和交际方式。他们更多看中的食物可以提供的营养及那能量。从亚伯拉罕马斯洛的需求定律和《美国礼仪事典》都可以看出。需求定律中，认定需求被分为五个层次，其中饮食属于最低的一层。而《美国礼仪事典》曾将各类宴会的目的总结为以下几点：向提供服务者表示感谢；对刚刚达成的一笔交易表示庆祝；为了赢得客户的信任；请人帮忙„„”

2可见比起中国的“吃”，西方的吃只是停留在生存交际方面，没有赋予更多样而深远的含义。

1.2“集体主义”对“个人主义”

中国人受儒道两教长期的影响，追求“仁”“爱”，想要创造的是个和谐的社会。这样的社会群体的主导价值观，必须是“集体主义”。从“一人得道，鸡犬升天”到“亲谊、乡谊、世谊、年谊”之交等，无不打上中国群体文化的烙印。3 而在宴饮同时，中国人也喜欢围坐在一个大圆桌旁，觥筹交错，把酒言欢，敬酒聊天，欢声不绝于耳，而且共同享受桌上的菜肴。一片其乐融融之景象。

而西方人更注重的是个性的发展，他们强调individualism。他们的主导价值观，相对中国的而言，是“个体主义”。他们吃饭的时候，多数是每人各有一小份食物，不是像中国人一样从桌上的大盘里夹菜喝汤，而且一般是和坐在隔壁的人说话，声音较小，不似中国式的满桌交谈。结伴出去吃饭是也是AA制。

1.3“讲排场”对”随意简单”

“持家要俭，待客要丰”是中国的传统观念，加之中国人好面子，就会觉得请客关乎面子问题，讲究排场是必要的。一般正式的宴请时要上七八道大菜，不包括之前的零嘴及收尾时的甜点汤饮在内。菜色越多，品质越好，就越是显示出主人的好客及身份。当然这种情况下，很多食物是吃不完的。其中比较极而有名的例子就是集合满族和汉族饮食特色的巨型筵席—满汉全席。原为康熙皇帝大寿所举办的筵席包括咸甜苦辣各色菜式，各类山珍海味共一百零八道，可谓加入珍馐，极为奢华，尽显皇家气派。

而西方人没有这样的面子观念。他们盛大的西餐宴席通常不过是六道菜，而且其中只有两道菜算上是菜，其余不过是陪衬。平时宴请，饭菜更为简单。在美国，有时候朋友聚餐会采取大家作贡献的手法，称之为“Potluck”，即每人都带一样菜，让大家共享。4 即使是在举行party时，也只是提供一些简单的食物，不提供主食。可见西方人注重的不是食物的丰盛，他们是要借助party或宴请来调节气氛，让客人享受更美好的时候，利于之后的交流。

2宴会礼仪上的差异

由于历史文化不同，中西方的宴会礼仪也存在着很多差异。以下将主要就餐具、出席时间及作为安排的差异进行解释。希望借此了解中西差异后，更有利于中西方在宴会上的沟通交流，不要做出让对方觉得突兀的事情。2.1餐具的差异：“筷子”对“刀叉”

餐具上最显而易见的差异就是中国人用筷子而西方人用刀叉。这是由于不同文化的影响。中国长期受农耕文化的影响，喜欢和平与安定的生活，反对侵略。西方国家由于狩猎文化的影响，喜欢争强好胜和乐于冒险。故中国人在用餐时喜欢用圆桌，用筷子吃饭，体现一团和气；西方人一般都是用方桌，使用刀叉则给人一种杀气冲冲的野蛮之感。5

2.2出席时间的差异：“迟到”对“准时”

中国有“一寸光阴一寸金”，西方有“time is money”,但是在赴宴的时候，其实中西方还是有差异的。中国人更倾向于“迟到”而西方人更倾向“准时”。

在中国，宴席之上，“迟到”之举非常常见。当然，对此，宴请人也一般会左后准备。早早安排瓜子花生之类的零嘴供来宾消磨时间。当然邀请方不会将客人们的迟到作为不礼貌的行为。而在西方国家，正式的宴会要求要准时，若是迟到最好不要超过十分钟。而且迟到之时，一般会说再过几分钟就到了。但是要是超过二三十分钟而不告知对方，就会被看作一种失约行为，对方可不必等待。对于很重视诚信的西方人，会照成很不好的印象。2.3席位安排的差异 中西双方进餐的座次也反映着文化二代差异，而且大不相同。2.3.1“南北”对“左右”

中国自古就有“南尊北卑”的传统观念。古代皇帝都是面南而坐，而臣子们偶的是北面称臣，所含有后来“面朝南”在中国人心中就变成了一种身份地位高的象征。所以在宴会上也是朝南的作为为上座，朝北为下坐。而西方人则是把地位的高低由“左右”来划分。虽然在古代西方社会，最尊贵的客人的座位是在主人的左边，这是应为人们习惯于用右手握匕首，刺杀坐在左手边的人。如果将最尊贵的客人安排在主人的左手卫生知识，不仅他刺杀不方便，主人还有制服他的优势地位。6 但是今天，已经不存在安全的这个问题，但由于心理保护的需求，多将主宾席放在主人的右侧，形成了以右为上以左为下的规矩。2.3.2“男尊女卑”对“女士优先，男女平等”

由于长期受儒家思想的影响，“男尊女卑”的思想根深蒂固。在很久之前，女性在餐桌上根本没有一席之地，而是在厨房里忙碌，独自就餐。当然，今时不同往日，女性已经从封建礼教的束缚中解脱了出来。但但“尊老”与“女士优先”的原则发生矛盾是，中国人定会选择“尊老”。但是在西方，“女士优先”是他们的传统观念，也是平时的行为准则。这是由于多数西方国家都信仰基督教，而在基督教中，圣母玛利亚备受推崇和尊敬。也与在十二三世纪盛行的骑士风度有关。而且在就餐时的男女插空坐的方式也显示出西方人的男女平等观。当然，他们不推崇“尊老”这一说法。由于西方许多国家畜牧业和商业较发达，需要体力劳动和勇于冒险等要求，所以人们害怕衰老，不愿谈及也就难以形成“尊老”一风。

3饮食内容上的差异：“求精美”对“讲营养重均衡”。

中国有句俗话“民以食为天，食以味为先”，可见中国人极重视食物的口味。中华料理内容丰富，有诸多菜系及流派，其中以鲁、川、粤、闽、苏、浙、湘、徽八大菜系为代表。由此可见，国人对料理有“精”的追求。孔子也曾说过“食不厌精，脍不厌细”，这也是人们对食材精品意识的体现。同时，还要色香味俱全，这是“美”的要求。国人在追求味蕾的满足的同时也重视对才的外观及颜色的搭配效果。

比起重精美的中国饮食，西方的饮食更讲究营养均衡。西方人对食物的味的要求没有很高，在他们看来，饮食是为了生存及健康。他们注重的是食物中维生素，蛋白质，卡路里等的含量。所以在西方国家的食品上都有明确表明歌成分及其比重，在菜单上也会标注菜肴的成分及重量。我们吃的自助餐中，就会表明牛排的分量。他们在下厨时常用有刻度的量杯，秤等厨房用具来对食材的量进行度量。西方人基本是从营养学的角度来理解饮食，不会花太多的功夫在吃上面。

综上可见，中西方在饮食文化方面的差异还是颇多的。但随着全球化的进程，饮食文化间也会有更多的交流与碰撞。了解中西饮食文化的差异并将之应用到对跨文化交际的实践当中，对中西方的文化的交流发展及发展将有促进作用。

参考文献：

1.易中天.闲话中国人[M].北京：华龄出版社，1996.第17-18页.2 杜学增.中英文化习俗比较[M].北京：外语研究与科研出版社，1999.第171页.3 顾嘉祖.跨文化交际：外国语言文学中隐蔽文化[M].南京：南京师范大学出版社，2000.第74页.4 胡文仲.跨文化交际学概论[M].北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1999.第165页.5 单是坤，王敏.民族文化心理与中西饮食文化之对比[J].山东省农业管理干部学院学报，2005.（2）.6 Edward T Hall.The Silent Language[M].New York：Anchor Books，1990.第86页

第三篇：中西饮食文化差异

中西饮食文化差异

肖雪冬 201321020375 在《现代汉语词典》里，饮食的义项有两个：一个是名词性的，指“吃的和喝的东西”一个是动词性的指“吃东西和喝东西”，强调动作。

在英文中，饮食的概念可以有以下表达方法：“food and drink”意即“吃的和喝的东西”；“diet”意即“通常所吃的食物”，也可以指“日常的膳食”；“bite and sup ”则是指“吃东西和喝东西”。些有关“饮食”的解释中，我们可以看出，“饮食”一词的基本语言学含义比较简单，无非就是吃喝的东西或吃喝的动作。但我们深究起来，“饮食”就变得复杂了。饮食如果仅仅是吃饱喝足，为什么在吃饱喝足的同时，有这么多繁文缛节？为什么一种食物对一个地方的人来说是天赐美味，而对另一个地方的人来说则敬而远之，甚至有的地方更是避之不及呢？有人为吃什么而苦恼，而有人却为吃不饱而烦恼。饮食本身是本能的，而吃什么，如何吃，在哪里吃，则体现出不同族群的不同特点，体现出文化性。

中国与英美等西方国家对于饮食的观点和态度、饮食的内容及特点等方面都存在着显著的差异。

一：饮食观念的差异。

西方烹饪讲究营养而忽视味道。基于对营养的重视，西方人多吃生蔬菜，比如黄瓜，洋白菜和西兰花等。因为他们知道蔬菜一经加热，维生素就会被破坏。可以说西方的饮食是一种理性饮食观念。对于烹饪食物，营养性和美味性就是他们的出发点和目的地。他们全力开发和研究食物在不同状态下的营养差异，即使口味永无变化，他们照吃不误。而在中国的饮食文化中，对“味”的追求往往大于对“营养”的追求，对食物感性强于理性，以追求美味为第一要求。这种价值理念的差别形成了中餐过分注重饭菜色、香、味的特点，而西方人则自始至终坚持着从营养角度出发，轻视饭菜的其他功能，终其原因，是中西方人们思维方式的不同。在西方的世界里，理性显然是比感性更受推崇，从古希腊苏格拉底“知识就是美德”到近代培根的“知识就是力量”我们可以看出西方的思维是一种篇中理性的思维，这也体现在西方的第一二次工业革命中。在中国，饮食的追求感性显然压倒理性，这种饮食观念与中国传统哲学思想相吻合。作为东方代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观，模糊及不可捉摸。就像中医的治病方法，望闻问切，治疗从整体出发，辅之于有效的中药，但中药的药理却始终令人难以道明。从中医药我们就可以大概了解中国哲学。中国菜也是如此，讲究分寸，整体的配合。它包含了中国哲学丰富的辩证法思想，一切以菜的味道美好，协调为度，度以内的千变万化决定了中国菜的丰富和富于变化的特点。

二：饮食结构的差异。

虽然现在人们的生活水平较以前有了极大的提高，但总的来说，中国人以素食为主，中国人每天吃的蔬菜比西方人多得多。西方人则喜好荤食,秉承着游牧民族、航海民族的文化血统,以渔猎、养殖为主,以采集、种植为辅,荤食较多,吃、穿、用都取之于动物,连西药也是从动物身上摄取提炼而成的。而西方人虽每天进食大量蛋白质，但肠胃功能却因进食纤维素太少而受到影响，因此消化系统的患病率及患癌率均大大超过中国；中国人喜爱粗粮，而西方人偏爱精白粉等细粮。而实际上，粗粮所含营养物质要比细粮多中国人喜爱豆浆、豆腐、豆芽等豆制品，而西方人却往往不喜欢。另外，中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性，许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，例如鸡鸭的舌头，脚掌等，一到中国厨房，经过厨师加工便成为一道道美食佳肴。

三：饮食方式的差异。

中西方的饮食方式有很大不同。在中国，宴席都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。虽然从卫生的角度看，这种饮食方式有明显的不足之处，但它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改变。而在西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和西式宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是西方流行的自助餐。将所有食物陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了西方人对个性、对自我的尊重。但各吃各的，互不相扰，缺少了一些中国人聊欢共乐的情调。

四：用餐礼仪差异。

中国的大多数宴会上将长幼有序、尊重长者作为排座的标准,位高权重者或年长者常首先入座并坐首席。中餐的进餐礼仪体现一个“让”的精神。宴会开始时,所有的人都会等待主人,只有当主人请大家用嘴时,才表示宴会开始。当有新菜上来,主人一般请主宾和年长者先用以示尊敬。中国的用餐礼仪深深地体现了中国传统文化“孝”文化。在中国，有句话“百行孝为先”，由此可看出“孝”在中国的地位。孩子孝敬父母，后辈尊敬师长，重视对年长者的尊重，在这种观念影响下就产生了“让”的进餐礼仪精神。西方排座位的标准则是女士优先、尊重妇女。在安排座位时,如果是男女共同参加的宴会,则由男女主人共同主持,必须将男女宾客分开列成两个名单,通常的座位安排形式是:男主人与女主人正对面,男主人的左右两侧为女主宾,接着按时针方向朝外侧排列。还应注意两点:一是男宾常依地位而不是根据年龄安排;二是夫妇座位应在同一边但不相连。另外,如果男女结伴同时赶赴宴会,那么男士应为女士开门,让女士先行;当主人把女宾客领进大厅时,首先由男主人邀请第一女主宾入席,并帮她拉椅子、入座,女主人则同男贵宾最后进入。在上菜与进餐时,应首先从左侧给女主宾上菜,然后按顺序分送给其他女士,最后给女主人;接着,再按同样的顺序给男士上菜。当女主人及其他女士拿起餐巾、刀叉开始进餐后男士们才能开始。进餐结束后,必须等女主人起身离席,其他人方可离席,且仍然要为女士拉椅子,让其先行。在西方，人们更多的是体现一种女士优先，尊重妇女的精神。

五：用餐器具差异。

中国人的餐具主要是筷子、辅之以匙,以及各种形状的杯、盘、碗、碟。中国烹饪讲究餐具的造型、大小、色彩与菜品的协调,讲究“美器”,把饮食当作艺术活动来对待。西方人多用金属刀叉,以及各种杯、盘、盅、碟。其中盘又有菜盘、布丁盘、奶盘、白脱盘等;酒杯更是讲究,正式宴会几乎每上一种酒,都要换上专用的玻璃酒杯,分工非常明确。筷子与刀叉作为东西方最具代表性的两种餐具,影响了东西方不同的生活方式,代表着不同的两种智慧。先秦时代,人们吃饭一般不用筷子。根据《礼记》中的记载推测,当时人是用手把饭送入口的。后来由于人们在烧烤食物时,不可能直接用手操作,需借助竹枝一类的工具来放置和翻动食物,在炊具中烧煮肉块和蔬菜的羹汤,也要用它们来取食,久而久之,聪明的先民逐渐学会用竹条来夹取,这就是筷子最早的雏形。刀叉的出现比筷子要晚很多。据研究,刀叉的最初起源和欧洲古代游牧民族的生活习惯有关,他们马上生活随身带刀,往往将肉烧熟,割下来就吃。后来走向定居生活后,欧洲以畜牧业为主,面包之类是副食,直接用手拿。主食是牛羊肉,用刀切割肉,送进口里。到了城市定居以后,刀叉进入家庭厨房,才不必随身带。由此不难看出今天作为西方主要餐具的刀和筷子身份很是不同,它功能多样,既可用来宰杀、解剖、切割牛羊的肉,到了烧熟可食时,又兼作餐具。刀叉和筷子,不仅带来了进食习惯的差异,进而影响了东西方人生活观念。刀叉必然带来分食制,而筷子肯定与家庭成员围坐桌边共同进餐相配。西方一开始就分吃,由此衍生出西方人讲究独立,子女长大后就独立闯世界的想法和习惯。而筷子带来的合餐制,突出了老老少少坐一起的家庭单元,从而让东方人拥有了比较牢固的家庭观念。

中西方饮食文化相互影响及思考

中西方文化背景不同，自然会有饮食观念上的差异和饮食方式的不同。两者各有千秋，单说历史，西餐自然无法和中餐相比。中国有几千年的历史，饮食文化的博大精深自不必说。但是很多历史的东西，过去可能是先进的，今天则可能是落后的。比如就现在的生活节奏来讲中餐做起来远不如来个汉堡方便、快捷。从卫生的角度看，中餐的饮食方式有明显的不足之处，也有许多需要改进的地方。人们的生活中既要有传统的中餐，也要有一些西式的食品。

文化差异就动与静，需要的不是个人或集体的评价，而是需要一个“零势面”。在西方人的眼里，中国的饮食只是单纯的“味”天下，而中国人却最终没有改，西方人也没有察觉到自己的饮食有何不足。在西方一些哲学家观点认为，没有镜子是不能找到自己的不足，然而，西方人和中国人一样，没有找到一面可以找到自己不足的镜子。西方饮食文化有何不足？很简单，从肉类煮八成熟就能看出，八成熟的肉类的确实含有比较多的营养，但是，从健康的角度看，他们缺少卫生的眼光，肉类的细菌没能得以杀除，在保证美味、营养的条件下还必须有健康。从唯物主义观点出发，保证个人健康，才能更好地发展社会、传承文化。

饮食文化不是历史的，也不是现代的，它是从古代到现代在蒸煮实践中得到的。饮食文化不是属于个人的，也不是属于某个集体的，它是属于全世界的，是历史的累积物及文化的见证。

不管是西方还是中方，饮食文化都会有差异，但重要的是尊重各自的饮食文化，简单点概括就是尊重各国文化。尊重各国饮食文化可以使饮食文化不产生敌对之意，文化重在交流，在尊重文化基础上已经很好地保证了这以点，在继承中发展文化，在发展中继承文化，使饮食文化得以更好地改进和创新。在保证文化不敌对情况下发展，符合我国现在基本情况的要求，也符合社会发展的要求，这样会在一定程度上推进我国走向饮食大国。

文化在创新和继承中难免会碰到这样或那样的冲突，基督教、佛教等宗教在我们生活中存在着，偶尔对我们内心有依靠，但是，从过去的历史和现今宗教的宗旨看，我国的饮食文化与它们的宗教精神实在是冲突多，佛教的不杀生，与我国饮食文化就有比较明显的差异，西方人眼里认为中国饮食文化是一种“暴力”文化，是一种不值得人们去向往的饮食类型，那么，我们是否改变自己的饮食文化呢？是否听从别人的言语呢？中国饮食文化的缺点我们不可否认，我们这能够改善而不能够改变，先解决主要矛盾，次要矛盾会随时间慢慢地解决，也就是说，先解决的主要矛盾就是解决自身的缺点，而非改变自己的饮食文化，倘若我们想把饮食文化给改了，这并不是一件简单的事情，因为，中国饮食文化已经灌入我们心里五千年之久，如果完全改变饮食文化不可取的。

拥有自己的特色饮食文化是基础，发展与创新是饮食文化的顶梁柱，因为世界在不停地发展，文化在不断地更新，我们不能一味的陶醉在现有的美味，要拿出勇气及志气创出新的饮食文化，也能站在空想主义的环境下幻想自己的成就。在被文化冲涮的世界里，我们更应该利用这时机，学习西方饮食文化以便补充现有的不足，但是，不能片面的承接西方文化，也不能片面的否认西方饮食文化，“取其精华，去其糟粕”是主要的精神，凭着这精神发展自我饮食文化将会取得很大的进步。

中西饮食保存着各自的特色,同时也在诸多方面存在着各式各样的差异，当然，这些差异都具有相对性，几千年来的东西方文化的交流也促成中西方的饮食文化的不断融合。全球化态势下的跨文化交际使得多样的饮食文化不断的互补与兼容。今天，享受东西方各具特色的饮食已成为当代人日常生活中司空见惯的事情。我们在大街上随处可见法式大餐、KFC, Macdonald, Pizza hut等西方的舶来饮食，而中国菜馆也开遍了全世界。

第四篇：浅谈中西饮食文化差异.doc

致谢

在论文即将完成之际，在此向教授我知识的各位老师及关心我的家人、同学和朋友们表示衷心的感谢！从着手准备论题到构思框架、充实内容再到整个论文的完成，凝聚着无数人对我的关怀和帮助，没有他们的支持和鼓励，我是不会这么顺利完成的。

感谢新疆师范大学外国语学院英语系所有给予我关心和帮助的老师和同学们，正是这个温馨的大家庭让我三年的学习生活盛满感动，留下许多令人难忘的美好回忆。

这篇文章的最终完成要感谢外国语学院马晓玲老师，她帮助我明确了这篇文章的基本思路，而且在百忙之中多次帮我修改论文，更提出十分中肯和宝贵的意见。

感谢这三年授予我知识的各位老师们，是诸位老师的教诲使我拥有一定的专业知识，从而较为顺利的完成了论文的撰写。

最后，向所有关心我的家人、师长、朋友表示深深的谢意。

I

摘要

在悠久的历史文化中，中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学造就了中西文化的差异，从而造就了中西方饮食文化的差异。饮食与文化密切相关；不同的民族缔造了不同的饮食文化,所以饮食文化具有浓郁的民族性和多样性的特点。中国与英美等西方国家对饮食的观点和态度、饮食内容以及饮食特点等方面都存在着显著的差异。中国与英美等西方国家在饮食观念、饮食方式、宴会礼仪、饮食内容等方面的跨文化差异,揭示了导致饮食文化差异的深层次的原因,并阐明了随着跨文化交际的发展,中西饮食文化的交流、互补和兼容的因素也会增多。

关键词：中西饮食文化；跨文化交际；差异

II

Abstract

Food, an essential prerequisite for the existence and development of mankind remains a close relation with culture, for food culture varies with nations.Therefore, there are great disparities between China and the western countries in ideas, attitudes, contents and functions of food cultures.This paper endeavors to analyze the cultural differences and their rooted causes in Chinese and Western food cultures from the perspectives of concept, manners, etiquette and content, and points out that with the development of cross-cultural communication, more factors and new variables in food cultures will arise through communication, interaction and imitation.Key words: Chinese and Western food cultures;cross-cultural communication;differences

III

论文提纲

引言

第一章 饮食观念上的差异

1.1.中方的“泛食主义”与西方的“食用主义” 1.2.中方注重“排场”与西方讲求“简单、随意” 1.3.中方注重“集体主义”与西方注重“个体主义”

第二章 饮食方式的差异

2.1． 餐具的差异:“筷子”与“刀叉” 2.2．“营养”与“美味”的关注重点不同 2.2.1.理性的西方人更多关注的是营养与生存 2.2.2.感性的中国人追求的是美味和享受

第三章 中西宴会礼仪上的差异

3.1.出席时间的差异:“迟到”与“准时” 3.2． 座位安排的差异 3.2.1.“南北”与“左右”

3.2.2.“男尊女卑”与“女士优先、男女平等”

第四章 饮食内容上的差异

4.1.“求精、求美”与“讲营养、重均衡” 4.2.菜名的差异

第五章 结论

IV

第五篇：中西饮食文化差异(终极版)

中西饮食文化差异

摘要：中西文化之间的差异造就了中外饮食方面的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。这种价值理念的差别形成了中餐以食表意、以物传情的特点，过分注重饭菜的意、色、形，基本追求色、香、味，具有粗放型思维特征的中国人在数千年的漫长岁月中却很少考虑饭菜的营养性。西方人在烹饪时自始至终坚持着饭菜的实用性基本特征。从营养角度出发、落足于食物对人的健康，他们不讲究花样、轻视了饭菜的其他功能。两者在饮食方面存在着巨大差异。简要从下面几个方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。

一、饮食观念不同

西方饮食观念是一种理性的、讲求科学的饮食观念。他们强调饮食的营养价值，注重食物所含蛋白质、脂肪、热量和维生素的多少，特别讲究食物的营养成分搭配是否适宜，卡路里的供给是否恰到好处，以及这些营养成分是否能为进食者充分吸收，尽量保持食物的原汁和天然营养，而不追求食物的色、香、味、形的完美。西方人吃的是营养，他们很少或几乎不把饮食与精神享受联系起来。在饮食上反映出一种强烈的实用与功利的目的。西方人认为，饮食仅是生存的手段，用以果腹充饥而已，只不过它采用了一种更科学、规范和合理的方式。如他们的中小学校都配有营养师，以保证青少年的营养充足和平衡。

中国人的饮食强调感性和艺术性，追求饮食的口味感觉，多从“色、香、味、形”等方面来评价饮食的好坏优劣，追求的是一种难以言传的意境。简单地说，中国人吃的是口味，“味”是中国饮食的魅力所在。中国人饮食的目的，除了果腹充饥，同时还要满足对美味的渴望，带来身心的愉悦。中国饮食之所以有其独特的魅力，关键就在于它的味。中国烹饪讲究的调和之美，是中国烹饪艺术的精要之处。菜点的形和色是外在的东西，而味却是内在的东西，重内在而不刻意修饰外表，重菜肴的味而不过分展露菜肴的形和色，这正是中国美性饮食观的最重要的表现。

二、中西饮食对象的差异

西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹调在用料上也显出极大的随意性：许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手里，就可以化腐朽为神奇。足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。

据西方的植物学者的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国人的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以自古便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。中国人的以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千缕万丝的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，而植物则“无灵”，所以，主张素食主义。

三、饮食方式的不同

中西方的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都只会有一种形式，就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介物。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德，这种饮食它符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流，因而至今难以改革。

西式饮宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上那是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而西式宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。

四、饮食习惯的不同

中国人用筷子，外国人用刀叉。

西方的菜从不用炒的或者炸的，他们的正餐中的肉类都会先剔去骨头，这样更容易切。中国的食物是世界上独一无二，品种最多，样式最复杂的美食。这是别的国家学不去的，可是其中有许多菜都好吃但不健康，比如太油腻，太辛辣等等。五，饮食环境的不同

中国人比较注重排场。中国人好面子，他们把请客吃饭看作一种身份的象征。在以前，打包甚至是一种丢人的行为，反之，排场越大，就越好，因此，在中国喜欢把在外吃饭请客叫做“饭局”

西方饮食比较注重精致，从现在流入中国的西餐我们就可以看出。西方饮食注重精致，他们认为，吃饭是一件优雅的事，进入西餐厅必须着装正式，以示对他人的尊敬，通常，穿着不整洁或是不正式是不许进西餐厅的。而且，吃西餐有着严格的用餐礼仪及要求，不当的用餐礼仪被看作是没有教养的象征。

六、饮食口味的不同

西方人吃甜食，而中国人大多以咸为主。中国注重口味，西方注重营养。参考文献：

世界饮食文化 作者 赵红群等编著

西方饮食文化 作者 杜莉，孙俊秀 主编

东食西渐--西方人眼中的中国饮食文化 作者(英国)(Roberts.J.A.G)罗伯茨 译者 杨东平

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