(英语毕业论文)论中美送礼文化差异

第一篇：(英语毕业论文)论中美送礼文化差异

本科生毕业设计（论文）封面

（2016 届）

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英语原创毕业论文参考选题(200个)

一、论文说明

本写作团队致力于英语毕业论文写作与辅导服务，精通前沿理论研究、仿真编程、数据图表制作，专业本科论文3000起，具体可以联系qq958035640。下列所写题目均可写作。部分题目已经写好原创。

二、原创论文参考题目 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 《飘》中斯佳丽的性格特征解读 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 析《鲁滨逊漂流记》中“星期五”的人物形象 浅析《野性的呼唤》中人的意象

从莎士比亚女性主义意识浅析《驯悍记》主角凯瑟琳娜 浅析英汉语言中颜色词的运用

《红楼梦》两英译版本中姓名翻译的对比研究 从电影《乱世佳人》看美国女性价值观 《了不起的盖茨比》叙述者尼克分析 立法语言模糊现象研究——以刑法为视角 11 英汉同义词对比及翻译 12 论《小妇人》中的超验主义思想 13 从理解文化角度翻译英语习语 14 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 15 李清照“声声慢”英译本的对比研究 16 跨文化交际意识与中文旅游文本翻译 17 试析威廉布莱克和他的《老虎》 18 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 19 《屋顶丽人》中的多重冲突及其张力 20 口译中的语用失误分析 论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象及象征意义 22 论中西文化中家庭观念的差异 23 《榆树下的欲望》卡博特的悲剧分析 xx大学影视英语教学调查 埃兹拉庞德意象派诗歌解析：以《在地铁站里》为例 26 论《一个小时的故事》中马拉德夫人女性意识的觉醒 27 问题类型对TEM阅读成绩影响的实证研究 28 唐诗中比喻修辞格的翻译——以许渊冲英译本为例 On the Character of Scarlett O’Hara and the Transition of American Society 30 文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响

英语政治新闻中的模糊限制语及其语用功能分析

An Imitation of the Primitive Society: Evil of Human Nature in Lord of the Flies 33 英汉衔接手段对比分析－－基于The Old Man and the Sea及其译本的对比分析 34 从《野性的呼唤》看杰克・伦敦的人生观 35 《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的成长三部曲 36 我国中小学英语语音教学现存的问题与对策 37 论中西方思维方式的差异 38 论《荆棘鸟》中的女性意识

肯克西《飞越疯人院》的女性主义批评

电影《苔丝》的缺失——与原著《德伯家的苔丝》的比较 41 简爱——平凡而非凡的女人

从《了不起的盖茨比》看美国梦的幻灭 43 中西建筑文化差异及其形成背景分析 44 论《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》的悲剧成因

从《汤姆叔叔的小屋》看斯托夫人的宗教矛盾心理 46 A Study of Pragmatic Functions of English Euphemisms 47 Hawthorne’s Religious Notion: an Analysis of The Scarlet Letter 48 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 49 英式英语与美式英语的拼写差异

极限环境中的善与恶——浅析《蝇王》中的主要人物人格结构 51 从礼貌原则角度分析电影《暮光之城》中的对白

The Application of Cohesive Devices in Chinese-English Translation of Chinese Literary Works

从东西方文化差异视角看动物词汇的翻译 54 《魔术与童年》翻译中英汉词汇衔接对比研究 55 文本分类理论与广告翻译

修辞在政治演讲中的作用－－以奥巴马获胜演讲为例 57 沃尔玛策略研究

浅析中学生英语学习中的情感因数 59 时事政治汉译英该注意的几个问题 60 论《老人与海》中圣地亚哥性格的双重性 61 《吉姆爷》的生态女性主义解读

教师在农村初中英语游戏教学中的角色分析－－以某中学为例

A Discussion of the Cultural Similarities and Differences of Color Terms in English and Chinese 64 Thackeray’s Ambivalent Attitude towards the Women in Vanity Fair 65 如何提高小学生对英语学习的兴趣

A Comparative Study of Women in Fortress Besieged and Pride and Prejudice 67 Pragmatic Failures in the Practice of Interpretation in International Business Communication 68 中文商标英译研究

《嘉莉妹妹》中男女主人公命运的对比分析 70 The Tragic Fate of Tess 71 语法翻译法视角下的中学生英语家教辅导 72 二元对立模型在伍尔夫《达洛卫夫人》中的应用 73 《小妇人》结局分析

种族沟通的桥梁——对《宠儿》中两个丹芙的人物分析 75 从《自我之歌》,看美国梦对惠特曼的影响 76 从《无名的裘德》看哈代的现代性意识 77 英语委婉语的特点及运用

浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森 79 体态语在英语课堂教学中的运用研究

英语专业学生议论文写作中连接词使用情况研究

儒家文化与和谐世界的构建 82 论《月亮宝石》的现实主义手法

从目的论角度分析商业电视广告中双关语的翻译 84 人文主义思想在《皆大欢喜》中的运用 85 探析《蝴蝶梦》中的悬念写作手法 86 Feminism in To the Lighthouse 87 Comparative Study of Love-Tragedy Between Romeo and Juliet and The Butterfly Lovers 88 奈达功能对等理论指导下英汉广告修辞的翻译策略探究 89 浅析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的反叛精神 90 论《远离尘嚣》中女主人公的悲剧原因 91 论英语新闻标题中修辞的汉译 92 对外新闻的导语编译研究

A Contrastive Study on Language Features of Chinese and English Proverbs 94 A Brief Analysis of the Main Female Characters in Golden Notebook 95 论王尔德在《道林格雷的画像》中的美学思想 96 浅析歇后语翻译中直译的可行性

从《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》看维多利亚时期的新女性主义观

出人意料的结局和夸张－基于欧亨利的短篇小说《忙碌经纪人的罗曼史》 99 《嘉莉妹妹》的自然主义解读

《俄狄浦斯王》与《少数派报告》中先知与命运关系的对比分析 101 论基督教教义对美国人慈善观的影响 102 论“成长的烦恼”中的美国家庭文化 103 浅析翻译中的文化缺省及其补偿策略 104 从目的论看电影《音乐之声》中对白的汉译

《边城》与《哈克贝利费恩历险记》中的河流的比较研究

译者主体性视角下的翻译策略—杨氏夫妇《聊斋志异》英译本个案研究 107 认知语境对文学文本翻译策略的影响 108 小学英语课堂教学氛围调查研究

边缘人群的孤独与无奈——对《夜访吸血鬼》中路易斯的研究

商务英语合同的翻译特点及策略研究 111 中英姓氏差异及其原因探究

论视觉小说中的西方神话形象重塑——以《命运之夜》系列为例 113 浅析托妮莫里森《恩惠》中的母爱 114 《紫色》的生态女性主义解读

从《纯真年代》的女性角色看旧纽约的女性地位 116 从中外节日看两种文化—以春节和圣诞节为例 117 论《老人与海》中的象征主义

简析《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的人格特征 119 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 120 从功能对等角度翻译委婉语

从功能对等理论看《好汉两个半》的幽默字幕翻译 122 《格列佛游记》对理性的反思与批判 123 论威廉戈尔丁《蝇王》中知识分子的悲剧 124 从就餐细节看中美儿童个性能力的差异 125 会话含义在商务谈判中的运用

从中英文动物隐喻看中国与英语国家的文化差异 127 从顺应理论的角度对广告翻译的分析 128 试述《亚当夏娃日记》的圣经情结 129 瓦尔登湖畔的隐士：反抗与变革 130 文化差异视域下英语报刊硬新闻的翻译 131 伍尔芙的人生经历对其小说创作的影响 132 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读

The Analysis of the Narrative Style in Toni Morrison’s Beloved 134 《哈利波特》系列作品中颜色的象征意义 135 论《麦田里的守望者》的“非乐观性”

从合作原则谈影视翻译策略——以《功夫熊猫》为例

A Study on the Cross-Cultural Management in the Sino-American Joint-Venture Enterprises－－With Special Reference to Changan & Ford Motor Company 138 从就餐细节看中美儿童个性能力的差异

On Translation of Humorous Language from English to Chinese 140 关于《白鲸》中的象征主义手法运用的研究与探讨 141 论《麦田里的守望者》中的佛教禅宗因素 142 模糊限制语在英语新闻中的语用功能 143 英语新闻标题的语言特点及翻译

英语经济新闻标题翻译在模因传播中的分析 145 简爱性格魅力分析

《德伯家的苔丝》中的意象分析

威廉福克纳《圣殿》小说创作里的自卑情结 148 从跨文化的角度看翻译的归化与异化 149 会计英语的语言特点及其翻译 150 “垮掉的一代”形成的背景探析 151 名词化隐喻在外贸函电中的功能分析 152 论爱伦坡小说《莫格街谋杀案》中悬疑的设置 153 从《蝇王》中的象征看人性的恶

154 从《简爱》的多译本看中国两性关系的变化 155 东西方文化中团队意识的差别 156 从新闻用语特点对比中西方文化差异 157 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读

158 语境及其在提高高中学生英语阅读能力中的应用 159 霍桑的《胎记》中乔治亚娜的死的深层原因探究 160 海明威文学作品中青年和老年人物关系对比探究 161 浅谈中国古词的色彩美在英语中的重现 162 《远大前程》中的“远大”可以是“错误”的 163 英语动词时态的认知及隐喻概念研究

164 Cultural Influences on Business Negotiation between China and Japan 165 论弗罗斯特诗歌中自然意象对意境的构建 166 《傲慢与偏见》中婚姻观对当代中国的现实意义 167 从《穿靴子的猫》看美国动画电影中的英雄主义 168 爱神简论

169 接受理论视角下英文商标名汉译研究 170 论本杰明富兰克林《自传》 中的美国精神 171 浅析不同文化中的身势语 172 “狗”在中西文化中的对比研究

173 从奈达翻译理论初探英汉新闻导语翻译策略 174 《天边外》的悲剧分析

175 从目的论看中国电影字幕翻译：以《金陵十三钗》为例 176 颜色词的中英对比翻译 177 从接受美学看广告翻译 178 论翻译中的衔接与连贯

179 浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森 180 英汉含文化植物词谚语对比研究 181 从跨文化角度看中美商务谈判

182 [毕业论文](经贸英语系毕业论文)优衣库创意营销策略 183 《了不起的盖茨比》中的原型解析 184 企业英文简介中的概念语法隐喻分析 185 初中生英语自主学习现状调查与分析

186 从自然主义视角解读德莱赛《珍妮姑娘》中珍妮的形象 187 谈电影片名汉译的不忠

188 风筝在《追风筝的人》中的象征意义分析 189 On Alice Walker’s Womanism in The Color Purple 190 商务谈判策略研究

191 英国议会制辩论－－探究与实践 192 《雾都孤儿》中南希形象分析 193 从语用角度和文化角度浅谈隐喻的翻译

194 A Paralysed Wilderness—The Appreciation and Analysis of Symbols in Araby 195 汉语公示语英译之跨文化交际研究 196 大卫王：在希伯来世界中的社会地位 197 论《红字》中的奇异情景

198 《了不起的盖茨比》和《太阳照常升起》中时髦女郎的对比

199 从里奇的礼貌原则角度分析《老友记》中的言语幽默 200 英汉基本颜色词文化内涵对比研究

第二篇：论中美校园文化差异

论中美校园文化差异

作者：

导师：

摘 要

随着中国市场经济的发展和对外开放的不断扩大，中国与美国的交流日益增多，文化交流已经成为两国交流的重要组成部分。改革开放以来，中国的教育界、科学界和文化界一直同美国保持着文化交流，这不仅促进了两国人民的相互了解，也促进了教育和文化事业的发展。

校园文化是社会文化和教育环境的重要组成部分，对学生的品格的形成具有潜移默化的影响作用。良好的校园文化是实现素质教育的重要途径，校园文化建设的成功与否直接影响着教育工作的效果。中美是经济发展程度不同的两个大国，政治制度、传统文化、历史背景等方面存在差异，校园文化方面也存在许多不同之处。美国作为一个发达国家，有相对完善的教育体制和发展模式，校园文化建设也存在许多独到之处，可为我国的高校发展和校园文化建设提供借签。

本文从中美文化的特征差异的比较分析入手，分析研究了中美校园文化所存在的差异以及造成其差异的原因，并就新形势下如何培养良好的校园文化环境，富有成效地做好校园文化建设进行了探讨。

关键词：中国，美国，校园文化，差异性，启示

I

On the Differences Between Chinese and American Campus

Cultures

Author:

Supervisor:

ABSTRACT

With the development of China’s marketing economy and the wide opening up to the outside world, the exchanges between America and China have been increasing year by year, especially the cultural exchanges, and the Chinese educational, scientific and cultural communities have always maintained the exchanges with America.The cultural exchanges between the two countries have made great contribution to the mutual understanding of American and Chinese people and to the development of education.Campus culture, as an important part of social culture and educational environment, plays an essential role in cultivating people’s personality.Good campus culture is a vital way to achieve the accomplishment of quality education.The campus culture has great impact on the educational quality.America and China, as two countries of great influence, have different political systems, traditional cultures and historical background, thus the campus cultures between them are also varied from each other.America, one of the well-developed countries, has relatively complete educational system and developing patterns, which means the campus culture has its own advantages.Therefore, it can give some guidance and enlightenment for Chinese campus cultural building-up.This current paper is going to explore the main differences between American and Chinese campus cultures, and then to find out the main reasons that cause the differences.After that, it puts forward some enlightenment for our campus cultural building-up.Keywords: China, America, campus culture, difference, enlightenment

II

Acknowledgements

III

CONTENTS

摘要…………………………………………………………………………………………Ⅰ Abstract…………………………………………………………………………………….Ⅱ 1 Introduction………………………………………………………………………….…....1 2 The Differences Between American and Chinese Campus Cultures………………....3 2.1 American Individualism and Chinese Collectivism………………………….....3 2.2 Differences in Cultivating Students’ Personality……………………………….4 2.3 Differences in Cultivating the Students’ Creative Spirit ……………………....5 3 The Reasons that Cause the Differences………………………………………….…….6 3.1 Different Running Ways of Schools……………………………………………..6 3.2 Different Attitude of Students Toward Life……………………………………..9 3.3 Different Campus Atmosphere and Studying Environment……………….....10 4 The Enlightenments for Our Campus Cultural Building-up………………………...12

4.1 Exerting the Guiding Role of Campus Culture and Creating a Healthy Environment for Moral Education…………………………………………… 12 4.2 Developing Students’ Personality and Cultivating Their Creative Spirit.......13 4.3 Developing Traditional National Culture and Playing Its Potential Impact on Campus Cultural Building-up………………………………………………......13 5 Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………….15 References………………………………………………………………………………....16

IV Introduction

With the development of globalization and the implementation of opening-up policy, China’s exchanges with America become more and more frequent in all aspects.Cultural exchanges have been the most important part among the exchanges.Campus culture is one of important component of social culture and also a specific cultural environment which emerges from the campus education.Chinese and American campus cultures have distinguishing features respectively.They all have good aspects which should be advocated and take advantage of for our campus cultural building-up.Therefore, the study of American and Chinese campus culture is necessary and many scholars from the two countries have been studying their differences from different aspects.Before studying the differences between American and Chinese campus culture, we should know something about culture and campus culture: According to On Campus Culture written by Wang Banghu(1998:12), we can have a very clear understanding about diverse definitions of “campus culture” made by people from all circles.This book says that campus culture is a series of values held by those teachers, students and administrators who live in a specific environmental atmosphere, say, campuses, and the concretion of those values on materials and ideologies.And according to Mo Liyu “culture is a collection of belief, habits, living patterns, and behaviors, which are held more or less in common by people who occupy particular geographic area(2006:30).” And we can also find another authoritative definition of culture in a famous Chinese dictionary Cihai:(Xia Zhengnong, 1999)widely speaking, culture is the combination of all human material and spiritual wealth which are created in the process of human history.Narrowly speaking, it refers to the ideology of the society, as well as the systems and organization.The definition indicates that culture is a historical and geographic phenomenon, and every society or place has its own culture.Since the definitions if cultures are different, the definition of campus culture which is always influenced by culture is also varied.Another mentionable book is American Culture by Dong Xiaochuan(2006).This book answers questions such as “What is culture?” “What is American culture?” “What is the research on American culture?” and

“What is the purpose of the study on American culture?” etc, dividing the topic “American Culture” into eight parts and explaining different aspects in the culture.As one of the most important carriers of ideological and political education, the campus cultures in China and America are quite different.Due to different social systems, educational systems, traditional cultures and historical background, the Chinese and American campus cultures have their own characteristics in the construction of campus culture.Therefore, through comparing the two different cultures, the author will find some useful enlightenment for our campus cultural building-up to achieve the objectives of the study.In order to finish this thesis, the author has made a general study on related topics, read many documents and articles concerning Chinese and American cultures and campus cultures.The author also has found more resources and materials from the internet, in light of the dramatic change of science and technology.Through comparing, analyzing and reasoning, this paper is going to make clear what differences are between American and Chinese campus cultures and to give some suggestion on our campus cultural building-up.The Differences Between American and Chinese Campus

Cultures

The introduction in the first part indicates something about culture and campus culture.This part will explore the differences between Chinese and American campus cultures.The work Quality Education in America(Huang Quanyu, 1999)puts forward that American campus culture is abundance in contents, colorful in forms and useful in outcomes, which is the result in recognitions of the quality-oriented education and students’ creativities.The author of this book sets a large number of examples to represent the characters of both Chinese and American campus cultures.The aim and worthiness of my study is to compare the differences of campus culture in China and the US, to study other’s advantages and to borrow them to serve our culture so as to give more vitality to our campus culture.It is well known that there are many differences between American and Chinese culture, so it is certainly that there are many differences between two country’s campus cultures.Campus Culture is one of the most important parts in every country’s culture.American and Chinese campus cultures have their own features and characteristics, through comparing the two different cultures;we can find the core of the differences of campus cultures between America and China mainly reflected in the following aspects.2.1 American Individualism and Chinese Collectivism

Compared with Chinese campus culture, campus culture in the United States is more advocating “individualism” to publicize personality(Wang Jie, 2001:14).The impact of culture on the people is enormous, and specific campus cultural patterns will inevitably influence the students.The United States is a multi-ethnic, multi-religious and multi-cultural traditions country, which advocates the ”American spirit“ of freedom and equality, personal struggle, heroism and pragmatism.The ”American spirit“ has become a guide and basic national criterion for the awareness of cultural values, which is, undoubtedly, reflected in the ideology and philosophy of education through rich and

colorful cultural activities at campus.In the United States, most of campus culture advocates self-centered individualism and pragmatic values and the students’ living, learning and competing at campus are based on their individual ability.The equal relationship between students and teachers, the free and relaxed atmosphere in the classroom can be considered as the reflection of individualism.On the other hand, the function of the collective is very weak.By contrast, China's Campus Culture is based on collectivism which is always highlighted and it is the theme of the modern China.It advocates collectivism, and patriotism, socialism, with lofty moral concepts, the criteria of values and personality awareness, which form a specific campus spirit and cultural atmosphere, guiding students to cultivate lofty political ideals, to foster correct moral values, and to develop good habits.This is the core of our socialist outlook of values at campus.And from the works Chinese Traditional Culture and Education(Liu Xinke, 2003:47), we can know something about the traditional culture and education.Chinese traditional culture is an amazing culture, well-known all over the world, is created by the whole Chinese nation through thousands of years of development, in which education is one of the main component elements.Ways of thinking, orientations of valuing, principles of acting and theories of educating in Chinese traditional culture have their own historical and national characteristics, influencing our daily lives and restricting our education today.This is the very reason why Chinese campus culture is a typical Asian culture featuring Confucianism.And these also provide us with historical reasons and realistic sources to establish and perfect campus culture featuring Chinese characters.2.2 Differences in Cultivating Students’ Personality A significant feature of American universities is: American universities are students-centered(Mo Liyu, 2006:24).Both faculty and staff are supposed to serve their students.Students there are equal to their teachers in every way and they even enjoy more convenience.For example a faculty can get a ticket for a musical play for $15 but student can get one for half that price.Students can have access to not only faculty and staff but also the university’s recreational resources for free as well.On the contrary, Chinese

universities are still faculty-staff centered, which is due to the long history of officials being regarded superior to other people in ancient China.Comparing with Chinese universities, American universities pay more attention to the cultivation of the students’ personality(Lewis R.G& Smith D.H, 1994:54).They have always attached great importance on the concept of student-center at campus, which is beneficial for cultivating the students’ personality.It is emphasized that all the work of the university must center on the development of the students to meet their need.And the goal of every student receiving the best education must be achieved at all cost.With the help of specific and distinct cultural atmosphere at the campus s, the universities try to guide and stimulate students to develop the ability of independent thinking, calm analyzing, and independent decision-making, and to cultivate the students to be self-confident, independent, self-reliant.Influenced by such kind of educational thought and campus culture, the students develop strong awareness of competition and participation, which make the campus culture vivid and active.This awareness of active participation precisely demonstrates that American schools encourage students to develop and publicize their personality at campus.All these reflect that the campus culture of the United States encourages students to cultivate their personal characteristics.On the other hand, the education in China emphasizes on the students’ development of strict and tight spirit.It usually pays more attention to cultivating the common personality of the collective, neglecting the cultivation of the students’ individual personality.2.3 Differences in Cultivating the Students’ Creative Spirit

In American campus culture, the awareness and the spirit of innovation is always highlighted.Innovation is the soul of maintaining the eternal vitality of human beings, and the reflection of human nature.The most prominent feature of American campus culture is that American schools attach great importance on the cultivation of the students’ awareness and ability of innovation(Wang Deguang, 2003:18).It emphasizes the cultivation of the spirit of challenge, the skeptic attitude, the creation and use of knowledge, encouraging students to continue to challenge themselves to pursuit constant self-improvement.American society always give positive support to student’ active and creative ideals, and

encourage them to make more discoveries, inventions, creations, and progress, considering these to be the highest state to accomplish in their career to realize their self-value and to pursuit the freedom of their lives.The students, consequently, actively explore their creative thinking, creative ability and creative methods, which are always given high praises.In the United States, college students and teachers are often encouraged to respect the creative ideas and thinking and free expression of these ideas, to discover and learn to reason and criticize, and to take responsibility for the consequences of their actions.In addition, the management mechanism of the University in America continues to be developed, improved.The management system, academic study and culture teaching content and the students’ activities all reflected sense of innovation and the spirit of innovation.By contrast, China's school education focuses on the accumulation of knowledge and instilment of knowledge to students and teaching them to respect the authority and the knowledge.It emphasizes all-round development of students while neglecting the development of the student's personality and creative ability.In sum, this paper has demonstrated some main differences between Chinese and American campus culture in this part.As an important part of social culture, campus culture plays important role in people’s life, especially in students’ life.Because of different educational systems and different traditional cultures, the two countries have great differences.Both of them have their own features and advantage for our campus cultural construction.The Reasons that Cause the Differences

Through the analysis in the above part, the author has found some main differences between American and Chinese campus cultures.However, what causes the differences is unknown.Therefore, in order to make the readers understand the differences better, the author is going to explore some main reasons that cause the differences between American and Chinese campus cultures.3.1 Different Running Ways of Schools

Different schools run in different ways, especially the schools between China and America.Because of the different cultural backgrounds, different traditions and history, American schools and Chinese schools usually have different teaching methods, different managements and different controls by the governments, which are the main reasons that cause the differences between the two countries’ campus cultures.Firstly, American and Chinese schools have different teaching methods.(1)Chinese teaching methods: In Chinese classes, a student only sits down on his own seat quietly, transcribes the notes, answers questions of teachers, if necessary, finishes the homework, and recites the teaching materials correctly.Studying in order according to the textbooks can make him or her pass the exam very easily.(2)American teaching methods: Quite differently, American education system emphasizes leading students to think separately and to express himself or herself in all kinds of ways.In American society any information can be found in textbooks, so teachers pay more attention to help students understanding the contents of the lessons in other meaningful ways(Zhang Huiming, 2004:16).Therefore American students must take part in the discussion and answer questions actively.The discussion in class can evaluate what a person have learned and whether he is capable to talk it freely with others.The professor will ask questions frequently about the student’s opinions and share them with others.He will ask the students to take part in the discussion, answer questions and give personal ideas.In fact the performance in classes will be one part of the term scores.Moreover, American schools highly value the personal privacy.They also have a different attitude toward score.They never publish the score of students;

no matter it is good or bad.Usually they only give the average score and the number of people beyond each score line.Students in one class even do not know which classmate have a better score and which one is worse, what they can do is just guess the achievements according to the class performance.American schools usually use interesting teaching methods to enlighten students.They pay much attention to consciousness and lack the standard.It is very good for those students who love study and use brain.But many students who do not have an initiative attitude toward study in his childhood can not get an effective and standard education.Quite different from America, China has a strict and norm school management.Although this system has many problems, it makes almost every student gain a basic education in his primary education and form a good habit of studying.Secondly, American and Chinese schools have quite different managements(Huang Jungong, 2005:18).Every article mentioning the differences between American and Chinese campus culture will contrast the free management of American schools and the strict management of Chinese schools.American schools give many freedoms to students, because the human rights come first here.It’s not allowed the parents to beat or punish their children, so the schools and the teachers usually are not strict to the students, even though when someone’s score is not very high.Usually the students have more spare time than Chinese ones.So they have more problems about drugs, sex, tobacco, alcohol and other violent matters.By contrast in Chinas schools have more comprehensive management to students, so the campus is more in order.Many problem students can also improve greatly with the focal care of their teachers.The teachers usually have good methods to help them fulfill their studying goals, and catch up with others.Thirdly, American and Chinese schools are controlled by different governments.Government control has been considered to be a part of campus culture.Obviously American and Chinese government have different policies toward schools.American system is more elastic, and the government gives less control on schools.They enlist the public and private schools, which are completely against each other.There are many private schools in America competing with the public schools.Parents and students are free to decide which one to attend.Government only subsidizes those schools which are full of excellent students and teachers who have done a good job on teaching.Those schools，which no students want to attend, will go bankrupt.In order to survive in the keen competition, the schools and teachers must enlarge there acknowledge and improve the teaching methods day by day.Compared with these, the Chinese education system is a little rigid.Once an administration order is formed, it will lose a long time and never be changed easily, which is not suitable for the demands of knowledge to education.Some policies even make the schools and teachers can’t do a better job.Because it restricts many things for them and make them lose the creativity of working.3.2 Different Attitude of Students Toward Life Another reason that causes the differences is that American and Chinese students have different attitude toward life(Yang Huaizhong, 1993:76).Attitude is very important for people, especially for young students, and it plays an important role in campus cultural building-up.From the following points, we may understand this more clearly.Firstly, American and Chinese students have different attitude toward spending holidays.American students are distinct from Chinese ones because they have dissimilar schedule for their holiday.Chinese students usually take holidays by tourist, going home and studying while American students usually have a busy holiday.They must earn money to support their future study.It also shows the independence of American students.They will be self-reliant on economy from 18 years old.Having become adults, they want to live on their own and earn tuition by themselves, so most American students do spare time jobs.Compared to this, Chinese students have less pressure of life since all of their schooling will be given by family.The most important task of them is to work hard and gain good score: That is one of the reasons that Chinese schools give strict management to students.Another reason is that the parents want strict management for their children.Secondly, American and Chinese students have different attitude toward friendship.The definition of friendship is different to students of America and China.Most American students are very independent, so they can’t make deep-seated friendship with others very quickly.But they also want to have good friends.If two students have chance to talk about some interesting subjects, it’s not very difficult for them to build good relationship.While in China friendship is one of the most important parts in a person’s life.Chinese students

want to get along well with each others and most students can do this very easily.Sometimes they can make friends with others in a short time.Usually people think that the more capable a person is the more friends he should have.3.3 Different Campus Atmosphere and Studying Environment Campus atmosphere and studying environment are considered to be important parts of campus culture, also the important reasons that cause the differences between American and Chinese campus cultures(Wang Deguang, 2003:14).Firstly, American and Chinese schools have different and specific campus atmosphere.The spirit of campus is apparent in everything the student body does-from classes to clubs, from cheers to campaigning, and from celebrations to career plans.Students devote their time not only to learning, but also to the many other aspects of campus life.So everyone knows that American and Chinese campus have different atmosphere.American culture emphasizes personal dynamic role and creativity, but also cooperation and team thoughts.There are all kinds of student organization and various activities;almost every student takes part in one or more organization.American parents often encourage their children to become involved in extracurricular activities of all types at school, such as student government, sports and music.They believe that only through involvement in these activities can their children become mature young adults.Schoolwork is important, to be sure.But parents realize that the social skills their children learn from natural interaction with their peers in non-scholastic settings more closely approximate the skills they will need in the ”real world“.One part of American culture is to express oneself and publicize the individual character.Just as Bellan says: “The individualistic assumptions of their culture lead them to believe that they can live as they choose, using a big institutions—the agencies of the state, the companies or organizations they work for, the schools they attend—for their own ends, without fundamentally influenced by them(1985:236).” Influenced by it, every student thinks they are different from others, and have their own features, so they take part in activities bravely and do not care how others think about them because atmosphere here is quite loose.Other students also tread them equally and do not care about what their action because it is their freedom to do anything they want.Meantime the

atmosphere is much stricter in China.The school wants students devote most of their time on studying, so there are fewer activities.Secondly, American and Chinese students are studying in different environment.American and Chinese students have different studying environment because of the un-synchronism development of two countries.American has the most powerful economy in the world, the technology and science is also advanced, so American students have better studying environment.Nearly every American family have two computers, meanwhile in China almost one in 120 families has a computer.American students can get all kinds of information without textbooks, and Chinese students can’t do that at the same time.Dependent on the computer and calculating devices, only makes the American students have a lower ability of counting.Contrary, Chinese students have matured the intelligence with the help of mental and handing arithmetic.In summary, the author has pointed out some main reasons that cause the differences between American and Chinese campus cultures.The schools’ different teaching methods and managements, different campus atmosphere and studying environments and the students’ different attitudes toward life are the main reasons that cause the differences between the two countries campus cultures.Through analysis of these reasons, the author has made the people see the differences more clearly.The Enlightenments for Our Campus Cultural Building-up

After comparing the differences between American and Chinese campus cultures and analyzing the reason that cause the differences, we can understand the two different campus cultures better and also we can see some advantages and disadvantages of the two different cultures.We should maintain and develop the good aspects of our own campus culture and at the same time, bring in the excellent aspects of American campus culture which are beneficial to our cultural construction.Through comparing and analyzing, the author has found some useful enlightenment for our campus cultural building-up.4.1 Exerting the Guiding Role of Campus Culture and Creating a Healthy Environment for Moral Education The impact of campus environment cannot be understated, and positive and healthy environment for the moral education will exert imperceptible influence on the students and play a direct guiding role in students’ education(Zhang Huiming, 2004:36).Campus culture must play its fundamental role in guiding students and teachers to improve their ideological and moral quality and scientific and cultural quality, and thus it will create a healthy cultural atmosphere and good moral environment for moral education.In the process of campus cultural construction, American Universities have always attached great importance to moral education, although there is no national united request for moral education.However, but in the entire education there has obvious tendency of moral education.Patriotism, honesty, belief, as well as the general ethical regulations and general legal knowledge are the objectives of moral education in different types of American schools.For example, the famous Harvard University has clearly pointed out that it devotes to raise ”educated people", training students to be talents with high moral quality so as to achieve the purpose of enhancing the effectiveness of moral education.In China, campus culture is an important part of the construction of socialist culture, and the core and the first aim is to cultivate new socialist generation with ideals, moral, culture, and discipline.To create a favorable moral environment for students’ development, we should take advantage of the good aspects of the construction of campus culture, learning from the United States，because its construction of campus culture has a lot of successful and excellent experience and methods which should be taken advantage of in the process of our campus cultural building-up.4.2 Developing Students’ Personality and Cultivating Their Creative Spirit To create a successful and harmonious campus culture, we should develop students’ personality and cultivating their ability of innovation(Mo Liyu, 2006:28).In order to cultivate students, our schools should be student-centered and all work of schools and school faculty is supposed to serve the students, centering around the students to meet their need of development.Through studying at school, they can develop the ability of independent thinking, calm analyzing, and independent decision-making.We should establish and advocate a new teacher-student relationship, and create relaxed and humorous atmosphere in the classroom when teaching.We should try our best to create a good campus environment which is favorable for developing students’ personality.Innovation is very important for the development of culture and economy and we should pay high attention to stimulating cultural innovation and enhancing the vitality of cultural development.One way to invigorate campus culture is to promote innovation in its contents and forms, its structures and its mechanism.Leaning from American campus cultural building-up, we should provide a proper and favorable environment for students at campus to encourage and stimulate their creative spirit.4.3 Developing Traditional National Culture and Playing Its Potential Impact on Campus Cultural Building-up

Traditional national culture is the soil for a country and a nation to survive in this world.Therefore, campus culture must root in this soil(Gu Mingyuan, 2001:217).America and China have their own traditional national culture which has great impact on campus culture and will continue to influence the campus culture.In the United States, many colleges and universities have always attached great importance to the national traditional

culture.They make the fullest use of the campus hardware, such as the classrooms, campus construction, cultural landscape, to show the importance of national culture and campus spirit.Compared with the United States, after 5000 years of accumulation and development, China has formed a profound, long-standing traditional culture.Thousands of years of Confucian thinking and moral values are closely linked to the education, have a profound impact on contemporary students’ life in all its aspects(Zong Xu, 2006:39).Therefore we must carry on and develop the quintessence of our own traditional culture in the process of the construction of campus culture.We must combine the moral tradition with the spirit of new era in the process of building spiritual culture.Chinese tradition has been an unfailing driving force for the Chinese nation to keep its unity and make progress from generation to generation.We must have a comprehensive understanding of the traditional Chinese culture, keep its essence and discard its dross to enable it to fit in with present-day society, stay in harmony with modern civilization, keep its national characters and reflect the changes of time.We should also strengthen international cultural exchanges to draw in the fine achievement of foreign culture and enhance the influence of Chinese culture worldwide.Campus culture, as an important part of social culture, should carry and develop Chinese traditional culture in the process of cultural construction.In sum, although there are some disadvantages in the two different campus cultures, there are many good aspects which should be taken advantage of and advocated.Through analysis in this part, this paper has listed some enlightenment for our campus cultural building-up.While strengthening the cultural exchanges with American campuses to draw on the achievement of its culture, we should advocate and develop our own traditional culture in the process of campus cultural building-up to make our campus culture specific, unique and attractive.Conclusion

Up till now, this paper has given a brief summary of the main discoveries obtained from the research, and then discussed the significance of the study.Campus culture is an important part of social culture, and it plays an important role in people’s life.America and China vary in political systems, educational system, traditional cultures and historical background;as a result, they have many differences between their campus cultures, such as advocating individualism in America campus and collectivism in Chinese campus, differences in cultivating students’ personality and in developing students’ creative ability.Many reasons that cause the differences are different teaching methods at schools, different managements of school, different atmosphere of school and students’ different attitude toward life.After comparing the differences and analyzing the reasons, this paper points out some enlightenment for our campus cultural building-up.It is hoped that the study will help people in better understanding the differences between American and Chinese campus cultures, benefiting our campus cultural construction.This paper has done a detailed study with great significance.Through comparing and analyzing the differences between American and Chinese campus cultures, it will help with better understanding of campus culture.It might benefit learners of campus culture in improving their cultural awareness, and to the intercultural communication between American and Chinese people.What’s more, it will be beneficial for our campus cultural building-up.References [1] Lewis, R.G.& Smith, D.H.Total Quality in Higher Education [M].St Lucie Press.1994.[2] Maller, J.P.Cooperation and Competition: An Experimental Study in Motivation[M].New York: Teachers College of Columbia University.1992.[3] Robert, Bellah.Habits of the Heart: Individualism and Commitment in American Life

[M].Berkeley: University of California Press.1985.[4] Robert, M.Crunden.A Brief History of American Culture [M].Paragon House,New York.1994.[5] Witkin, H.& Berry, J.Psychological Differentiation in Cross-cultural Perspective [M].Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology.1996.[6] 董小川.美国文化概论[M].北京：人民教育出版社，2006.[7] 顾明远.民族文化传统与教育教育现代化[M].北京：北京师范大学出版社，2001.[8] 黄俊官.试论高校校园文化的建设[J].玉林：玉林师范学院学报，2005,(06):18.[9] 黄全愈.素质教育在美国[M].广州：广东教育出版社，1999.[10] 刘新科.中国传统文化与教育[M].长春：东北师范大学出版社，2003.[11] 莫丽玉.中国文化与美国文化对比[J].常州：外语研究，2006,(04):24-30.[12] 王邦虎.校园文化论[M].北京：人民教育出版社，1998.[13] 王杰,张鹏.美国大学文化的特点及对我们的启示——对美国四所大学的考察分析[J].广西高教研究，2001,(12):14.[14] 王德广.美国大学校园文化特点及其对我国高校的启示[J].三峡大学学报，2003,(06):14-18.[15] 夏征农等.辞海[M].上海：上海辞书出版社，1999.[16] 杨怀中，龚贻洲.象牙塔之谜[M].北京：人民交通出版社，1993.[17] 张慧明.美国高等教育繁荣探究及对我国的启示[J].扬州：扬州大学学报，2004,(02):16-36.[18] 宗旭.知识经济时代我国高校校园文化建设的若干思考[J].沈阳：辽宁教育研究，2006,(01):39.

第三篇：英语毕业论文-论中西饮食文化差异

Content Abstract On Differences Between Chinese and Western Dietary Cultures Abstract Diet is absolutely necessary in the life of mankind, and even in the existence or development.Because of the differences between Chinese and western cultural traditions, the Chinese and western dietary cultures are different in concept, target, pattern, attribution and nature.We study these differences and then find out the points that can be digested, in order to facilitate the communication about cultures between China and the west.Taiwan Professor Zhang Qijun said, “The old saying, 'Eat, drink, man, woman who wishes greatly'.For such a standard fair, western culture(in particular, modern American culture)can be said to be male and female culture.But the Chinese culture can be said to be a dietary culture.“As the reason of the cultural traditions, the western lives tend to men and women, but because of the narrow gender relations, Chinese people are dumping guidance on life in the restaurants.Thus the diet is rich in culture.Food culture in the west is not developed enough, but this underdevelopment itself is the result of the development of a culture, so it is still significant to study the dietary cultures of Chinese and Western diet.By the analysis of the differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures, we can comprehend the respective cultural traditions of China and the west.And we can also improve and create the culture of China.Key Words dietary culture;cultural tradition;differences 摘 要 饮食是人类生活、生存与发展的必需，可是由于中西方文化传统的差异，导致了中西方饮食文化在观念、对象、方式、归属与性质方面产生了差异，研究这些差异，找出可以融会贯通的地方，促进中西文化交流。台湾张起钧教授说过“古语说‘饮食男女人之大欲存焉’。就这样的标准而论，西方文化（特别是近代美国式的文化）可说是男女文化，而中国可说是一种饮食文化。”由于文化传统的缘故，西方人的人生倾向男女关系，而中国人由于对男女关系的褊狭，把人生精力倾泄导向于饮食。由此赋予饮食以丰富的文化内涵，虽然饮食文化在西方不够发达，但这种不发达本身也是一种文化发展的结果，所以对中西饮食文化的比较仍有意义。通过对中西饮食文化差异的分析，我们可以了解中西方各自的文化传统；同时能对中国文化进行改善与创新。关键词 饮食文化;文化传统;差异 Introduction Once there is a saying that ”Food is eating well-deserved for human life”, so food is an indispensable condition for the survival and development of human beings.There are two desires in life: one is feasting them to survive;and another is the lust of men and women, which can help the mankind to carry on the family line.Facing the two desires, China pays more attention to the former, while the west tends to the latter.Such phenomenon affects the cultural trend.Diet is actually the contents of our daily lives, but why we call it culture? That is because the diet has special status in the Chinese culture, and it also has a great distinction between China and the west.As one of the world ancient nations, China’s diet has a history almost as long as that of Chinese civilization.But in western countries, ancient thinkers devoted less attention to the food problem than the Chinese philosophers did, and there is even not aware of it to the “heaven” degree.With the opposite, they recognized and interpreted the world in the perspective of the lust or love of men and women more.Whether the awareness of original sin of Christianity, Adam and Eve legend, or ancient Greek philosophy(such as Plato's dialogue)who considered the personal relationships “love” as the love of ontology of beauty, and regarded it as a reality thinking of philosophy, all these ideas become the basis of western philosophers’ cultural thoughts.All these had potential effects on the development of western culture and westerners’ characters.Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western dietary culture has had different characteristic.The differences in concepts, targets, patterns, attribution and nature had reflected the different dietary culture in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of dietary culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.I.Differences in Concepts First, the Chinese and western diet have the differences that cannot be ignored in concepts.Nobody will deny that the Western diet is a rational concept, regardless of the color of food, incense, flavor and shape, but nutrition must be assured.It cares about the intake of calories, vitamins, protein and so on during a day.Comparing with the Chinese diet, western diet tastes stereotyped, as simple as chewing the candle, but the sense tells them: We must eat them all because of the nutrition.And then they put it bluntly, just like refueling machine.The concept of western diet is compatible with the whole western philosophy.Metaphysics is the main feature of western philosophy.Such kind of philosophy brings vitality to western culture, so the natural sciences, psychology and methodology achieve a rapid development.In some other aspects, such philosophy proposition is a significantly obstacle, such as the dietary culture, which is the inevitable thing to drop behind, and just the metaphysics of methodology marks everywhere.In celebration, it stresses tableware, stresses the staple, stresses the servings, and stresses the color and shape mix of raw materials.But no matter how luxurious the grade is;from Los Angeles to New York, only one taste of steak, it is no art to speak of.And as dishes, the chicken is chicken;steak is steak, even in groups, which are also conducted in a shallow dish.In a dish of “French Muttonchops”, one side is potato mud, and muttonchops sits next to it, another side is allocation of cooking beans, and plus a few tablets of tomato.Color is on clear, but the tastes of the various materials are separated, not to reconcile, and the entire flavor is also simple and clear.Chinese diet is a sense of beauty diet.When people sample dishes, they often say this dish is “delicious”, and that dish is “not delicious”.But if you ask what is meant by “delicious”, why “tasty” and what are the aspects of “delicious”, I am afraid that it will be difficult to answer.This shows that which Chinese people hanker on a diet is just the “mood” that is difficult for one to say anything.Even using the “color, flavor, shape and implement ”which people often said to make the“ realm ”reification, I am afraid it is still difficult to crown all.The beauty pursuit of Chinese cuisine is clearly overriding the rational pursuit.This concept of diet is also coinciding with the traditional Chinese philosophy.Chinese philosophy as a representative of oriental philosophy, its distinguishing features is the macro, visual, vague and evasive.Chinese cooking method is to reconcile, and the ultimate goal is to reconcile out of a beautiful taste.The main stress is measure and the overall co1q-ordination.It contains a wealth of dialectics of Chinese philosophy, and all these depend on the degree of the wonderful flavor and harmony of dish.The ever-changing within degrees decides the changeable of Chinese food, and it also decides the characteristics of Chinese food as well as the characteristics on each of the chefs.II.Differences in targets All diet cannot be done without vegetables.The word “dish” is for the sound in China, and it always has something to do with the plants.According to a survey of western plants scholar, there are 600 varieties of vegetables, six times more than in the west.In fact, the Chinese dishes, vegetable dish is usual food.Meat dish entered the normal diet only on holidays or higher living standards, so since ancient times, and there was a saying of “fresh vegetables”.Chu ? Mandarin language: “Common people eat fresh vegetables, fish only offered in the worship.” It is said that fresh vegetables are mainly to the civilian in general, only being able to eat meat only in worship.Vegetarian diet takes the dominant position in the normal structure.Chinese people consider the vegetables as the main dish;it has inextricably linked with the advocacy of Buddhists.They deem animals as “people” and plants have “no soul.” So, they advocate vegetarianism.Westerners do not seem to have such a good habit.They uphold a cultural origin of nomadic, seafaring nation.Living mainly by fishing and hunting, collection and planting are just the complement.There are more meat dishes in their lives.Feeding, clothing, and using are taken from the animals, and even Western medicine is derived from animals.When the westerners introduce the diet characteristics of their countries, they always feel that their diet is more reasonable on the mix of nutrition than China.food industry is more developed, such as cans, fast food, although the taste is monotonous, but it saves time, and it also has good nutrition.Therefore, in their countries: people are generally healthier and taller than Chinese, and the people have strong shoulders and developed muscles;but Chinese people look short, their shoulders narrow and legs thin, their skin yellow and their body weak.The differences between Chinese and western food for Westerners to judge the merits of the two diet is not justified.Mr.Sun Yat-sen had profound study of the culture of food and incisive exposition.In his composing The Scheme for National Reconstruction, detailing the differences between Chinese and Western diet phenomenon, he concludes: “Chinese ordinary people drink green tea, and eat simple food such as vegetables and tofu for meal.Such kinds of food are the most healthy and beneficial according to the research of hygienist.Therefore, the remote people in china, whose diet are far from meat and wine, always live a long life.Also China has a big population, and Chinese people have enormous power to resist disease, but they never try the non-diet.“He added:” The Chinese vegetarians all eat tofu.Tofu is expected as the real meat in plants, as it has the nutrition that meat has.It is the meat without toxic materials.So the Chinese are vegetarian used to be a custom without the promotion of scholars.It is also a custom that the European and American drink thick Wine, eat meat and fish.So there was science promotion before and a severe law later, such as the United States Prohibition.And the transfer will not carry out in a short time.“Mr.Sun’s words tell out the scientific benefits of Chinese diet and disadvantages of Western diet.According to the characteristics of the significant differences between Chinese and Western diet targets, the Chinese character is called the plant character, while the Westerners’ is animal character.In response to the cultural behaviors, Westerners love adventure, exploration, conflict;but the Chinese people only like to live banally.According to American expert on folklore Ruth’s opinions on the ”cultural pattern“ theory, Chinese culture is quite similar to the classical world Apollo-type character and Westerners’ is similar to the modern world Faust-type.Indeed, the Westerners such as Americans in the development of the west, they put the whole family on the truck, and go out of the city in amid rumbling with the supplies.The Chinese people are always thinking about ”home“ and ”roots“, despite the promotion that young people should take the world as home.But after a few decades, the overseas Chinese will come back to the mainland with crutch to seek their roots.This concept of return and such human spirit that can only be said to cooperate with the accumulation in the diet.Then it brings cohesiveness to the Chinese nation and then makes the human folk full of energy.III.Differences in Dietary Patterns The Chinese and Western dietary patterns can be very different, and these differences affect the national character.In China, a celebration, no matter what, there will be only one form, as sitting together, sharing one feast.Banquet uses round table, which has created a unity of form, which is courtesy, comity atmosphere.Cate are in the center of the table.It is the objects for people to appreciate and taste, and it is also an intermediate of communication.People toast each other and share the vegetables, which reflect the mutual respect between people in the face of the good things, also show the virtues of comity.Although from the health point of view, this approach has obvious deficiencies, but it is in our national ”happy“ mentality, it reflects the classical Chinese philosophy area of ”and“ impact for future generations.It is helpful to facilitate the collective emotional exchanges and consequently difficult to reform.The western-style banquets, although the food and wine are very important, but in fact they are just foil.The core of Banquet is friendship, by the conversation with the guests who sitting next to achieve the purpose of recreation.If making an analogous compare between the recreation of the banquets and dancing, it may be said that the Chinese banquet is like group dance, and the western banquet is like men and women dancing.This shows that communication purpose of Chinese banquet and western banquet are very obvious.Only the Chinese banquet is more popular in the communion, but western banquet shows guests reflected in the friendship between neighbors.The more obvious differences between Chinese and western dietary patterns is buffet dinner which is popular in the West.This method is to display all food, and everybody is picking not fixed in his or her places to eat.They walk freely.This approach would provide the emotional interaction between individuals;they never need to put every word on the table.This also shows a western personality and self-respect.However, all the eating without jamming lacks the real affective tone like the Chinese people.Some people want to put the buffet in the Chinese food, but I think it is not feasible.Zhang Qijun in the Principles of Cooking tells us the main reason: ”First, buffet is not like drinking tea.Drinking tea is just the thing to you before you choose, and displayed in the cafeteria there is a large number of food to eat, so when you want to have it, it is cold yet.Chinese cuisine will serve hot, if cold, nothing to eat.Secondly, buffet dishes only can do hard dishes and beneficial dishes.Then you can access for large plots.And those most representative of the Chinese culinary arts, such as the tender and lighter dishes, are not in this show.Third, the buffet can do stewing pot;it means a big pot in terms of food.Any sophisticated cooking of a dish can only be cooked in a pot at two most, and it is not able to cook the dish for dozens of people.So it will not be delicious, never talking of the taste.Under such circumstances, it is clear that the use of buffet dinner will deny Chinese culinary arts.“The Chinese people are drinking around the table to show harmony and unity, but the buffet has broken such pattern.It raises the personal independence and self-mentioned at the first place.This is the opposite of the scale of the great unity of all Chinese traditional culture.IV.Differences in Diet Attribution There are differences between Chinese and western diet attribution.Western diet tends to be scientific and rational, but the Chinese diet tends to be art and sentimental.During the underdevelopment era of diet, these two trends have only one aim – to live and never be hungry.And when the dietary culture is full developed, the tendency is shown in this different purpose: the former is in the development of nutrition, the latter is expressed as the stress on the flavor Cooking is from diet;the origin of food is a life-sustaining nutrition.Therefore, the focus of western diet is only the extension of the original diet practicality.The emphasis on the flavor of Chinese cuisine caters the diet to the arts field.Mencius said: ”Flavor in the mouth has the same interests“.”Interests“ points out the key from nutrition to arts.Such interests are from the meaning of flavor.In China, eating is not meant to have enough.It is about nutrition.Sometimes we eat though we are full.We are overloaded with food.Why? Saying bluntly, it is to appreciate the art of cooking;and not saying it nicely, it is the temptation of ”delicious“ for the enjoyment of taste.Watching the rational diet in the west, it is not only waste, but also harmful to the men body.In fact, the herbalist doctors are also opposed to overeat, claiming ”dietary restraint“.But the dialectics tell us Chinese people, occasionally the ”overload“ and once we are comfortable, we can absorb and store.Qigong masters at the situation of non-eat and non-drink at home is still in good spirits, although their weight loses, but it is intact on the human.doctor also advocates winter nutrition.It is also in order to store for keeping energy in the coming year.Chinese people's views are more dialectical than the western diet propositions opposing overloaded stubbornly.It is closer to the science truth, and has been checked up for thousands of Chinese medicine practice.Psychologists Spinoza said: ”The desire is human nature than other.” The human desire for delicious is the nature of human beings which is fully reflected.In process of the taste enjoyment, it is imbued with the shares of élan vital.Life should not be a yoke, but also not be a repressed desire.We can not use the absolute reason to regulate the behavior of all people.On the diet, it is not the purpose of “science” and “nutrition” and some delicious are excluded from the table outside.Only delicious things can satisfy people's appetite and then give the arrival of physical and mental pleasure.Chinese diet shows the transformation about sentimental form to rational form from the old days till now, and cause the Chinese dietary culture brimming with imagination and creativity.The sensibility of Chinese culinary culture is a sublime sensibility, infiltrating rational sense, also the realization of the nature of life.In addition, gustatory enjoyment is one of the main objectives pursued of the human struggle.The art of Chinese cuisine is compatible with the development of human history in the process, more scientific than the progress of the western diet.As Zhang Qijun in his work Cooking Principles said: “The United States is unprecedented least affluent society, but till today, in essence it is still 'food to eat' stage.There are still some distances from entering the realm of art.” In China, The role of diet goes beyond the subsistence of existence, which is designed not only to have the physical presence, but also to meet people's spiritual needs for pleasure.It is positive to enrich people's life performance, and fine arts, music, literature, etc.which have the same level of significance to the improvement of life.Chinese diet tends to artistry, the so-called art realm, in fact, that is a complete leap from the necessity to freedom.It is characterized by randomness.For example, similar dishes, because of the differences in area, season, target, function and grade, it has different treatments on operation.Set braised fish for example, in winter deep colors are advised and tastes are advised strongly, but in summer it should be light color and flavor.And for the people in Zhejiang province, their dishes can be put up more sugar in the braised fish, and if facing Chuanxiang customers it should allocate spicy.It easy to see that if out of the arbitrary, there would be no cooking variety;we will lose the unique charm of Chinese cuisine.Whereas in the west, dishes in different areas and different seasons and facing different customers, is the same flavor, no changes.Although it is the most valuable banquet, which is just tableware known, conducted layout, and the vegetables remain the same as before.Moreover, as for materials, westerners think the food is to eat, eating special “hard vegetables” such as large piece of meat, chicken block.China's cuisine is “taste”.The Chinese cooking in materials has shown tremendous arbitrariness: The things which many, many westerners consider as disposable things in China are excellent raw materials.Foreign cooks are not able to deal with things, but in the hands of a Chinese chef, it can get a magic result.Chinese cuisine is evident in the wide use of materials.Besides skills, an excellent cook, of course, can do more complicated dishes.But facing the real simple materials and condiments, the cooks are often able to produce delicious flavors.It is the arbitrariness of skills.In the surface, the menu seems to be scientific.Westerners always use menu to buy ingredients to produce dishes, but in comparison, it is the machinery, and often powerless facing the complex specific situation.Of course, this mechanical science is still can be said as science, but it is primitive science, and it is not the complete science.Chinese cooking talks about artistry, but it still fit the requirements among the ever-changing, it can be said such science is a real science.The characters of western food which lacks nutrition and artistic atmosphere have great distinction from the artistic realm of Chinese cuisine.V.Differences in the Nature Differences in the nature of the Chinese and western diet are inosculated with the respective lifestyle and the pace of life.In the west, people do the duplication of pipeline operations, and implement piece-wage system, so the paces of their lives are so fast.People fall under the mechanical method either intentionally or unintentionally, and believe that “Work is work, and game is game.” Mechanical lives led to oneness of diet or a single blind about diet, and eat beefsteak and potatoes every day.Monotonous diet is the same as work, for which the purposes is to fulfill the “incident”, naturally with no interests, and all these have no word in terms of taste.But China is not, “The game is work, and the work is of a game”.Such life manner is also emerged in diet.A baker sells bread in the street, he likes using the rolling pole to beat the chopping board rhythmically when they knead flour.When the cooks fry a dish, even beating scoop, they also care the sense of rhythm during cooking.These would not work for any conveniences, but it increases the interests of workers.Only in such an atmosphere work will be meaningful, and it will have more creativity and artistry of Chinese cuisine.There still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the ”KFC“ ”DICOS“, ”McDonald“.This marks a new western dietary culture exchanges and infiltration.We believe that with the development of society, the cultural differences between Chinese and western dietary will no longer be the difference.Conclusion By the text from this thesis, we can easily find that there still exist various differences between Chinese and western dietary cultures.But with the development of cultural communication between China and the west, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, China has imported various kinds of western food, known as the ”KFC“ ”DICOS“, ”McDonald".These mark a new western food culture exchanges and infiltration.The impact brought about by economic globalization is stronger and deeper than the internationalization.Economic globalization is a double-edged sword, on one hand, it brings the vitality of economic growth, and on the other hand, the dominant culture is put into other countries through strong economic and infiltrated every corner of the globe.Therefore, the cultural communication focus on how to assimilate advantages of the other countries’ culture, abandon its shortcoming, and learn how to transform and make it localized, all countries need to study the issue.So in the face of the dietary cultural exchange problems between China and the West, we should find each other's advantages and draw the mutual advantages, as China can learn from the point that western diet stresses nutrition match, and make the Chinese cuisine more outstanding.China is the country of a long history with an ancient culture, and enriching in cultural traditions.She feeds the 1.3 billion Chinese people, and Chinese culture is very inclusive;in the course of development it absorbs a lot of different cultures.Moreover, now China does more efforts to draw all the outstanding achievements in the World.China's reform and opening up policy create the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.We need to use such an opportunity to absorb the excellent cultures from other countries, to develop and create China's new culture.This work can make the world to know China better and let China go to the world.Acknowledgements I am deeply grateful to assistant professor, Guo Jun, my tutor, to whom I owe a great deal of gratitude and appreciation.Mr.Guo gave me many invaluable instructions and helped me much in every stage of my thesis writing.And I also greatly appreciate the help coming from my respectable teachers, Professor Deng Xingyi, assistant professor, Liao Hong, Zhang Chun and Sun Peng.Moreover, my numerous thanks go to my dear friends and my lovely roommates, Wu chengying, Zou Yan and Hu Ping, who spend much time with me on my thesis.And I also want to thank my dear parents;they give me the best love and supporting for my study.Finally, I would like to offer my sincere gratitude to those who spend their precious time in reading this thesis.Bibliography [1] 安静.解读美国[M].北京：中国旅游出版社，2007.[2] 陈洁.得心应手---西餐礼仪[M].北京：世界知识出版社, 2005.[3] 金炳镐.民族理论通论[M].北京:中央民族大学出版社,1994.[4] 刘枋.吃的艺术[M].山东:山东画报出版社,2003.[5] 刘玫君，陈加真.出国点菜不求人---别人不会告诉你的旅行智慧[M].北京:中国旅游出版社，2005.[6] 马文.哈里斯(美).好吃:食物与文化之迷[M].山东:山东画报出版社,2001.[7] 苏珊.罗德里格.亨特.巴黎:一席浮动的豪宴[M].北京:生活.读书.新知三联书店,2004.[8] 唐鲁孙.天下味[M].桂林:广西师范大学出版社,2004.[9] 王晓昕,李学友.传统文化与道德建设[M].贵阳：贵州民族出版社,2004.[10] 萧家成.升华的魅力---中华民族酒文化[M].北京:华龄出版社，2007.[11] 徐先玲,李祖状.西方饮食文化[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社, 2005.[12] 徐先玲,李祖状.中国饮食文化[M].北京：中国戏剧出版社, 2005.[13] 向世陵.中国哲学智慧[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社, 2000.[14] 殷珍泉.礼仪有学问[M].北京：北京台海出版社, 2002.[15] 张茗阳.食物改变你的一生[M].上海:学林出版社, 2003.[16] 张志伟,欧阳谦.西方哲学智慧[M].北京：中国人民大学出版社, 2000.[17] 张起钧.烹饪原理[M].北京: 中国轻工业出版社,2000.

第四篇：中美文化差异

中美文化差异

摘要：文化的不同，会产生思维模式的不同；思维模式的不同，又会产生行为方式和社会关系的不同。中国文化重集体，美国文化重个人；中国文化重综合，美国文化重分析：中国与美国具有不同的风俗习惯和宗教信仰，在非言语交际上也各有不同。现在从饮食、戏剧、教育以及婚恋观来浅析一下中美的文化差异。

关键词：中国文化 美国文化 差异

一、从饮食看中美文化差异

餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中美文化之间的差异造就了中美饮食文化的差异，而这种差异源于中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，美国人注重“以人为本”。这主要体现在以下两点： 1.两种不同的饮食观念

对比注重“味”的中国饮食，美国是一种理性饮食观念，不论食物的色、香、味、形如何，营养一定要得到保证，美国人讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等。即便口味千篇一律，也一定要吃下去——因为有营养。这一饮食观念同美国以至于西方的整个哲学体系是相适应的。形而上学是西方哲学的主要特点。西方哲学所研究的对象为事物之理，事物之理常为形上学理，形上学理互相连贯，便结成形上哲学。

而中国人是很重视“吃”的，“民以食为天”这句谚语就说明我们把吃看得与天一样重要。由于我们民族几千年来都处于低下的生产力水平，人民总是吃不饱，所以才会有一种独特的把吃看得重于一切的饮食文化，这大概是出于一种生存需要。如果一种文化把吃看成首要的事，那么就会出现两种现象：一方面会把这种吃的功能发挥到极致，不仅维持生存，也利用它维持健康，这也就是”药补不如食补”的文化基础；另一方面，对吃的过份重视，会使人推崇对美味的追求。在中国，饮食的美性追求显然压倒了理性，这种饮食观与中国传统的哲学思想也是吻合的。作为东方哲学代表的中国哲学，其显著特点是宏观、直观、模糊及不可捉摸。

2.饮食方式的不同

中美的饮食方式有很大不同，这种差异对民族性格也有影响。在中国，任何一个宴席，不管是什么目的，都会有一种形式，那就是大家团团围坐，共享一席。筵席要用圆桌，这从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共处的气氛。这种饮食方式符合我们民族“大团圆”的普遍心态，反映了中国古典哲学中“和”这个范畴对后代思想的影响，便于集体的情感交流。

而美国的餐宴上，食品和酒尽管非常重要，但实际上是作为陪衬。宴会的核心在于交谊，通过与邻座客人之间的交谈，达到交谊的目的。如果将宴会的交谊性与舞蹈相类比，那么可以说，中式宴席好比是集体舞，而美国宴会好比是男女的交谊舞。由此可见，中式宴会和美国宴会交谊的目的都很明显，只不过中式宴会更多地体现在全席的交谊，而美国宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊。与中国饮食方式的差异更为明显的是美国流行的自助餐。此法是：将所有食物一一陈列出来，大家各取所需，不必固定在位子上吃，走动自由，这种方式便于个人之间的情感交流，不必将所有的话摆在桌面上，也表现了美国人对个性、对自我的尊重。

二、从戏剧看中美文化差异

由于地理环境、社会的经济、政治情况不同以及民族习惯、文化意识、艺术传统的区别，中美戏剧在发展中走着不同的历史道路，在内容和艺术形式上呈现出很大的差异

美国戏剧和西方戏剧是从古希腊戏剧开始的。同美国戏剧的起源相比，中国戏剧的起源是一个比较复杂的问题。中国戏剧也是起源于民间，由于它形式特殊，包括说、唱、念、打等因素，是更为综合的艺术，因而是多源的，寻起“根”来，不像美国戏剧那么“单一”和明确。我们拿中美戏剧的起源作一比较，可以看到它们有若干不同点：第一，美国戏剧起源于祭酒神的颂歌，源头明确；中国戏剧的起源是多源的，比较复杂；第二，美国戏剧的起源带有浓厚的宗教色彩，神秘的、幻想的、悲剧性的基因多；中国戏剧的起源，虽也和一定的宗教仪式有关，但俳优的活动，角抵表演等却都是娱人的，主要是现世的人的娱乐性活动，现实的、技艺性的、喜剧性的基因多；第三，美国戏剧是从歌舞演变而来，即由歌舞逐渐演变为故事表演；中国戏剧则是通过它们彼此的汇合、交织来实现。

总的来说，中美戏剧是两种不同特质的戏剧。美国的戏剧是剧作家的剧场，剧本是整个戏剧的灵魂，有了剧本，有了演员，就可以演戏。古希腊的戏剧有对话，有合唱，演出时也需要歌队和乐师，但音乐很简单，戏剧的演出主要是靠演员的姿势和声章来表达情感，展开剧情，所以剧本中的语言因素显得特别重要。中国戏剧是多种艺术因素的结合，包括歌唱、舞蹈、对白、武术等，演员在舞台上表演，是这些艺术因素的综合体现，而这些艺术因素的结合，必须在各方面都有一定艺术积累的基础上才能实现。

三、从教育看中美文化差异

中国教育重视基础知识的巩固，美国教育重视创造力的培养；中国教育注重知识的灌输和知识的熟练掌握，重视“精”和“深”，美国教育注重对知识的灵活应用，重视“广”和“博”。

以数学教学为例，中国教育使用题海战术，教师让学生重复练习，直至“炉火纯青”的地步；美国学校的数学教育则基本上是“点到为止”，教师一般不要求学生做完教科书上的习题，常常只要求做单数题或双数题。中国基础教育是训练学生熟练掌握技巧，美国教育只是让人明白是怎么回事，至于学生今后是否要以数学工程作为事业，则由学生今后自己去选择，学校的教育没有必要强迫学生把那些技术练得“炉火纯青”。

所以说，中国教育是“精英”教育，把那些不能把知识学得精深的人淘汰出去。美国教育是普及与精英相结合的教育，可以让学生自己选择是当平民还是做“精英”。自己选择走“精英”道路的，需要艰苦奋斗；选择走平民道路的，接受普及教育，平平淡淡、与世无争地接受社会生存所必需的基本知识的教育。这就是为什么很多知识的教学只是点到为止而已。这样的教育是大众化的平民化的教育。虽然每个美国人在16岁以前必须接受强制性的教育，但是这种大众化的教育却比较普及，也就是标准比较低，它适合于绝大多数学生的接受水平。这是因为中国教育资源匮乏、就业市场受限制以及人文环境诸因素的影响，所以国内的教育只能这样“公平”地实施。中国学生在这种社会形态下没有选择的余地，美国学生则不同，选择走“精英”道路的少数人，只要艰苦努力、认真学习，力求“精”“深”，同样也能实现自己的“精英”教育。因为这是自己的选择，没有来自社会、家庭强制的压力，所以有一种愉快的发自内心的动力。

中美教育除了自我的定位问题之外,在学业课程的选择上还有很大的区别。中国教育要求数理化各科面面俱到，哪一科学得不好都有可能对人生前途造成致命的影响。美国的基础教育在达到最基本的要求的基础上，允许学生有较大选择的自由。比如，一位学生对物理、化学或生物不感兴趣，感觉有很大的困难，可以只选修比较基础的课程，而选修较多的自己擅长的感兴趣的课程，只选修理、化、生其中的一门，同样可以达到高中毕业要求，也能进入顶尖大学，同样有机会成为“精英”。

四、从婚恋观看中美文化差异

中国人以工作的成就为重，美国人以家庭为重，这与中美的文化氛围有关。中国社会从古到今一直倡导为集体、为国家牺牲自我,牺牲小家,媒体采访中国名人或大人物,他们常常说事业太忙,有些人甚至一个月或者几个月都没有与自己的家人吃过一吨饭,更有甚者,孩子或配偶或父母生病都没有时间去探望,这样的行为在中国似乎人们都觉得可以理解,挺感动的,甚至觉得高尚，生活中的普通人稍有点事业也说自己很忙,没有时间和家人在一起,当家人抱怨时,他还会理直气壮的说,我这么辛苦还不是为了这个家? 而美国人却以家庭为重,如果哪个人的孩子或爱人生病了,而他的丈夫却以工作忙为借口不陪在家人身边照顾他们的话,他们(大部分人,不含那些特殊行业的人)是会被人瞧不起的。而且他的家人也不会说出类似这样的话：“我要支持你的事业,所以你去忙吧,我自己照顾自己”。不会，美国人包括小孩都很在乎自己的感受,在乎是否被自己的家人在意和重视,他们把家庭和事业分的很清楚.美国倡导的是 ” EVEN IF YOU ARE RUSHED OFF YOUR FEET, MAKE SURE YOU MAKE TIME FOR FAMILY”.(即使你忙的脚不沾边,也要确信有时间与家人呆在一起.)美国人觉得工作只是谋生的手段,而只有家人才会不管你成功失败都会陪伴在你的身边,他们觉得和家人一起享受生活才是最幸福的事.结束语：从饮食、戏剧、教育、婚恋观的区别我们可以窥一斑而见全豹，中美文化之间的确有很大的差别，但随着中国加入世贸组织，逐步走向世界，各种文化也会相互渗透，所以我们要在了解本国文化的基础上接受理解其他国家的文化，已达到更好的交流。参考文献

[1] 吴冰 中西方文化差异拾零 闽西职业大学学报 2002 [2] 邢东 中美文化差异管窥 全国优秀英语学术论文集 1997[6] 陈

平商务礼仪

中国电影出版社

[3] 邓炎昌，刘润青 语言与文化[M].外国教学与研究出版社，1988 [4]贾玉新 跨文化交际学[M].上海外语教育出版社，1997 [5] 罗艳丽 从饮食文化差异透视中美核心价值观[J].广西青年干部学院学报，2007（2）

Abstract: Cultural differences, will have different mode of thinking;thinking of the different patterns of behavior and will be produced in different social relations.The collective weight of Chinese culture, American culture weight individuals;Chinese culture re-synthesis, re-analysis of American culture: China and the U.S.have different customs and religious beliefs, in the non-verbal communication is also different.Now from the diet, drama, education, and love and marriage to the cultural differences of China and U.S Key words: Chinese culture and cultural differences between the United States

第五篇：中美文化差异论文

从对中美家庭教育的比较看中美文化差异

家庭教育是所有教育中最早期也是最重要的一种教育形式。因为无论在哪个国家，儿童总是一个民族的希望和未来，而家庭教育对儿童思维模式和世界观的形成都有至关重要的作用。世界上有许多不同的家庭教育方式，每种都呈现出与其文化相关的特点。以中、美文化影响下的中美家庭教育为例，两者在家庭教育观念、教育目的、教育方式和教育内容上都存在诸多差异。本文将从中美家庭教育的差异，产生差异的原因和不同结果等三方面展开对比。同时希望提出切实有效的建议帮助更多的儿童健康快乐成长。

一． 中美家庭教育的差异 1.教育观念的差异

在中国，家长往往着眼于孩子的未来，他们更注重孩子能否找个好工作，能否在顺境中度过一生。基于这种期望，大多数中国父母认为他们的主要责任就是尽自己最大的努力为孩子们创造优越的生活条件，为此他们愿意付出所有。基于“知识改变命运”的立场，中国父母除了关心孩子的日常生活外只关注他们的智力，希望他们一辈子都在刻苦勤奋的学习。而美国家长认为孩子的成长必须依靠自身的能力和经验，因此更加注重培养孩子们适应环境和独立生存的能力。还有，传统的中国家庭教育强调仁爱与服从，他们喜欢“塑造”孩子，希望孩子按照自己的意愿去生活和发展。恰恰相反，美国孩子拥有更 多自主权，因为美国家庭更加注重公正和自由。2.教育目的的差异

家庭教育的母的是家庭教育的核心，也是觉得中美家庭教育差异的根本原因。对大多数中国家长来说，“望子成龙”是父母最殷切的希望和矢志不渝努力的方向；而美国家长则更多希望自己的孩子成为一个有能力的人。因此也就解释了为何每年一度的高考在中国能够引起广泛的关注。3.教育方式的差异

不同的教育观念和目的导致了不同的教育方式。中国家长对孩子往往实行管束性、干涉性、封闭式教育。如在生活上包办代替，包括鼓励孩子只要好好学习，任何家务都不需要做；在社交上过度保护，生怕孩子“学坏”，不愿意让孩子与外界接触；在学习上过于严厉，中国家长把孩子的学习成绩和能否考取高等学府视为孩子成材的唯一标准，所以让孩子们把所有时间都放在学习上，其他都是在浪费时间。4.教育内容的差异

简单说来，中国家庭教育变成了学校教育的延伸，重视读书，偏重智力的开发；而美国家庭则注重素质教育，让孩子在体力、认知、语言、社会性、情感上获得和谐发展。二． 产生差异的原因 1.历史背景不同

中国文化历史悠久，价值观内敛保守，缺乏冒险精神和创 造意识；而美国是一个历史较短的移民国家，在多元文化的影响下，能够较快接受新的思想和文化，更富有冒险精神。2.经济形势不同

中国人口基数大，就业机会少，压力大，想找到一个理想的工作很难，而好成绩则是找到好工作的敲门砖；在美国，就业机会多，美国家长认为职业不分高低贵贱，只要能在社会立足即可。3.社会条件不同

截止目前，中国的社会保障和养老制度还不很完善，许多家长把孩子当做自己的私有财产，中国人的观念认为“养儿防老”，他们也就更希望孩子有个好未来，也能更好地肩负起赡养父母的责任；而美国社会保障制度健全，不指望孩子的赡养，只希望把他们培养成一个有独立人格和社会责任感的个体。三． 产生的不同结果

由于教育观念、目的、方式、内容上的不同，中美家庭教育的结果自然也有明显差异。如大多数美国孩子比中国孩子更能适应社会，面对挑战和挫折；中国孩子独立生活的能力不强，人机交往能力弱；而许多美国孩子缺乏赡养父母的责任感；中国家庭成员之间的关系也更加和谐亲密。四． 建议

根据中国的特殊形势，独生子女家庭越来越多，中国家庭有必要改变传统的教育观念和模式，才能更有利于孩子的成长。如 更加注重培养孩子的社会责任感，独立意识，自立能力，合作精神；在中国大力倡导和实施素质教育；同时，中美两国在家庭教育方面还有互相借鉴学习、取长补短。