论中西饮食文化之差异英语4000字

第一篇：论中西饮食文化之差异英语4000字

编号（No.）SFLC2013 200905210230 宁夏师范学院外国语学院 学士学位论文

An Analysis of Different Food Cultures between China and Western Countries 作者姓名曹俊峰 论文方向英美文化 指导教师马生仓

答辩时间

2013年5月25日

Abstract Food is the basic need for human survival and development, but also is one of the basic forms of social life.Different countries have different food cultures.This thesis analyzes the differences in food culture between China and western countries from several different aspects, including food perceptions, tastes and nutritions, food targets, tablewares, and manners as well as pursuit.Certainly, these differences are obvious.As long as people have a good understanding about food culture, they will be polite in communications between Chinese and westerners.Key Words food culture；differences；communications；China；western countries CONTENTS I.Introduction……………………………………………………………………….....1

II.Literature Review......................................................................................................1 III.Differences in Food Cultures between China and Western Countries……...…2 3.1 Food Perceptions, Tastes and Nutritions……………………………...…...…....2 3.2 Different Food Targets……………………………………………………….....4

3.3The Styles of Having Dinner and Using Tablewares…….……………………...5 3.4 Differences in Pursuit…………...………………………………………..…….8 IV.Conclusion…………………………………………………………………...….....9 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………….10

Acknowledgments........................................................................................................11 I.Introduction Food is the basic need for human survival and development;also it is one of the basic forms of social life.In different historical backgrounds, however, there are different food perceptions, different food needs and the way of using food.In the 21st century, cross-cultural communication has been integrated into all aspects of life.Chinese and western cultures had been the two major types of world cultures.And the food culture is very important both in Chinese and western cultures.Chinese food culture has a long history.It has experienced several years of historical development and become an important component of China’s traditional culture.In the long process of development, Chinese people gradually form their own unique food culture.Meanwhile, Chinese food becomes a bright pearl of food and cultural treasures in the world.On the contrary, western food culture keeps always a kind of rational perception.Western people pay more attention to lightly flavored and dietary equilibrium.People no longer excessively pursue taste because they choose food’s nutrition.People try to research the difference of the nutrition.This thesis focuses on the different food cultures in China and western countries.Knowing about the differences between Chinese and western food cultures and their development, foreign language learners can not only increase the understanding of languages and cultures, but also enhance the efficiency of cross-cultural communication.At the same time, the contact between different countries becomes much tighter through the incorporation of a global economy.II.Literature Review Many scholars are interested in different food cultures between China and western countries.In Yin Li and Han Xiaoling’s book, writers mainly describe the relationship of idioms and folklore(Yin Li, Han Xiaoling.2007:39).And the writers also tell about food culture.Their opinion is that food manner is not just to satisfy people’s physical needs, what is more, food is a social behavior, and it has rich cultural connotations.Different regions, countries and peoples gradually form a distinctive food culture, because it is affected by natural environment, product, geography, climate, economy, politics, religion, philosophy, history and so on.Food custom is a visualized reflection of food culture.Food custom belongs to the scope of a big culture.It is also an independent branch of folklore.In Jiang Yan’s thesis, she refers to the differences of Chinese and western food cultures(Jiang Yan, 2007:50).First, people can accept actively western food culture by analyzing the differences of Chinese and western food cultures.At the same time, people should notice western etiquette through cross-cultural communication so that they can grasp the nation’s cultural characteristics on the basis of seeking common ground while accepting the existing differences.Second, this way can also train people’s adaptability.Finally, people can avoid effectively the misunderstandings which are caused by the differences of cultures, too.Through analyzing those papers, the author proposes reasonable suggestion about food culture.Moreover, these papers explain the significance of learning the differences between Chinese and western food cultures.In addition, these papers only state that it is important to learn food culture for people, but authors don’t mention that people should respect food culture of every country.In other words, people shouldn’t discriminate every country’s food culture.Besides, people should notice how to choose nourished food.III.Differences in Food Cultures between China and Western Countries Receiving the influence of respective cultural tradition, the Chinese and western food cultures have different characteristics.The differences in perceptions, tastes and nutrition;food targets;the styles of having dinner and tablewares;and interest have reflected the different food cultures in the different state characteristic;such characteristic has enriched the research value of food culture.Studying these cultural differences, we can find out a joint enhancing the communication between China and the west through a comprehensive study of the subject.It may be a great help to the communication of the Chinese and western cultures.3.1 Food Perceptions, Tastes and Nutritions Christianity has deep influence on Western food perception.Christianity stresses that human beings must absolutely obey the order of the God;they must respect soul;they propose people’s reason;they control people’s desire;they ignore people’s value of life and significance;they pay more attention to the happiness of heaven.Christianity thinks that the ancestor of the human being was expelled from the Garden of Eden by God because they ate forbidden fruit.So people have original sin.In their life, they gain purification and pleasure of soul with believing in God and taking part in religious ceremony.So human being controls food.The Bible says that man does not live on bread alone, but on every word that comes from the mouth of God.Perter Bromhead said that western countries have a rational food perception and they pay more attention to scientific food perception(Perter, Bromhead,1978:3).Western countries stress natural value of food.They attach importance to protein, fat, quantity of heat and vitamins in food.However, they are particular about whether nutrient ingredient in food is reasonable collocation；whether the supply of calories is just right;whether these nutrition constituents are fully absorbed by people.In addition, they try to keep normal juice and natural nutrition of food, rather than pursue food’s color, scent, design, as well as its variety.Even if the taste is same or insipid, people will eat it.Because western people pay more attention to food’s nutrition constituent.They don’t connect food with spiritual enjoyment.Even food will reflect a strong practical and utilitarian purpose.Western people think that food is just existent means, but it uses a more scientific, normative and reasonable manner(Keith,Sinclair,1980).For example, school leaders will arrange a nutritionist for students in middle school in order to ensure teenagers to have enough and balanced nutrition.But western food also has big shortcomings.For example, they don’t eat animal’s viscera.In other words, they don’t pay more attention to food without nutritional value.Meanwhile, the cooking skill of western people often reflects mechanical and rigid.All kinds of vegetables will never mix together and taint by other odor.And they can’t change another pattern.Chinese people pay more attention to eating.In China, there is a proverb that bread is the staff of life.The proverb explains that people regards food as heaven.For thousands of years, the nation was in a low productivity level, people didn’t have enough food to eat.Chinese people think that eating is the most important thing over others.If a kind of culture treats eating as the first thing, then there will be two phenomena: On one hand, people will make eating’s function to acme.Its function can maintain existence and health.On the other hand, too much attention to eating will make people respect the pursuit of delicious food.In Chinese cooking technique, Chinese people pursue delicious food to acme, and they make a living by developing restaurant industry in overseas.Chinese food stresses artistry and sensibility, and pursues feeling of taste on food.Chinese people like appraising the pros and cons of food from color, scent, design, as well as its variety and so on(Li Mingying,1997).They pursue a kind of mood without expressing in language.Simply speaking, Chinese people pay more attention to taste.Certainly, taste is the charm of Chinese food.Taste not only satisfies people to be eager for delicious food, but also brings physical and mental pleasure.Chinese food excessively stresses taste and mental enjoyment.Chinese food also has its disadvantages, it ignores nutrient ingredient in food.Chinese people regard delicious food as the first request.However, it is a pity when people regard delicious food as the first request.A large of traditional food need go through a long period of frying and strewing, so the nutrient ingredient in food is destroyed.Chinese people often ignore the nutrition’s analysis and reasonable nutrition’s collocation.In a word, western food pays more attention to food’s nutrition from scientifically analyzing, while Chinese food stresses artistry and sensibility, and pursues feeling of taste on food.Both sides should learn from each other and make food more perfect.3.2 Different Food Targets Food target roots in the differences of ethnic cultural background.Western people eat more meat.They pay more attention to animal’s protein and fat in their food(Leslie,White,1949:06).Meat plays an important role in the food structure and mainly includes beef, chicken, pork, lamb, and fish.The cultural background connects with western nomads and maritime national culture.People regard sailing, fishing, hunting and nomadic as their own main activities.Planting is a complement to the activity.So animals are the main source of their food.In modern times, the proportion of planting industry is on the increase.But the proportion of meat is still higher than Chinese food.Although the proportion of meat is smaller than vegetables, people have another food—tofu which can make up nutrition for human being.Tofu is a traditional food.Its history dates back to the western Han Dynasty.Not only is the taste of tofu very delicious, but also it has much the nutrient ingredient in food.It is good for people’s health.People often say that the green vegetables and tofu can protect the human being.Tofu can be made different dishes and snacks.At times, it can be made delicious food with little tofu.People regard tofu as main ingredient and second ingredient.The life conditions of Chinese people are affected by the agricultural civilization.Staple food is wheat and beans.Certainly, vegetables dominate Chinese food.People often call vegetarians dishes（Paul,Anthony,1975:68）.Chinese people usually add to meat dishes in festival.This kind of food custom has deeply influenced on Buddhism.Buddhists believe that animals are “creature”, and “creature” can’t be killed.Even people can’t eat them.However, with the development of living standards and the popularity of nutritional perception, Chinese people are increasing the proportion of meat and dairy products on the table.Similarly, western people also add vegetables to their food.Chinese and western foods have been gradually moving towards integration(Lin Lirui,2009:11).Western people like eating cold dishes in salad or cold drink.But Chinese people prefer to hot dishes.Most of the main dishes are hot.Western people believe that dishes are a longing.So they only eat a large piece of meat and the whole chickens and even “hard food”.They want to pay more attention to taste from dishes.So the cooking techniques for Chinese cooking also show great randomness.Many western people think that something is garbage, but Chinese people believe that these are excellent raw materials.Foreign chefs don’t know how to handle these things, but in a Chinese chef hand, they can transform bad into good.It goes to prove that Chinese food is the wide randomness of materials.According to the survey of western plant scholars, Chinese people eat six hundred kinds of vegetables.It is six times more than in the west.In fact, vegetarian dishes are common food in the Chinese dishes.Chinese people can eat meat in holidays or at the higher living standards.Since ancient times, people have been saying of “vegetarian dishes”.Vegetarian dishes are the dominant statement in people’s usual food.Chinese people make plant as the main dishes, and kinds of dishes have a lot of connect with the advocacy of Buddhism.They regard animals as “people”.On the contrary, plants don’t work in the laws of nature.Therefore, Chinese people advocate the vegetarianism.When western people introduce food characteristic of their own country, they pay more attention to reasonable collocation of nutrition than in China.Even they have more developed food industry, Such as, canned food and fast food.Although the taste is same, saving time and nutrition is good.So western people are stronger than Chinese people: tall, long legs, broad shoulders, muscular development;but Chinese people are small and thin;their shoulders are narrow;their complexion are yellow.And consequently, Chinese people are known as plant character, western people are known as animal character(Wang Renxiang, Xiao Xiao 2007).To sum up, western people pay more attention to meat on food targets, they can absorb more fat and protein, so they are stronger than Chinese people.However Chinese people pay more attention to vegetables.They are more healthy than westerners.3.3 The Style of Having Dinner and Using Tablewares The different food culture is also reflected in having dinner and using tablewares in China and western countries.3.3.1 Having Dinner

Whether it is family meals or formal feasts in China, Chinese people will sit around and share enjoyment each other(Lv Wenwen).They also toast each other or persuade others to eat delicious food.The scene has created harmonious and happy atmosphere.Especially in all kinds of festivals, Chinese people gain enjoyment from having dinner together.The style of having dinner is the most important tradition of Chinese food culture.The style is on the basis of patriarchal clan system’s perception.Having dinner together is popular with family or clan at first.Then it extends to outside the family.Chinese people usually educate and express all kinds of proprieties by having dinner together.So these reflect the relationship of the old and the young, the noble and the humble, the intimate and the aloof.Because having dinner together pander to traditional family perception and objectively play an important part in maintaining family’s stability and promoting family members’ unity and harmony.Therefore, having dinner together has been handed down generation after generation.All family members gather together by sitting around and sharing one seat.This will be a family happiness.But having dinner together also has disadvantages that people don’t pay more attention to food’s health and scientific using.Wasting food becomes more and more serious.Nowadays, people gradually realize this disadvantage and start to change.In entertainment of having dinner together, eating food is not the most important problem, but a face-saving is very important.The standard of price, the grade of dishes and rich dishes are often regarded as the master’s feeling carrier.When the host entertains guests, the host will prepare for a wonderful meal.This shows the host’s enthusiasm, because the standard of entertainment is a symbol of warm hospitality.Therefore, the hosts are afraid to end up with “penny pinching”, so they always prepare much more than the actual consumption.As people say, Chinese people get in touch with each other in order to make others owe debt of gratitude.People often pay more attention to face-feeling in culture of having dinner.In general, the entertainment of having dinner together adopt pattern of consumption of“Person who entertains guests should check out”.Chinese people often follow the principle of reciprocity.This kind of debt of gratitude is not equal and optional communication, but it is the human sentiment’s exchange of owing and repaying.People firstly emphasize interpersonal harmony in having dinner together, and then they pay more attention to food.Therefore, in the process of having dinner together people often pay more attention to the coordination and distribution or interpersonal relationship, social roles and the debt of gratitude.Western people are accustomed to individual serving when they are eating.Although western people eat food by sitting around in western banquet, everyone eats the dishes and food in their plates（Ji Qing,2008:42）.Western individual serving is a typical form and that is buffet.Diners take a set of tableware, and then get delicious food from plate.Certainly western people don’t have fixed seat, and they can freely pace back and forth.The style of having dinner not only can fully satisfy individual to be fond of food, but also can communicate each other and exchange individual feelings or information.So food is only a kind of means and foil in western feast rather than the whole purpose.The core of feast is friendship.The style of having dinner adequately embodies western people to respect individuality and self, and also stresses individual independence.It is different from cultural patterns of the whole unification of China.Especially since Renaissance movement, western society has energetically advocated equality, freedom, human rights and liberation spirit.The Renaissance movement immensely publicizes the human personality and the sense of freedom, and also creates a cultural environment which stresses individual’s free development.So, the difference of Chinese and western food culture comes from emotional and rational.But the difference becomes fuzzy with the development of science.More and more people no longer pay more attention to food hygiene and nutrition.3.3.2 Tablewares Generally speaking, Chinese people don’t use much tablewares when they have meals.Mainly they have bowls, dishes, chopsticks and spoons, and they don’t use very often.Chinese cooking is particular about tableware’s shape and size as well as food’s coordination.Even they stress “beautiful utensil”.Chinese people treat food as art activity.Not only can people surely feast guests’ mouths, but also get a kind of art enjoyment from Chinese food.Western people use metal knives and forks which mainly contained stainless steel, fine silver and silvering and so on.Besides, as people know the emergence of a knife and fork is much later than chopsticks.It originated in lifestyle of the ancient nomadic of the European.They made a living by knives, and often cooked the meat, then cut off to eat.After people took up residence, the knives and forks appeared in the kitchen.All kinds of cup, plate or dish have its own function.This tableware can’t be mixed to use.For example, there are different kinds of names for glasses in English, such as wine glass, cherry glass, brandy glass, beer glass, snifter glass, champion flute and high bowl.In serving English meals, people use so much tableware with different kinds and sizes.In a word, western people emphasize the function of tablewares, while Chinese people stress the shape of dish and individual’s feeling.3.4 Differences in Pursuit In China, cooking is a kind of art, And it is similar to other arts.Chinese people stress that if you want to cook, you must like cooking.Chinese cooking has been regarded as great fun by people.A woman writer once said that she was fed with doing housework.But she was interested in cooking dishes.A slice of onion and a bit of meat can cook a delicious dainty.She appreciated this kind of art.The instant-boiled mutton and Sichuan hotpot become more and more popular so that many people are fond of them.On one hand, the dishes are fresh and tender.People can freely eat them.On the other hand, Chinese people can enjoy the interesting cooking on the process of having dinner.The work can enrich people’s life because they have great fun for cooking.China has a large number of cooking skill: heat, stir-fry, and quick-fry, braise, steam, crisp, scrabble, blast, and wire drawing and so on.And Chinese cooking take cutting technique and heating control in baking seriously.Chinese cooking is similar to the music, the dance, the poetry and the drawing.Both of them can improve realm of life.Western cooking is easier than Chinese cooking.They only pursue the nutrition of food.It leads people to ignore enjoyment of food.Thus, western cooking is particular about scientific and standard perception.The fired chicken of KFC need to put up ingredients on the basis of food’s illustration, and the temperature of oil or time of the fired chicken should follow the standard in the menu.So the job of chef becomes very boring and mechanical.In the process of cooking, western people usually represent more mechanical in designing dishes.Even they are absolutely in accordance with the recipes.Every now and then they use scale measuring pot and scale pan in order to achieve accuracy.It leads western cooking to be short of new idea at times.Their dishes are mainly frying, stir-frying and braising instead of food’s shape and color.Western people think that playing while working is dereliction, and working in playing is a losing deal.However, Chinese people believe the transformation of working and playing.IV.Conclusion We can easily find that the differences between Chinese and western food cultures are very obvious from this thesis.They have different food perceptions, tastes, nutrition, food targets and interests;they also have differences in the style of having dinner and using tableware.Both of them have their own special advantages.With the economic globalization and information exchange speeding up, along with the strengthening of communication between China and the west, Chinese and western food cultures continuously mix together and mutually complement(Zou Wenguang,1998).The exchange of food culture is in people’s daily life.Chinese people can learn from the perception that western people stresses food’s nutrition.And Chinese people should make Chinese food more outstanding.At present, Chinese people make more efforts to draw all the perfect achievements in the world.Chinese people should make use of a chance to absorb splendid cultures from other countries according to China’s reform and opening up policy which creates the conditions on international relations and cultural exchanges.It is essential for English learners to study food culture which is the important part between Chinese and Western cultures.In the process of learning English, learners should pay attention to the difference of culture between Chinese and western, know more about countries regarded English as native speaking language, so as to cultivate good thinking model.Learning food culture is benefit for learners to promote the ability of cross-culture communication and stimulate the interest of learning English.As we all know, language is the supporter of culture, so learning language is not a process of learning vocabulary and grammar.We should emphasize the cross-culture communication so as to achieve the real purpose of learning English.As long as people have a good understanding about food culture, they will be polite between Chinese and western exchanges.Bibliography

[1]Paul,Anthony.A Guide to the English-speaking Word[M].London:Longman Group Ltd, 1975.[2]Keith,Sinclair.A History of New Zealand[M].London:Penguin,1980.[3]Leslie,White.The Science of Culture[M].New York:Random,1949.[4]Perter,Bromhead.Life in Modern Ameican[M].London:Longman Group Ltd,1978.[5]蒋艳.中西饮食文化差异的原因分析及其研究意义[J].湖北:湖北教育学报,2007(50).[6]林丽瑞.中西方饮食文化之比较[J].上海:消费导刊,2009(11).[7]李明英.社会习俗与饮食文化[J].锦州:锦州师范学院学报,1997.[8]棘青.图说世界饮食文化[M].长春:吉林出版社,2008(42).[9]吕雯雯.中西传统节日饮食中的文化差异[J].陕西:陕西师范大学学报,2009.[10]王仁湘,肖潇.图说中国文化[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,2007.[11]殷莉,韩晓玲.英汉习语与民俗文化[M].北京:北京大学出版社,2007.[12]邹文广.人类文化的流变与整合[M].长春:吉林人民出版社,1998.Acknowledgments My deepest gratitude goes first and foremost to professor Ma Shengcang, my teacher for his constant encouragement and guidance.He has walked me through all the stages of the writing of this thesis.Without his consistent and illuminating instruction, this thesis could not have reached its present form.Second, I would like to express my heartfelt gratitude to all the teachers, who lead me into the world of English.They instructed and helped me a lot in the past four years.Last, my thanks would go to my friends and my fellow classmates who gave me their help and time in listening to me and helping me work out any problems during the difficult course of thesis.

第二篇：中西饮食文化中的主食差异

中西饮食文化中主食的差异性

摘要：食物之于人类自身发展以及人类文明的建立的影响都是惊天动地的。在人类历史进程中，食物是许多重要变革的内在推动要素。不管是古人还是今人，他们所做的每件事都需要食物——特别是主食来提供动力。然而不同民族创造了不同的饮食文化，主食的差异性又间接促成了文明的差异性。本文主要以中西方的主食在热量需求、烹饪方式、配餐饮品、进餐礼仪等方面差异性来展示不同文明区域内的饮食文化的内涵，并进一步揭示造成这种差异背后的历史地理、生物基因等产生原因。

关键词：主食、饮食文化、差异、跨文化交流

一、中西方的主食构成：

世界各地的饮食结构存在着较大的差异，要将不同类型的主食放在一起很难作比较深入、系统的比较，例如今天欧洲人的主食是以肉食为主，而我们中国则以植物性的作物或者稻米或者豆科类植物制品来补充人体所需的能量。因此这一章节将我们讨论的主食范围缩小到植物性的主食。

世界各地的植物性主食按区域划分主要可以分为三大版块：

1近东地区以小麦和裸麦为主食。以小麦和裸麦为为食物原料的近东地区，主要将食物加工成面包的形式来为该地区的人群提供能量和营养，所以面包在西方社会被誉为“食品之母”。早在1万多年前,西亚一带的古代民族就已种植小麦和大麦。那时的人类利用石板将谷物碾压成粉,与水调和后在烧热的石板上烘烤，这就是面包的起源,但它还是未发酵的“死面”。之后古埃及人掌握了制作面包发酵的技术。如今，在埃及法老的古墓里还留存着一幅壁画，上面绘制的就是当时古埃及人制作面包的情景。直至公元前13世纪，摩西带领希伯来人大迁徙，自此将面包技术带出埃及，逐渐传入欧洲各地。所以从食物史的角度来说，欧洲文明起源于西亚文明还是有据可依的。今天的欧洲人一日三餐都离不开面包，他们在面包的基础上创造出很多面包的衍生品比如披萨、汉堡、三明治等等，可以说面包制品占据了饮食结构的重要地位。就拿法国人的一天为例，经典的法式早餐是羊角面包配咖啡；午餐作为工作餐往往就用三明治来解决，晚上是法国人享受豪华大餐的时机，法式大餐品种繁复，上菜程序考究，但依旧少不了面包的踪影，面包作为配餐早早地放在食客面前，甚至在法国的高级餐厅里面，面包是作为餐厅品质的标志而存在的。

2东亚地区包括中国南方的主食来源就是水稻。稻子是人类所知的最有用的食物，它解决了人类将近一半人口的粮食问题。稻子成熟后加工成米，经过蒸煮就成了我们日常所需的“饭”，放的水更多，煮的时间更长，就成了另一种形式的米制品——粥。然而在这么多民族的共同努力下，米制品不仅仅只局限于“饭”和“粥”。人们把米磨成粉，以水调和，制作出肠粉、河粉等米制衍生品。今天在中国的广东地区，肠粉和干炒牛河已经被演绎成极具地方特色的小吃了。在东亚的其他地区，人们也想尽办法变换米制品的食用方式。每逢过年，年糕总会因其年年高的吉祥寓意出现在餐桌上，他们将糯米掺以晚米，泡涨蒸至成熟后用木桩捶打成型，中国江浙一带的农村依旧保存了打年糕的习俗。中国国土辽阔，因此在南北在主食制品的选择和喜好上也存在着较大的差异。中国的西部、北部和中部产小麦，但是在中国只有新疆的印欧语系人和突厥语族人才以面包为食用小麦的主要形式，他们将生面团叠成的大薄片贴在炉灶内部，利用炉内的热量将其烤熟，这种食物就是我们今天所说的“馕”，它是面包家族的祖先。中国的北方人将这种技术微型化，由此制作出更小更薄的烧饼。但是这种形制的小麦制品始终不是中国北方各地主食的“标配”，馒头和面条占据北方人主食的霸权地位。山东人民将馒头吃出了文化，山西人则演绎出多样的面食文化。

3美洲地区土著主要是以玉米和番薯作为主食。玉米也叫玉蜀黍，它是世界上最古老的农作物之一。据考证，玉米原产美洲大陆——从美国南部经墨西哥直到秘鲁和智利的狭长地带，但其起源和进化过程仍无定论。我们已经知道早在七千年前美洲的玛雅人就已经开始种植玉米，而且玉米是玛雅人的主食，因此玛雅文明也被称为玉米文明。番薯这种植物块茎因其热量高，易饱腹曾一度是美洲土著的主要食物。

二、中西方饮食的差异性

1烹饪方式的差异:中国的饮食文化中比较有代表性的馒头和西方饮食文化中比较有代表性的面包放在一起，在烹饪方式上存在较大的差异.馒头是采用隔水蒸煮的方式，面包则是直接烘烤。烹饪方式的差异也反映了不同的物质技术，隔水蒸煮需要一定密封的容器，而烘烤可以直接暴露在外部空间里，因而光从器具上来讲，馒头的制作成需要更成熟的技术条件。物质技术的差异同时也反映出文明形态的差异性：中国是农业社会，农耕文明影响下的人民以定居的形式生存下来，他们的衣食住都需要固定的场所、容器来支持，因此会较早出现密封器具，而西欧自古多战乱，他们对食物的要求就是满足征战时随身携带的需要，以及热量上的补充。面包的制作不需要携带沉重的密闭锅具，并且烘焙的食物而成的食物产生的热能远高于蒸煮的食物，因此，恰好满足欧洲人生存的需要，长此以往，面包这种食物就在这一人群就产生了极大的影响力。

2对热量、温度需求不同。面包采用烘焙的形式，配以黄油、奶油等高热能的辅料材料，它产生的热量远高于馒头。此外西方人对食物的温度和中国人也存在着很大的差异，他们喜食生食、冷食，牛排六七分熟，蔬菜全是新鲜才摘下洗净直接放进食盘中。而中国人则截然相反，我们喜欢吃热的，五味调和的食物，所以中国人在招待宾客时总是说“趁热吃！”西方人吃面包不考虑温度，而我们中国人则从来不爱吃冷了的馒头。这种差异从今天大热的影视节目中也略见端倪，我们熟悉的《舌尖上的中国》系列纪录片在展现食物时总是以热气腾腾的雾气为视角，在五集的内容中不乏食物冒着热气的镜头，但是在《唐顿庄园》里头食物总是中规中矩被盛放在盘子里，然后按顺序一步步上桌，从来看不到英国人对食物温度的需求。这种差异反映出饮食观念不同，一个钟爱五味的调和，钟爱温暖，一个则讲究食物本身的营养和饮食的礼节，西方人对待饮食，首先讲究有什么营养，能产生多少能量，味道则是次要的。如果加热烹调会造成营养损失，那就半生不熟或干脆生吃，在他们的饮食观念中，口味从来都得让步于营养价值。

3配餐饮品：饮食本身就包括饮料和食物，所以在配合主食进餐时饮料也是差异性的重要体现。中国人吃饭前喝茶居多，例如中国广东地区，把吃早点以“喝早茶” 的形式命，并且在正餐之前都要上一道茶来润喉。西方人的饮品多数还是酒类和奶制品饮料，地中海气候和温带海洋性气候多产葡萄，考究的法国人在餐前要喝开胃的白葡萄酒，餐后又会喝红酒。此外经常出现在西方人杯中的饮料——牛奶，传统的中国人似乎不怎们感兴趣，他们宁愿选择豆浆来替代这种高热量、高营养的饮料，直至近些年，食物的跨文化交流，牛奶营养说等结论才把大量和牛奶的饮食习惯带入中国。

三、造成这种差异性的原因推测

1自然地理因素：欧洲的许多国家都位于北温带的温带海洋性气候区。这种气候适宜大范围牧草生长却难以种植不适宜谷物，因此，以牛羊为主的等畜牧业就相对发达，这种结构决定了西方人的肉食性特点，并且在此基础上形成了主食以肉食为主的饮食习惯。此外，相对中国而言，欧洲的大部分地区纬度较高，光照和热量摄入远不如亚热带温带地区的人来得容易，所以欧洲人的饮食始终坚持高热量、高营养。在选择饮品时也通过牛奶、羊奶等动物性饮料来补充钙质。而 中国地处亚欧大陆的东部，东临太平洋，是典型的季风气候区，这种气候非常 适合植物的生长，水稻、小麦获得高产在中国也相对容易，除了谷物之外，华夏大地上的人民也可从豆科类植物中获取蛋白和钙质，因此这也解释了传统中国汉族人不喝牛奶喝豆浆的问题。

2历史因素:如果说自然地理因素给了人们选择食物的大前提，那么长期以往的历史文明则在细节上影响人们对主食以及配合主食的食材的需求。上述讲过中西方文明形态的差异导致人们对主食的选择不尽相同。农业社会为主的中国主要依靠植物性食品来获得养分，他们长年定居、聚居，形成了热烈友好的饮食习惯，因此在饮食礼节上，中国人多崇尚热闹、欢快的气氛。而西方人在饮食礼节上好静，这大概跟工业文明的影响有一定的关系。

3生物因素：东西方人在生理结构上就存在很大的差异，西方人对食物的消化能力和能量需求远高于中国人。就比如欧洲人在长期的选择过程中对肉食的消化能力明显高于中国人。此外据研究表明，欧洲人对奶制品消化吸收的能力也明显高于其他种族的人群，他们在长期的生物选择过程中，基因也发生了改变，逐渐形成了一些其他种族人群不具有的消化酶，这种基因层面上的影响又反过来导致主食选择的差异，这种选择是循环往复的。

四、主食的跨文化交流

主食的跨文化交流如今愈演愈烈，特别是在西学东渐的影响下，中国人对西方的饮食习惯以及礼节有了极大的包容和兴趣，西餐馆遍地开花，到处有人学习西方的饮食礼节。但是在这之前，主食的跨文化交流早已存在。黄仁宇在《万历十五年》中曾提到的盛行于美洲的玉米和番薯，在新航路开辟之后传入欧洲，16世界又传入中国。因玉米、番薯对土地养分要求不高，并且制品抗旱耐饥，它们一度作为中下层人民的主食，使其维持生存。因此这种主食的跨文化交流使得中国古代的人口在明朝时期有了显著的增长。再早些，丝绸之路的开辟也将中亚的饮食习惯带入了中原地区，如上述所讲的“馕”到“烧饼”的演变就可能形成于该时期。这种影响甚微，但至少开启了主食跨文化交流的先河。

五、总结

食物或者说主食提供了一个平台，让文明得以建立于其上。接着，它又成为社会组织的工具，协助塑造并建构逐渐成形的复杂社会。古代社会的政治、经济和宗教结构都是以食物生产与分配的系统为基础。拥有食物的多寡导致阶级的产生，孕育了政治权利；同时人们祈求食物丰收形成固定的仪式，这种仪式配合政权就演变成国家宗教；因此在整个古代世界中，食物占据着非常重要的地位。直至全球化的今天，即便文化交流愈演愈烈，我们仍旧能看到不同区域内饮食文化的差异性，由此可以进一步考究自然历史因素给人类进程带来的影响以及文明形态的迥异。

六、参考文献 Tom Standage.历史大口吃：食物如何推动世界文明发展 [M].行人文化实验室，2010 2尤金.N.安德森.中国食物

[M].江苏人民出版社，2003 3 刘佩.华中外礼仪文化比较 [M].中山大学出版社，2005.（4）

4左怡.浅谈餐具形态材料与饮食文化[J].四川：西华大学学报（哲学社会科学版），2008.5 黄丽.从饮食文化看中西方价值观的差异[J].安徽：安徽文学（下半月），2008.6 郭立久.美学升华烹饪艺术—访中国烹饪大师彭育棠[J].北京：中国食品，2003.

第三篇：中国饮食文化 饮食器具中西差异

浅谈中西古典饮食器具纹饰寓意与表现形式

饮食，是人类生存的第一需要。然而，在漫长的历史进程中，人类依靠大脑和双手，发明制造工具，获取自然界的食物，并对其进行加工。通过这些有意识的劳动，建立起与之相应的饮食方式、制度规范，形成一定的意识形态、饮食风俗。因此，饮食已经成为根植于人类历史、复合民族心理礼仪教化等方面的博大精深的文化。然而饮食器具传达了饮食文化的不断演变、融合、更迭的过程。

古语云，“美食不如美器”。工艺考究、制作精美的食器可以与美食交相呼应，给人带来美的享受。饮食器具中的装饰纹样是体现审美趋向的重要体现，是超越器具实用功能之上精神审美需求的表现。装饰纹样之美是构成食器艺术之美的一个重要组成部分，不同地区的人们对装饰之道的认知和喜恶也不同，所以食器的装饰纹样形成不同时间阶段的审美追求，反映了饮食器具装饰文化的丰富性和多样性。饮食器具纹饰在中西方饮食文化的基础上，也体现出了不少差异性。

一、中式纹样

中国人在饮食器具装饰纹样象征语言的表现上，可以看出是较为委婉含蓄的，往往是借自然万物抒发意境之美及个人情怀，故其象征语言的旨趣意味深长。许多装饰纹样具有寓意的特点主要可以分为王权之道和吉盛之盼。(1)王权之道

饮食器具装饰纹样象征语言表现王权之道的内容，是在原始朴素的图腾绘画基础上进一步抽象化、复杂化的结果，是权力意志的集中性象征。最常见的纹饰有兽面纹，象征一种传说中凶猛的恶兽，表达着特定的宗法性的内容，目的是对异族恐吓震慑，对本族人民保护庇佑。比较经典的还有夔龙纹和蝉纹，前者象征的是雄性的刚毅威猛，后者有“蝉联”之意，象征了一脉相承、连续不断，象征了王侯贵族期盼地位权势世代相袭，富贵永昌的心态。（2）吉盛之盼

在饮食器具装饰纹样中反映吉盛之盼象征思想的数量还是较多的，吉盛之盼是对趋吉避凶、福喜平安、兴旺富贵等祈盼的综合概括，寄托着人们对吉祥丰盛追求与向

往的理想是带有主观色彩的愿望。我们知道，无论是现实生活中存在的还是不存在的，只要被附以了对如意顺遂、和谐美好等象征意义，就会成为具有隐含意蕴的象征物。常见的有鲤鱼、莲花、牡丹、八仙人物等纹样。鱼与莲的结合运用是莲与连谐音取连年有余之象征概念，运用在饮食器具中也是对丰衣足食的一种祝颂。牡丹是花中之王，多与凤、孔雀、双狮等组合成为装饰纹样，象征富贵与美好，光明与幸福。八仙人物纹样在饮食器具中的运用，是将人们喜闻乐见的典故、吉祥语、传说人物等作为象征题材以隐喻的手法加以表现，使之成为福寿、正气、安康的化身。

二、西式纹样

传统的饮食器具是各民族智慧的结晶和珍贵的文化遗产，其纹饰图案丰富多彩、美不胜收，而不同的纹饰受到其形成时代文化的影响，其寓意也各不相同。古典西式餐具纹饰主要分为两类：宗教神话纹样、动植物纹样。下面是几个经典纹饰的寓意说明：（1）莨苕

生长在欧洲南部的地中海沿岸，它有美丽的锯齿形叶子与优雅的姿态，因而被古希腊的艺术家和工匠们广泛应用于装饰艺术之中。莨苕纹样在西方的设计装饰中大量存在，是西方不同文化形态中最具代表性的植物装饰纹样，对装饰艺术史有着极大的意义。它经常以莨苕植物藤蔓为纽带，互相交错，以叶片为点缀，穿插少量花蕾，具有连续性和很强的“适合纹样”的特点，用生动的线条构成生命化的有机纹样，富于韵律、节奏鲜明，使人们感受到一种植物纹样风格化和生成过程中所承载的人类情感，其产生的艺术效果能使人产生鲜花、绿叶、阳光、波浪等积极、愉悦的联想；有古典的、贵族的气息，并有吉祥如意、祈求平安的寓意。（2）贝壳

贝壳在古希腊时代象征着幸运，因此贝壳纹样也在饮食器具中大量运用。（3）狮子

狮子拥有仪表堂堂的体魄、威严的仪态和贵族的气质，是力量和勇气的象征。

三、中西方纹饰表现手法的比较

中式装饰纹样体现出了含蓄、内向的深刻文化意蕴。饮食器具中装饰纹样往往是一些富有吉祥寓意的动物、植物或几何纹样，令食器具有天然、含蓄之美，这些复杂的纹饰多数是通过象征表达某个主题，这些纹饰能够激起人类强烈情感，表达对生命

中的各种期盼和希冀的追求。从这个方面来看，饮食器具被倾注了人们极大的感情，它的背后深藏着中国人的某些思维定势和象征文化，是中国人天人合一生存观的信仰表现。而西方古典家具装饰纹样的内容多半是体现西方人争强好胜的性格和对自然界勇于征服的探索精神，反映了西方社会对世界认知的渴望和强调个体独立的欲望，同时由于宗教在古代西方社会中所占的统治地位和主流地位，导致了宗教装饰题材的大量表现。

通过对中西方饮食器具纹饰的列举比较，不难看出其内在的差别。中国装饰纹样体现了中国艺术的含蓄性，书法式的抽象性，追求形神统一和完美意境的艺术效果。东方的宗教信仰是多神伦理型的，类似于图腾崇拜，主张的是出世的思想和皇权统治。西方纹样强调的是西方艺术的直接表现，人体美学的粗犷性，宗教的神秘性；西方的宗教信仰是智慧型的，它与科学精神有着内在联系的一面，主张的是入世的积极、平等的思想，这就决定了人们看重的是现世的幸福和个人人格的独立。中西古典饮食器具具中装饰题材反映了东西方对自然界、宗教信仰、人生态度等问题的不同看法，可以说正是因为这种传统文化的反差，才会产生艺术形式上截然不同的表现。

第四篇：比较中西饮食文化

比较中西饮食文化

摘要：餐饮产品由于地域特征、气侯环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。

关键词：不同的饮食观念

不同的饮食礼仪与方式

中西饮食对象的差异

目

录 中国饮食文化特征……………………………………………………..1

1.1风味多样………………………………………………………………1.2四季有别………………………………………………………………1

1.3讲究美感………………………………………………………………1 2 中西饮食文化比较……………………………………………………1 2.1不同的饮食观念.…………………………………………………1 2.2不同的饮食礼仪与方式..………………………………………2 3 结论..………………………………………………………………………….5 参考文献..……………………………………………………………………..5 1中国饮食文化特征

中国是文明古国，亦是悠久饮食文化之境地。将饮食文化归纳出以下几个特点：

1.1风味多样

由于中国幅员辽阔，地大物博，各地气候、物产、风俗习惯都存在着差异，长期以来，在饮食上也就形成了许多风味。中国一直就有“南米北面”的说法，口味上有“南甜北咸东酸西辣”之分，主要是巴蜀、齐鲁、淮扬、粤闽四大风味。

1.2四季有别

一年四季，按季节而吃，是中国烹饪又一大特征。自古以来，中国一直按季节变化来调味、配菜，冬天味醇浓厚，夏天清淡凉爽；冬天多炖焖煨，夏天多凉拌冷冻。

1.3讲究美感

中国的烹饪，不仅技术精湛，而且有讲究菜肴美感的传统，注意食物的色、香、味、形、器的协调一致。对菜肴美感的表现是多方面的，无论是个红萝卜，还是一个白菜心，都可以雕出各种造型，独树一帜，达到色、香、味、形、美的和谐统一，给人以精神和物质高度统一的特殊享受。

2中西饮食文化比较

2.1不同的饮食观念

2.1.1饮食结构

在中国，人们的传统饮食习俗是靠以植物性食料为主。主食是五谷杂粮，然后辅以蔬菜，外加少量肉食而形成的餐饮形式。中国人也习惯于以热食、熟食为主，这也是中国人饮食习俗的一大特点。这点就和中国古老的文明和发达的烹调技术有关。而在西方，其人民秉承着游牧民族、航海民族的文化血统，以渔猎、养殖为生，传统的饮食习俗靠以动物性食料为主，并辅以采集、种植，肉食较多，吃、穿、用都取之于动物。这是由于高热量、高脂肪类的饮食结构比较适合高纬度的地理和气候。这样就

第五篇：中西饮食文化比较

中西饮食文化比较

国际经济与贸易

董赟赟

21090413 关键词：饮食文化，中西文化，餐饮，比较，中西饮食文化比较，饮食观念

餐饮产品由于地域特征、气候环境、风俗习惯等因素的影响，会出现在原料、口味、烹调方法、饮食习惯上的不同程度的差异。正是因为这些差异，餐饮产品具有了强烈的地域性。中西文化之间的差异造就了中西饮食文化的差异，而这种差异来自中西方不同的思维方式和处世哲学。中国人注重“天人合一”，西方人注重“以人为本”。

中餐以五谷、熟食、素食为主，以肉食、蔬菜为辅，讲究无味调和。中国历代传统烹饪手法技艺精湛，花样繁多，内容丰富，人们在味觉方面的追求之外，还有色香形色器等方面的需求，最后是调和。

西餐大致可分为法式、意式、英式、俄式、美式等几种。不同西餐的主要特点：

1、西菜之首——法式大餐

2、西餐始祖——意式大餐

3、简洁与礼仪并重——英式西餐

4、营养快捷——美式菜肴

5、吃以结实、纯正——德国菜肴

6、西菜经典——俄式大餐 这里简要从以下三方面谈谈中西方饮食文化的差异。

一、两种不同的饮食观念

西方西方人比如西方侧重营养，中国人注重美味；

西方是一种理性饮食观念，不论食物的色香味形如何，而营养一定要得到保证，讲究一天要摄取多少热量、维生素、蛋白质等等，即便口味千遍一律，甚至比起中国的美味佳肴来，简直味同嚼蜡，但理智告诉他，一定要吃下去，因为有营养，说的不好听，就像给机器加油一样。

中国则是一种美性饮食观念，人们在品尝菜肴时，往往会说这盘菜“好吃”，那道菜“不好吃”。这说明，中国人对饮食最求的是一种难以言传的“意境”，即使用人们通常所说的“色、香、味、形、器”来把这种“境界”具体化，恐怕仍然是很难涵盖得了的。

再说原料，西方人认为菜肴是充饥的，所以专吃大块的肉、整块鸡等“硬菜”。而中国的菜肴是“吃味”的，所以中国烹饪在用料上也是显现出极大的随意性；许多西方人视为弃物的东西，在中国都是极好的原料，外国厨师无法处理的东西，一到中国厨师手中，就可以化腐朽为神奇，足见中国饮食在用料方面的随意性之广博。

二、中西饮食对象的差异

即饮食选择类品的差异，不同的文化，对食物有不同的标准和消费方式，比如西方人吃甜食，中国人大多以咸为主。中国人主张素食主义，中国人以植物为主菜，与佛教徒的鼓吹有着千丝万缕的联系。他们视动物为“生灵”，所以主张素食主义，据西方的植物学家的调查，中国人吃的菜蔬有600多种，比西方多六倍。实际上，在中国的菜肴里，素菜是平常食品，荤菜只有在节假日或生活水平较高时，才进入平常的饮食结构，所以便有“菜食”之说，菜食在平常的饮食结构中占主导地位。而西方人秉承着游牧民族、航海民族的文化血统，以渔猎、养殖为主，以采集、种植为辅，荤食较多，吃穿用都取之于动物。故西方人往往会吃整块牛肉，整只鸡。另外，西方有较为发达的食品工业，如罐头，快餐等，虽口味千遍一律，但节省时间，且营养良好。另外，中西方在饮食内容上的差异还表现在西方人喜爱冷食、凉菜，从冷菜拼盘、色拉到冷饮，餐桌上少不了冷菜。而中国人喜欢热食，除正菜前的小碟冷菜外，主要都是热的。在中国人看来，热菜凉了就少了许多味，趁热吃才能吃出菜的味来。

二、饮食方式不同

在中国，筵席要用圆桌，这就从形式上造成了一种团结、礼貌、共趣的气氛。美味佳肴放在一桌人的中心，它既是一桌人的欣赏、品尝的对象，又是一桌人感情交流的媒介。人们相互敬酒、相互让菜、劝菜，在美好的事物面前，体现了人们之间相互尊重、礼让的美德。西式宴饮上，核心在于交谊，通过与邻座人之间的交谈，达到交易的目的。而且西式宴会多体现于相邻宾客之间的交谊西方人习惯分而食之，有专人先行分配食物，是一人一份的定量供应。在西方宴会上，虽也围坐，但各人的食物是单盘独碟的。另外不必固定座位，可以自由走动，以便于个人之间的情感与信息的交流。这种用餐方式充分体现了西方人对人性、对自我的尊重，强调了个人的独立和自主。另外其他细节方面中西方差距也很大。中国上菜顺序依次为：汤、主食、餐酒、水果。而西方则为：菜和汤、水果、餐酒、主食、甜点和咖啡。在吃完停餐时，在中国可以把筷子直接搁在碟子或者调羹上。如果将筷子横搁在碟子上那表示酒醉饭饱不再进膳了。在西方，若是略事休息，则应该把刀叉以八字形状摆在盘子中央。若刀叉突出到盘子外面，不安全也不好看。边说话边舞动刀叉是失礼之举。用餐后将刀叉摆成四点钟方向即可

总之：中西文化的差异造就了饮食文化的差异，这种差异来自于不同的思维方式和处世哲学，两者之间不存在绝对的优劣，两者之间完全可以优势互补，达到饮食更完美的行为习惯。