第一篇：英语作文及翻译
一、国庆60周年
新中国成立60周年来，我国发生了翻天覆地的变化，请你据此写一篇120字的英语作文，谈谈自己的感想。要求:
1.列出生活中反映一两件家乡变化的事, 如购新车、住新房等。
2.列出最近发生的一两件国家大事，如成功举办奥运、“神舟七号” 顺利升空等。
3.要表达出你的喜悦和自豪之情，并谈谈你的感想。
Great changes have taken place since our country was founded 60 years ago.In the past we lived in the small and old houses and now we move into new broad ones which are more than one hundred square meters.At the same time, many families have own their new cars.Besides, our country hosted the 29th Olympic Games successfully in 2008 and we took the first place in winning gold medals.Another inspiring event was that the Shenzhou Ⅶ was sent into space smoothly, which shows our scientific research get great achievements.We are very happy and proud of all these achievements.I am sure our country will become even stronger and richer.I love our motherland very much.Let’s work hard to make contribution to our country in the future.二、金融危机下大学生就业
当今我国大学生就业成功率很低，除了全球性的金融危机影响外，还有就是大学生对工作的选择。有的人认为应该优先选择自己喜欢的工作，而不是自己擅长的;另一部分人相反。你班学生就此事进行讨论，请客观地介绍情况并谈谈你的看法。
观点理由
1.一部分人 喜欢比擅长重要。兴趣是最好的老师，精通与擅长的可能性会大大增加等。
2.另一部分 擅长比喜欢重要。擅长更容易成功，后天努力培养兴趣。
3.你......注意：1.短文须包括所有要点, 可适度发挥。
2.开头已为你写好, 但不计人总词数。3.词数:120左右。
Recently the students in our class have discussed the following topic: which is more important for college graduates to choose jobs, being interested in it or being good at it?
Some agree that the love of job is very important because interest is the best teacher.People are often willing to do what they like doing.If you are not good at it in the beginning, you can work hard and gradually improve your skills to make you good at it.Others hold their view that if you are good at it, you have more chances to achieve success very soon.While you work, you can do all you can to gain the interest in it little by little.From my point of view, I think we should make full use of our strengths to change them each other regardless of the fact that you like it or you are good at it.三、低碳经济下的环境保护
“低碳经济”是一个具有广泛社会性的经济前沿理念，最早是在2003年英国政府发布的能源白皮书《我们能源的未来：创建低碳经济》正式提出的。低碳经济包括低碳发展、低碳产业、低碳技术和低碳生活等经济形态，是指在不影响经济发展的前提下，通过技术创新和制度创新，降低能源和资源消耗，尽可能最大限度地减少温室气体和污染物的排放，实现减缓气候变化的目标，促进人类的可持续发展。
Protection of Environment
1.目前环保还存在着许多问题。
2.为了保护环境，3.各国政府做了大量的工作。
4.我的看法。
There are still many problems of environmental protection in recent years.One of the most serious problems is the serious pollution of air, water and soil.the polluted air does great harm to people’s health.The polluted water causes diseases and death.What is more, vegetation had been greatly reduced with the rapid growth of modern cities.To protect the environment, governments of many countries have done a lot.Legislative steps have been introduced to control air pollution, to protect the forest and sea resources and to stop any environmental pollution.Therefore, governments are playing the most important role in the environmental protection today.In my opinion, to protect environment, the government must take even more concrete measures.First, it should let people fully realize the importance of environmental protection through education.Second, much more efforts should be made to put the population planning policy into practice, because more people means more people means more pollution.Finally, those who destroy the environment intentionally should be severely punished.We should let them know that destroying environment means destroying mankind themselves.四、不吃早餐不好(No Breakfast No Good)
Now a lot of students go to school in a hurry so that they have no time to have breakfast.But not having breakfast will do harm to their health and their study.Having no breakfast will throw the normal work of our digestive system into confusion.As a result, it will do harm to our health.And at our age it is high time for us to grow up.So our bodies are in great need of energy.If we don't have breakfast,there will be not enough energy to supply.This may stunt our growth.What's more, it is a long period between breakfast and lunch.Breakfast provides us with the energy needed for the class.Without breakfast we cannot get along well with our classes.So for the sake of our health and our study, we must have breakfast.不吃早餐不好
现在很多学生上学很匆忙，以至于没有时间吃早餐，但不吃早餐会有害于学生的健康和学习。来源:作文网
不吃早餐会扰乱我们消化系统的正常工作，从而对我们的身体健康产生危害。这个年龄段正是我们长身体的时候，所以我们的身体需要大量的能量。如果我们不吃早餐，就不会提供足够的能量，这会阻碍身体的发育。另外，早餐与午餐之间。的时间很长。·早餐可以为我们提供上课所需的能量，不吃早餐会影响我们上课。所以，为了我们的健康和学，习，我们必须吃早餐。
五、如何交朋友（How to Make Friends)How to Make Friends Everyone needs friends.A friend can give us help and share our difficulties and happiness.But how can we make friends? First, to make friends, you must be friendly to others.Smile at others and you are sure to get a smile in return.You should try to make a stranger feel at home wherever he happens to be.Think more of others than of yourself and never judge a person by his appearance and clothes.Second, friends should negotiate instead of quarrel.When you don't agree someone, please discuss with him.Finally, never believe in those who leave you when you are in trouble.And never leave your friend when he is in trouble.Remember, a friend in need is a friend indeed.Friends should be faithful to each other.So long as you can put your friend's interests in front of yours, you will have a lot of good friends.(162 words)如何交朋友人人都需要、朋友。朋友可以给我们以帮助，与我们共事困难和快乐。但是，怎样交朋友呢? 交朋友首先要对别人友善。你对别人微笑；肯定别人也会报以微笑。要使陌生人感到亲切，关心别人要比：关心自己为重，决不以貌取人。其次，朋友之间应该商量而不是争吵。当与别人有分歧时，要和他一起讨论。最后，不要相信那些在危急关头背离你的人，也不要在朋友危难时离开他。记住：患难之中见真情。朋友应该以诚相待。只要你把朋友的利益置于你的利益之上，你就会拥有好多好朋友。
六、请以 The Sport I like Best 为题，写一篇 120 个词左右的议论文。
作文地带提示：
1.乒乓球不仅是一种运动而且是一门艺术。
2.有人认为打乒乓球不用花力气，我却不以为然……
3.你经常发现球快速运动，运动员的动作很美。
4.虽然我打乒乓球不是很好，但对此颇感兴感。它能使我们强身健体，学会合作。
The Sport I like Best
Of all the sports，I like table-tennis best.I think it is not only a sport but also an art，because it is a game that needs strength and skill.Some people think that playing table-tennis needs little strength，but I don't think so.In playing table-tennis，we should judge the direction of the ball，and hit it back with great strength so that we can win the game.At the same time we need to pick up the ball which falls to the ground.So after one game you will be very tired if you have tried your best.But，as a sport，I think it is more like an art.In the game，you can often find the ball moving quickly，and each of the players' movements is very beautiful.So I like the sport very much.Though I can't play it very well，I still show great interest in it.I think playing table-tennis can build our bodies，keep us healthy and train our brains.What's more，it an help us to learn to co-operate with each other.So I like it very much.七、(我们为什么学习英语Why we learn English)
Why we learn English The English language has become an international language because it is used by people in the most countries in the world now.In the open times, if you want to do business with foreigners, you must English because most of them speak and write in English, English is one of the working languages at international meetings, Today, most of valuable books are written inEnglish, If you know mush English, you will read newspapers and magazines in English and learn a lot of knowledge about interaction better.You also can do What you should do for the world peace.English is very important to us, but many students don't know why;hey should learn it.I hope that all the students should pay more attention to English study and use it freely.(133 words)
我们为什么学习英语 因为世界上大部分国家的人都使用英语，现在英语已经成为一种国际性语言。在改革开放中，如果你想要和外国人做生意，你必须学习英语，固为他们中的大部分人都是用英语说和写，国际会议的语言也是英语。今天，重要的书籍多是以英语出版的，如果你懂得更多的英语，你就可以读英文报纸和杂志，学习更多的国际知识，你就可以为世界和平做出你应该做的贡献。英语对我们很重要，但许多学生不知道他们为什么要学习英语，我希望所有学生都应该重视英语学习井运用自如。
八、On the Internet
在日常生活中，因特网起着越来越重要的作用。请根据下表所给提示为某英文报写一篇题为On the Internet的征文稿。因特网的主要用途信息 看国内外新闻、获取其他信息通讯 发e-mail、打电话学习上网上学校、阅读各种书籍、自学外语娱乐 欣赏音乐、观看体育比赛、玩棋牌游戏生活 购物注意： 1.征文稿必须包括表内所有信息，行文连贯通顺； 2.词数100－120词； 3.标题已给出，不计入总词数。
On the Internet
The Internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.（2分）On the net, we can learn news both at home and abroad and all kinds of other information as well.（4分）We can also send messages by e-mail, make phone calls（4分）, go to net school, read various kinds of books and learn foreign languages by ourselves.（4分）Besides, we can enjoy music, watch sports matches and play chess or cards.（4分）On the net, we can even do shopping, have a chat with others and make friends with them.（4分）In a word, the internet has made our life more colorful.九、2007年4月29日上午10点，全国亿万学生阳光体育活动在各地大中小学校同时进行，江苏省1，100万学生积极参与了这项活动 教育部提倡：1.每天锻炼一小.2.健康生活五十年.3.幸福生活一辈子
请你根据以上提示，用英语准备一份发言搞，向同学们讲述一下阳光体育活动的有关情况，并就高三学生是否需要每天花一小时锻炼，谈谈你的看法及理由。
参考词汇：阳光体育活动 a national sports program;
教育部 the Ministry of Education
Good afternoon, everyone.On the morning of April 29,2007, from 10:00 to 11:00, hundreds of students from primary , middle schools and universities all over China joined in a national student sports program.Eleven million students in Jiangsu took an active part in this program.The Ministry of Education calls on students to exercise for an hour every day, in the hope that they will have good health to work fifty years and enjoy the whole life.Personally, I think it a good idea for us senior 3 students to have daily exercise.Although we take an hour a day for exercise.It is well worth it.Taking exercise helps us build up body and keep a clear mind.Therefore, we can work more efficiently.Thank you!
十、Getting up Early ts a Good Habit
Getting up early has been regarded as a good habit since ancient times.Many years ago, people thought that if we went to bed early and got up early, we would be vigorous the whole day.In fact, spring is the best seasonof a year;morning is the best time of a day.In the morning, the air is the freshest and people are usually in the best conditions.Many of us may have the experiences that we memorize some things more quickly and accurately in the morning than at any other time of the day.If we do some exercises or only take a short walk in the morning, we will be full of energy the whole day.Also we will have enough time to prepare our work of the day if we get up early.In short, getting up early can do us a lot of good.Let us remember getting up early is a good habit and try our best to keep it.We will certainly benefit a lot from it.早起是个好习惯
从古代起，早起就一直被视为好习惯。很久以前，人们就认为如果我们早睡早起，一整天都会精神饱满。
实际上，一年之际在于春，一日之际在于晨。早晨空气最新鲜，人们的状态通常也最好。很多人可能都有这样的经历，那就是早上记东西比其他任何时间都能记得快、记得准确。如果我们早上做些运动或散步，这一天我们都会精力充沛。而且如果我们能够早起，就会有充足的时间准备一天的工作。总之，早起对我们非常有益。
让我们记住早起是个好习惯，并尽量保持这种习惯，我们必将从中受益不少。
第二篇：英语作文及翻译系列3
英语作文范文及翻译系列3
一中英语作文经典范文一：
In work hard learning, the library is a good place, I study it brings me a lot of knowledge.For every class often in and out of the library I;Selected for the volunteers by the teacher, in the heart very happy, because finally had a chance to service for people!
When a small volunteers on the first day, class library all things for me;Is a question mark, for others, photocopies accidentally!A wrong button, the paper places appeared a piece of data only a quarter of the paper, I have to pay.Sacrifice lunch break I went to the library work, the more cautious to fill a book, seeing so many tattered book, thinking “can have such a good study environment, don't cherish” an angry heart.One day, after finishing the book, see a man in the book, a stepped forward to wanted to scold him a lesson, but the thought of Confucius said: “the way of administration, together with punishment, people free and shameless.Virtue, together with the ritual, shame and.” I'm not angry, had to use moral to persuade him, and when no one's in, also won't destroy the book.Busy, the teacher also told us to read, to gain understanding.When moving the heavy book, in fact, think about it, this will not only help the teacher save trouble, also enhance their own strength, every second, why not?
As the young volunteers, I though a little tired, but for the teacher to share many things;I am also very happy, because “help others for pleasure this!”
翻译：
在功课繁重的学习中，图书馆是我进修的好场所，它带给我许多知识。因每天下课常出入图书馆的我;被老师选为小志愿者，心中无比的高兴，因为终于有机会替大众服务了!
当上小志愿者的第一节下课，图书馆一切的事物对我来说;都是一个问号，替别人影印资料时，一不小心!按错一个钮，出纸的地方出现了一张只有资料四分之一的纸，使我得自己掏腰包了。
牺牲午休时间 去图书馆工作的我，更加谨慎的补书，眼见这么多破烂的书，心想“能有这么好的读书环境，竟然不好好珍惜”心中一股气愤涌上心头。一天，在整理书时，见到了 一位在破坏书的人，走上前去原想臭骂他一顿，但一想到孔子说：“道之以政，齐之以刑，民免而无耻。道之以德，齐之以礼，有耻且格。”我也不生气了，只好用 道德来规劝他，才能在没人的时候，也不会再破坏书。
忙碌之余，老师也叫我们看书，以增广见闻。在搬那沉重的书时，其实，想想看，这不但帮老师省麻烦，也增强自己的体力，一举二得，有何不可呢?
身为小志愿者的我，虽然累了一点儿，但替老师分担了许多事物;我也很快乐，因为“助人为快乐之本”呀!
一中英语作文经典范文二：
Everyone in the path of growth, must through all kinds of test.Some people own learning is not ideal, some bad for your skin and worry, and some to get parents understand and feel wronged...I think it should be growing pains.“You how so careless, English written in capital letters lowercase letters;math is not decimal forgot to add, is the brain around it;the language too, shouldn't always wrong...wrong since time, scores have been falling, straight down to 20 name!” Is the time, this kind of words are often in my mind.I also want to increase the performance to once upon a time, but always can't contentment.Is not the improvement to the subject, is a division of grades and beaten down.Who wouldn't want to test a good result, but each person's ability is different, also the effort by different, so the harvest “fruit” is also different.So I can only say: “do your best!”
As a student, I told myself not too bad;I told myself can't let parents down;I told myself can't let the teacher lose faith in yourself...So, my worries are growing.But think carefully, if falling grades so easily becomes good, so don't lose its sense? So think about it, there is less worry a lot.But don't strive for it, it won't come.So, still want to care my shadow, always follow me, this should be most students face troubles.Trouble is important in life, we should be brave to face, with positive attitude, trouble will be gone.翻译：
每个人在成长的道路上，必须经各种考验。有的人为自己的学习不理想而烦恼，有的为自己的皮肤不好而发愁，有的为得不到父母的理解而感到委屈„„我想，这应该就是成长的烦恼吧。
“你怎么这么粗心，英语的大写字母写成小写字母;数学不是小数点忘了加，就是脑筋转不过弯;语文也是，不该错的总是错„„自从一回，成绩就一直下降，直降到第二十名!”就是那个时候，这类话就常常在我心头萦绕。
我也想把成绩提高到从前，不过总是不能够称心如意。不是那一科的成绩提高了，就是这一科的成绩又败了下来。谁不想考个好成绩啊，可是每个人的能力不同，所尽的努力也不同，所以收获的“果实”也不同。因此我也只能说一声：“尽力而为了!”
作为一名学生，我告诉自己成绩不能太差;我告诉自己不能让父母失望;我告诉自己不能让老师对自己失去信心„„因此，我的烦恼也就日益增多。
可是仔细反过来想想，如果下降了的成绩这样轻易就变好，那么不就失去了它本身的意义了吗?这样想想，烦恼也就减少了许多。可是不努力争取它，它也不会自己过来的。所以，烦恼还是想我的影子一样，一直跟着我，这应该也是大部分同学面临的烦恼吧。
烦恼是人生中重要的考验，我们应该要勇敢去面对，用积极乐观的态度，烦恼就会随风而去了。
一中英语作文经典范文三：
Everyone has their own hobbies, I was no exception.My hobby numerous as the stars in the sky, but I most like to read books.Since I was young, I love reading, where I can see, in bed, go to the toilet see, going to travel in the car, even to eat.Mom and dad always hope me the real little bookworm go out to play for a while, but I don't know a person in the neighbourhood, so the book has become my best friend.Remember once I went to a bookstore reading a book, with my mother agreed to go back until five o 'clock, but the sight of the wide variety of books, I swim in the sea of stories to boil.I picked up a book “laughing cat diary”, read, and was attracted by Yang hongying style of writing.Time like off the string arrow, blink of an eye by six o 'clock, I remembered that time, is on his way back, met a mother, I look with my mom out in a rash.A few days ago, I was in the toilet for more than half an hour, I was so angry mother nose crooked, is this why? Because I see in the toilet, “meaning Lin” youth version by that mom took her killer response-animal roars at fellow players.However, a yard to yard, reading is a good thing.Now, one in the class, my composition since school reading quantity reach millions of words.The classmates, let us read more books!
翻译：
大家都有自己的爱好吧，我也不例外。我的爱好像天上的星星一样数不清，可我最喜欢读书。
我从小就爱看书，在哪儿都看，在被窝里看、上厕所看、去旅游时在车上看、就连吃饭也不放过。爸爸妈妈总希望我这个不折不扣的小书虫出去玩一会儿，可是我在小区里一个人也不认识，所以书成了我最好的朋友。记得有一次我去书店看书，跟妈妈说好五点回去的，但一看到琳琅满目的图书，我禁不住在故事的海洋里熬游。我拿起一本《笑猫日记》，读着读着，被杨红樱的文笔吸引住了。时间像离了弦的箭，眨眼到了六点，我才想起时间，正在回去的路上，遇到了妈妈，我贪看竟把妈妈急得团团转。
前几天，我在厕所里呆了半个多小时，气得老妈鼻子都歪了，这是为什么呢?因为我在厕所里看《意林》少年版看入迷了，以致于老妈使出了她的必杀技---狮吼功。
不过，一码归一码，读书可是件好事。现在，我的作文在班里数一数二，自上学以来阅读量达到数百万字。同学们，让我们一起多读书吧!
高考英语作文范文背诵，以供学习参考。
一、如何提建议—— 给交友有困难的同学提建议
I am sorry you are having trouble in making friends.【引出建议】Here are some tips to help you.【列举建议】First, why not go and talk to people standing on their own.I agree this is difficult but that person may be lonely too.If you do this, I am sure you will soon have a new friend.Second, you can begin the conversation by asking about their likes and dislikes,【理由】which will make you find people with the same interests.Finally, you should try to join in a discussion, 【理由】letting people know how friendly you are.I hope you will find these ideas useful.二、列举个例 —— 良好饮食习惯
As we all know, we are what we eat.Therefore, it’s important for us to form healthy eating habits.However, some students have formed a variety of bad eating habits, such as not having breakfast, loving eating snacks, being particular about food, eating and drinking too much and so on, which will surely do harm to their health.To keep healthy, we should have healthy diets.Not only should we have various foods, like fish, meat, vegetables, fruits as well as rice, noodles, but also we should have the foods regularly and properly.Personally, I think it is important to keep a healthy diet, which contributes to building up a strong body.Only in this way can we have enough energy to study better.三、举例说明 —— 和谐师生关系对你的影响
【要证明的观点】Actually, having a good relationship with teachers makes it easier for us to get along smoothly with our study at school.【引出例子】Take me for example.【例子】My teacher is my good friend.When I fail in the exam, it is my teacher that first helps m to analyze the problem.She is patient enough to make me get over all the difficulties in my study.When I am unhappy she always listens to me carefully and then gives me some reasonable suggestions, so that I can focus on my study soon.Also, I have learned to be helpful and considerate.【重申主题】But for(要不是)the good relationship with my teachers, I could not have made such progress.套语背诵
1.There is no denying that confidence plays an important role in our life.A convincing example that jumps into my mind is about speaking English.2.Such example can be seen easily in our daily life.A good case in point is „
这样的例子在生活中很容易见到，一个很好的例子就是„„
四、讨论或辩论 —— 禁止乞丐在地下人行道行气留宿
【引出主题】Recently, Guangzhou has passed a law to ban beggars from begging and sleeping in the subways and our class had a discussion about it last Monday.【反对及其理由】56% of the students don’t agree with the idea because they think some beggars really have difficulty in making a living and have to play music in the subway to survive.【赞成及其理由】However, 44% of the students favour the idea because they think beggars bring a lot of trouble for the city.What’s more, some beggars are just taking advantage of people’s compassion to make easy money.【个人看法】Personally, I think it is a good idea to forbid beggars in public places and we should take some measures to help them.五、利弊对比 —— 网购的利弊
【点明主题】Nowadays many people prefer to shop on line.【罗列益处】
Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows.First, it’s convenient for us to shop on line.Secondly, it helps save much time, with which we can do more other important things.【罗列弊端】But just as the saying goes, every coin has two sides.Its negative aspects are also apparent.One of the disadvantages is that we are not sure whether the goods we buy are in good quality.【你的观点】Through the above analysis, I believe that positive aspects of shopping on line for outweigh negative ones.Therefore, I would like to shop on line.六、采访类 —— 中学生英语单词拼写的问题
Last Wednesday, I had an interview with Mr Wang, an English teacher, concerning the issue of English word spelling among middle school students.According to Mr Wang, slightly more than half of the senior middle school students’ English handwriting is very poor and about 45% of them can not spell words correctly although they are able to speak.He also pointed out that the causes for spelling problems are that there are no specific word spelling checks in exams, and there is not enough training.Worse still, the students are lazy to memorize word spelling.He suggested thatwe should raise the awareness and place great emphasis on that, and above all, we should master skills while we are training ourselves.七、调查类—— 21世纪最令人担忧的问题
Last week, we made/did a survey among 500 Senior Two students about the most worrying problems in the 21st century.The survey shows that 32% of the students think that they worry about the natural disasters(自然灾害)most,for earthquakes and floods have taken many people’s lives.Besides, 29% of the students hold the opinion thatenvironmental pollution(环境污染)is the most worrying problem while 17% of the students consider the housing problem(住房问题)to be the most worrying one.The percentage of the students who worry most aboutemployment(就业问题)is the same as that of the students who worry most about food safety(食品安全).As for myself, food safety is the most worrying problem because it is linked closely to our health.八、心得体会 —— 诚实/ 勿以善小而不为
1.After reading the story, I am so touched by Alan, whose behavior is worth praising.There is no doubt that honesty still plays a very important role in people’s life and only those who are honest will be trusted and respected by people.(诚实)
3.After reading the story, I was lost in thought.I came to realize that people should never ignore the deed of small kindness.Your small good deeds sometimes will get big returns or make a great difference!(勿以善小而不为)
九、记叙事件经过或过程 —— 日记或游记
【总述】Today we visited Qinghua University.【过程】 Early in the morning we arrived at the gate of Qinghua University, where we were warmly welcomed by an old professor, who then showed us around the campus.In the library, we saw some university students reading attentively in the reading rooms.After that, we came to the lab building.At the end of the visit, the old professor gave us a lecture on science in the afternoon, which interested us very much.Time passed so quickly that before we knew it,it was time that we had to say goodbye to the professor.【结果】Since then, I have worked harder at my lessons than usual and made up my mind to be a student of Qinghua University.十、人物简介 ——用英语简介李敏同学
【姓名职务与特点】 Li Min, monitor of Class 1 Grade 2(同位语), is healthy and lively.【成绩与爱好】 Shedoes well in all her subjects, and she is fond of sports, singing and dancing.【事迹】 When she came to school, shehad much difficulty with English, but through hard work she made great progress.In 2006 she took part in the National Physics Olympic Competition and won the first prize.Li Min is very strict with herself in her work and daily life, and is always ready to help others.高考英语作文范文背诵：
假设你是李华，你的英国笔友Bob将于九月到你所在城市的建新华文学校学中文，来信请你在学校附近为他找一套住房。请根据图画提供的信息，写信介绍住房的情况，并告知住房面积为25平方米，月租500元。
注意：
1.词数：100左右：
2.参考词汇：房租—Tent(n.).I’m very happy to receive your letter, and I’m glad to hear that you will go to China to learn Chinese here.I have already found a fiat for you.It is on Fangcao Street, which is not far from Jianxin Chinese School.Bus No.11 can take you there, and it is one stop before the Chinese School.The flat is on the third floor with 3 rooms, one of which is bedroom, the other two are bathroom and kitchen.There are a bed, a sofa, a desk and some chairs in this 25 square-metres small fiat, and the rent is 500 yuan per month.Maybe this fiat is not as good as your wish, but I’ll try my best to meet your needs.If it is not suitable enough, write to me and I will look for another better place.Hope you will come here soon!
All the best!
Yours, Li Hua
满分理由
本文格式正确，意思表述完整，行文流畅自然。作者在写作过程中注意长短句并用，还使用了以'which，’引导的非限定性定语从句，从而使文章层次分明，富于变化，不愧为考场佳作。
Dear Bob，Welcome to China!You wrote to me to find a place for you.I have found an apartment on Fangcao Street near Jianxin Chinese School.It is on the third floor and there’re three rooms in it: a bedroom, a kitchen, and a bathroom.There is a bed, a sofa, a desk and a chair in the bedroom.The house is 25 square metres and the rent is 500 yuan per month.Also from this house you can get to your school easily.Just take the No.11 bus at the bus-stop in front of the building.It is only one stop.At last, will you please tell me the time you arrive? Then I’U be able to meet you at the airport, see you.Best wishes!
Yours, Li Hua
满分理由
本文格式正确，内容完整，表述清楚，衔接紧密流畅，时态语态使用准确，特别是结尾末段适度的发挥，既充实了内容，又符合逻辑，成为本文与众不同的亮点。
Dear Bob，How are you these days?
I’m so glad to know that you’ll come to our city to learn Chinese.You asked me to find a place for you.Now I’ve found one which I think is pretty good.The place is on Fang Cao Street which is near the No.11 bus stop.It’s just one stop away from Jianxin Chinese School.There are three rooms, a kitchen, a bathroom and a bedroom.Though it is not very big, only 25 square metres, I think it is suitable.By the way, the rent is 500 yuan per month.I hope you’ll like it.If not, I’ll try to find another place for you.Yours，Li Hua
满分理由
本文内在逻辑性很强，由远及近。由外及内，层次分明，错落有致。同时让步状语从句运用得恰到好处，很出彩，再则结构完整，从开头的问候语到结尾都很完备。
Dear Bob，I’m so glad that you are coming to learn Chinese here.I’ve already found you a house near our school.I’d like to tell you something about it.You may get on No.ll bus at Fang Cao Street and the next stop is just Jian Xin Chinese School.The house is near the school.It is about 25 square metres.In the bedroom, there is a bed, a sofa standing against the wall and a table near the window.You may find a light on the table and a chair next to it.There are two other rooms connecting the bedroom.The left one is a bathroom and the right one is a kitchen.So you may cook by yourself.The rent for the house is 500 yuan per month.Hope you’ll enjoy staying here!
Yours，Li Hua
满分理由
本文内容具体，详略得当，表述方式很有创造力和新意，长短句并用，语言结构富于变化，错落有致，顺畅圆润，尤其是情态动词和分词的运用很独到，为文章增色不少。
Dear Bob，I’m glad to hear from you.Welcome to our city in september.I’ve found a suitable house for you.The house is on Fang Cao Street, not far from the Jianxin Chinese School.If you take the No.11 bus, it is just one stop.It is a flat on the third floor of a building.It has three rooms, a living-room, a bathroom and a kitchen.You can cook yourself.The mirror, the basin and the bathtub are very convenient for you.In the living-room, there is a bed, a sofa and a desk with chair.The desk is next to the window.It will be good for study.The total size is 25 square metres and the rent is 500 yuan a month.Yours，Li Hua
第三篇：英语四级作文及翻译 2
明星代言问题
目前，我们很难过上一天没有看到一个名人代言人推广产品或一个社会运动在电视，网络或其他媒体。这是一个强烈的流行趋势，我们不能不注意到。
毫无疑问，明星代言人可以提高产品的销售。一个代言人的主机，然而，已经成为一些公司的营销工具，甚至是公司生产和销售假冒伪劣产品。这种行为产生了对消费者和整个社会，应该受到严厉批评和惩罚的负面影响。当然，正如众所周知，任何事物都有明亮和黑暗的方面。一些明星的社会活动和公共宣传提高公众意识认可，引起公众行为的改变。在这种情况下，他们成为广大市民的正面榜样。这些只是一个案例：普国泰，一个家庭的人物，作为中国艾滋病基金会名人的发言人，大大促进了预防艾滋病的事业，在中国治愈。
On the Celebrity Spokesperson
(celebrity 名人，名流；名声，著名；知名人士，社会名流。)
（spokesperson 代言人；（男/女）发言人。）
Currently, we could hardly live a single day without seeing a celebrity spokesperson promoting a product or a social campaign on TV, net or other media.This is an intensely popular trend that we cannot fail to notice.There is no doubt that the celebrity spokespeople could boost the sale of a product.A host of celebrity spokespersons, however, have emerged as the marketing tool of some companies, even companies producing and selling fake and inferior items.This kind of behavior has produced negative impacts on consumers and whole society, which should be severely criticized and penalized.Of course, as is known to all, everything has both bright and dark sides.Some stars’ endorsement of social activities and public campaigns raises public awareness, giving rise to changes in public behavior.In this case, they serve as positive role models of the general public.To name only one case: Pu CX, a household figure, acting as the celebrity spokesman of the China AIDS Foundation, contributes greatly to the cause of AIDS prevention and cure in China.currently 现在；一般；流畅地；目前现在；通称地，普遍地，当前；目前，眼前地。campaign 战役；运动，活动；竞选运动；从事运动；竞选运动；作战，出征。intensely 强烈地，极度；紧张地，认真地；热情地，热切地。
fail 不及格；失败；失灵，失去作用；（指健康）衰退，变弱，消失；破产，失去支付能力；缺乏，不足，（作物）歉收。
boost 一举，一抬，一推；推动，帮助，促进；提高，增加。
host 主人，东道主；旅馆老板；节目主持人；寄主，宿主；主机。一大群，许多。emerge 浮现，出现；发生，显露，暴露；摆脱，露头，出头。
fake伪造，捏造，冒充；假装；欺骗，迷惑；冒牌货，仿造品；冒充者，骗子。inferior 低等的，下级的；次的，较差的；低于他人者，部下，属下；次品。
items 项目。
produce 生产，出产，制造，创作；生育；拿出，出示，提出；上演，上映，播放，出版；引起，产生，招致。
negative否定的，否认的；片面的，消极的。
impact 冲击，撞击，碰撞；冲击力，撞击力；影响，作用。
severely 严格地，严厉地，严重地，严肃地；朴实无华地。
criticize 批评，批判；苛求，非难。
penalize 对...处刑，规定...应处刑；是不利，对...不公平；处罚。
endorsement 背书，签署；赞同，支持；背书保证，找明星代言。
household 一家人，家眷，家庭，户；普通的，为人所知的。
关于选秀节目
在过去几年里，各种节目的人才上出现了全国各地的电视频道，从超级女声到快乐男声等等。这种强烈的娱乐节目的类型是流行，尤其是年轻人当中，并制作了他们的学习和生活带来深刻影响。
有一些背后的潮流几个原因。首先，年轻的人需要学习的榜样。所以他们中的许多人在参与这些计划的选手疯狂。这引起了越来越多的这些节目，因为电视网络的出现，自然需要迎合年轻观众。另外，由于经济和政治改革所进行的政府来说，这一代青年作物有更多的自由和愿望，表达和展示自己。因此，越来越多的年轻人渴望得到这些节目中涉及。
这是一个分裂的话题。在我个人而言，才艺表演是轻松，有趣，可以极大地减轻我们的压力一个极好的手段。作为大学生，但是，我们不能再沉迷于他们，应该是研究极端重要性。
Over the past couple of years, a variety of talent shows have emerged on TV channels across the nation, from Super Girls to Happy Boys and so forth.This type of entertainment program is intensely popular, especially among young adults and has produced profound impacts on their studies and life.There are a couple of reasons behind the tide.To start with, young folks need role models to learn from.So many of them are crazy for contestants participating in these programs.This gives rise to the increasing emergence of these shows because TV networks naturally need to cater to young audiences.Plus, thanks to economic and political reforms carried out by the government, this crop of young generation have more freedom and d
esire to express and showcase themselves.Therefore, a growing number of young people desire to get involved in these shows.This is a divisive topic.On my personal level, the talent show is a superb means of relaxing and amusing and can hugely relieve our strains.As college students, however, we could not afford to indulge in them and should be aware of the utmost importance of studies.a couple of 一对，几个，三两个；两三个；两个，几个。
a variety of 种种；各种各样，不同种类；多种多样的；若干不同的。
and so forth 等等，诸如此类，如此等等。
intensely 强烈地，极度；紧张地，认真地；热情地，热切地。
食品安全问题
对粮食安全
在过去几年里，食品丑闻的几起案件已被各种媒体上披露。粮食安全问题已经成为整个社会的热门话题。粮食不安全的患病率，极大地影响市民的健康，这是政府不能忽视，根据中华人民共和国网络版日报。
有一个驱动力的夫妇，我认为，这背后不可取的潮流。首先，在经济快速发展的过程中，我们忽视道德教育，从而引发了问题率的上升。更重要的是，充足的监管和惩罚这些非法生产者缺乏强制执行的趋势。
正如孔子的指示，这是亡羊补牢，未为晚。及时和应采取严格措施以扭转这种罪恶的趋势。政府应推行一项大规模的道德教育运动，所有公民和制定更严厉的法律，严厉打击那些不负责任的公司，并禁止再次进入食品行业的他们。我坚信，通过我们的共同努力，我们一定会在今后的日子里享受更多的无风险食品。On the Food Security
Over the past couple of years, several cases of the food scandal have been disclosed on various media.The problem of food security has become a hot button across society.The prevalence of food insecurity has greatly impacted public health, which the government could not afford to ignore, according to the online edition of the People Daily.There are a couple of driving forces, I would argue, behind this undesirable tide.First, in the course of the rapid economic evolution, we ignore moral education, giving rise to the rising rate of the problem.More importantly, the lack of adequate regulation and punishment on those illegal producers enforces the trend.As Confucius instructed, it is better late than never.Prompt and strict measures should be taken to turn back this evil trend.The government should launch a massive moral campaign to educate all citizens and draw up tougher laws to crack down on those irresponsible corporations and prohibit them from entering the food industry again.I am firmly convinced that
through our combined efforts we are bound to enjoy more risk-free foods in the days ahead.社会不文明现象
在不文明行为我们不能不注意到，无数的不文明行为存在于我们的日常生活中，如随地吐痰，大声说话，乱抛垃圾，在公共场所说讨厌的话等等。所有这些都是不礼貌的行为，我们不应该忽视的。作为一种古老的享受灿烂的文明跨越了5000年的土地，中国正在经历的不当行为激增，每个公民都应该感到羞愧中的。由主机不文明行为，中国在国内和国外有严重影响中国的形象，据人民日报社论的官方网站上公布。
随着中国，我们不应该冒犯别人指出我们的弱点，而应着眼于提高自己更多的关注。我们应该努力找出这些不当行为的原因，并设法消除。有很多原因的主人，我会认为，这背后的趋势。这里仅一：道德教育的不足。政府应该发动一场大规模的道德运动，以对抗这种趋势，我们应该尽力表现自己，在我们的日常生活体面。作为新时代的大学生，我们应该发挥主导作用。
On Uncivilized Behaviors
We cannot fail to notice that countless uncivilized behaviors exist in our daily lives, such as spitting, talking loudly, littering, saying nasty words in public places and so forth.All these are bad manners that we should not lose sight of.As an ancient land enjoying a splendid civilization spanning over 5,000 years, China is witnessing a surge in improper acts that every Chinese citizen should feel ashamed of.Uncivilized behaviors by a host of Chinese both at home and abroad have seriously affected China’s image, according to an editorial posted on People Daily’s official website.As Chinese, we should not get offended when others point out our weaknesses but should focus more attention on improving ourselves.We should strive to identify the causes of those improper behaviors and find ways to eliminate them.There are a host of causes, I would argue, behind this trend.To name only one: the lack of moral education.The government should wage a massive moral campaign to fight against this trend and we ourselves should endeavor to behave decently in our daily lives.As college students of the new age, we should take the leading role.感恩
对培养感恩心
在全国各地的大学校园里，有一个明显的现象，我们不能忽视：有太多的年轻大学生缺乏感恩，对这个灿烂的文明在5000年的跨越古老的土地上无数的传统美德之一的感觉。这些年轻的成年人没有，都不是表达谢意的巨大重要性的那些谁曾帮助他们，从教师到家长等等。
就个人而言，我认为没有一个优雅的心学生的根本原因是他们受教育不重视的道德领域。我坚信，从全社会的人们共同的努力是为这个社会头痛的最后补救措施。
作为新时代的青年大学生，我们应该对这项事业我们自己的贡献。想象没有感恩意识的世界。这个世界是注定要失败的。简而言之，我们应该加入我们的双手来提高我们的意识培养优雅的心。只有这样，才能建设成一个和谐的社会。我的同学们，我求你从现在开始采取行动。
On Cultivating the Sense of Gratitude
On college campuses across the nation, there is a noticeable phenomenon that we cannot afford to ignore: far too many young college students lack the sense of gratitude, one of the countless traditional virtues of this ancient land with a splendid civilization spanning over 5,000 years.These young adults were not and are not aware of the huge importance of expressing gratitude to those who once helped them, from teachers to parents and so forth.Personally, I deem that the root cause of students without a graceful heart is that they receive an education not valuing the moral sphere.I strongly believe that joint efforts from folks across society are the final remedy for this social headache.As young university students of the new era, we should make our own contributions to this cause.Imagine a world without the sense of gratitude.This kind of world is doomed to failure.Simply put, we should join our hands to heighten our awareness of fostering a graceful heart.Only in this way can we build our society into a harmonious one.My fellow students, I beg you to act from now on.大学生使用信用卡现象
与信用卡
目前，一个由各大银行发行的信用卡和购物卡，商场广泛vareity蓬勃发展的势头在全国各地高校和高校，与高校组成的学生证持有人不断增长的人口众多。事实上，五分之一的学生中，预计在至少拥有一张信用卡，这一数字预计将在稳定increse，扬子晚报的最新公布的数据显示后。
任何事情一样之前，这种塑料小片的出现，校园一卡通的信贷的日益普及同时具有光明和黑暗的方面。一方面，年轻人上大学，从偷窃一笔可观的现金无故障，可享受信用卡的便利性和分期付款购买昂贵的商品。另一方面，然而，该卡的不负责任，这些青少年过度使用，其中大部分是刚从中等学校预算的钱没有能力，可以使它们的债务沉重，将带他们年还清。
我个人的水平，同时享受着便利的主机可能带来的信用卡，我们不能忽视一个明显的事实：在大多数情况下，父母是没有任何限制我们唯一的消费金融来源。相反，我们都应该放在我们的首要任务，并提出自己的研究后，我们的父母以外的严重依赖
On Credit Card
At present, a wide vareity of credit cards issued by major banks and shopping malls are thriving in colleges and universities across the nation, with a multitude of college students making up a growing population of card
holders.Indeed, one out of five students is estimated to be in possession of at least one credit card, and the figure is expected to be on the steady increse, the latest data published by Yangtze Evening Post suggests.Like anything prior to the emergence of this small piece of plastic, the increasing popularity of credit card on campus has both bright and dark sides.On the one hand, young adults in college, free from the trouble of pocketing a considerable sum of cash, could enjoy the convenience of credit cards and purchase expensive goods by installments.On the other hand, however, the irresponsible and excessive use of the cards by these youngsters, the majority of whom are fresh out of middle school incapable of budgeting their money, can make them heavily in debt which will take them years to pay off.On my personal level, while enjoying a host of conveniences the credit card may bring, we couldn’t afford to ignore a conspicuous fact: in most cases, parents are our sole financial sources.Instead of spending without any restrict, we are supposed to put studies on the top of our agenda and move ourselves beyond heavy dependence upon our parents
第四篇：英语作文常用句子及翻译
只要掌握好词组、基本句型，再配上合适的时态，一篇文章就基本完成。以下是小编整理的英语作文常用句子及翻译，欢迎参考阅读!
英语作文常用句子及翻译一
1.There is no doubt that our educational system leaves something to be desired.毫无疑问的我们的教育制度令人不满意。
2.So precious is time that we can't afford to waste it.时间是如此珍贵，它经不起我们浪费。
3.Rich as our country is, the qualities of our living are by no means satisfactory.虽然我们的国家富有，我们的生活品质绝对令人不满意。
4.The more books we read, the more learned webecome.我们书读愈多，我们愈有学问。
5.There is no one but longs to go to college.没有人不渴望上大学。
6.It is conceivable that knowledge plays an important role in ourlife.可想而知，知识在我们的一生中扮演一个重要的角色。
7.The progress of thee society is based on harmony.社会的进步是以和谐为基础的。
8.We should spare no effort to beautify our environment.我们应该不遗余力的美化我们的环境。
9.Thanks to his encouragement, I finally realized my dream.因为他的鼓励，我终于实现我的梦想。
英语作文常用句子及翻译二
1、Time flies.时光易逝。
2、Time is money.一寸光阴一寸金。
3、Time and tide wait for no man.岁月无情;岁月易逝;岁月不待人。
4、Time tries all.时间检验一切。
5、Time tries truth.时间检验真理。
6、Time past cannot be called back again.光阴一去不复返。
7、All time is no time when it is past.光阴一去不复返。
8、No one can call back yesterday;Yesterday will not be called again.昨日不复来。
9、Tomorrow comes never.切莫依赖明天。
10、How important athing it is to keep our promise!遵守诺言是多么重要的事!
英语作文常用句子及翻译三
1.I will conclude by saying...最后我要说…
2.Therefore, we have the reason to believe that...因此，我们有理由相信…
3.All things considered,总而言之It may be safely said that...它可以有把握地说......4.Therefore, in my opinion,it's more advisable...因此，在我看来，更可取的是…
5.From what has been discussed above,we may safely draw the conclusion that….通过以上讨论，我们可以得出结论…
6.The data/statistics/figures lead us to the conclusion that….通过数据我们得到的结论是，....7.It can be concluded from the discussion that...从中我们可以得出这样的结论
8.From my point of view,it would be better if...在我看来……也许更好
9.As far as I am concerned,I completely agree with the former/the latter.就我而言，我完全同意前者/后者。
10.Before giving my opinion,I think it is essential to look at the argument of both sides.在给出我的观点之前，我想有必要看看双方的论据。
英语作文常用句子及翻译四
1.As far as...is concerned就……而言
2.It goes without saying that...不言而喻...3.It can be said with certainty that...可以肯定地说......4.As the proverb says，正如谚语所说的，5.It has to be noticed that...它必须注意到，...6.It's generally recognized that...它普遍认为...7.It's likely that...这可能是因为...8.It's hardly that...这是很难的......9.It's hardly too much to say that...它几乎没有太多的说…
10.What calls for special attention is that...需要特别注意的是
英语作文常用句子及翻译五
1、Time tames the strongest grief.时间能缓和极度的悲痛。
2、Everything has its time and that time must be watched.万物皆有时，时来不可失。
3、Knowledge is power.知识就是力量。
4、People's views on … vary from person to person.Some hold that ….However, others believe that….人们对……的观点因人而异.有些人认为……，然而其他人却认为……
5、People may have different opinions on…人们对……可能会有不同的见解.6、Attitudes towards(drugs)vary from person to person.人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异.7、There is no doubt that enough concern must be paid to the problem of…毫无疑问,对……问题应予以足够的重视.8、It is high time that we put an end to the(trend).该是我们停止这一趋势的时候了.9、People's views on…vary from person to person.Some hold that ….However, others believe that….人们对……的观点因人而异.有些人认为……，然而其他人却认为……
10、Recently, the problem of…has aroused people's concern.最近,……问题已引起人们的关注.
第五篇：英语片段及翻译
Bikes or Cars
Americans like to go out by car.Although more and more Chinese own cars,most Chinese still like to ride bicycles, This is determined by a lot of factors.As we all know, the bike advances slowly by manpower, but it can be placed wherever it is convenient However, as for the car, although it can run fast by engine, it must be parked at parking places.Most Americans live in the suburb which is far from urban areas and their working places.So they need cars to go shopping and go to work.And they also like traveling far.Thus a car brings them great convenience.On the contrary, most Chinese live near their working areas and markets.They don't need a car to go to work or go shopping.I would like to ride a bike, because it costs little and it is easy to use and won't cause pollution.自行车还是汽车
美国人喜欢乘汽车外出。尽管越采越多的中国人拥有了汽车，但大部分中国人仍喜欢骑自行车，这是由很多因素决定的。
众所周知，自行车靠人力，行进慢，但可以在方便的地方停放。然而 对于汽车来说，虽然它依靠发动机行进很快，但它必须停在停车场。
多数美国人生活在郊区，远离市区及工作地点，所以他们需要汽车来购物、上班，并且他们也喜 欢驾车远行。因此汽车给他们提供很大方便。相反，多数中国人居住在工作地点和市场附近，他 们不需要开车去上班或购物。我喜欢骑自行车外出，因为它花费少而且容易使用。最重要的是 自行车不会引起污染。
An Ideal Friend Friends can be classified into two kinds, good friends and evil friends.Evil friends lead us astray and may destroy our life, while good ones drive us towards the right and make our life successful.Two of them exist in our daily life.However, ideal friends exist in people's mind.They should be diligent, successful and loyal.When you need help, they will stand beside you and be delighted to give you a hand.Also
you can share your happiness and sorrow together.In my opinion, friends can share something but they also should keep their own secrets.So I wish my friends wouldn't interfere in my privacy too much.On the other hand, my friends should have Something in common with me, at the same time something special.In this way we can attract each other and learn from each other.理想的朋友
朋友可以分为两种，益友和狐朋狗友。狐朋狗友会使我们误入歧途，毁了 我们的一生；而益友会使我们明辨是非，使我们成功。
日常生活中这两种朋友都存在。然 而，在人们心目中仍存在理想的朋友。这种朋友勤奋、成功并忠诚。当你需要帮助时，他们会与 你并肩作战，伸出援助之手。他们还可以与你分享快乐与痛苦。
我认为朋友要分享一些东 西但也要保留自己的秘密，所以我希望我的朋友不会过多地介入我的私事。从另一方面来说，我 的朋友和我应有共同之处，同时又有各自的特点。这样我们才可以互相吸引，互相学习。
Keeping Water Sources Clean
Who is willing to drink the polluted water? It can cause us to be ill and even to die.We can't wait for a moment to protect our water sources.The water we use comes from oceans, lakes, rivers or streams.But many of these water sources are getting seriously polluted.Towns and cities are pouring dust into the water.Many people are throwing all kinds of dirty things into the water.Factories are pouring waste material into the water.Therefore, water sources have become so badly polluted that some of the water is unfit to drink or to use.Now it is high time that we should do something to protect our water environment from being polluted.保持水源清洁
污染的水会使人生病甚至死亡，有谁愿意喝这样的水呢?我们要保护水
源，刻不容缓。我们用的水来自海洋、湖泊、河流或小溪，但这些水源有许多正受到严重的污染。城镇乒把大量的尘埃排入水中，许多人正把各种； 各样的脏物投进水中，工厂正把废物排入水中。因此，水源已经污染严重，其中一些不适合再饮用。现在到了．采取措施保护水环境使其免受污 染的时候了。
How to Get Along Well with Others
In our daily life, we have to come into contact with people in every walk of life.Therefore, it is very important for us to know how to get along with other people.To get well along with others and win their friendships, we must observe strictly the following words.To begin with, we need to be honest with others and shouh{ always say what we mean.Lies will surely make people stay far away from us in the long run.After all,honesty is the best policy.Second, we have to be humble enough.If we are proud in public, we can hardly win other's respect, not to mention “friendship” Finally, we must not be selfish.We should learn how to show concern for others.As long as we abide by what is mentioned above, we will find it easy to get along well with others.怎样与人相处
在我们日常生活中，不免会有与人打交道的时候，所以对我们采说懂 得怎样与人相处是很重要的。要想与别人很好相处，并赢得友谊，就必须做到以下所述：
首 先，要诚实守信地对待别人，说谎一定会使人远离你，诚实是最好的策略。其次，就是要有足够 的虚心。假如我们在公共场合自傲，我们很难赢得别人的尊重，更不用提友谊了。最后，我们不 能自私，我们必须友善待人，我们必须关心别人。
当我们遵守上述所说的去与人相处，你 就会发现：与人相处其实并不难。
The Way to Stay Healthy
Health is most important for any of us.]n order to stay healthy, we need some common knowledge.First]y, pay attention to the diet.We should eat lots of fruit and vegetables, because they are rich in fiber and Iow in fat.As a proverb says, “An apple a day keeps the doctor away.” So fruit is good for health.Don't have a lot of food that contains too much fat, such as butter.Meanwhile, sweets should be eaten in proper quantity, because too much sugar does harm to us.Don't drink too much coffee,either.Secondly, exercise is necessary.Regular exercise can help us keep from getting fat.People who do running every day usually have stronger hearts than who don't.Finally, form good living habits.We should sleep for about 8 hours at night,and never work too hard.Over work and little sleep will lead to illness.What's more, stay away from cigarettes.These are the things we should pay attention to so as to stay healthy.保持健康的方法
健康对我们任何人来说都是最为重要的。为了保持健康，我们需 要一些普通的知识。
首先，注意你的饮食。我们应该吃大量的水果和蔬菜，因为它们富含 纤维素并且脂肪含量较低。正如一句谚语所说：“一天一个苹果不求医。”因此水果对健康有益。不要吃太多富合脂肪的食物，比如说黄油。同时，应当适量地吃甜食，因为糖过多对我们人体不 利，也不要喝太多的咖啡。
其次，锻炼是必需的；经常性的锻炼能使我们保持身材；通常 每天跑步的人的心脏要比那些不跑步的人更强壮。
最后，养成良好的生活习惯。我们晚上
应该睡八小时，不要过分辛苦地工作。过度劳作和睡眠不足将导致生病。而且，不要吸烟。
以
上这些方面我们都该注意，这样才能保持健康。
We Must Face Failure
As we all know, “Failure is the mother of success.” But few people can really understand what the saying means.In the world, I am sure that no one dare say he hasn't met any trouble all his life.So we must face failure.In fact, failure is not fearful, but important thing is how to face it correctly.Facing failure, people will never take their fate lying down.They will try their best to work harder and harder until at last they succeed.Not being courageous to face setbacks, people have no chance to enjoy the pleasure of success.So they have nothing to do but feel sad and empty all day and all night.In fact, they lose the chance of success themselves.My friend, whenever in trouble, please remember, “Failure is the mother of success.” 我们必须面对失败
我们都知道：“失败是成功之母。”但真正理解这句话的人却不
多。
我相信，世界上没有一个人敢说他一生中从没遇到过任何麻烦。因此，我们必须面对 失败。其实，失败并不可怕，重要的是如何正确看待它。敢于面对失败，人们将不再由命运摆布。他们将全力以赴的辛勤工作，直到最后成功。
不敢面对挫折，人们也就没有机会享受成功 的喜悦。他们会无所事事，终日沮丧而空虚。事实上，是他们自己把成功的机会丧失了。
朋友们，无论何时你遇到了困难，请记住：“失败是成功之母 Nowadays, the phenomenon of drunken driving has arouse wide concern among the public.Especially the young generation living in metropolis, tend to drive after drinking, ignoring the fact that this behavior may pose underlying threat to their precious life and may even endanger others Generally speaking, there are several reasons accounting for this phenomenon.Firstly, people participate in more activities or banquets than ever before，where they will drink strong wine.Then, they may get drunk but continue to drive.Secondly, this behavior will directly threaten the safety of drivers, passengers and pedestrians, resulting in traffic accidents, injuries and even deaths.Besides, treating the injured and repairing broken cars means a grievous waste of money, time and resources.The legal aspects to strengthen management, strict, I believe that will reduce the phenomenon of drunk driving 如今，这一现象的酒后驾车引起了公众广泛的关注。特别是年轻一代生活在大都市，往往饮酒后驾驶，忽略了一个事实，这种行为可能构成潜在威胁 他们宝贵的生命，甚至可能危及他人。一般来说，有几个原因可以解释这个现象。人们参加更多的活动或宴会比以往任何时候，他们将在那里喝烈性酒。然后，他们可能喝醉了，但继续开车。其次，这一行为将直接威胁到安全的司机，乘客和行人，造成交通事故，受伤甚至死亡。此外，治疗受伤和修补破车手段严重浪费金钱，时间和资源。
因该在法律方面加强管理，严格对待，我相信会减少酒后驾车的现象
英译汉部 Beauty(excerpt)美(节选)
Judging from the scientists I know, including Eva and Ruth, and those whom I've read about, you can't pursue the laws of nature very long without bumping into beauty.“I don't know if it's the same beauty you see in the sunset,” a friend tells me, “but it feels the same.” This friend is a physicist, who has spent a long career deciphering what must be happening in the interior of stars.He recalls for me this thrill on grasping for the first time Dirac's⑴ equations describing quantum mechanics, or those of Einstein describing relativity.“They're so beautiful,” he says, “you can see immediately they have to be true.Or at least on the way toward truth.” I ask him what makes a theory beautiful, and he replies, “Simplicity, symmetry, elegance, and power.”
我结识一些科学家（包括伊娃和露丝），也拜读过不少科学家的著作，从中我作出推断：人们在探求自然规律的旅途中，须臾便会与美不期而遇。一个朋友对我说：“我不敢肯定这种美是否与日落之美异曲同工，但至少，两者带给我的感受别无二致。” 我的这个朋友是一位物理学家，他大半辈子都在致力于破解群星内部的秘密。他向我讲述了当年邂逅科学之美时的狂喜：那是当他生平第一次顿悟狄拉克的量子力学方程式，或是洞彻爱因斯坦相对论的方程式时的感受。“那些方程式是如此动人，”他说道，“只消看一眼你就会明白，它们一定是正确的，或者说---至少，它们的指向是正确的。” 我好奇一个“动人的”理论是个什么样，他的回答是：“简约、和谐、典雅，有力。”
Why nature should conform to theories we find beautiful is far from obvious.The most incomprehensible thing about the universe, as Einstein said, is that it's comprehensible.How unlikely, that a short-lived biped on a two-bit planet should be able to gauge the speed of light, lay bare the structure of an atom, or calculate the gravitational tug of a black hole.We're a long way from understanding everything, but we do understand a great deal about how nature behaves.Generation after generation, we puzzle out formulas, test them, and find, to an astonishing degree, that nature agrees.An architect draws designs on flimsy paper, and her buildings stand up through earthquakes.那些打动我们的理论，往往受到自然之母的肯定，其中奥妙不可言宣。诚如爱因斯坦所言：这个世界最让人费解之处就在于：它是能够被了解的。想想这一切是多么地不可思议：在一个不起眼的星球上，生存着一种拥有短暂生命的两足 生物，然而，正是这些微不足道的小生物，不但测量出了光速，而且把原子层层剥开，还计算出了黑洞的引力。人类虽然尚未全知全能，但是，关于大自然的脾性，我们所知道的确实不能算少。人类经过世世代代的努力，猜想出各种定理公式，并在实践中检验它们，然后惊讶地发现：大自然竟然与我们不谋而合。这就像一位建筑师在薄薄的图纸上绘制出设计方案，依此建造的高楼大厦，竟能够经受住地震的洗礼考验，依然耸立。
⑴ Dirac: 迪拉克，保罗·阿德利安·莫里斯1902-1984英国数学和物理学家。1933年因新原子理论公式与人分享诺贝尔奖。
We launch a satellite into orbit and use it to bounce messages from continent to continent.The machine on which I write these words embodies hundreds of insights into the workings of the material world, insights that are confirmed by every burst of letters on the screen, and I stare at that screen through lenses that obey the laws of optics first worked out in detail by Isaac Newton⑵.我们发射一枚人造卫星，它便帮助我们将讯息传遍世界各地。而我，正在一台机器上记录下这些文字，这台机器包涵着人类思想的精髓---对物质世界运作方式的真知灼见---每一次敲打键盘，这些真知便化为字母跳入屏幕；当我注视着屏幕，架在鼻梁上的眼镜则是根据光学原理配制而成的，而对这一理论进行详细论证的开山始祖则是艾萨克·牛顿。
By discerning patterns in the universe, Newton believed, he was tracing the hand of God.Scientists in our day have largely abandoned the notion of a Creator as an unnecessary hypothesis, or at least an untestable one.While they share Newton's faith that the universe is ruled everywhere by a coherent set of rules, they cannot say, as scientists, how these particular rules came to govern things.You can do science without believing in a divine Legislator, but not without believing in laws.通过对万物造化的深入观察，牛顿相信自己正追随着上帝的笔触。如今的科学家大都摒弃了“造物主”一说，认为那是无稽的假设，即使不全盘否定，至少也认定那是不可能得到验证的假说。诚然，他们坚信牛顿的看法---世界受一套整合的法则所支配，但问题在于，发轫之始，这些法则是如何开始掌管世界的？对此，身为科学家的他们也无从知晓。在科学的疆界，我们可以拒绝相信上帝的存在，但我们不能否认万物之法的存在。
I spent my teenage years scrambling up the mountain of mathematics.Midway up the slope, however, I staggered to a halt, gasping in the rarefied air, well before I reached the heights where the equations of Einstein and Dirac would have made sense.Nowadays I add, subtract, multiply, and do long division when no calculator is handy, and I can do algebra and geometry and even trigonometry in a pinch, but that is about all that I've kept from the language of numbers.Still, I remember glimpsing patterns in mathematics that seemed as bold and beautiful as a skyful of stars.少年时，我曾试图攀登数学之颠。可惜才到半山腰，便开始步履踉跄；空气稀薄，使我气喘吁吁，不得不停下脚步，而爱因斯坦和狄拉克的方程式却仍旧远在高处。现在的我，若是手边没有计算器，便通过心算处理加减乘除；有必要时，我还能应付代数、几何，甚至三角运算；但是话说回来，数字世界留给我的也就只有这些零星点滴了。不过，我至今仍然记得曾在数学王国里浅尝到的无穷变幻---大胆、迷人，犹如群星漫天。
⑵ Isaac Newton: 牛顿(1642-1727)英国物理学家、数学家。
I'm never more aware of the limitations of language than when I try to describe beauty.Language can create its own loveliness, of course, but it cannot deliver to us the radiance we apprehend in the world, any more than a photograph can capture the stunning swiftness of a hawk or the withering power of a supernova⑶.Eva's wedding album holds only a faint glimmer of the wedding itself.All that pictures or words can do is gesture beyond themselves toward the fleeting glory that stirs our hearts.So I keep gesturing.每当我尝试着将美付诸于文字时，我便极为深刻地意识到：文字的力量是多么有限。语言自有其灵动可人之处，可它却无法传达大千世界的绚烂。正如一方相片框不住一只鹰的迅捷，也再现不了一颗超新星毁灭时的壮丽。伊娃的婚礼相册仅仅留存了一丝微弱的光芒，以见证婚礼现场的光鲜夺目。相片和文字能够做到的最多只是描摹那些瞬息即逝的、那些让我们心潮涌动的光芒。于是，我一直都在努力描摹。
“All nature is meant to make us think of paradise,” Thomas Merton⑷ observed.Because the Creation puts on a nonstop show, beauty is free and inexhaustible, but we need training in order to perceive more than the most obvious kinds.Even 15 billion years or so after the Big Bang⑸, echoes of that event still linger in the form of background radiation⑹, only a few degrees above absolute zero⑺.Just so, I believe, the experience of beauty is an echo of the order and power that permeate the universe.To measure background radiation, we need subtle instruments;to measure beauty, we need alert intelligence and our five keen senses.托马斯·梅尔顿说过，“世间造物之神奇无不令人联想到天堂乐土”，因为创世纪本身就是一出永不落幕的表演；其间芳华之美悠游自在，无穷无尽。有些美显而易见，容易为我们所捕捉，但另一些则不然：若要欣赏她们，我们得付出一 点努力。宇宙大爆炸在一百五十多亿年后的今天仍余波未平，爆炸当时所释放的能量（即使这些能量看起来似乎微不足道）仍以背景辐射现象的形式存在着。由此，我得出一个观点：人类对美的体验中暗含着秩序和力量的影子，而这些秩序和力量充斥着整个宇宙空间。测量背景辐射，我们需要精密仪器；而衡量美，则需要动用我们的聪慧和所有敏锐的感官。
⑶ supernova: 超新星，一种罕见的天文现象，表现为一恒星中的绝大部分物质爆炸后，产生能放射极大能量的极为明亮而存在时间极短的物体。
⑷ Thomas Merton: 默顿，托马斯1915-1968美国天主教教士和作家，其作品主要是关于当代宗教和世俗生活的，包括 《七重山》（1948年）和 《无人为孤岛》（1955年）。
⑸ the Big Bang: 创世大爆炸按照大爆炸理论，标志宇宙形成的宇宙爆炸。
(6)background radiation: 背景辐射,又名3K宇宙背景辐射，是60年代天文学上的四大发现之一，它是由美国射电天文学家彭齐亚斯和威尔逊发现的。该学说认为，大爆炸之初，宇宙的温度高得惊人。随着宇宙膨胀的进行，其温度不断降低，到现在平均只有绝对温度２．７度（相当于零下２７０．４６摄氏度）左右。
(7)absolute zero: 绝对零度在此温度下物质没有热能，相当于摄氏-273.15度或华氏-459.67度。
Anyone with eyes can take delight in a face or a flower.You need training, however, to perceive the beauty in mathematics or physics or chess, in the architecture of a tree, the design of a bird's wing, or the shiver of breath through a flute.For most of human history, the training has come from elders who taught the young how to pay attention.By paying attention, we learn to savor all sorts of patterns, from quantum mechanics to patchwork quilts.This predilection brings with it a clear evolutionary advantage, for the ability to recognize patterns helped our ancestors to select mates, find food, avoid predators.But the same advantage would apply to all species, and yet we alone compose symphonies and crossword puzzles, carve stone into statues, map time and space.任何人都能在一颦一笑，一花一草中体验快乐。但是，发现数学之美、物理之绝、象棋之妙的眼睛并不是与生俱来，而欣赏树木形态、鸟翼构造、或是悠扬笛声的心灵也非浑然自成。我们需要点拨和引领。纵观历史传承，这样的点拨和引领往往来自长者，籍此，年轻人学会专注；因为专注，我们领略到万千形态的美，无论是量子力学中精妙的理论，还是棉被上漂亮的拼花图案。正是出于对美的强烈偏爱，才使得人类在物种进化的追逐比拼中处于上风。因为人类能够辨识 出美的事物，而我们的祖先则因循这一标准选择伴侣，寻找食物，躲避敌人。如果自然界中所有的物种都拥有发现美的能力，那么它们都将在进化过程中称霸一方。然而，惟独人类在演变中独占鳌头：我们谱写交响曲，创造字谜游戏；在我们的手中，顽石诞生为雕像，时空归依为坐标。
Have we merely carried our animal need for shrewd perceptions to an absurd extreme? Or have we stumbled onto a deep congruence between the structure of our minds and the structure of the universe?
这一切究竟来源于何？仅仅是我们将本能的敏锐感知力推向了荒谬的极致，还是我们不经意间摸索到了扎根于人类思想和苍茫万物间那深刻的一致性？
I am persuaded the latter is true.I am convinced there's more to beauty than biology, more than cultural convention.It flows around and through us in such abundance, and in such myriad forms, as to exceed by a wide margin any mere evolutionary need.Which is not to say that beauty has nothing to do with survival: I think it has everything to do with survival.Beauty feeds us from the same source that created us.我相信后者是正确的。我坚信美不仅仅存在于生物学和文化习俗中。美我们身边流淌，充盈、润泽着我们的心田；而其量之充沛，形态之多变已经远远超越了进化本身的需要。我这样说并不意味着美和生存毫无干系；恰恰相反，我相信美和生存之间有着千丝万缕的联系。如果说是自然造就了我们，那么，是美通过自然滋养了我们。
It reminds us of the shaping power that reaches through the flower stem and through our own hands.It restores our faith in the generosity of nature.By giving us a taste of the kinship between our own small minds and the great Mind of the Cosmos, beauty reassures us that we are exactly and wonderfully made for life on this glorious planet, in this magnificent universe.I find in that affinity a profound source of meaning and hope.A universe so prodigal of beauty may actually need us to notice and respond, may need our sharp eyes and brimming hearts and teeming minds, in order to close the circuit of Creation.无论是一朵花或是一双手，都让我们联想到美的创造力量。美让我们重拾信念---相信自然对于我们的无私恩惠与慷慨。美在人类渺小的心灵和宇宙伟大的精魂之间，化身为一座沟通的桥梁，并以此让我们不再怀疑：在这片恢宏的宇宙中，在这颗璀璨的星球上，人类的存在实为天工之作，神明之意。宇宙和人类对于美的共识，给予我生存的意义与希望。我们的宇宙中，美无处不在；她等待着我们敏锐的眼睛、充实的心灵，和泉涌般的智慧，去发现美，去回应美，由此成全造物的圆满。
译者注：
本文为美国当代作家司各特·罗素·桑达（Scott Russell Sander，1945-）所写。桑达出生于美国田纳西州(Tennessee)的孟菲斯(Memphis)。1963年，他就读于布朗大学(Brown University), 其后，又就读于剑桥大学（Cambridge University）并获得文学博士。1971年，他携妻子(就是本文一开始提到的Ruth，而Eva则是作者的女儿)迁往印地安那州(Indiana)的布鲁明顿(Bloomington), 并在那里的印地安那大学(Indiana University)任教至今。印地安那的自然风光给予他创作的灵感，他在作品中对于自然的生动细致描写充分体现出他对环境的关注。本文选自他新近出版的作品《寻找希望》（Hunting for Hope）。（编辑：李吉琴）
The Literature of Knowledge and the Literature of Power byThomas De Quincey 知识文学与力量文学托 马斯·昆西
What is it that we mean by literature? Popularly, and amongst the thoughtless, it is held to include everything that is printed in a book.Little logic is required to disturb that definition.The most thoughtless person is easily made aware that in the idea of literature one essential element is some relation to a general and common interest of man—so that what applies only to a local, or professional, or merely personal interest, even though presenting itself in the shape of a book, will not belong to Literature.So far the definition is easily narrowed;and it is as easily expanded.For not only is much that takes a station in books not literature;but inversely, much that really is literature never reaches a station in books.The weekly sermons of Christendom, that vast pulpit literature which acts so extensively upon the popular mind—to warn, to uphold, to renew, to comfort, to alarm—does not attain the sanctuary of libraries in the ten-thousandth part of its extent.The Drama again—as, for instance, the finest of Shakespeare's plays in England, and all leading Athenian plays in the noontide of the Attic stage—operated as a literature on the public mind, and were(according to the strictest letter of that term)published through the audiences that witnessed their representation some time before they were published as things to be read;and they were published in this scenical mode of publication with much more effect than they could have had as books during ages of costly copying or of costly printing.我们所说的“文学”是什么呢？人们，尤其是对此欠考虑者，普遍会认为：文学包括印在书本中的一切。可这种定义无需多少理由便可被推翻。最缺乏思考的人 也很容易明白，“文学”这一概念中有个基本要素，即文学或多或少都与人类普遍而共同的兴趣有关；因此，那些仅适用于某一局部、某一行业或仅仅处于个人兴趣的作品，即便以书的形式面世，也不该属于“文学”。就此而论，文学之定义很容易变窄，而它同样也不难拓宽。因为不仅有许多跻身于书卷之列的文字并非文学作品，而且与之相反，不少真正的文学著作却未曾付梓成书。譬如基督教世界每星期的布道，这种篇什浩繁且对民众精神影响极广的讲坛文学，这种对世人起告戒、鼓励、振奋、安抚或警示作用的布道文学，最终能进入经楼书馆的尚不及其万分之一。此外还有戏剧，如英国莎士比亚最优秀的剧作，以及雅典戏剧艺术鼎盛时期的全部主流剧作，都曾作为文学作品对公众产生过影响。这些作品在作为读物出版之前，已通过观看其演出的观众而“出版”了（这正是“出版”一词最严格的意义）。在抄写或印刷都非常昂贵的年代，通过舞台形式“出版”这些剧作远比将它们出版成书效果更佳。
Books, therefore, do not suggest an idea coextensive and interchangeable with the idea of Literature;since much literature, scenic, forensic, or didactic(as from lecturers and public orators), may never come into books, and much that does come into books may connect itself with no literary interest.But a far more important correction, applicable to the common vague idea of literature, is to be sought not so much in a better definition of literature as in a sharper distinction of the two functions which it fulfills.In that great social organ which, collectively, we call literature, there may be distinguished two separate offices that may blend and often do so, but capable, severally, of a severe insulation, and naturally fitted for reciprocal repulsion.There is, first, the literature of knowledge;and, secondly, the literature of power.The function of the first is—to teach;the function of the second is—to move: the first is a rudder;the second, an oar or a sail.The first speaks to the mere discursive understanding;the second speaks ultimately, it may happen, to the higher understanding or reason, but always through affections of pleasure and sympathy.Remotely, it may travel towards an object seated in what Lord Bacon calls dry light;but, proximately, it does and must operate—else it ceases to be a literature of power—on and through that humid light which clothes itself in the mists and glittering iris of human passions, desires, and genial emotions.Men have so little reflected on the higher functions of literature as to find it a paradox if one should describe it as a mean or subordinate purpose of books to give information.But this is a paradox only in the sense which makes it honorable to be paradoxical.Whenever we talk in ordinary language of seeking information or gaining knowledge, we understand the words as connected with something of absolute novelty.But it is the grandeur of all truth which can occupy a very high place in human interests that it is never absolutely novel to the meanest of minds: it exists eternally by way of germ or latent principle in the lowest as in the highest, needing to be developed, but never to be planted.To be capable of transplantation is the immediate criterion of a truth that ranges on a lower scale.Besides which, there is a rarer thing than truth—namely, power, or deep sympathy with truth.What is the effect, for instance, upon society, of children? By the pity, by the tenderness, and by the peculiar modes of admiration, which connect themselves with the helplessness, with the innocence, and with the simplicity of children, not only are the primal affections strengthened and continually renewed, but the qualities which are dearest in the sight of heaven—the frailty, for instance, which appeals to forbearance, the innocence which symbolizes the heavenly, and the simplicity which is most alien from the worldly—are kept up in perpetual remembrance, and their ideals are continually refreshed.A purpose of the same nature is answered by the higher literature, viz.the literature of power.What do you learn from Paradise Lost? Nothing at all.What do you learn from a cookery book? Something new, something that you did not know before, in every paragraph.But would you therefore put the wretched cookery book on a higher level of estimation than the divine poem? What you owe to Milton is not any knowledge, of which a million separate items are still but a million of advancing steps on the same earthly level;what you owe is power—that is, exercise and expansion to your own latent capacity of sympathy with the infinite, where every pulse and each separate influx is a step upwards, a step ascending as upon a Jacob's ladder from earth to mysterious altitudes above the earth.All the steps of knowledge, from first to last, carry you further on the same plane, but could never raise you one foot above your ancient level of earth: whereas the very first step in power is a flight—is an ascending movement into another element where earth is forgotten.由此可见，书之概念与“文学”之概念不可相提并论，互相替换，因为许多文学作品，如戏剧演出或演讲者，雄辩家的说教和辩论，也许永远都不会付印成书，而不少印成书册的作品却可能与文学趣味并不相关。不过更为重要的是，要纠正人们对文学普遍的模糊观念，与其去为文学找一个更好的定义，不如更明确地划分文学的两种功能。在那两个被我们统称为文学的庞大社会媒体中，可以分辨出两种不同的功能。两种功能可能混合，而且经常混合，但各自又具有一种绝缘性，而且天生就互相排斥。这二者之一乃“知识文学”，之二则为“力量文学”。知识文学的作用在于教诲，力量文学的功能在于感化。前者可谓舵艄，后者则是桨桡 或蓬帆。前者只有助于纯粹的推理悟解，后者则总是通过愉悦之情和恻隐之心的影响，最终激发出更高的悟性，或曰理性。远而望之，仿佛它可以通过培根称之为“理性之光”中的某个目标，近而观之，方知它必须通过那道被世人七情六欲之蒙蒙薄雾和闪闪彩虹包裹的“感性之光”发挥其作用，不然它就不再是一种“力量”的文学。世人对文学这两个更为重要的作用思之甚少，所以如果有人说赋予知识是书本平庸或次要的用途，此说便被视为悖论。但只有在悖论亦真这个意义上，此说方为悖论。每当我们用平常语言谈论求学求知的时候，总以为这些字眼与某种绝对新奇的事务有联系。然而，能在人类关注的事物中占据极高地位的真理之所以伟大，就在于它对最卑微者而言也绝非新奇；无论在最卑微者还是最高贵者心中，真理永远都以种子或潜在原理的方式存在，他只需去培育或发现，而无需去种植或创造。能够被移植是判断一个真理属于低级真理的直接标准。除此之外，还有一种比真理更珍贵的东西，那就是力量，或曰对真理的深切认同。举例而言，儿童对社会有何作用呢？儿童的无助、天真和单纯所唤起的怜悯、柔情和种种特殊的爱慕之意，不仅可强化和升华世人与生俱来的仁爱之心，就连那些在上帝眼中最为珍贵的品质，诸如唤醒宽容的柔弱、象征神圣的天真、以及超凡脱俗的单纯，也都会在永恒的记忆中得以保持，其完美典范亦会不断更新。更高层次的文学，即力量的文学，要实现的正是与此相同的目的。从弥尔顿的《失乐园》中你能获取什么知识呢？一无所获。从一本烹调书中你能学到什么呢？从每一段中你都能学到某种新的知识，某种你不曾知晓的知识。可你能因此而认为那本微不足道的烹调书比那部神圣的诗作更高明吗？你应该感谢弥尔顿的不是他给了你什么知识，因为获取一百万条互不相干的知识，也不过是在茫茫尘世向前走了一百万步；你应该感谢的是他给予你“力量”，使你能发挥并拓展与无限世界产生共鸣的潜能。在无限世界中，每一次脉动和心跳都是上升的一步，犹如沿雅各的天梯从地面攀向远离凡尘的神秘高处。知识的步伐，自始至终都让你在同一层面行进，但绝不可能使你从古老的人间尘世上升一步；而力量迈出的第一步就是飞升—— 升入另一种境界，一种使你忘却凡尘的境界。（集体讨论 曹明伦、吴刚 执笔）
An Experience of Aesthetics by Robert Ginsberg 审美的体验 罗伯特·金斯伯格
I climbed the heights above Yosemite Valley, California in order to see the splendid granite mountain, Half Dome, in its fullest view.Approaching the edge through the woods I was filled with heightened expectation.I saw the ruin of a cabin and my approach caused the alignment of the chimney on this side of the valley with the shorn mountain across the valley.I stopped.Something happened.The stone verticals corresponded, one human-shaped, the other natural.The human site was still engaged in sightseeing.I was on its side.I saw the famous sight through the eyes of the ruin.I had come expecting beauty;I discovered an unexpected dimension to the beauty of the scene/seen.为了饱览壮丽的花岗岩山峰半穹顶的全景，我登上了加州约塞米蒂谷的高地。穿过树林，走近山沿，心中充满美的期盼。远远望见一处小屋的废墟，走到近前，只见山谷这边的烟囱与横穿山谷的陡峭山崖恰好连成一线。我停下脚步，奇观出现了：两道石壁遥相呼应，一边人工打造，一边浑然天成。人造景观这边仍供观光游览，我此时就身临其境。透过小屋的废墟，我看到了著名的景观。我怀着对美的期盼而来，不经意间却发现了美的另一番天地。
In this experience I had been seeking the aesthetic.I knew I would find it, for I had seen post cards in advance and was following the trail map.The seeking took considerable effort and time.It was a heavy investment.I was not going for the scientific purpose of studying rock formation, nor was it for the recreational purpose of exercising my limbs in the fresh air, though that exertion added intensity to the experience and was its context.Primarily, I was going for the scenic wonders.No wonder that I would take delight in seeing Half Dome.The expectation elicited the outcome.I was suitably prepared.No distractions of practical consideration — or theoretic — detracted from my concentrated expectancy.Indeed, the world all around me on the climb contributed to the context for my goal.I was on the terrain of Nature in a national park, following the trail to a viewpoint upon a celebrated natural formation.Each step in the climb not only brought me closer but obliged me to sense the altitude.Moving through the thick woods was in anticipatory contrast to the great gap of the valley and the starkness of the treeless granite boulder.这次旅程中我一直在捕捉一种美感。我知道会如愿以偿，因为我事先看过一些有关的风景明信片，循着山路示意图一路找来。这样的寻找费时费力，投入颇大。我此行的目的既不是出于对科学的动机来研究岩石的结构，也不是出于娱乐消遣的考虑在清新的空气中舒展肢体——尽管这次跋涉加深了我对美的体验，而且是这番体验的不可或缺的环节。我来这主要是为了览胜，因此见到半穹顶自然欣喜不已。有什么样的期盼就有什么样的结果。我有备而来，心无旁骛，一心期盼着美景，不受任何实际或假设因素的干扰。真的，在攀登过程中，我周围的一切都为寻美营造了氛围。我登上了国家公园的天然山地，循着山道前来观赏闻名遐迩的大自然的鬼斧神工。攀登中的每一步不仅使我距目标越来越近，也使我感受到 海拔越来越高。不出所料，穿行在茂密的树林中，登上大峡谷寸草不生的花岗岩巨石，两种不同境界给人以强烈的反差。
My spirit and my senses were heightened.I was keenly aware of the world, eager to experience it.My senses were willing to be gratified by their fullest exercise.Hence my eye was sharp, but so was my ear and my nose, I was open to experiencing aesthetically.And on the way I did take minor pleasure in a bird's song, a tree's sway, and a cloud's contortion.I was in the world considered as potential aesthetic realm.Any pleasing feature that appeared would be welcomed.And that welcoming mode drew forth pleasing features.A tonic subjective at-homeness with the world pervaded my feelings.I was in the right mood to enjoy Nature.我精神抖擞，感官敏锐。我真切地感受到周围的一切，急于体验这一切，渴望在最充分的感官体验中得到最大满足。因此我不但目光敏锐，听觉和嗅觉也十分灵敏——我敞开心扉，尽情地体验着美的滋味。沿途所见所闻，哪怕是一点小小的愉悦，鸟雀鸣唱、树影婆娑、云卷云舒，都着实让我动情。置身于这样一个处处蕴含着美的王国，我随时准备接纳任何不期而至的景色。这样一种心态更促生了令人赏心悦目的景致，一种心旷神怡的回归自然之情在我心中油然而生。这样一种心情最适于欣赏自然美景不过了。
Then the unexpected happened.I had no thought in reaching the natural heights that a human structure would be present.Normally, I would have avoided any such structure as I directed my steps toward the natural view.In retrospect it makes sense that a service building be present at the trail end.It may have had facilities for visitors and played an interpretive role.But the building was not present when I arrived.It was absent though its ruin was present.And that ruin spoke to my experience as related to what I had come to see.If I had been trudging on in a dulled state, passing the time in surroundings — like those of the railway station — that did not draw interest, I might well have missed the chimney, walked past it as if it were another tree on the way to the goal.The heightened intensity of my sensibility allowed the chimney to be integrated into the experiencing aesthetically.Readiness was all.The extraterrestrial aesthetician would explain that the creature it was observing on the trail was a specimen of an aesthetic being whose experiencing apparatus for the aesthetic was on full alert.The individual was completely given over to the enjoyment of its experience.And while headed in the direction of an anticipated goal it was nonetheless open to enjoying anything that came its way.Something quite unexpected came its way, and it was ready to attend to it, getting the maximum aesthetic value out of the encounter.The creature was embarked on an adventure in experience.Given the wide range of accessible natural wonders in the national park, the individual in the right mood was bound to make gratifying discoveries.接着，出乎意料的景观出现了。我怎么也不曾想到，在抵达天然高地时竟然会出现一处人工建筑。在通常情况下，我要是徒步参观某处自然景点，一定会绕开这类建筑。回想起来，在山路尽头有一座服务性建筑也全在情理之中。这小屋也许曾为游客提供过方便，起过导游讲解作用。可我来到高地时，小屋不见了。虽有断垣残壁，房屋却荡然无存。而正是这片废墟使我体验到此行览胜的真正含义。如果我当时兴致索然地一路跋涉，比如像在火车站那样的地方消磨时光，周围的事物一点也不引人注意，那么我很可能会错过烟囱，只当它是沿途路过的又一棵树罢了。而现在，我的感悟力增强了，烟囱作为一道景观融入了审美体验的始终。一切取决于心态。如果一个天外美学家看到我这模样，可能会认为，它观察到的路上这个怪人准是个充满审美细胞的动物，其审美感官正处于极度警觉的状态。他已完全沉浸在审美体验所带来的愉悦之中。他朝着既定的目标行进，同时又不放过闯入视野的任何景致。奇观乍现，立即映入眼帘，他便从中发掘出最大的审美价值。此人正在经历一次美的历险。有国家公园这般天地，随处可见自然奇现，心境舒畅的游人必定会获得心满意足的发现。
What are the contents of the aesthetic discovery? Formal properties of beauty may be pointed to in what I saw: the verticals as distinctively shaped and gathering space about them, and the interplay between the two kinds of vertical shapes over the enormous intervening space.The pleasure of perspective entered, for though the chimney is miniscule compared to Half Dome, my approaching it from the trail made it assume visual and spatial dignity equal to the mountain.Complexity of human meaning is encountered with poignant irony.The chimney is an enduring marker of the human value placed on the mountain visible from this point.Here human hands raised stones to shelter an experience of pure stone.So I have come to the right place;I am at home.But the human occupation has been lifted;our presence has turned to stone.Nature has reclaimed its elements.Half Dome presides over the petrifaction of the world.Chimney and mountain are in dialogue as I sense the switching between their perspectives.I am present in ruin and in unity.这次审美体验的发现是什么？我所目睹的景致或许可以说明美的外在特征：悬崖峭壁，造型奇特，给人以强烈的空间感，两道石壁形状迥异，广袤交错，凌空矗立。此外，还有透视效果带来的愉悦：虽然与半穹顶相比石烟囱显得非常渺小，但我从山道这边靠近，看上去无论在视觉上还是空间上其气势都一点儿不亚于半 穹顶。人类的复杂意图受到了辛辣的讽刺。从这一视点看过去，那烟囱是人的价值置于大山上的一道永久性标记。人类在那里垒石筑屋，以观苍石。这样看来，我来对了地方，我找到了归宿。不过人类对自然的占据被消除掉了，我们的存在与石头融为一体。大自然索回了自己的要素，半穹顶主宰着石头的世界。我感受到两种不同景致的交替，仿佛听见烟囱在和大山对话。我站在小屋废墟上，也置身于和谐统一中。（集体讨论 许建平执笔）
A Person Who Apologizes Has the Moral Ball in His Court by Paul Johnson
谁给别人道歉，谁就在道义上掌握了主动 保罗·约翰逊
I have sympathy for the butler in The Big Sleep.Marlowe detects him in a contradiction and asks him aggressively, “You made a mistake, didn't you?” To which the man replies, sadly and sweetly, “I make many mistakes, sir.” And so do I.I am, by instinct and training, a very specific writer, and so my errors are numerous.Recent ones include misspelling Geoffrey Madan's name —I phoned the printers with a correction but my page had already gone to press — and crediting Richard Tauber with Donald Peers's signature-tune, “By a babbling brook”(Tauber's, of course, was “You are my heart's delight”).I apologise for these mistakes, and for others in the past, and for those to come.我同情《长眠》这部影片中的男管家。马洛探长发现了他讲话前后有矛盾，就逼问道：“你犯了一个错，对不？”管家伤感而乖巧地答曰：“我犯下的错可多去啦，先生。” 我又何尝不是如此呢？我有点灵气并且训练有素，写起东西来旁征博引，力求翔实，自然就言多语失喽。最近犯下的错误包括把杰弗瑞·马丹的名字拼写错了——我给印厂打了个电话，把更正告诉他们，可是我的那页已经开印了；我把唐纳德·皮尔斯的信号曲“在潺潺的小溪旁”安到了理查德·陶波的头上（陶波的信号曲自然是“你是我心中的喜悦”。）对于这些错误，以及过去犯的错误和今后会犯的错误，在下这厢有礼啦。
Disraeli thought that, in politics, apologies don't work.I see why.Such being the nature of parliamentary conflict, an apology in politics merely leads to fresh accusations and further demands for embarrassing details.I once said to Harold Wilson when he was prime minister, “It would be a good idea, Harold, to admit the government's mistakes occasionally, and apologise.” He replied, “That's a shrewd suggestion, Paul, and I entirely agree with it.”(Harold being Harold, I knew an untruth was coming.)“The trouble is, though, I can't actually think of any mistakes, and so there's nothing to apologise for.” Which was to make Disraeli's point, though in a Wilsonian way.迪斯累里首相认为在政治问题上，给别人道歉行不通。我明白个中的缘由。议会斗争的本质就是如此，在政治问题上，道歉只会招致新的诘责和进一步要求交待让你左右为难的详情。还是哈罗德·威尔逊担任首相的时候，有一次我向他进言：“哈罗德，偶尔承认一下政府的错误，并且道个歉，不失为一个好主意吧。” 他答道：“你这个建议高，保罗，本人完全赞同。”（哈罗德毕竟是哈罗德，我知道一句言不由衷的话就要脱口而出了。）“然而难办的是我实在想不出有哪些错误，因此，也就没有甚么好道歉的喽。” 这正是以威尔逊的方式表达出了迪斯累里的意思。
Apologise is one of those words which has effectively reversed its original meaning.Its origin, in the Greek lawcourts, was jurisprudential: it signified the speech for the defence in which the prosecution's case was answered point by point.It retained its original meaning until at least the 16th century.Thus Sir Thomas More, after resigning from office, drew up his “Apologie of Syr Thomas More, Knyght;made by him, after he had geuen ouer the office of Lord Chancellor of Englande”.Today we would say vindication.Only gradually did the word acquire the connotation of excuse, withdrawal, admission of fault and plea for forbearance.It still bore its original meaning in theology: Newman's Apologia pro Vita Sua was not an apology at all but a vigorous rebuttal of Charles Kingsley's charges.Dickens's unfortunate statement about his reasons for splitting up with his wife, which his friends begged him not to publish, was self-destructive precisely because it was halfway between the two meanings: half defiant vindication, half admission of guilt.有那么一些词儿，已经彻底演变得与本义完全相反，“Apologise”即是其中之一。该词的本义，在希腊法庭上，具有法理学意义：该词即指辩护词，在辩护过程中，对于诉讼方的指控，逐一予以回答。其原义至少到了16世纪还一直保留着。托马斯·莫尔爵士在挂印辞官之后，就是这样撰写了他的“托马斯·莫尔爵士之辩护词；辞去英格兰大法官之职后所作。”今天我们会使用“Vindication”（辩白，辩护）一词。只是渐渐地“Apologise”这个词才获得了“原谅、撤回所说的话、承认错误并请求宽恕”之含义。在神学中该词仍保留原来的意义：纽曼的《为吾生辩》（Apologia pro Vita Sua）根本就不是什么道歉，而是对查尔士·金斯菜的指控所作的强硬辩驳。讲狄更斯与其妻分手理由的那篇倒霉的陈词（其友人求他不要发表），就是自毁其身，恰恰是它介于两个意义之间：一半是倔强的辩白，一半是承认有愧。
No doubt everyone has to apologise for his life, sooner or later.When we appear at the Last Judgment and the Recording Angel reads out a list of our sins, we will presumably be given an opportunity to apologise, in the old sense of rebuttal, and in the new sense too, by way of confession and plea of repentance.In this life, it is well to apologise(in the new sense), but promptly, voluntarily, fully and sincerely.If the error is a matter of opinion and unpunishable, so much the better —an apology then becomes a gracious and creditable occasion, and an example to all.An enforced apology is a miserable affair.毋庸置疑，任何人都要为自己的一生辩护，不管是今生还是来世。当我们出席最后的审判时，记录天使诵读出所罗列的我们的罪孽，我们作了忏悔并请求宽恕，这样大概会被给予辩白（这个词的老义）和表示歉意（它的新义）的机会。在今生中，道歉（新义）是桩对的事，但是要做到及时、要心甘情愿、要完完全全、要诚心诚意。如果过错是看法上的事，并且错不当罚，那最好不过——说一声“对不起”就成了一个显示大度的机会，可赞可叹，众人之楷模也。而被迫去道歉，那可就难受了。
Newspaper apologies nearly always seem inadequate.The most audacious one I know was brought back from America by the artist Edward Burne-Jones to show his friend Lady Homer of Mells.It read: “Instead of being arrested as we stated, for kicking his wife down a flight of stairs, and hurling a lighted kerosene lamp after her, the Revd.James P.Wellman died unmarried four years ago.” This sentence is remarkable for the enormity of the error and the succinctness of the correction — not, be it noted, an apology, for the law of libel, in the United States as in England, offers no redress to a dead person.I suspect the extract is from the New York World when it was a sensational paper owned by Pulitzer.For reasons which a recent biography of him does not clarify, he had a particular hatred for clergymen of all denominations, and frequently exaggerated or invented discreditable news items about them.He also discovered that such items invariably put on circulation.报社的道歉几乎从来是不到位的。据我所知，最为厚颜的一次是艺术家爱德华·伯恩 — 琼斯从美国带回来，让他的友人麦尔斯庄园的洪纳夫人看的，曰：“詹姆士·P.维尔曼神甫没有像我们所述说的那样，因为将妻子一脚踹下了楼梯，随后又将一支点燃的煤油灯朝她掷去而被逮捕，而是于四年之前过世，从未婚娶。”对于如此之大的错误，而更正又如此之简短，这一句话可谓妙矣也哉——请注意，这算不上是“赔礼道歉”，因为在美国（正如在英国一样），根据诽谤法，是不给 死人纠错的。我猜想这条剪报取自《纽约世界报》，曾是一家轰动的报纸，由普利策拥有。不知何故（最近有关普氏的传记并未澄清）他尤其痛恨各个教派的教士们，经常将一些诋毁他们的新闻段子加以渲染，或是编造出一些这样的段子。他还发现此类新闻段子总是会使发行量剧增。
The most famous apology in history was made to a much maligned, though far from innocent, cleric: Hildebrand, Pope Gregory VII.He had become involved in what is known as the Investiture Dispute, a fierce Church-State Kulturkampf, revolving round the appointment of bishops.His chief opponent, the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV — not a nice man but not a monster either — had called him an impostor, an antipope, an Antichrist and I know not what, but had got the worst of it in the armed struggle that followed.Henry decided to purge his excommunication and get the interdict on his territories withdrawn by apologising and doing penance.The Pope had sought the protection of Countess Matilda of Tuscany, then the world's richest woman, and princess of startling beauty, taste and wisdom.He was sheltering at her stupendous mountain stronghold of Canossa, not far from Modena, and the Emperor had to climb there barefoot, in the depths of winter, to make his kowtow.Why has this amazing story not been the subject of a great opera? Perhaps it has.Needless to say, the apology was insincere and the tragic story ended in tears on both sides, the Pope's bitter last words being: “I have loved justice and hated iniquity: therefore I die in exile.” But the fact that the Church was slow to canonise this remarkable man suggests that to begin with it did not accept his version of events.A century later.Henry II of England was locked in mortal struggle over the same issue with Becket, and also apologised after he caused the archbishop's murder.This, too, was in some degree insincere, and trouble broke out afresh soon after Henry had donned sackcloth.Becket was at least as intemperate as Hildebrand, but he not only got his halo but did so in the fastest time on record.But then he was a martyr, and they always move to canonisation faster than any other category of saint.历史上最为有名的“道歉”是向一位神职人士所致：此公乃是希尔得布兰德，即教皇格列高利七世，他被人诋毁多多，然而也并非无辜。他卷入了史书所记载的“授职争议”，即一次围绕教会与国家之间有关任命主教问题的激烈的“文化冲突”。他的主要对手就是神圣罗马帝国的皇帝亨利四世——他算不上是个好人，但也不是什么魔鬼——他称教皇是个骗子、伪教皇、假耶稣，还有一些不知道是什么样的骂名，但是在随后的武装冲突中，他却为此一败涂地。亨利四世决定向教皇请罪，表示诲意，以此希冀教皇解除将其逐出教门的惩罚，并撤回在其领土 上的授权禁令。教皇寻求托斯坎尼区的玛蒂尔达伯爵夫人的庇佑，这位伯爵夫人是当时世界上最富有的女人，一位倾国倾城，睿智聪颖，极有品味的郡主。教皇躲进了她那气势恢宏的山间城堡，它建在离摩德纳市不远的卡诺萨。皇帝不得不在隆冬季节赤脚攀上城堡，前去叩头谢罪。这样一个令人拍案叫绝的故事却不曾成为一个大歌剧的主题，未知何也？或许已经有了。毋庸赘言，这次道歉并非真心实意，而悲剧则是以双方眼泪洗面告终。教皇临终时痛楚地说：“吾爱正义而恶不公：故而吾死于流放。”但是，教会迟迟不将这位杰出的人封为圣人，此事表明他们从一开始就未曾接受他对事件的说法。一个世纪之后，英格兰的亨利二世与贝克特大主教在同一问题上打得你死我活，不可开交；在他指使谋杀大主教之后，也做了道歉。这在某种程度上也并非诚心诚意，在亨利二世披上麻衣去忏悔之后，麻烦再度出现。贝克特主教至少也和希尔得布兰德一样放纵无度，然而他不但得到了光环，而且是以有史记载以来最快的速度得到的。再说啦，他算是个殉道者，这些殉道者比起其他类圣人，其被封圣的速度要快得多。When I was an editor, I always preferred to apologise promptly, whatever the merits of the case, rather than face the expense and, more importantly, the time-consuming complexities and debilitating worry of litigation, libel being one of the least satisfactory branches of the law.When we took a crack at Dr Bodkin Adams, believing him to be dead, and his joyful lawyer phoned me the next morning to tell me he was very much alive, I settled the matter there and then for the sum(if I remember correctly)of ￡450 and an apology.So my advice to editors is, get shot of claims quickly, unless the plaintiff's demands are manifestly unreasonable.我还是编辑的时候，无论情况如何，我总是选择立马道歉，而不是去面对诉讼过程中所发生的费用，更为重要的是，去面对费时耗神的诉讼过程中产生的复杂情况。诽谤法是法律当中最不尽人意的部分。我们曾拿鲍德金·亚当姆斯医生开涮，还以为他已经死了；莅日，他的律师喜滋滋地打电话给我，告诉我亚当姆斯医生还活得好好的，我立时以一笔450 英镑（如果我没记错的话）的赔偿费和一句道歉的话了结此事。所以，我对编辑们的忠告是：对于赔偿要求要立马了结，除非原告的要求太离谱。
Besides, there is something distinguished about a ready apology.It is the mark of a gentleman, more particularly if it is not necessary.It is the opposite of revenge.Bacon wrote, “In seeking revenge, a man is but equal with his enemy, but in forgiving him, he is superior, for it is a princes' part to pardon.” So, the person who apologises freely has the moral ball in his court.此外，随时准备好一句道歉的话，是一种高尚行为，特别是在没有必要道歉时而 道歉，更显示出一个绅士的特质。道歉与报复相对。培根有云：“夫图报复焉，汝与汝仇等：苟汝恕之，则汝优於汝仇焉；盖宽恕也，王者之风也。”由是，谁把“对不起”常挂在嘴边，谁就在道义上掌握了主动。（集体讨论 范守义 执笔）
On Going Home by Joan Didion 回家 琼·狄迪恩
I am home for my daughter's first birthday.By “home” I do not mean the house in Los Angeles where my husband and I and the baby live, but the place where my family is, in the Central Valley of California.It is a vital although troublesome distinction.My husband likes my family but is uneasy in their house, because once there I fall into their ways, which are difficult, oblique, deliberately inarticulate, not my husband's ways.We live in dusty houses(“D-U-S-T,” he once wrote with his finger on surfaces all over the house, but no one noticed it)filled with mementos quite without value to him(what could the Canton dessert plates.mean to him? How could he have known about the assay scales, why should he care if he did know?), and we appear to talk exclusively about people we know who have been committed to mental hospitals, about people we know who have been booked on drunk-driving charges, and about property, particularly about property, land, price per acre and C-2 zoning and assessments and freeway access.My brother does not understand my husband's inability to perceive the advantage in the rather common real-estate transaction known as “sale-leaseback,” and my husband in turn does not understand why so many of the people he hears about in my father's house have recently been committed to mental hospitals or booked on drunk-driving charges.Nor does he understand that when we talk about sale-leasebacks and right-of-way condemnations we are talking in code about the things we like best, the yellow fields and the cottonwoods and the rivers rising and falling and the mountain roads closing when the heavy snow comes in.We miss each other's points, have another drink and regard the fire.My brother refers to my husband, in his presence, as “Joan's husband.” Marriage is the classic betrayal.我回家给女儿过周岁生日。我所说的“家”，并非指丈夫，我和小宝宝在洛杉矶的家，而是指位于加州中央谷地的娘家。这样区分，尽管麻烦，却很重要。丈夫不是不喜欢我娘家的人，但是在我娘家却颇不自在。因为我一回去，就染上了娘家人的习惯，说起话来故意吞吞吐吐、拐弯抹角、令人费解，完全有别于丈夫的习惯。我们住在灰蒙蒙的屋子里（丈夫曾用手指在落满灰尘的地方都写上了“灰 ——尘”两个大字，只是没人注意），里面还摆满了纪念品，可在丈夫眼里这些东西毫无价值（粤式细瓷点心盘对他来说能有什么意义？他怎么可能了解分析天平？即使他了解，他又何必在意？）。在他看来，我们好像尽在那谈熟人，哪个被送进了精神病院，哪个被控酒后驾车。还谈财产，特别是地产、土地和地价，C-2区制规划及评估，还有高速公路的出入口，等等。弟弟弄不明白，我丈夫怎么连很平常的“售后回租”这种房地产交易的好处也不懂？丈夫也觉得奇怪，在我娘家为何听到这么多人最近被送进了精神病院，或是因酒后开车被控？其实丈夫不明白，我们谈售后回租和依法征用公共用地的时候，是在用娘家人特有的语言谈论最来劲的东西，像金黄色的田野、棉白杨、时涨时落的河水，以及下大雪时封闭的山路。话不投机，索性接着喝酒，默默注视着炉火。弟弟当着我丈夫的面，称他为“琼的丈夫”。结婚啊，从古到今，都意味着背叛。
Or perhaps it is not any more.Sometimes I think that those of us who are now in our thirties were born into the last generation to carry the burden of “home,” to find in family life the source of all tension and drama.I had by all objective accounts a “normal ”and a “happy ” family situation, and yet I was almost thirty years old before I could talk to my family on the telephone without crying after I had hung up.We did not fight.Nothing was wrong.And yet some nameless anxiety colored the emotional charges between me and the place that I came from.The question of whether or not you could go home again was a very real part of the sentimental and largely literary baggage with which we left home in the fifties;I suspect that it is irrelevant to the children born of the fragmentation after World War II.A few weeks ago in a San Francisco bar I saw a pretty young girl on crystal take off her clothes and dance for the cash prize in an “amateur-topless” contest.There was no particular sense of moment about this, none of the effect of romantic degradation, of “dark journey,” for which my generation strived so assiduously.What sense could that girl possibly make of, say, Long Day's Journey into Night? Who is beside the point?
或许，现在情况变了。我有时想，我们这些三十几岁的人，注定成为承担“家”的重负、并经受家庭生活中种种紧张和冲突的最后一代人。在别人的眼里，无论从哪方面看，我都曾拥有一个“正常”而“幸福”的家。然而，直到将近三十岁以前，我与娘家人通电话后总是要哭鼻子。我们没吵过架，也没出过岔子。但一丝莫名的忧虑，浸染了我和生我养我的家之间的情感纠葛。五十年代我们离家时，背负着一个装着伤感、多半是书籍的行囊。还能回家吗？这个问题便是行囊中实实在在的一部分。我想，这个问题大概与二战后破碎家庭里出生的孩子无关。几个礼拜前，在旧金山的一个酒吧里，我看见一位吸了毒的漂亮姑娘，脱去衣服跳 舞，仅仅是为得到一场“业余无上装”比赛的现金奖励！这没有什么特别的意思，与浪漫沉沦沾不上边儿，与我们这一代人所趋之若鹜的“黑暗之旅”也沾不上边儿。那位姑娘呀，你对《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》作何理解？到底是谁离题了？
That I am trapped in this particular irrelevancy is never more apparent to me than when I am home.Paralyzed by the neurotic lassitude engendered by meeting one's past at every turn, around every corner, inside every cupboard, I go aimlessly from room to room.I decide to meet it head-on and clean out a drawer, and I spread the contents on the bed.A bathing suit I wore the summer I was seventeen.A letter of rejection from The Nation, an aerial photograph of the site for a shopping center my father did not build in 1954.Three teacups hand-painted with cabbage roses and signed “E.M.,” my grandmother's initials.There is no final solution for letters of rejection from The Nation and teacups hand-painted in 1900.Nor is there any answer to snapshots of one's grandfather as a young man on skis, surveying around Donner Pass in the year 1910.I smooth out the snapshot and look into his face, and do and do not see my own.I close the drawer, and have another cup of coffee with my mother.We get along very well, veterans of a guerrilla war we never understood.这个不相干的问题困扰着我，在我返回老家后尤为明显。走过每个角落，打开每个食橱，转身驻足间，我一次次地面对过去，思绪不宁，及至疲乏不堪，我还是漫无目的地逐个房间走着。我决意正视过去，清理出一个抽屉，把东西摊在床上。一件我十七岁那年夏天穿的泳衣；一封《民族》周刊的退稿信；一张从空中拍摄的选址照片，1954年父亲曾打算在那里建购物中心；还有三只茶杯，上面有手绘的百叶蔷薇，并签有祖母名字的两个首字母E.M.。我不知道该如何处理1900年手绘的茶杯和《民族》周刊的退稿信，也不知道该如何处理祖父1910年的几张快照。照片里的祖父青春年少，踩着滑雪板，在察看唐纳山口。我抚平照片，注视着祖父的脸，依稀看到自己的影子，又似乎没有。我关上抽屉，陪母亲又喝了一杯咖啡。我们现在相处得很好，就像打过游击战的老兵一样，真不明白过去为何有龃龉。
Days pass.I see no one.I come to dread my husband's evening call, not only because he is full of news of what by now seems to me our remote life in Los Angeles, people he has seen, letters which require attention, but because he asks what I have been doing, suggests uneasily that I get out, drive to San Francisco or Berkeley.Instead I drive across the river to a family graveyard.It has been vandalized since my last visit and the monuments are broken, overturned in the dry grass.Because I once saw a rattlesnake in the grass I stay in the car and listen to a country-and-Western station.Later I drive with my father to a ranch he has in the foothills.The man who runs his cattle on it asks us to the roundup, a week from Sunday, and although I know that I will be in Los Angeles I say, in the oblique way my family talks, that I will come.Once home I mention the broken monuments in the graveyard.My mother shrugs.日子一天天过去，我没拜访任何人。我开始对丈夫晚间打来的电话感到害怕，不光是因为他老是跟我讲洛杉矶的情况，见到谁啦，哪些信件该回啦，等等，而洛杉矶的生活距离我似乎已遥远了啊！还因为他问我在做什么，有点拘束地建议我出去走走，开车去旧金山或伯克利。我却驾车去了河对岸的一块家族墓地。自我上次来过之后，墓地被破坏了，墓碑断裂，翻倒在枯草丛里。以前我曾在草丛里见到一条响尾蛇，所以这次我待在车上，收听乡村与西部音乐台的广播。后来我同父亲开车去了他在山麓小丘上的农场。为他放牛的人请我们下周日来看他赶拢牛群。尽管我明明知道那时我已回到洛杉矶了，但我还是以家里人绕弯子的方式说要来。一回到家里，我就提起了墓地里的断碑。母亲耸了耸肩。
I go to visit my great-aunts.A few of them think now that I am my cousin, or their daughter who died young.We recall an anecdote about a relative last seen in 1948, and they ask if I still like living in New York City.I have lived in Los Angeles for three years, but I say that I do.The baby is offered a horehound drop, and I am slipped a dollar bill “to buy a treat.” Questions trail off, answers are abandoned, the baby plays with the dust motes in a shaft of afternoon sun.我去看望姑婆们。其中几位把我当成了我的堂妹，或她们早逝的女儿，我们回忆起一位亲戚的轶事，上次相见是在1948年。她们问我是否还喜欢住在纽约市。其实我在洛杉矶已经住了三年，但我还是说喜欢纽约。她们给我女儿带苦味的薄荷糖吃，还塞给我一块钱“再买点好吃的。”慢慢地，问题少了，回答也就省了。女儿在午后的一缕阳光里，欢快地抓弄着尘埃。
It is time for the baby's birthday party: a white cake, strawberry-marshmallow ice cream, a bottle of champagne saved from another party.In the evening, after she has gone to sleep, I kneel beside the crib and touch her face, where it is pressed against the slats, with mine.She is an open and trusting child, unprepared for and unaccustomed to the ambushes of family life, and perhaps it is just as well that I can offer her little of that life.I would like to give her more.I would like to promise her that she will grow up with a sense of her cousins and of rivers and of her great-grandmother's teacups, would like to pledge her a picnic on a river with fried chicken and her hair uncombed, would like to give her home for her birthday, but we live differently now and I can promise her nothing like that.I give her a xylophone and a sundress from Madeira, and promise to tell her a funny story.女儿的生日聚会开始了——有白蛋糕，草莓蜜饯冰激凌，和一瓶从别的聚会上留下来的香槟。晚上，女儿睡着后，我跪在小床边，面颊贴着她那紧挨着床栏的小脸蛋。女儿性情开朗，相信别人，对于家庭生活的陷阱既不知晓，也无防范。也许，我还是让她少过这种生活吧。我倒是愿意给与她更多别的东西。我倒愿意许诺让堂兄弟姊妹的手足之情、潺潺流淌的小河、以及外曾祖母的茶杯伴着她成长；愿意答应带她去河边野炊，认她披散着头发，啃炸鸡；愿意给她一个真正的家作为生日礼物。但是，我们的生活不同了啊，我无法许诺给予她这一切！我只给了她一把木琴和来自马德里的背心裙，还答应给她讲个有趣的故事。
（集体讨论 方开瑞 执笔）
The Making of Ashenden(Excerpt)by Stanley Elkin 艾兴登其人（节选）斯坦利·埃尔金
I've been spared a lot, one of the blessed of the earth, at least one of its lucky, that privileged handful of the dramatically prospering, the sort whose secrets are asked, like the hundred-year-old man.There is no secret, of course;most of what happens to us is simple accident.Highish birth and a smooth network of appropriate connection like a tea service written into the will.But surely something in the blood too, locked into good fortune's dominant genes like a blast ripening in a time bomb.Set to go off, my good looks and intelligence, yet exceptional still, take away my mouthful of silver spoon and lapful of luxury.Something my own, not passed on or handed down, something seized, wrested—my good character, hopefully, my taste perhaps.What's mine, what's mine? Say taste—the soul's harmless appetite.我一直活得无忧无虑，深得上帝垂爱，至少算个幸运儿，少数人才享有的尊荣富贵，我垂手得之。就像百岁人瑞总有人讨教，我的秘诀也总有人探询。当然，秘诀谈不上，人间之事大多纯属偶然。高贵的出身、顺畅的关系网有如凭遗嘱继承的茶具，随我所用。当然，我的幸运也有某种与生俱来的因素，一种血液里固有的强势基因；它像定时炸弹，到时就会爆炸。一旦爆炸，我出类拔萃的相貌和智慧将会使口衔银匙、满堂金玉的身世完全微不足道。我的成功源自我自己特有的东西，不是祖传的福荫，是某种我拼命抓住、努力得到的东西——我良好的性格或品味。那么，究竟什么才是我自己特有的东西?是什么呢?是品味吧一一那种无害的心灵欲求。
I've money, I'm rich.The heir to four fortunes.Grandfather on Mother's side was a Newpert.The family held some good real estate in Rhode Island until they sold it for many times what they gave for it.Grandmother on Father's side was a Salts, whose bottled mineral water, once available only through prescription and believed indispensable in the cure of all fevers, was the first product ever to be reviewed by the Food and Drug Administration, a famous and controversial case.The government found it to contain nothing that was actually detrimental to human beings, and it went public, so to speak.Available now over the counter, the Salts made more money from it than ever.我有钱，我富足，我继承了四笔遗产。外公姓纽波特，纽家在罗得岛坐拥不菲房产，后来以高出原价好多倍出手。奶奶姓索尔茨。她的家族生产的瓶装矿泉水，一度只能凭医生处方才能买到，据说是治各种发热症所必需，是联邦食品药品管理局有史以来审查的第一宗产品。那个案例名噪一时、颇具争议。政府发现它没有对人体有害的东西，也就上市了。现在谁都可以在商店买到，索尔茨家族因此赚得钵满盆满。
Mother was an Oh.Her mother was the chemical engineer who first discovered a feasible way to store oxygen in tanks.And Father was Noel Ashenden, who though he did not actually invent the match-book, went into the field when it was still a not very flourishing novelty, and whose slogan, almost a poem, “Close Cover Before Striking”(a simple stroke, as Father liked to say), obvious only after someone else has already thought of it(the Patent Office refused to issue a patent on what it claimed was merely an instruction, but Father's company had the message on its matchbooks before his competitors even knew what was happening), removed the hazard from book matches and turned the industry and Father's firm particularly into a flaming success overnight—Father's joke, not mine.Later, when the inroads of Ronson and Zippo threatened the business, Father went into seclusion for six months and when he returned to us he had produced another slogan: “For Our Matchless Friends.” It saved the industry a second time and was the second and last piece of work in Father's life.家母随外婆姓欧。外婆是化学工程师，成功开发了罐装氧气。家父是诺尔•艾兴登。尽管纸板火柴不是他发明的，但当它还是个新玩意儿、不怎么旺销时，他就人了这个行业。他的推销广告颇有诗意：“阖盖一划火自来”(就像父亲常说的，轻轻一划就成)。很显然，这是拾人牙慧(专利局因此拒发专利证，说这只不过是句使用说明。但父亲的公司在对手还懵然不觉时，就抢先把这句广告词印在火柴盒上)。正是这句推销广告消除了纸板火柴使用时的危险，使整个行业，特别是父亲的火柴公司，一夜之间生意火了起来——这是父亲的玩笑而非我本人的幽默。后来，荣升和芝宝打火机打人市场，火柴生意受到威胁。父亲于是隐退，半 年后推出了另一句广告词：“我友(有)火柴”，父亲因此第二次拯救了火柴业，这也是父亲一生中第二个也是最后一个成就。
There are people who gather in the spas and watering places of this world who pooh-pooh our fortune.Après ski, cozy in their wools, handsome before their open hearths, they scandalize amongst themselves in whispers.“Imagine,” they say, “saved from ruin because of some cornball sentiment available in every bar and grill and truck stop in the country.It's not, not...”
那些整日泡在温泉浴场、休闲胜地的人对我们的财富嗤之以鼻。他们滑雪回来，换上温暖舒适的羊毛衫，神气活现地坐在壁炉前嘀嘀咕咕嚼舌头：“想想看，”他们说，“他没有完蛋，还不是因为郊野的酒吧、烧烤店、卡车场总有些人对纸板火柴恋恋不合。不是因为„„”
Not what? Snobs!Phooey on the First Families.On railroad, steel mill, automotive, public utility, banking and shipping fortunes, on all hermetic legacy, morganatic and blockbuster blood-lines that change the maps and landscapes and alter the mobility patterns, your jungle wheeling and downtown dealing a stone's throw from warfare.I come of good stock—real estate, mineral water, oxygen, matchbooks: earth, water, air and fire, the old elementals of the material universe, a bellybutton economics, a linchpin one.不是因为什么？这帮势利眼！呸！什么第一家族！什么铁路、钢厂、汽车、公共设施、银行和航运方面的财富！什么秘密遗产！什么贵贱婚配！什么豪门世家！你们改变了地图、地貌、甚至改变了社会流动的格局，可你们弱肉强食，巧取豪夺，跟战争相差无几。我这才叫来路正宗——房地产、矿泉水、氧气、火柴：土、水、气、火，物质世界古老的四大元素。这才是核心经济，这才是关键经济。It is as I see it a perfect genealogy, and if I can be bought and sold a hundred times over by a thousand men in this country—people in your own town could do it, providents and trailers of hunch, I bless them, who got into this or went into that when it was eight cents a share—I am satisfied with my thirteen or fourteen million.Wealth is not after all the point.The genealogy is.That bridge-trick nexus that brought Newpert to Oh, Salts to Ashenden and Ashenden to Oh, love's lucky longshots which, paying off, permitted me as they permit every human life!(I have this simple, harmless paranoia of the good-natured man, this cheerful awe.)Forgive my enthusiasm, that I go on like some secular patriot wrapped in the simple flag of self, a professional descendant, every day the closed-for-the-holiday banks and post offices of the heart.And why not? Aren't my circumstances superb? Whose are better? No boast, no boast.I've had it easy, served up on all life's silver platters like a satrap.And if my money is managed for me and I do no work—less work even than Father, who at least came up with those two slogans, the latter in a six-month solitude that must have been hell for that gregarious man(“For Our Matchless Friends”: no slogan finally but a broken code, an extension of his own hospitable being, simply the Promethean gift of fire to a guest)—at least I am not “spoiled” and have in me still alive the nerve endings of gratitude.If it's miserly to count one's blessings, Brewster Ashenden's a miser.在我看来，我出身完美。如果这个国家有一千人百余次买卖我的股票——跟你同住一城的人可能会这么做；有远见的人，跟着感觉走的人，我祝福他们!当每股还只有八分钱时，他们就买进了我的这种或那种股票——我对我原有的一千三、四百万，就很满足了。毕竟财富不是关键，关键是出身。桥牌般复杂的姻缘让外公走进了外婆的生活，奶奶嫁给了爷爷，家父娶了家母。父母姻缘巧合的爱情造就了我，就像别人的爱晴造就了一个个鲜活的生命！(我这个性良好的人也有这种朴素而无害的追问到底的执拗，这种对自己生命的由衷的敬畏。)原谅我有如此热情，像一个无宗教信仰的爱国者，处处强调自我，或者像一个职业继承人，每天心无所系，有如放假关门的银行和邮局。为什么不呢?我的条件不优越吗?还有比我条件更好的吗?这不是吹牛，根本不是。我的一切来得太容易，犹如一位大老爷，一切都有人用银盘奉上。钱有人管，不用工作一一我比父亲工作还少，他起码还炮制了两句广告词，第二句还是他退隐半年的结果。对于像他那样好热闹的人来说，那半年简直是人间地狱(“我友（有）火柴”，说到底并不算什么广告词，而是个被破解的密码，是他殷勤个性的延伸，是他的好客之火，是普罗米修斯的圣火)。即便如此，我起码没被“宠坏”，浑身还洋溢着感恩之情。如果数数自己的福气也算是小气的话，那我布鲁斯特·艾兴登就是个小气鬼。This will give you some idea of what I'm like: 简单给您说说我的为人：
On Having an Account in a Swiss Bank: I never had one, and suggest you stay away from them too.Oh, the mystery and romance is all very well, but never forget that your Swiss bank offers no premiums, whereas for opening a savings account for 5,000 or more at First National City Bank of New York or other fine institutions you get wonderful premiums—picnic hampers, Scotch coolers, Polaroid cameras, Hudson's Bay blankets from L.L.Bean, electric shavers, even lawn furniture.My managers always leave me a million or so to play with, and this is how I do it.I suppose I've received hundreds of such bonuses.Usually I give them to friends or as gifts at Christmas to doormen and other loosely connected personnel of the household, but often I keep them and use them myself.I'm not stingy.Of course I can afford to buy any of these things—and I do, I enjoy making purchases—but somehow nothing brings the joy of existence home to me more than these premiums.Something from nothing—the two-suiter from Chase Manhattan and my own existence, luggage a bonus and life a bonus too.Like having a film star next to you on your flight from the Coast.There are treats of high order, adventure like cash in the street.说到在瑞士银行开户：我从没开过，建议你也别开。当然，那种神秘感觉和浪漫色彩挺不错的。但记住，瑞士银行从不提供任何礼品。相反，如果你在纽约第一国民城市银行或别的优质机构开一个5000美元或更多的储蓄帐户，你就可以得到精美礼品，像什么野餐篮子啦、苏格兰冷饮啦、宝丽来相机啦、名牌毛毯啦、电动剃须刀啦，甚至还有草坪家私。我的经理们总给我留个百儿八十万元什么的玩着花，我顺手就到银行开个户。估计类似的赠品我已有几百件了。我常拿它们送朋友或作为圣诞礼物送给门童和家里的勤杂人员。但我也经常留下自用。我不是抠门的人，这些玩意儿我当然买得起——也去买过，我喜欢购物一一但不知为什么，这些赠品给我带来了无与伦比的快乐。从无到有——大通·曼哈顿银行送的男士小行李箱是这样，我的人生也是这样；行李箱是赠品，人生也是赠品。那感觉就像在从西岸回来的飞机上，发现邻座是个电影明星。生活中总有这种难得的乐事，就像大街上捡钱那样刺激。
Let's enjoy ourselves, I say;let's have fun.Lord, let us live in the sand by the surf of the sea and play till cows come home.We'll have a house on the Vineyard and a brownstone in the Seventies and a pied-à-terre in a world capital when something big is about to break.(Put the Cardinal in the back bedroom where the sun gilds the bay at afternoon tea and give us the courage to stand up to secret police at the door, to top all threats with threats of our own, the nicknames of mayors and ministers, the fast comeback at the front stairs, authority on us like the funny squiggle the counterfeiters miss.)Re-Columbus us.Engage us with the overlooked, a knowledge of optics, say, or a gift for the tides.(My pal, the heir to most of the vegetables in inland Nebraska, has become a superb amateur oceanographer.The marine studies people invite him to Wood's Hole each year.He has a wave named for him.)Make us good at things, the countertenor and the German language, and teach us to be as easy in our amateur standing as the best man at a roommate's wedding.Give us hard tummies behind the cummerbund and long swimmer's muscles under the hound's tooth so that we may enjoy our long life.And may all our stocks rise to the occasion of our best possibilities, and our humanness be bullish too.我常说，我们要玩得开心，要及时行乐。上帝啊，让我们住在海边吧，踏沙，冲浪，嬉戏，直至永远。我们要在马萨葡萄园岛有一套独栋别墅，在纽约七十几街有一套褐石豪宅，在某个世界之都有个安乐窝，以便就近亲临大事的现场。(请红衣主教住最里边的卧室，下午茶时分的阳光将海湾镀上金色，同时给我们增添勇气，直面门外的秘密警察，以我们的威胁来消除一切外来的威胁，报出达官贵人们的诨名，在门口与他们唇枪舌战，那种威势，就像纸币上古怪的防伪线条，无法模仿。)我们要像哥伦布再世。我们要致力于别人忽略的东西，如光学的某一方面或研究海潮的某种能力。(我有个朋友，在远离海洋的内布拉斯加州继承了蔬菜种植业，却成了一位出色的业余海洋学家。研究海洋的专业人士每年都请他去伍兹霍。有一种海浪以他的名字命名。)让我们擅长点什么吧，无论成为男高音歌手还是掌握德文。让我们轻松地做业余专家，就像在室友的婚礼上做伴郎那样容易。让我们的腰带下有结实的小腹，泳衣里有游泳健将的强劲肌肉，这样我们会安享长命天年。让我们的股票天天猛涨，让我们做人也牛气冲天。Speaking personally I am glad to be a heroic man.私下里说，我很乐意做个英雄人物。
I am pleased that I am attractive to women but grateful I'm no bounder.Though I'm touched when married women fall in love with me, as frequently they do, I am rarely to blame.I never encourage these fits and do my best to get them over their derangements so as not to lose the friendships of their husbands when they are known to me, or the neutral friendship of the ladies themselves.This happens less than you might think, however, for whenever I am a houseguest of a married friend I usually make it a point to bring along a girl.These girls are from all walks of life—models, show girls, starlets, actresses, tennis professionals, singers, heiresses and the daughters of the diplomats of most of the nations of the free world.All walks.They tend, however, to conform to a single physical type, and are almost always tall, tan, slender and blond, the girl from Ipanema as a wag friend of mine has it.They are always sensitive and intelligent and good at sailing and the Australian crawl.They are never blemished in any way, for even something like a tiny beauty mark on the inside of a thigh or above the shoulder blade is enough to put me off, and their breaths must be as sweet at three in the morning as they are at noon.(I never see a woman who is dieting for diet sours the breath.)Arm hair, of course, is repellent to me though a soft blond down is now and then acceptable.I know I sound a prig.I'm not.I am—well, classical, drawn by perfection as to some magnetic, Platonic pole, idealism and beauty's true North.很高兴我深得女人青睐，但谢天谢地，我绝非好色之徒。尽管已婚女人有意于我时——这是常事——我会感动，但多责不在我。我从不鼓励这样的一时冲动，还会尽量让她们恢复平静，以便保持与她们的夫君一一如果认识的话――的友谊，或者与她们本人的适度关系。不过，这种事比你想像的要少，因为每次我到已婚明友的府上做客，都刻意携一位靓女同行。这些女孩各行各业都有：模特啦、舞女啦、新星啦、演员啦、职业网球手啦、歌手啦、富家女啦什么的，还有自由世界许多国家外交官的女儿们，真的是形形色色。我的玩伴往往都像一个模子铸出来的，几乎都是个子高挑、肤色健康、身段苗条、金发碧眼的可爱美人，用我一个喜欢调侃的朋友的说话，她就像歌中走出来的“来自伊帕内玛的女孩”。她们都敏感聪慧，擅长玩帆船和澳式自由泳。她们完美无瑕，因为即使是大腿内侧或锁骨上边的美人痣也让我扫兴。她们还必需呵气如兰，即使在凌晨三点也要像正午时分那样清新(我从不约见节食的女人，因为节食会使她的呼吸带酸味儿)。自然，腋毛令我反感，金色细软绒毛倒是偶尔可以接受。听起来我有点自命不凡。但我不是。我是那种，怎么说呢，正统的人，喜欢尽善尽美，像被某种磁力吸引着，去追求那种柏拉图式的理想的、纯粹的美妙。（集体讨论，蒋骁华、孔昊执笔）
Beyond Life 超越生命[美] 卡贝尔 著
I want my life, the only life of which I am assured, to have symmetry or, in default of that, at least to acquire some clarity.Surely it is not asking very much to wish that my personal conduct be intelligible to me!Yet it is forbidden to know for what purpose this universe was intended, to what end it was set a-going, or why I am here, or even what I had preferably do while here.It vaguely seems to me that I am expected to perform an allotted task, but as to what it is I have no notion.And indeed, what have I done hitherto, in the years behind me? There are some books to show as increment, as something which was not anywhere before I made it, and which even in bulk will replace my buried body, so that my life will be to mankind no loss materially.But the course of my life, when I look back, is as orderless as a trickle of water that is diverted and guided by every pebble and crevice and grass-root it encounters.I seem to have done nothing with pre-meditation, but rather, to have had things done to me.And for all the rest of my life, as I know now, I shall have to shave every morning in order to be ready for no more than this!我愿此生，我唯一确知的此生，能和谐地度过；若此愿不遂，至少也该活得有几分清醒。希望自己之所作为能被自己了解，这肯定不算要求过分。不过有些奥秘却不容你去了解，诸如宇宙宏旨之所在，乾坤归宿在何方，我为何置身于此间，于此间该做何事等。我隐约觉得此生被指望去履行一项既定使命，但这是项什么使命，我却一无所知。而且真正说来，我在过去的岁月里又有过什么作为呢？有那么几本书可显示为生命之赢余，可显示为在我创作其之前这世间未曾有过的东西，其体积甚至可置换我入土后的那副躯壳，从而使我生命之结束不致给人类造成物质损失。但当回首往昔，我发现自己的生命历程就像溪流之蜿蜒漫无定向，触石砄草根则避而改道，遇岩缝土隙则顺而流之。我似乎做任何事都未经事先考虑，而是任凭事务来摆布自己。且据我眼下所知，在我的整个余生，我每日清晨得剃须也仅仅是为了翌日清晨得剃须。
I have attempted to make the best of my material circumstances always;nor do I see to-day how any widely varying course could have been wiser or even feasible: but material things have nothing to do with that life which moves in me.Why, then, should they direct and heighten and provoke and curb every action of life? It is against the tyranny of matter I would rebel—against life's absolute need of food, and books, and fire, and clothing, and flesh, to touch and to inhabit, lest life perish.No, all that which I do here or refrain from doing lacks clarity, nor can I detect any symmetry
anywhere, such as living would assuredly display, I think, if my progress were directed by any particular motive.It is all a muddling through, somehow, without any recognizable goal in view, and there is no explanation of the scuffle tendered or anywhere procurable.It merely seems that to go on living has become with me a habit.我总想善用身边的物质环境，因时至今日我也不知有任何迥异之做法会更为明智可行。然身外之物与涌动于我心中的那种生命毕竟无关。既如此，为何人之一举一动又常为身外之物所引所趋，所扬所抑？我所厌恶的正是这种物质之主宰——这种为了生命苟存于世而对食物、书本、炉火、衣衫等身外之物以及灵魂借以寓居之肉体的纯粹需求。的确，我在世界之全部所为或忍而不为之事都不甚明了，无论何处我都看不到丝毫和谐，而我认为，我的人生历程若有任何特定目标之指引，定会显现出那种明澈和谐。但不知何故，我眼前无可辨之目标，一直在浑然度日，而且对这种蹉跎或茫然也无从解说。活下去似乎已成了我的一种习惯，仅此而已。
And I want beauty in my life.I have seen beauty in a sunset and in the spring woods and in the eyes of divers women, but now these happy accidents of light and color no longer thrill me.And I want beauty in my life itself, rather than in such chances as befall it.It seems to me that many actions of my life were beautiful, very long ago, when I was young in an evanished world of friendly girls, who were all more lovely than any girl is nowadays.For women now are merely more or less good-looking, and as I know, their looks when at their best have been painstakingly enhanced and edited.But I would like this life which moves and yearns in me, to be able itself to attain to comeliness, though but in transitory performance.The life of a butterfly, for example, is just a graceful gesture: and yet, in that its loveliness is complete and perfectly rounded in itself, I envy this bright flicker through existence.And the nearest I can come to my ideal is punctiliously to pay my bills, be polite to my wife, and contribute to deserving charities: and the program does not seem, somehow, quite adequate.There are my books, I know;and there is beauty “embalmed and treasured up” in many pages of my books, and in the books of other persons, too, which I may read at will: but this desire inborn in me is not to be satiated by making marks upon paper, nor by deciphering them.In short, I am enamored of that flawless beauty of which all poets have perturbedly divined the existence somewhere, and which life as men know it simply does not afford nor anywhere foresee.我希望生活中有美。我曾在落日余晖、春日树林和女人的眼中看见过美，可如今
与这些光彩邂逅已不再令我激动。我期盼的是生命本身之美，而非偶然降临的美的瞬间。我觉得很久以前我生活行为中也充溢着美，那时我尚年轻，置身于一群远比当今姑娘更为友善可爱的姑娘之中，置身于一个如今已消失的世界。时下女人不过是多少显得有几分姿色，而据我所知，她们最靓丽的容颜都经过煞费苦心的设色缚彩。但我希望这在我心中涌动并期盼的生命能绽放出自身之美，纵然其美丽会转瞬即逝。比如蝴蝶的一生不过翩然一瞬，但在这翩然一瞬间，其美丽得以完善，其生命得以完美。我羡慕一生中有这种美丽闪烁。可我最接近我理想生活的行为只是付账单一丝不苟，对妻子相敬如宾，捐善款恰宜至当，而这些无论如何也远远不够。当然，还有我那些书，在我自己撰写以及我可随意翻阅的他人所撰写的书中，都有美“封藏”于万千书页之间。但我与生俱来的这种欲望并不满足于在纸上写美或从书中读美。简而言之，我所迷恋的那种无暇之美，那种天下诗人在忐忑中发现存在于某处的美，那种世人所知的凡尘生活无法赐予也无法预见的美。
And tenderness, too—but does that appear a mawkish thing to desiderate in life? Well, to my finding human beings do not like one another.Indeed, why should they, being rational creatures? All babies have a temporary lien on tenderness, of course: and therefrom children too receive a dwindling income, although on looking back, you will recollect that your childhood was upon the whole a lonesome and much put-upon period.But all grown persons ineffably distrust one another.In courtship, I grant you, there is a passing aberration which often mimics tenderness, sometimes as the result of honest delusion, but more frequently as an ambuscade in the endless struggle between man and woman.Married people are not ever tender with each other, you will notice: if they are mutually civil it is much: and physical contacts apart, their relation is that of a very moderate intimacy.My own wife, at all events, I find an unfailing mystery, a Sphinx whose secrets I assume to be not worth knowing: and, as I am mildly thankful to narrate, she knows very little about me, and evinces as to my affairs no morbid interest.That is not to assert that if I were ill she would not nurse me through any imaginable contagion, nor that if she were drowning I would not plunge in after her, whatever my delinquencies at swimming: what I mean is that, pending such high crises, we tolerate each other amicably, and never think of doing more.And from our blood-kin we grow apart inevitably.Their lives and their interests are no longer the same as ours, and when we meet it is with conscious reservations and much manufactured talk.Besides, they know things about us which we resent.And with the rest of my fellows, I find that convention orders all our dealings, even
with children, and we do and say what seems more or less expected.And I know that we distrust one another all the while, and instinctively conceal or misrepresent our actual thoughts and emotions when there is no very apparent need.Personally, I do not like human beings because I am not aware, upon the whole, of any generally distributed qualities which entitle them as a race to admiration and affection.But toward people in books—such as Mrs.Millamant, and Helen of Troy, and Bella Wilfer, and Mélusine, and Beatrix Esmond—I may intelligently overflow with tenderness and caressing words, in part because they deserve it, and in part because I know they will not suspect me of being “queer” or of having ulterior motives.我也渴望柔情——但对生活如此奢求难道不是自作多情？我发现世人彼此间从不相互喜欢。的确，作为理性动物，他们为何要相互喜欢呢？婴儿当然都有权得到短期柔情贷款，而且在童年时期还会有逐日递减的柔情进账，然而你回忆往事时就会发现，童年大体上是一段孤独寂寞且屡屡受骗的时期。但成人都莫可名状地相互猜疑。我承认，男女求爱时会有一时间的失常，而这种失常往往装扮成柔情蜜意，因此有时还让人误以为是真情，但更多时候会变成男女间无休止争斗的伏笔。你会注意到，已婚男女通常不会柔情缱绻，双方能以礼相待就不错了，除两性身体接触外，夫妻关系往往都不愠不火。以我妻子为例，我横竖都觉得她就像斯芬克司，一个永远也猜不透的谜，而我想也没必要去探究她那些秘密。并且就像我并无欣慰地述说的一样，她对我同样知之甚少，对我的私事也没有表现出任何病态的兴趣。但这并非说一旦我罹病，她会因惧怕传染而置我于不顾，也并非说万一她溺水，我会因不善游泳而不下水施救。我的意思是说，除非到紧要关头，我俩会彼此容忍，和睦相处，但绝不会想到更进一步。我们与亲属的关系也势必日渐疏远。因各自生活已不同，彼此情趣已相异，故见面时存心话说三分且多说套话。再说他们还知晓我们不想被别人抖露的底细。至于其他熟人，甚至包括未成年人，我发现彼此间交往全然是蹈常袭故，我们的所言所行似乎都不会超出对方之所料。我知道我们始终都互不信任，虽然有时毫不必要，我们仍本能地隐藏或伪装真实的思想感情。就我个人而言，我不喜欢人类，因为从总体上看，我不知这个物种有何共同的品质使其值得被人钦慕。但对书中那些人——例如米拉曼特夫人、特洛伊的海伦、贝拉·威尔弗、比阿特丽克丝·埃斯蒙德等——我却能不失理性地满怀柔情，表达一腔爱慕之意，这一则是因为她们值得我爱慕，二则是因为我知道她们不会怀疑我“变态”或别有用心。
And I very often wish that I could know the truth about just any one circumstance connected with my life.Is the phantasmagoria of sound and noise and color really passing or is it all an illusion here in my brain? How do you know that you are not
dreaming me, for instance? In your conceded dreams, I am sure, you must invent and see and listen to persons who for the while seem quite as real to you as I do now.As I do, you observe, I say!and what thing is it to which I so glibly refer as I? If you will try to form a notion of yourself, of the sort of a something that you suspect to inhabit and partially to control your flesh and blood body, you will encounter a walking bundle of superfluities: and when you mentally have put aside the extraneous things—your garments and your members and your body, and your acquired habits and your appetites and your inherited traits and your prejudices, and all other appurtenances which considered separately you recognize to be no integral part of you,—there seems to remain in those pearl-colored brain-cells, wherein is your ultimate lair, very little save a faculty for receiving sensations, of which you know the larger portion to be illusory.And surely, to be just a very gullible consciousness provisionally existing among inexplicable mysteries, is not an enviable plight.And yet this life—to which I cling tenaciously—comes to no more.Meanwhile I hear men talk about “the truth”;and they even wager handsome sums upon their knowledge of it: but I align myself with “jesting Pilate,” and echo the forlorn query that recorded time has left unanswered.我还常常祈愿，愿我能了解关于我生活的哪怕任何一点真相。这变化的声色光彩是在真正掠过，还是我脑海中的一种幻觉？譬如你何以知晓此刻我不是你梦中之幻象？毫无疑问，你在你坦言的梦中肯定遇见过人，且眼观其行，耳闻其声，当时他们于你肯定就像现时之我一样真实。注意，我说像现时之我一样真实！那么，我这口口声声称之谓的“我”又当是何物？若你设法去感知你自己为何物，那种你觉得寓于你体内并肆意支配你肉体的东西又为何物，那将有一大堆活生生的多余物与你不期而遇——诸如你的衣衫裙袍、手足躯干、习性胃口、禀性偏见以及其他所有附属物，那些你逐一视之便会承认其并非你不可或缺的多余之物——而若是你从心中将这些多余物抹去，那在你珍珠色的脑细胞了，在你最终的寓所之中，几乎就只剩下一种感知能力，可你知道，这种感知多半都是幻觉。而毋庸置疑，仅仅作为一种极易受骗的知觉，暂居于神秘莫测的迷幻之中，这并非一种令人羡慕的境况。然而这种生命——这种我死死黏附的生命——也不过如此这般。但与此同时我却听世人在谈论“真理”，他们甚至花大价钱为其所知的真理担保；可我愿与“爱逗趣的彼拉多”为伍，重复那几个几乎没法回答且上千年来无人回答的疑问。
Then, last of all, I desiderate urbanity.I believe this is the rarest quality in the world.Indeed, it probably does not exist anywhere.A really urbane person—a mortal
open-minded and affable to conviction of his own shortcomings and errors, and unguided in anything by irrational blind prejudices—could not but in a world of men and women be regarded as a monster.We are all of us, as if by instinct, intolerant of that which is unfamiliar: we resent its impudence: and very much the same principle which prompts small boys to jeer at a straw-hat out of season induces their elders to send missionaries to the heathen…
最后我还企求高雅。我认为高雅乃世间最珍贵的品质。其实然，高雅或许并不存在于现实之中。真正的高雅之士虚怀若谷，闻过则喜，不会被非理性的盲目偏见所左右，而在这个被庸男俗女充斥的世界，这等高雅之士只能被视为怪物。仿佛是出于天性，我们所有人都容不得稀罕之事，都恨其不守规矩；而正是依照与此极其相似的准则，小男孩嘲讽不合时令的草帽，他们的父辈则给异教徒派出传教士„„（集体讨论，曹明伦 执笔）
Envy by Samuel Johnson 论嫉妒 [英]塞缪尔·约翰逊 著
Envy is almost the only vice which is practicable at all times, and in every place — the only passion which can never lie quiet for want of irritation;its effects therefore are everywhere discoverable, and its attempts always to be dreaded.嫉妒几乎是唯一一种随时都能大行其道的恶习，唯一一种不会因缺乏刺激而平息的强烈感情，因此其影响随处可见，其攻击性也总是令人生畏。
It is impossible to mention a name which any advantageous distinction has made eminent, but some latent animosity will burst out.The wealthy trader, however he may abstract himself from public affairs, will never want those who hint, with Shylock, that ships are but boards.The beauty, adorned only with the unambitious graces of innocence and modesty, provokes, whenever she appears, a thousand murmurs of detraction.The genius, even when he endeavours only to entertain or instruct, yet suffers persecution from innumerable critics, whose acrimony is excited merely by the pain of seeing others pleased, and of hearing applauses which another enjoys.一提到某位因其所长而才出众的名流，就会有人发出隐伏于心的妒意。富商不管怎样超脱于公共事务，也不乏有人像夏洛克那样，说商船不过是一堆木板，暗示其财富由风浪摆布者不足以谓之富人。（1）美女纵然仅以端庄素雅为装饰，其出现也会引起众人私下里的猜忌和诽谤。至于天才人物，即使他们只想展示令人愉悦的自然万象，或只想说明无可争辩的科学原理，也难免会招致众多批评者的诋毁，而批评者之尖刻仅仅是因为见不得别人欣然陶然，听不到别人所享受的掌声。The frequency of envy makes it so familiar that it escapes our notice;nor do we often reflect upon its turpitude or malignity, till we happen to feel its influence.When he that has given no provocation to malice, but by attempting to excel, finds himself pursued by multitudes whom he never saw, with all the implacability of personal resentment;when he perceives clamour and malice let loose upon him as a public enemy, and incited by every stratagem of defamation;when he hears the misfortunes of his family, or the follies of his youth, exposed to the world;and every failure of conduct, or defect of nature, aggravated and ridiculed;he then learns to abhor those artifices at which he only laughed before, and discovers how much the happiness of life would be advanced by the eradication of envy from the human heart.嫉妒之频频出现使我们队其熟视无睹，使我们很少想到其卑鄙险恶，除非自己碰巧也遭人妒忌。倘若遭妒忌者从不招惹怨恨，而只想凭真才实学超凡出众，那当
他发现自己被一群他觉得与之并无不可化解之个人恩怨的民众纠缠之时，当他发现自己被种种诽谤伎俩煽动起来的铺天盖地的恶意丑化成社会公敌之时，当他得知自己家庭之不幸和少时的愚行而被公诸于众，自己所有的不端行为和性格缺陷都被夸大和嘲笑之时，他便能学会憎恶那些他此前只是一笑置之的伎俩，并发现若能从世人心中根除嫉妒，人们会怎样更多地感受生活之幸福。
Envy is, indeed, a stubborn weed of the mind, and seldom yields to the culture of philosophy.There are, however, considerations which, if carefully implanted and diligently propagated, might in time overpower and repress it, since no one can nurse it for the sake of pleasure, as its effects are only shame, anguish, and perturbation.It is above all other vices inconsistent with the character of a social being, because it sacrifices truth and kindness to very weak temptations.He that plunders a wealthy neighbour gains as much as he takes away, and may improve his own condition in the same proportion as he impairs another's;but he that blasts a flourishing reputation, must be content with a small dividend of additional fame, so small as can afford very little consolation to balance the guilt by which it is obtained.嫉妒实乃人们心中难以根除的野草，它极少接受理性之教化。不过，只要循循善诱且坚持不懈，迟早会有理性之思将其制服，毕竟没人会为了取乐而心怀嫉妒，因嫉妒之后果只有羞耻、苦闷和不安。较之其他所有恶习，嫉妒与人的社会属性最为相悖，因为它会蝇头小利而牺牲真诚和善良。一个人若是抢劫其富有的邻居，他所得之物即他所劫之物，其境况之改善与其邻居境况之恶化恰成正比；但一个人若是毁损他人的盛名，他只能满足于得到的那盛名分给他的一点点红利，而与他行恶而产生的负疚感相比，其获利之少几乎不可能给他带来慰藉。
（1）参见莎士比亚《威尼斯商人》第1幕第3场开始时夏洛克对巴萨尼奥说的那番话。集体讨论，曹明伦执笔）
四川外语学院第七届“语言桥杯”翻译大赛获奖译文选登
These aspects of her personality I came to know gradually over the coming months.What struck me first were the outward things, her animation and expressiveness.I couldn't tell whether this was something she was born with, or whether the projection of emotion which she had learned as an actress had become second nature.When indignant, her eyes would flash fire, when happy she would laugh unrestrainedly like a child.I quickly changed my preconceived notions about the “inscrutableness” of Orientals.在接下来的几个月里，我逐渐了解了她的这些个性特点。首先给我留下深刻印象的，是她种种外在的表现：活泼开朗，能言善谈。我不知道这是她的天性使然，39 还是因为当过演员，表情达意早已成为她的第二天性。她气愤时，两只眸子会冒出怒火；高兴时，却又像个孩子似的开怀大笑。我原先以为东方人都是“神秘难测”的，认识她之后，很快便改变了这个先入之见。
...She had not remarried because she had not found anyone for whom she could care enough and who would respect her independence.„„因为找不到一个既让她喜欢、又尊重她的独立性的男人，她一直没有再婚。至少，在我出现在她的面前之前是这样。我俩初次相识就立即被对方的外貌所吸引。
Not, at least, till I came along.Our physical attraction was immediate and mutual.But more than that, we shared an identity of interests and found pleasure in each other's company...不过，除此之外，我们还有着共同的兴趣爱好，觉得走在一起很开心。„„ We sat in tea gardens amid flowering shrubs and fanciful pavilions and sipped green “Dragon Well” tea and cracked watermelon seeds.We wended through the City God Temple, with its many shops of marvelous handicrafts connected by a zigzag bridge around a lotus pond.我们坐在绿树红花和亭台楼阁掩映下的茶园里，一边抿着碧绿的龙井茶，一边嗑着西瓜子儿。我们在城隍庙徜徉，那里有很多出售精美的手工艺品的店铺；一座绕着荷塘迂回而行的九曲桥，把商铺连在一起。
And we met in her flat with a few other Chinese friends and talked in low voices, with the radios turned on loud against possible eavesdroppers, about who had just been arrested, or what bookstores had been raided, or whether more revolutionaries had been executed, and what the news from the Liberated Areas was.Sometimes we could pick up Yen’an on my short-wave set.我们时常在她的公寓房间里和几个中国朋友聚会。为防窃听，我们只得低声交谈，同时把收音机开得很响。我们谈论谁刚刚被捕了，哪几家书店被查抄了，是不是又有革命分子被处死，以及来自解放区的消息。有时我的那台短波收音机可以收听到延安电台的广播。
She had no doubt about our compatibleness, and if our future was unsure, so was the future of everyone in China.Nor did my “foreignness” seem to present any problems.She had got used to my appearance, and recovered from the initial shock of seeing me in a raglan sleeve topcoat on finding, when I took it off, that I had shoulders after all.In fact she had become bemused to such an extent that she thought I was quite nice-looking.No one stared when we appeared in public together, nor did I, for some
reason, attract the crowds which often trailed other foreigners, awestruck by their outlandish garb and, by Chinese standards, huge noses.Her family offered no objections whatever.她深信我俩意气相投。我们两个人也许前路渺茫，但是在中国何尝不是人人如此。我的“洋人相”似乎也不成问题。起初看到我穿着套袖的轻便大衣，她颇为惊愕，及至我脱掉大衣，她发现原来我也长着两只肩膀，这才回过神来。如今，她早已习惯我的这副洋人相了。事实上，她简直不知如何看待我的长相，竟至于觉得我长得挺好看的。我俩一起在公共场所露面时，没有人盯着我们看；不知何故，我也没有吸引人群围观。洋人一身奇装异服，还有按中国人的标准显得特别高的鼻子，都使中国人感到惊异，因此他们常常喜欢尾随洋人。她的家人一点儿也不反对我俩交往。
Absence of racial or religious prejudice is traditional in China.For two thousand years foreigners had been encouraged to settle in the Middle Kingdom and practice their religions and retain their customs.There was some talk among the rustics that all foreigners had red hair and blue eyes and walked without bending their knees.But those who had actually seen them knew better.None of her compatriots was shocked, though some perhaps wondered why she chose a foreigner when there was so many Chinese around.传统上，种族歧视或宗教偏见在中国是不存在的。两千年来，“中央王国”一直柔怀远人，鼓励外国人在这片土地上定居、信教，并且保留他们的风俗习惯。乡下人中间有传言说洋人全都赤发碧眼，而且直着腿走路。但是，亲眼见过外国人的那些人知道，事实并非如此。看到我这个“异类”和她在一起，她的同胞无人感到震惊，尽管有些人也许会想：她的身边有那么多中国人，为什么偏偏选中一个老外？(香港大学中文学院 汪宝荣)
中译英部分
在义与利之外
Beyond Righteousness and Interests “君子喻以义，小人喻以利”。中国人的人生哲学总是围绕着义利二字打转。可是，假如我既不是君子，也不是小人呢？
“Men of virtue are concerned whether they behave righteously while virtueless men are concerned about their personal interests.” The Chinese philosophy of life can hardly go beyond the continuous debate over righteousness and interests.But what am I concerned about if I am
neither a man of virtue nor one without it?
曾经有过一个人皆君子言必称义的时代，当时或许有过大义灭利的真君子，但更常见的是借义逐利的伪君子和假义真信的迂君子。那个时代过去了。曾几何时，世风剧变，义的信誉一落千丈，真君子销声匿迹，伪君子真相毕露，迂君子豁然开窍，都一窝蜂奔利而去。据说观念更新，义利之辨有了新解，原来利并非小人的专利，倒是做人的天经地义。
There was once an alleged age of righteousness, in which all men were of virtue.Maybe, few of them were really men of virtue, who vindicated righteousness by sacrificing their own interests.However, most of them were either pharisees, who pursued their personal interests in the name of righteousness, or pedants, who believed in fake morality.Such an era had already elapsed.There was once a period of time when the ethos deteriorated overnight and people’s belief in righteousness greatly declined.Consequently, men of virtue vanished, pharisees revealed their impudent faces and pedants suddenly disenchanted.All people rushed for their own interests.It was said that people had renovated their values and they had endowed their conceptions of righteousness and interests with new contents.For them, the pursuit of personal interests is not a patent right of men without virtue but the primary principle followed by all human beings.“时间就是金钱！”——这是当今一句时髦口号。企业家以之鞭策生产，本无可非议。但世人把它奉为指导人生的座右铭，用商业精神取代人生智慧，结果就使自己的人生成了一种企业，使人际关系成了一个市场。
我曾经嘲笑廉价的人情味，如今，连人情味也变得昂贵而罕见了。试问，不花钱你可能买到一个微笑，一句问候，一丁点儿恻隐之心？
Nowadays “Time is money” is a popular slogan.It is reasonable for entrepreneurs to adopt it in their production management.However, if we substitute commercial spirit for life wisdom, taking this slogan as a motto to guide our life, we tend to regard our
life as business and our relationship, market.不过，无须怀旧。想靠形形色色的义的说教来匡正时弊，拯救世风人心，事实上无济于事。在义利之外，还有别样的人生态度。在君子小人之外，还有别样的人格。套孔子的句式，不妨说：“至人喻以情。”
I once derided the human kindness for its cheapness.But at present it has become costly and infrequent.Can you buy a smile, a greeting or a particle of sympathy without money? However, there is no need to reminisce.In fact, various preaches of righteousness are helpless to the rectification of current social malpractices and the salvation of present public morals.Beyond righteousness and interests, there are other life values.Apart from men of virtue and virtueless men, there are men with other personality.A remark by Confucius might be quoted here, which says: “A perfect man apprehends affection.”
义和利，貌似相反，实则相通。“义”要求人献身抽象的社会实体，“利”驱使人投身世俗的物质利益，两者都无视人的心灵生活，遮蔽了人的真正的“自我”。“义”教人奉献，“利”诱人占有，前者把人生变成一次义务的履行，后者把人生变成一场权利的争夺，殊不知人生的真价值是超乎义务和权利外的。义和利都脱不开计较，所以，无论义师讨伐叛臣，还是利欲支配众生，人与人之间的关系总是紧张。
Righteousness and interests seem opposite on the surface but in nature they have something in common.“Righteousness” requests people to devote themselves to the abstract social noumenon while “interests” impels them to pursue the mundane loaves and fishes.Both of them ignore people’s spiritual life and as a result, they shade their real “selves”.“Righteousness” instructs people to dedicate themselves to the society and turns their life into the performance of an obligation while “interests” tempts people to appropriate material profits and makes their life become a scramble for rights and profits.Nevertheless, the real value of life lies beyond righteousness and interests.As both righteousness and interests can hardly escape from calculation and consideration, the interpersonal relations are always strained no matter when a justice army suppresses a rebellion or when all flesh are dominated by an appetite for personal interests.如果说“义”代表一种伦理的人生态度，“利”代表一种功利的人生态度，那么，我所说的“情”便代表一种审美的人生态度。它主张率性而行，适情而止，每个人都保持自己的真性情。你不是你所信奉的教义，也不是你所占有的物品，你之为你仅在于你的真实“自我”。生命的意义不在奉献或占有，而在创造，创造就
是人的真性情的积极展开，是人在实现其本质力量时所获得的情感上的满足。创造不同于奉献，奉献只是完成外在的责任，创造却是实现真实的“自我”。至于创造和占有，其差别更是一目了然，譬如写作，占有注重的是作品所带来的名利地位，创造注重的只是创作本身的快乐。有真性情的人，与人相处唯求情感的沟通，与物相触独钟情趣的品味。更为可贵的是，在世人匆忙逐利又为利所逐的时代，他接人待物有一种闲适之情。我不是指中国士大夫式的闲情逸致，也不是指小农式的知足保守，而是指一种不为利驱、不为物役的淡泊的生活情怀。仍以写作为例，我想不通，一个人何必要著作等身呢？倘想流芳千古，一首不朽的小诗足矣。倘无此奢求，则只要活得自在即可，写作也不过是这活得自在的一种方式罢了。
If “righteousness” represents an ethical value of life and “interests”, a utilitarian attitude towards life, the “affection” that I have mentioned represents aesthetic attitude towards life.It claims that we should behave frankly and properly and all of us should maintain our real temperament.You are neither the teachings that you believe in nor the resources that you are possessed of, but your true “self”, which is the very reason why you are yourself.The value of life does not consist in dedication or possession, but creation.Creation is the outspread of one’s true temperament and the affectional satisfaction that one obtains when achieving his/her essential potence.Creation differs from dedication in that the former is the realization of the true “self” but the later, only the fulfillment of the exterior responsibilities.As for creation and possession, the difference between them is distinct at a glance.For instance, in writing possession means the concern for the fame and the status brought by works but creation means the concern for the happiness of writing itself.A person with true temperament only seeks for emotional communication when getting alone with others while he is only in deep love with the taste of sentiment when in contact with things.More importantly, he is always in a tranquil mood in such an era when others scramble for personal interests and are driven by material benefits.It is neither the leisurely and carefree mood of the Chinese scholar-bureaucrats nor the content and conservative mood of the petty farmers, but a quiet mood free from hollow fames and material interests.Still take writing as an instance.I can hardly figure out why one must produce as many famous works as he can.An enduring poem is enough to make one renowned forever.Without such an extravagant hope, one only needs to live to his content.Writing is just one means to such an end.肖伯纳说：“人生有两大悲剧，一是没有得到你心爱的东西，另一是得到了你心
爱的东西。”我曾经深以为然，并且佩服他把人生的可悲境遇，表述得如此轻松俏皮。但仔细玩味，发现这话的立足点仍是占有，所以才会有占有欲未得满足的痛苦和已得满足的无聊这双重悲剧。如果把立足点移到创造上，以审美的眼光看人生，我们岂不可以反其意而说：人生有两大快乐，一是没有得到你心爱的东西，于是你可以去寻求和创造；另一是得到了你心爱的东西，于是你可以去品味和体验？当然，人生总有其不可消除的痛苦，而重情轻利的人所体味到的辛酸悲哀，更为逐利之辈所梦想不到。但是，摆脱了占有欲，至少可以使人免除许多琐屑的烦恼和渺小的痛苦，活得有器度些。我无意以审美之情为救世良策，而只是表达了一个信念：在义与利之外，还有一种更值得一过的人生。这个信念将支撑我度过未来吉凶难卜的岁月。
George Bernard Shaw once said: “There are two tragedies in our life.One is that you have not obtained what you love while the other is that you have obtained what you love.” I took his remark for granted and admired him for his easy and witty expression of the lamentable plight in life.But when carefully relishing it, I discover that the stand of this remark is still possession, which is the very reason why there are two tragedies: the affliction of not satisfying one’s appetite for possession and the vacuity of satisfaction.If we regard creation as our stand and have an aesthetic vision for life, can’t we say that there are two enjoyments: one is that you have not attained what you love and you can continue your pursuit and creation while the other is that you have attained what you love and you can commence your appreciation and experience? Certainly, there are always some agonies in our life and the sufferings experienced by those who value affection but despise profits are out of the consideration of those who pursue interests.However, if we can get rid of the appetite for possession, we, at least, can avoid a great deal of inconsiderable vexations and trivial afflictions and live a life of more tolerance.Rather than intending to suggest the aesthetic affection as an excellent tactics of salvation, I merely express such a belief that there is a life more worthy of living beyond righteousness and interests.This faith will support me through the precarious and unpredictable future.读书苦乐 杨绛
The Bitter-Sweetness of Reading Yang Jiang 读书钻研学问，当然得下苦功夫。为应考试、为写论文、为求学位，大概都得苦读。陶渊明好读书。如果他生于当今之世，要去考大学，或考研究院，或考什么“托福儿”，难免会有些困难吧？我只愁他政治经济学不能及格呢，这还不是因
为他“不求甚解”。
Reading and studying regularly calls for a painstaking effort, whether it is meant for passing an exam, writing a thesis or pursuing an academic degree.T'ao Yuanming, a famous scholar in Jin Dynasty, who doted on reading, might probably feel baffled if he were living today and had to take exams for getting into universities or graduate programs or to score well in such tests as the TOEFL.I'm afraid he might fail the exam in Political Economics, as the result of his motto “staying content with superficial reading”.我曾挨过几下“棍子”，说我读书“追求精神享受”。我当时只好低头认罪。我也承认自己确实不是苦读。不过“乐在其中”并不等于追求享受。这话可为知者言，不足为外人道也。
I was “cudgeled” for a couple of times, being reprimanded for reading “to seek spiritual indulgence.” At the time, I had to bow down my head and confess my sin, and I have to admit as well that I've never made any painstaking effort in reality.Nevertheless, “enjoying reading” doesn't mean seeking indulgence, whose truth can only be shared with like-minded people, but goes beyond those without similar experiences 我觉得读书好比串门儿——“隐身”的串门儿。要参见钦佩的老师或拜谒有名的学者，不必事前打招呼求见，也不怕搅扰主人。翻开书面就闯进大门，翻过几页就升堂入室；而且可以经常去，时刻去，如果不得要领，还可以不辞而别，或者另找高明，和他对质。不问我们要拜见的主人住在国内国外，不问他属于现代古代，不问他什么专业，不问他讲正经大道理或聊天说笑，都可以挨近前去听个足够。我们可以恭恭敬敬旁听孔门弟子追述夫子遗言，也不妨淘气地笑问“言必称‘亦曰仁义而已矣’的孟夫子”，他如果生在我们同一个时代，会不会是一位马列主义老先生呀？我们可以在苏格拉底临刑前守在他身边，听他和一位朋友谈话；也可以对斯多葛派伊匹克悌忒斯的《金玉良言》思考怀疑。我们可以倾听前朝列代的遗闻逸事，也可以领教当代最奥妙的创新理论或有意惊人的故作高论。反正话不投机或言不入耳，不妨抽身退场，甚至砰一下推上大门——就是说，拍地合上书面——谁也不会嗔怪。这是书以外的世界里难得的自由！
I would compare reading to visiting friends — in the spiritual rather than physical sense.Visiting a well-respected teacher or paying homage to a renowned scholar doesn't necessarily require appointment in advance and we won't feel as if we were disturbing him.Opening the book is like getting into the door uninvited;and turning a few pages, we may find ourselves in his study.Besides, we can go visit him as
frequently as we want and at any time we wish.If we fail to get the pith of his argument, we can just leave without saying “good-bye” or turn to someone else for help, and come back to challenge him.We can get close to the host and listen to every word he has to say, no matter where he resides, at home or abroad, what a person he was or is, a contemporary or a man of the past, whatever field he specializes in, or whether he is talking about a serious subject of importance or simply chatting plus cracking jokes.We can sit in, in due reverence, and listen as Confucius' disciples recount their master's legacy of teachings, or playfully ask Mencius, who likes to prattle about nothing but kindness and justice, whether or not he would become a pious Marxist preacher, should he live in our time.We can stay by the side of Socrates at his execution and listen to him talking to his friend, or harbor doubt as we ponder the truth of Discourse by Epictetus, a Stoic Philosopher.We can indulge ourselves in the anecdotes and amazing tales of the past, and appreciate the profound nouveau theories of our own age or hear sensational arguments meant to shock the world.In a nutshell, we can bang the door shut —closing the book that is —the minute we find anything disagreeable or distasteful, and leave forthwith.No one will blame us.This is the kind of freedom we can hardly expect other than from the books.壶公悬挂的一把壶里，别有天地日月。每一本书——不论小说、戏剧、传记、游记、日记，以至散文诗词，都别有天地，别有日月星辰，而且还有生存其间的人物。我们很不必巴巴地赶赴某地，花钱买门票去看些仿造的赝品或“栩栩如生”的替身，只要翻开一页书，走人真境，遇见真人，就可以亲亲切切地观赏一番。
For Hu Gong(or Master Gourd), a master herbalist in ancient China, a magical gourd of his contains the entire world.Likewise, every book, be it a novel, a play, a biography, or a book of traveling notes, of journals, and of even essays or of poems, contains a world of its own, with its own sun, moon, and stars and its own live characters between heaven and earth.There is really no need trotting all the way to places and paying admission fees, merely to view imitations or vivid “substitutes”, when we can simply open a book and find ourselves in real situations and meet real characters for a close contact.尽管古人把书说成“浩如烟海”，书的世界却真正的“天涯若比邻”，这话绝不是唯心的比拟。世界再大也没有阻隔。佛说“三千大千世界”，可算大极了。书的境地呢，“现在界”还加上“过去界”，也带上“未来界”，实在是包罗万象，贯穿三界。而我们却可以足不出户，在这里随意阅历，随时拜师求教。谁说读书人目光短浅，不通人情，不关心世事呢！这里可得到丰富的经历，可认识各时各地、48 多种多样的人。经常在书里“串门儿”，至少也可以脱去几分愚昧，多长几个心眼儿吧？
Despite the ancient saying about books being like a vast ocean, the distant world of books could be actually deemed as close as a next-door neighbour, which is not merely an idealistic metaphorical assertion.For in the world of books there are no longer any barriers.The Buddhist notion of “One Buddha-world” is extremely enormous.But what about the extremities of the world of books? It consists of “the present realm”, “the past realm”, and “the future realm”, encompassing everything in each of the three great realms, across whose borders we can go back and forth with great ease.We can read and experience all we care to read and experience, and learn from masters any time we want, without venturing outdoors at all.Who says that book-lovers are near-sighted, inflexible and indifferent to worldly affairs!In the world of books, we can enrich our experience and get to know all kinds of people from different times and places.Those who visit the world of books frequently can at least rid themselves of some ignorance and gain a certain degree of wisdom.可惜我们“串门”时“隐”而犹存“身”，毕竟只是凡胎俗骨。我们没有如来佛的慧眼，把人世间几千年积累的智慧一览无余，只好时刻记住庄子“生也有涯而知也无涯”的名言。我们只是朝生暮死的虫豸（还不是孙大圣毫毛变成的虫儿），钻入书中世界，这边爬爬，那边停停，有时遇到心仪的人，听到惬意的话，或者心上悬挂的问题偶有所得，就好比开了心窍，乐以忘言。这“乐”和“追求享受”该不是一回事吧？
It is a pity that our physical body, invisible as we visit the world of books, is after all confined to this mundane world.Without the insight of Buddha, who takes in all the human wisdom accumulated over thousands of years at one glance, we have to comfort ourselves by what Zhuang Zi has said: “Human life-span is finite whereas knowledge is infinite.” We are but insects with a fleeting lifetime(not even the insects the Monkey King turned into with his hairs), crawling our way into the world of books, pausing hither and thither, becoming speechless with exultation when we accidentally bump into a much-admired person or hear a few soothing words or occasionally find an answer to a pending question.I wonder if this sense of “joy” can be called “seeking indulgence in pleasure”.（集体讨论 史志康 执笔）
想起清华种种
王佐良
Reminiscences of Tsinghua Wang Zuoliang
我只是清华几万校友中的一个，现已不在清华工作，然而一说起这所学校，至今仍像年轻时候一样兴奋，话也像说不完似的。
I am just one of the thousands of alumni of Tsinghua University, and although I am no longer working there, every time Tsinghua is mentioned, I would get as excited as when I was young, and can't seem to stop talking about it.清华吸引人的究竟是什么？它有很好的校园，设备，但这些别校也有；它的历史也不很长，世界大学中，成立已几百年的有的是；想来想去，还是由于清华的人，或者说清华人和中国历史的特殊关联。
What is it that makes Tsinghua so attractive? Its beautiful campus? Its advanced facilities? But all these are not lacking in other universities.Or its long history? But a good many universities in the world even boast histories of several hundred years.Having thought it over and over again, I come to the conclusion that it is the people of Tsinghua, or rather, the special relationship between its people and Chinese history, that makes it so attractive.说起清华人，我怀念我的老师们。大学一年级，俞平伯、余冠英两先生教我国文，一位教读本，一位教作文，都亲切而严格，有一次余先生指出我把爬山虎写成紫荆的错误，但又要我多写几篇给他看。二年级，贺麟老师教我西洋哲学史，见了我长达百页的英文读书报告不仅不皱眉，反而在班上表扬我；正是在他的指导之下，我读了不少古希腊哲学家著作的英译，真有发现新星球似的喜悦。温德老师在工字厅讲意大利文艺复兴时期艺术，打开许多画册让我们传阅，幽默地然而严格地区分画的优劣。同样难忘的事还多，那时候日本军队已在华北城市大街上演习，而清华的师生们则在学术上特别争气，不久又在政治上发动了公然反日的一二九运动。
Speaking of the Tsinghua people, I cherish a lot of sweet memories of my teachers.As a freshman, I was taught Chinese language and literature by Professor Yu Pingbo and Professor Yu Guanying in reading and writing respectively.They were both encouraging and rigorous with me.Once Professor Yu Guanying pointed out that I had mistaken creepers for redbuds and encouraged me to write more for practice.As a sophomore, I was taught History of Western Philosophy by Professor He Lin.He did not frown at my one-hundred-page long book report in English, but rather praised me in class.It was under his guidance that I read a great deal of ancient Greek philosophers in English translation, the delight from which was just like that of discovering a new planet.I was also taught Italian Renaissance by Professor Winter in
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