第一篇：郑州大学期末考试英语阅读理解
II.Reading Comprehension II 1--5
CBADB
A college professor once asked his class, “Can men and women really be just friends?” My answer is yes!I met Joe in college: in fact, our friendship began in that class.Joe quickly became my best friend: we had the same major, the same classes, and the same tastes.We spent a lot of time together studying and laughing.After college, we took jobs very far apart, but we kept in touch with the occasional emails and phone calls.Our troubles began many years later, when mutual friends decided we were perfect for one another.When we relocated to the same city, we foolishly listened to our friends and families and tried dating.It was a disaster!Our strong friendship wasn't meant to bring us together as husband and wife.We parted bitterly, with great disappointment and many angry words Eight years passed before we were able to resume our friendship.Today, we love each other dearly, but as brother and sister.Joe is still my best friend, and at his wedding last year, I acted as the bridesmaid!I cried at his wedding, tears of joy at seeing my friend's happiness.When his new baby was born, I expected it to be named after me.I sometimes think of that college professor, and how lonely I would be if I had listened to him.Cherish your college friendships without worrying about gender, and if you're lucky, some of them will last a lifetime.C1.What is the passage mainly about?
A.Love on campus.B.College friendships C.Friendship between men and women
D.Joe's wedding.2.Which of the following statements is TRUE according to the passage?
A.Shortly after college, the author became Joe's wife.B.Men and women can really be just friends.C.They still loved each other as lovers.D.After eight years, they divorced as friends.3.What might the word “date” mean in the passage?
A.Meeting with a boyfriend or girlfriend.B.Doing something old-fashioned.C.Determining the time to do something.D.Writing a timetable.4.When did they resume their friendship?
A.After graduating from college.B.After their taking jobs.C.After the birth of Joe's new baby.D.Eight years after their parting.5.Why did the author cry at Joe's wedding?
A.Because she was sad that she couldn't be Joe's wife any more.B.Because she was overjoyed that Joe finally got his happiness.C.Because she still loved Joe and regretted that she had left him.D.Because she was excited to be Joe's bridesmaid.II.Reading Comprehension II 1--5
BDADC
After my father passed away, I found a piece of paper in his wallet.It was old and almost crumbled(破碎)away at my touch.I carefully unfolded it and found the following: Wanted: Honest men and women.Job description: Crowd control, watching, and patrolling(巡逻).You will often work with a partner, someone who must watch out for you while, you do the same for them.You must be in control of your temper when others may lose theirs.You must be physically fit, of high intelligence, and the highest moral fiber(道德力量).You must be willing to work long hours, perhaps standing or walking for the entire shift.Training: Extensive and on-going.Pay: Not very high.Benefits: The satisfaction of a job well done;positive contribution to society;the opportunity to make a real difference in the community.The knowledge that you help keep children safe.Drawbacks: Long hours, low pay, danger, and occasional loneliness and boredom.To apply, talk to the nearest Police Station about training as an officer.My father lost his life in the line of duty as a police officer.He never spoke about his work, preferring to come home to peace and quiet and to his favorite chair.But when I read this, I felt I was closer to my father.1.What is the passage mainly about? A.An advertisement put up by the author's father.B.The job as a police officer.C.The author's family.D.The death of the author's father.2.What does the phrase “pass away” mean in the passage? A.Leave.B.Go away
C.Move to another place.D.Die.3.According to the passage, how can we describe the job as a police officer? A.Dangerous and hard.B.Satisfactory.C.Interesting.D.Well-paid.4.According to the passage, what kind of person is fit for the job as a police officer? A.Honest and physically fit.B.Intelligent and moral.C.Responsible and well-disciplined.D.With the above three qualities.5.Why did the author's father never speak of his job to his family?
A.Because he wasn't interested in his job.B.Because he was too tired to speak a word.C.Because he didn't want his family to worry about him.D.Because discipline made him keep silent.II.Reading Comprehension
II 1--5
CDBDA
The family TV show Happy Days ran for 11 years from 1974 to 1984, creating several by-product series.In one episode(一集), there was a new character, an alien from outer space.He was played by an unknown actor.People roared with laughter at his crazy antics(滑稽动作).No one had seen this type of comedy before, and they protested for more.The network administrators knew they had a new star on their hands: from that single performance, Robin Williams became the star of a brand-new comedy series, Mork and Mindy.He played the character of an alien who comes to the Earth in a giant egg-shaped spacecraft.He is friendly, and observes and reports back to his planet.He sleeps standing on his head, thinks that all eggs are spacecraft, and sometimes wears his clothes backwards.His kind new friend, Mindy, helps to take care of him.They marry, and have a child together.But Mork gives birth, and the child is actually an old man who ages backward!In addition to his work as a comedian on this and other projects, Robin Williams is also an excellent dramatic actor.Anyone who has seen his films will agree that he is a man who can make you laugh, cry, think, and feel.1.Which title suits this passage best?
A.The Family TV Show Happy Days.B.The Life of Robin Williams.C.Robin Williams--An Excellent Comedy Actor.D.The Performance of Robin Williams.2.What made Robin Williams become a new star according to the passage? A.His role in Happy Days.B.This new type of comedy.C.His handsomeness.D.Both A and B.3.What does the word “alien” mean in the passage? A.A stranger from another city.B.A creature from another world.C.A foreigner from another country.D.A guest from a suburban area.4.Which of the following is NOT true about the character of an alien Robin Williams played in Mork and Mindy? A.The alien comes to the Earth in a giant egg-shaped spacecraft.B.The alien sleeps standing on his head.C.The alien wears his clothes backwards.D.The alien comes to the Earth accidentally.5.What can you learn from the passage?
A.Robin Williams is a gifted actor.B, Robin Williams is a diligent(勤奋的)actor.C.Robin Williams and Mindy married and had a child.D.Robin Williams was famous during 1974-1984.II.Reading Comprehension
II 1--5
BCBAA
The next time you're watching television, pay attention to the advertisements.Even if the ad is for a woman's personal product, or baby diapers, the chances are that a man's voice is used in the commercial.Why? Because a man's voice carries more weight and authority to many people.Advertising agencies hire psychologists to determine what makes people respond to an ad by purchasing the product.Most people are conditioned to obey their fathers.Advertisers know a kindly male voice talking about the product in the last five seconds of a commercial has a subliminal(潜意识的)effect on the consumer.The consumer obeys that voice, leading to the purchase of one brand over another.This is especially important in products that are basically the same, such as detergent, or washing powder.Research proves that most of these products are equally effective: the only difference may be the scent, or perhaps the color.But consumers may not be aware of that.There are exceptions, of course.My grandmother, who is 87 years old, is one of the few people not influenced by commercials.She turns the television sound off when a commercial comes on TV.When asked why, she replied, “Men sell that stuff.And what does any man know about washing clothes?”
1.Some products, such as washing powder, are basically the same, except for _______.A.the price
B.the scent or color
C.the expiry date
D.the purchasing method 2.The focus of the passage is on __________.A.the visual effect of ads
B.the design of ads
C.the voice in ads
D.the beauties in ads 3.The products mentioned in the passage are mainly designed for __________.A.men
B.women
C.children
D.old people 4.According to the passage, a male voice usually appears ________ an ad.A.at the end of
B.at the beginning of C.in the middle of
D.all through 5.A man's voice is often used in an ad because it carries A.more influence
B.more information C.more certainty
D.more experience
II.Reading Comprehension
II 1--5
DACCB
Anyone who thinks it’s easy being a star should meet one of the hardest-working celebrities on the planet．Liu Dehua, appearing in 108 films in 20 years, is the “No.1 Box office Actor 1985——2005” of Hong Kong.But he’s more than just a pretty face, with a separate career as a singer and musician.He's one of the Four Heavenly Kings of Canto-pop, along with Jacky Cheung, Aaron Kwok, and Leon Lai.In fact, he is in the Guinness World Records for “Most Awards Won by a Canto-Pop Male Artist”.By April 2000, Liu Dehua had won 292 awards for his singing career, with more than 179 concert appearances since 1992.If this doesn't impress you, there's one more fact you should know: he has accomplished this body of work while struggling with Hepatitis B(乙型肝炎).In 2006, Liu Dehua revealed that he has been a carrier of this 1ife-threatening condition for 20 years.Currently 3%一6% of the world’s population is infected with the Virus, but up to a third or more may have been exposed.Mr．Liu’s decision to publicly acknowledge the condition demonstrates that he is as courageous as he is hard—working and handsome.Perhaps his honesty will help others to come forth and acknowledge their illness, or seek treatment.1.Which of me following is NOT the reason for Liu Dehua's success? A.Being handsome.B.Being hardest-working C.Being honest.D.Being generous.2.Which of the following statements about Liu Dehua is NOT true according passage? A.His honesty will threaten his career.B.He is the No.1 Box 0fficeActor 1985—2005.C.He is one of the Four Heavenly Kings of Canto-pop.D.He has been infected with a dangerous disease.3.What proportion of the world’s population has been exposed to be infected with the Hepatitis B virus? A.3%—6%.B.About 1%—2% C.Above 1%—2%
D.Above 33%.4.What is the significance of Mr.Liu’s decision to publicly acknowledge his health condition? A.People win like his films and songs better.B.People will know that he is hard-working and courageous.C.His honesty will help others to make open their illness and try to get treatment.D.He may find the best treatment by publicly acknowledging his illness.5.What is the author's attitude towards Liu Dehua? A.Sympathetic.B.Positive.C.Critical.D.Objective.II.Reading Comprehension
II 1--5
CDACB
Girls dream of having the perfect wedding, but when I got engaged, I have up any dream of the perfect day.My mother has to have her own way.She’s a very nice woman, but she's convinced that what she wants is exactly what you want, and you cannot tell her otherwise.Since my parents were paying for the wedding, I kept my mouth shut, and let her decide everything!I was not married in church, but in the same hall where my brother was married.It had recently been remodeled, and all the charming features, such as a large stone fireplace, were removed.She insisted that my cousin make my wedding dress.I wanted a simple long white dress with long sleeves.My cousin made a short dress without sleeves.My cousin also added a HUGE bow on the back of the dress that looked as if I sat in a wedding cake!My mother also insisted on making the cake, but she ran out of time to frost(给„覆上糖霜)it, and a huge, plain cake was served.I wanted a single rose for a bouquet(花束);my mother insisted that my sister, a florist(花店店主), make me a huge bouquet of lilies(百合花), which I am allergic to!My mother referred to this as “my daughter’s dream wedding”.Dream wedding? More like a nightmare!
1.Why couldn't the author dream of having the perfect wedding? A.Because she was very poor.B.Because she didn't have enough time to prepare.C.Because her mother organized everything.D.Because her parents loved her sister and brother more.2.What was the author dissatisfied with? A.Her wedding dress.B.Her wedding place.C.Her wedding cake.D.All of the above.3.Why didn't the author protest against her mother's arrangements of her marriage? A.Because her parents were paying for the wedding.B.Because it's a custom to follow her brother's wedding.C.Because she was used to listening to her parents.D.Because she was afraid of her mother.4.Which of the following statement is TRUE? A.The author's mother is a dressmaker.B.The author's brother is a priest.C.The author's sister is a florist.D.The author's cousin is a baker.5.What can we infer from the passage? A.Wedding customs are different from place to place.B.The author was disappointed, and her mother the opposite.C.A successful wedding needs long preparation.D.Money is very important for weddings.II.Reading Comprehension
II
1--5
DABCD
One of the greatest philosophers of Western thought is Benjamin Franklin.Franklin is known as “the poor man's philosopher” because his simple wisdom is so clear that even 'an uneducated man could understand it.Franklin offered homilies(布道)such as “Early to bed and early to rise makes a man healthy, wealthy and wise.” Many of these sayings were published anonymously by Franklin in his Poor Richard's Almanac.This pamphlet 小册子), which was published from 1732 to 1757, also contained a calendar, weather predictions, and poetry, and was a very popular magazine in its day.Franklin, also known as a diplomat, printer, American patriot, scientist, and inventor, contributed greatly to the development of democratic government, and to the culture of the American people.Some of his maxims found from this publication include: • Let thy discontents by thy secrets;if the worm knows them 't will despise thee and increase them.• Necessity never makes a good bargain.•Three may keep a secret, if two of them are dead.•Where there's Marriage without Love, there will be Love without Marriage.•If you'd have it done, Go;if not, Send.Ben Franklin did much to contribute to the general body of knowledge in so many areas.It is well worth the time to cultivate some knowledge of this man and his many accomplishments.1.Why is Franklin known as “the poor man's philosopher”? A.Because Franklin was probably from a poor family.B.Because Franklin's wisdom is not very well-known.C.Because the rich are not interested in his philosophy.D.Because it's easy for common people to understand his philosophy.2.What was Poor Richard's Almanac in the passage? A.A kind of magazine.B.A detective novel.C.A sales brochure.D.A history book.3.What does the underlined word “maxims” mean? A.Hobbies, interests, or social customs.B.Proverbs or some well-known life philosophy.C.Some parts that a book mainly comprises.D.Some different sections of a publication.4.Which of the following contributions of Franklin is NOT mentioned in the passage? A.The contribution to the general body of knowledge.B.The contribution to the culture of the American people.C.The contribution to the development of agriculture.D.The contribution to the development of democratic government.5.What does the author suggest at the end of the passage? A.Don't waste any minute in life.B.It's worth becoming an inventor like Franklin.C.It's a waste of time to cultivate rich and famous people.D.It's worth developing some of Franklin's wisdom.II.Reading Comprehension
II
1--5
BABDC
My mother, at age 75, is a very tough person.She looks like a tiny dainty(小巧玲珑的)doll, but she's made of steel.When she was ten, she witnessed Japanese soldiers killing her parents, leaving her the head of the household with a younger brother and sister.Other family members took her brother and sister, but she was left to fend(保护)for herself.She became a soldier, rising to a high rank, then worked in the government for a number of years.Five years ago, Mother took a tour of the United States, and was hit by a Japanese-made car accidentally.Every bone on the left side of her body was broken.Her brain swelled(肿胀), and she went into a coma(昏迷)for eight months.No one expected her to survive.One day she woke up, and the first thing she said was, “Nothing made in Japan is going to kill me!” There are so many brave and wonderful people who have survived the hell of war, and its aftermath(后果).But Mother is my favorite person.She has sweetness, a sense of humor, and determination to lead a good and full life despite everything.I wonder how many of us could face the challenges and losses she has faced, and still believe that life is a wonderful gift.1.What happened to the author's grandparents when her mother was 10?
A.Died of illness.B.Killed by Japanese soldiers.C.Divorced each other.D.Left their motherland.2.Which of the following is NOT true of the author's mother?
A.She brought up her younger brother and sister.B.She worked in the government for years.C.She ever served in the army.D.She began to fend for herself at the age of 10.3.What happened to the author's mother when she traveled to the United States several years ago?
A.She died in a car accident.B.She was badly hurt by a car.C.She survived a Japanese murder.D.She was murdered by a Japanese.4.In the author's mind, what kind of a woman is her mother? A.Tough.B.Optimistic.C.Humorous.D.All of the above.5.What's the author's attitude toward her mother? A.Critical.B.Pessimistic.C.Respectful.D.Sarcastic.II.Reading Comprehension II
1--5
BCCAD
When I lived in Canada, many people asked me about Chinese customs.I was happy to talk about our many lovely traditions, such as Spring Festival.But I was unprepared for the number of people who asked me about Japan, Korea, and India!It seemed unbelievable to me that so many people were unaware that China is a nation with its own tradition and history.Recently, while working on a new textbook at a publishing company, I asked a foreign colleague about weddings in Nigeria.She looked at me as if I were crazy, and said, “How would I know? I'm from Canada.” I told her that all foreign cultures are alike, so she should know.She threw her head back and laughed.“Xiao Li,” she told me.“I don't mean to hurt your feelings, but all countries have customs different from one another!Didn't you tell me how angry you were when Western people asked you about Japan? It's not just nations that are different: country people have different ways of celebrating from city people.Celebrations are different from family to family as well.” At first, my feelings were very hurt, but then I realized she was right.From that time on, I have not expected my foreign colleagues to know all about the customs or languages of lands other than their own!
1.Why did the author feel it was unbelievable when some Western people asked him about Japan, Korea and India?
A.Because he hadn't ever been to these countries.B.Because he didn't expect few people knew China has its own tradition and history.C.Because he didn't like these countries.D.Because he thought that those Western people were empty-headed.2.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to this passage?
A.The author was happy to talk about Chinese customs.B.The author's foreign colleague didn't know about weddings in Nigeria.C.All foreign cultures are the same.D.The author was angry when he was asked about Japan.3.What does “threw her head back” mean? A.Nodded her head.B.Shook her head.C.Faced upward.D.Moved her head to the side.4.Why did the author ask his foreign colleague about weddings in Nigeria? A.Because he thought that all foreign cultures were alike.B.Because the colleague was a Nigerian.C.Because the colleague used to live in Nigeria.D.Because the colleague was very knowledgeable.5.Which of the following can NOT be inferred from this passage? A.Celebrations are different from family to family.B.Customs are different in Japan, Korea, India and China.C.The author would never ask his foreign colleagues about the customs that are not
their own.D.The author's foreign colleague used to visit Nigeria.II.Reading Comprehension II
1--5 ABDCB
If you want to be taken seriously in the business world, you must understand how to write a proper letter.Don't use big words: use everyday language.The word “per” is often used in business communication.It's not a real word!Don't use it.Use short words, and short paragraphs.Space your paragraphs evenly and cleanly for a more professional look.The average paper can hold 66 sentences: use this guide as you format your letter, so that the bulk 大部分)of the words are nicely centered.Think about when your letter is going to reach its recipient.You don't want your letter to get lost in the end-of-the-month bills.A letter that arrives on Monday is less likely to be read carefully than one that arrives on Tuesday.A good tip: include the words “you” or “your” as one of the first three opening words.Why? It draws the reader's attention to the letter!The only thing better than this is opening with a referral(提及)to a mutual acquaintance(熟人.), as in “Liu Deming suggested that I write to you.” Readers also love stories--particularly humor--and anything in quotes.Quotation marks catch the eye, and make the letter look more inviting.Sign your letter legibly, so that your name can be read clearly.Nothing says “egomaniac” like a big, ugly scrawl(潦草的笔迹).1.What is the main idea of the passage? A.How to write a proper business letter.B.How to use everyday language in a letter.C.How to space paragraphs evenly and cleanly in a letter.D.How to use short words and short sentences in a letter.2.Which of the following sentences is NOT true according to the passage? A.Big words should not appear in a business letter.B.The word “per” should be used in a business letter.C.A letter had better arrive on Tuesday than on Monday.D.Stories or humors can be used to attract readers.3.What is a better tip on starting a business letter? A.Start the letter with the words such as “you” or “your”.B.Start the letter in a courteous manner.C.Start the letter with stories or humors.D.Start the letter with a referral to a mutual acquaintance.4.What does the word “legibly” mean in the passage? A.Properly.B.Cleanly.C.Readably.D.Evenly.5.What can be inferred from the passage? A.Writing proper business letters is of first importance in the business world.B.Following the advice in this passage, one can be taken seriously in the business world.C.People are sure to be successful in the business world if they write letters in the way proposed in this passage.D.The author ever failed in the business world because he lacked the skills in writing proper business letters.
第二篇：郑州大学期末考试英语选择试题1
Unit 1
Campus Life
I
1--5
CCBDC
6--10
BBDAD
I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.If you have mosquito problems, remember that they reproduce in water.Be sure to ______ these spots in and around your home.A.release
B.occupy
C.eliminate
D.decrease 2.In order to buy a house she had to obtain a ________ from the bank.A.finance
B.capital
C.loan
D.debt 3.The house was sold for $60,000, which was far more than its real A.cost
B.value
C.price
D.money 4.The theory of continental drift can __________ the occurrence of earthquakes.A.clear up
C.make clear
B.make use of
D.give an account for 5.The ancient Egyptians believed all illnesses were related to _________ was eaten.A.which
B.it
C.what
D.that 6.So little _________ about physics that the lecture was completely beyond me.A.I knew
B.did I know
C.I have known
D.have I known 7.I should have insisted on ________ a thorough rest before you left for New York.A.you to take
B.your taking
C.that you take
D.yours taking 8.Without the computer, we _________ the tremendous medical advancements in the last few decades.A.would not make
B.will not have made C.could not make
D.could not have made 9.___________ his help, I would not have finished the work so quickly.A.But for
B.Except for
C.Provided
D.With 10.His car broke down when he was only _________ home.A.a half way
B.half a way
C.halfway to
D.halfway
Unit 2
Housing Problem I
1--5
CACBB
6--10
BCBDB I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.It has always _________ me why you believe the Earth is flat.A.worried
B.wondered
C.puzzled
D.understood 2.Be careful, because that knife is very _________.A.sharp
B.fast
C.hard
D.quick 3.I should like to try that coat on, but I don't know if it is my _______.A.length
B.measure
C.size
D.pattern 4.I don't __________ that as a serious mistake.A.recommend
B.regard
C.receive
D.suggest 5.You can _________ on John to look after things while you are away.A.believe
B.count
C.suppose
D.trust 6.We didn't see him at the lecture yesterday.He A.mustn't attend
B.couldn't have attended
C.would have not attended
D.needn't have attended 7.His book was much better than similar books _______ before him.A.being written
B.having written
C.written
D.writing 8.A bottle weighs more after air is put in._________ proves that air has weight.A.We
B.It
C.Which
D.What 9.We have learned _______ the rocks on the moon are 3,500 million years old.A.how
B.which
C.what
D.that 10.___________ people say, I am sure that he is innocent.A.Whoever
B.Whatever
C.However
D.Whenever
Unit 3
Marriage & Family
I
1--5
BDBDA
6--10
BABCD I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.Henry looked very much ________ when he was caught cheating in the exam.A.excited
B.embarrassed
C.disappointed
D.conceited 2.He prefers driving __________ cycling.A.than
B.that
C.for
D.to 3.Luckily, most sheep __________ the flood last month A.endured
B.survived
C.lived
D.passed 4.These trees cannot be grown in such a cold _________ as ours.A.weather
B.season
C.space
D.climate 5.The hostess, dressed in her finest costume, together with the guest of honor, __________ comfortably in the living room.A.was seated
B.were seated
C.sitting
D.seating 6.The kind of books an author writes _________on the kind of person that he is． A.was depended
B.depends
C.depend
D.were depended 7.＿＿＿＿ the building for stolen goods, the police found twenty machine guns.A.Searching
B.Being searched
C.Searched
D.To search 8.It is necessary that another computer center ＿＿＿＿＿ on campus A.will be built
B.be built C.must be built
D.has to be built 9.Peter ＿＿＿＿＿ to the match, but he went.A.didn't need go
B.needn't to go C.needn't have gone
D.didn't need to have gone 10.Many colleagues came to help me;otherwise I _________ so much work in such a short time yesterday.A.would not handle
B.will not have handled C.could not handle
D.could not have handled
Unit 4
Philosophy of Life
I
1--5
DABCA
6-10
ADACB
I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.The exchange rate of dollars to yuan was rising _________.A.unsteady
B.stable
C.unstable
D.steadily
2.In a way, I'm glad you've made the mistake, for it _______ as a warning to you.A.serves
B.saves
C.services
D.servants 3.Love is when your lover _________ into your eyes and it warms your heart.A.glares
B.gazes
C.stares
D.watches 4.It'd be great fun for her if she would just let herself _________ and enjoy herself.A.come
B.off
C.go
D.out 5.All __________ the report, she didn't cry when the officer informed her of her husband's death.A.through
B.though
C.thought
D.thorough 6.Peter said that he wouldn't mind _________ the window.A.my opening
B.I open
C.me to open
D.for me to open 7.He was very busy yesterday;otherwise he ________ to the meeting.A.had come
B.would come
C.could come
D.would have come 8.If it __________ yesterday afternoon, I would have gone fishing.A.had not been raining
B.were not raining C.would not be raining
D.should not be raining 9._________ she first heard of the man referred to as a specialist
A.That was from Stephen
B.It was Stephen whom
C.It was from Stephen that
D.It was Stephen that 10.Mr.Johnson preferred __________ heavier work to do.A.to be giving
B.to be given
C.to have given
D.having given
Unit 5
Entertainment I
1--5
ABDAC
6--10
DBACA I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.We are happy to find that this Italian restaurant is ________ to the one we went to last week.A.superior
B.inferior
C.lesser
D.exceeding
2.The child didn't let go of her mother's hand and was ________ to leave her mother.A.willing
B.reluctant
C.inclined
D.declined 3.My new hat is _________ to the one you have.A.familiar
B.same
C.equal
D.similar 4.As the salary is high, the __________ for the job is very severe.A.competition
B.contest
C.compliment
D.constant 5.He was _________ the gold medal for being the best player.A.rewarded
B.forwarded
C.awarded
D.towards 6.If you had told me about your problem, I _________ able to help you then.A.could be
B.had been C.would be
D.might have been 7.The matter __________ you were arguing about last night had been settled.A.as
B.that
C.for which
D.what 8.He climbed up into the tree and picked all the fruits ________ reach.A.within
B.off
C.beyond
D.inside
9.It's really no business of yours ________ I spent my summer vacation.A.there
B.in which
C.where
D.any place 10.John found __________ so complicated a question.A.it hard to answer
B.himself hard to answer C.hard for him to answer
D.himself hard answering
Unit 6
Social News
I
1--5
CDBAC
6--10
DCADB I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.Columbus discovered America but did not _______ the new continent.A.find
B.examine
C.explore
D.invest 2.I gave her a ________ on the back and told her she had done fine work.A.beat
B.touch
C.move
D.pat 3.In history, those who launched aggressive wars all came to a bad ___________.A.conclusion
B.end
C.finish
D.doom 4.His victories in the war ________ him the title of “The Great”.A.earned
B.provided
C.offered
D.took 5.The atmosphere _________ certain gases mixed together in definite proportions.A.consists in
B.composes
C.consists of
D.makes up 6.The proposal _______ we should import more equipment from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.A.whose
B.in which
C.which
D.that 7.__________ from the hill top, the lake scenery is beyond description.A.To see
B.Seeing
C.Seen
D.To be seen 8.It is essential that every child __________ equal opportunity in education.A.have
B.will have
C.has
D.has had 9.He didn't know French, _________ made it difficult for him to study at a university in France.A.that
B.it
C.this
D.which 10.If the design is wrong, the project is bound to fail, __________ good all the other ideas might be.A.whatever
B.however
C.whatsoever
D.even
Unit 7
Customs and Culture I
1--5
ABDCC
6--10
ACBAD I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.I was on ________ last week and didn’t receive your letter.A.vacation
B.Vocation
C.action
D.venture 2.Tom _______ us in the discussion yesterday.A.attended
B.joined
C.participated
D.took part in 3.The Chinese Spring Festival falls on the first day of the first ________ month.A.global
B.round
C.solar
D.lunar 4.Tangyuan,_________ rice balls, are a special treat during the Chinese Lantern Festival.A.bitter
B.sour
C.sticky
D.spicy 5.In ancient times, people created many different ways to ________ time.A.control
B.cherish
C.measure
D.master 6.She said they were married, _________ I'm sure they aren't.A.however
B.because
C.therefore
D.moreover 7.That paper must be handed in by next week, so make sure ________ to the deadline.A.keeping
B.for keeping
C.you keep
D.your keeping 8.The criminal _______ from prison after serving his sentence.A.released
B.was released
C.will release
D.is to release 9.I am wondering ________ for Chinese people these days.A.what the dragon means
B.what does the dragon mean C.how the dragon means
D.how does the dragon mean 10._________ are thought to be lucky.A.To eat the dumpling with a coin
B.Who eat the dumpling with a coin C.That who eats the dumpling with a coin
D.Those who eat the dumpling with a coin
Unit 8
Police and Security I
1--5
DACCB
6--10
BADCB
I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.A man ________ the accident said that the bus was going at over 80mph when it crashed.A.observed
B.noticed
C.discovered
D.witnessed
2.With the development of the internet, the number of teenagers never of hardly reading for fun has ________ greatly in the last decade.A.increased
B.improved
C.arisen
D.raised
3.It __________ us years to find out that Father loved us very much because he never expressed it.A.spent
B.experienced
C.took
D.valued 4.It's very ________ to see children who dress just like their parents.A.general
B.broad
C.common
D.usual 5.Now too much __________ is paid to and too much money is spent in keeping pets while people in some countries are starving.A.effort
B.attention
C.notice
D.time 6._________ with the French, the British eat far less fish A.In contrast
B.In comparison
C.In conclusion
D.In addition 7.It is necessary that you _________ back from the project and _________ at it as a whole.A.step;look
B.will step;will look C.would step;would look
D.stepped;looked 8.____________ us light and heat, the sun is shining bright in the sky.A.To give
B.Give
C.Given
D.Giving 9.__________ you take a taxi, you'll still miss the train.A.But for
B.Except for
C.Even if
D.If only 10.It is common sense __________ a left-handed man's right brain is more developed.A.which
B.that
C.why
D.how
Unit 9
Advertisement Influence I
1--5
ABDDD
6--10
CACAC I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.You should concern yourself with what is said, not what you think ________.A.ought to be said
B.must say
C.have to be said
D.need to say 2.Often propaganda __________ people into thinking that a product is something that it is not.A.used to trick
B.is used to trick C.is used to tricking
D.used to tricking 3.The manager gets himself into a dangerous situation __________ he has no control.A.over that
B.for
C.since
D.over which 4.The West Lake is so beautiful that it is really _________.A.worthy visiting
B.worth being visited
C.worth visit
D.worth visiting 5.The computer games entertain _________ educate the learners.A.but
B.also
C.as good as
D.as well as
6.Nowadays, children prefer __________ on computers to playing with friends outside.A.to play games
B.play games
C.playing games
D.to playing games 7.As well as being very __________ about the horses' condition, the old horseman was equally concerned about their appearance when picking horses.A, particular
B.worried
C.feared
D.delightful 8.Not until the sun set __________ at the mountain village.A.had he arrived
B.could he have arrived C.did he arrive
D.might he have arrived 9.The police could give you a fine __________.A.on the spot
B.at the place
C.in the field
D.on the ground 10.The villagers all ___________ something to the new church buildings.A.gave
B.left
C.contributed
D.afforded
Unit 10
Business Communication
I
1--5
BACCC
6--10
DCBAB I.Choose the best answer from the four choices.1.Although this village is very poor now, its ________ wealth is great.A.obvious
B.potential
C.previous
D.profound
2.According to the weather report, which is usually _________ it will rain heavily tomorrow.A.accurate
B.exact
C.positive
D.perfect 3.I have great interest in a detailed _________ of your journey.A.explanation
B.message
C.description
D.illustration 4.They _________ a general understanding of the present situation.A.lack of
B.are lacking of
C.lack
D.are in lack 5.Judging from the report, we can ________ that more than 500 deaths are caused by drunken driving in England every year.A.declaim
B.decline
C.assume
D.imagine 6.It is important that this message _________ to the army on time.A.will be sent
B.is sent
C.is sending
D.be sent 7.I saw a lot of children playing in the garden, most of them ________ girls.A.are
B.were
C.being
D.have been 8.What caused the accident and who should take the responsibility _________ unknown to all.A.remains
B.remain
C.is remained
D.are remained 9.Extra security has been ordered in the city ___________ 40 civilians were left dead in a conflict between the government and the rebels.A.where
B.which
C.that
D.what 10 When _________ this machine, you must read the instructions first.A.use
B.using
C.to use
D.having used
附1：单元练习题参考答案
Unit 1
I
1--5
CCBDC
6--10
BBDAD
Unit 2
I
1--5
CACBB
6--10
BCBDB
Unit 3
I
1--5
BDBDA
6--10
BABCD
Unit 4
I
1--5
Unit 5 I
1--5
Unit 6 I
1--5
Unit 7 I
1--5
Unit 8 I
1--5
Unit 9 I
1--5
Unit 10 I
1--5
DABCA
ABDAC
CDBAC
ABDCC
DACCB
ABDDD
BACCC
6-10
ADACB 6--10
DBACA 6--10
DCADB
6--10
ACBAD
6--10
BADCB 6--10
CACAC 6--10
DCBAB 4
第三篇：郑州大学操作系统期末考试重点整理
操作系统是管理系统资源、控制程序执行、改善人机界面、提供各种服务、合理组织计算机工作流程和为用户有效使用计算机提供良好运行环境的一种系统软件。
资源管理1资源复用(空分复用共享，时分复用共享)2资源虚化3资源抽象4组合使用抽象和虚化技术
1）进程抽象（2）虚存抽象（3）文件抽象（4）其他资源抽象
操作系统的作用:（1）OS作为用户接口和公共服务程序：（2）OS作为扩展计算机或者虚拟计算机（2）OS作为资源的管理者和控制者（4）OS作为程序执行的控制着和管理者 从资源管理的角度，看操作系统具有六项主要功能：处理器管理，存储管理，设备管理，文件管理，网络与通信管理，用户接口
操作系统的主要特性：并发性，共享性，异步性 并发性：指两个或两个以上事件或活动在同一时间间隔内发生。
并行性：指两个或两个以上事件或活动在同一时刻发生。关系：并行活动一定是并发的，反之并发活动未必是并行的，并行性是并发性的特例，并发性是并行性的扩展。共享性：指操作系统中的资源可被多个并发执行的进程共同使用，而不是被其中某一个程序所独占。
1，透明资源共享：必须妥善解决的问题有资源隔离，授权访问2，显式资源共享：独占资源是指同一时间段内只允许一个进程访问的资源
异步性：由计算机系统中的资源有限而进程众多，每个进程的执行并非连贯的，而是以“走走停停”的方式向前推进。多道程序设计是指允许多个程序同时进入一个计算机系统的主存储器并启动进行交替计算的方法。从宏观上看，多道程序并发运行，它们都处于运行过程中，但都未运行结束。从微观上看，多道程序的执行是串行的，各道程序轮流占用CPU，交替地执行。1，提高CPU、主存和设备的利用率，2，提高系统的吞吐率，是单位时间内完成的作业数增加。3充分发挥计算机系统部件的并行性 操作系统可分为三种基本类型： 批处理操作系统 分时操作系统.实时操作系统
通用操作系统：如果某个操作系统兼具批处理、分时、实时处理的全部或两种功能，则为通用OS
操作系统为用户提供两种调用其服务和功能的接口:程序接口：允许运行程序调用操作系统的服务和功能。许多操作系统的程序接口由一组系统调用（System Call)）组成，用户程序使用“系统调用”就可获得操作系统的底层服务，使用或访问系统的各种软硬件资源。操作接口：操作系统为用户提供的操作控制计算机工作和提供服务手段的集合，通常有操作控制命令、图形操作界面、以及批处理系统提供的作业控制语言等实现手段。内核是一组程序模块，作为可信软件来支持进程并发执行的基本功能和基本操作，通常驻留在内核空间，运行于核心态，具有访问硬件设备和所有主存空间的权限，是仅有的能执行特权指令的程序。分类可分为微内核和单内核两种类型。功能1）资源抽象2）资源分配3）资源共享。
属性1）内核是由中断驱动的2）内核的执行是连续的3）内核在屏蔽中断状态下执行4）内核可以使用特权指令。从操作系统的运行方式来看，可分成：独立运行的内核模型、在应用进程内执行的模型和作为独立进程运行的模型。处理器流可以分作以下四类：单指令流单数据流（SISD）：传统的计算机系统。单指令流多数据流（SIMD）和多指令流多数据流（MIMD）都属于并行计算机！多指令流单数据流（MISD）：在研究中
处理器现场：处理器包括一组寄存器，用于存放数据、变量和中间结果，这组寄存器所存储的信息与程序的执行有很大关系，构成了处理器现场。
特权指令是指只能提供给操作系统的核心程序使用的指令，如启动I/O设备、设置时钟、控制中断屏蔽位、清内存、建立存储键，加载PSW（程序状态字）等。
非特权指令：指供应用程序使用的、权限较低的指令。处理器状态分类：核心状态和用户状态。
核心态具体的权限有：1，CPUU运行可信软件2，硬件执行全部机器指令3，可以访问所有内存单元和系统资源4，具体改变处理器状态的能力。
用户态具有的权限有：1，CPU运行非可信软件2，程序无法执行特权指令3，访问权限仅限于当前进程的地址空间4，不具有改变处理器状态的能力 处理器状态之间的转换：(1)用户状态向核心状态的转换：一是程序请求操作系统服务，执行一条系统调用；二是程序运行时，产生了一个中断（或者异常）事件，运行程序被中断，让中断处理程序工作。这两种情况都是通过中断机构发生的。中断（异常）是用户态到核心态转换的唯一途径。(2)核心状态向用户状态的转换 ：每台计算机通常会提供一条特权指令称作加载程序状态字LPSW（Load PSW），用来实现操作系统向用户程序的转换。加载程序状态字指令的作用：把哪个程序的程序状态字加载到程序状态字寄存器中，就意味着该程序获得CPU控制权执行。
中断是指程序执行过程中，遇到急需处理的某个事件时，暂时中止CPU上现行程序的运行，转而执行相应的事件处理程序执行的过程，待处理完毕之后再返回断点（继续执行）或者调度其他程序执行。中断源是引起中断的事件。中断装置是发现中断源并产生中断的硬件。
中断源分类：1.从中断事件的性质和激活的手段来分，可以分成两类：强迫性中断事件和自愿性中断事件。2按照中断信号的来源和实现手段来分：可分为硬中断和软中断两类。硬中断可以分为外中断和内中断。
中断/异常响应需要顺序执行的四个步骤： 发现中断源，保护现场，转向中断/异常事件的处理程序，恢复现场。
进程(process)是一个可并发执行的具有独立功能的程序关于某个数据集合的一次执行过程，也是操作系统进行资源分配和保护的基本单位。
进程的属性(进程与程序比较)：(1)结构性(2)共享性(3)动态性(4)独立性(5)制约性(6)并发性 三态模型：运行态，就绪态，等待态
五态模型：新建态，终止态，运行态，就绪态，等待态 进程映像的组成进程组成主要包括：进程控制块，进程程序块，进程核心栈，进程数据块
进程控制块三类信息：标识信息、现场信息、控制信息允许发生进程上下文切换的四种情况 ：(1)当进程进入等待态时；(2)当进程完成其系统调用返回用户态，但不是最有资格获得CPU时；(3)当内核完成中断处理，进程返回用户态但不是最有资格获得CPU时；(4)当进程执行结束时。模式切换和进程切换的联系与区别：1，模式切换不一定会引起进程状态的转换，也不一定引起进程切换。,2，在完成系统调用服务或者中断处理之后，可通过模式切换来恢复被中断进程的运行。
进程控制原语：1.进程创建 2.进程的撤销 3.进程的阻塞和唤醒 4.进程的挂起和激活
线程的实现分三类：1，用户级线程2内核级线程 3混合式线程
处理器调度可分为三个级别：高级调度、中级调度和低级调度
作业和进程的关系： •作业是任务实体，进程是完成任务的执行实体；没有作业任务，进程无事可干，没有进程，作业任务没法完成。•作业概念更多地用在批处理操作系统，而进程则可以用在各种多道程序设计系统
资源竞争产生两个控制问题：一个是死锁(Deadlock)问题，就是一组进程如果都获得了部分资源，还想要得到其他进程所占用的资源，最终所有进程都将陷入死锁。一个是饥饿(Starvation)问题，是指一个进程由于其它进程总是优先于它而被无限期拖延。既要解决饥饿问题，又要解决死锁问题。解决饥饿问题的最简单策略是FCFS资源分配策略。
临界区的调度原则 :一次至多允许一个进程进入临界区内；一个进程不能无限地停留在临界区内；一个进程不能无限地等待进入临界区；
管程：属性共享性：安全性：互斥性： 进程通信分类：1）信号（signal）通信机制；2）管道（pipeline）通信机制；3）消息传递(message passing)通信机制；4）信号量（semaphore）通信机制5）共享主存（shared memory）通信机制
死锁的定义:如果在一个进程集合中的每个进程都在等待只能由该集合中的其他一个进程才能引发的事件，而无限期陷入僵持的局面称为（这一组进程）发生了死锁。
产生死锁的因素:系统拥有的资源数量。与资源分配策略。进程对资源的使用。并发进程的推进顺序。
产生死锁的四个必要条件：互斥条件：进程互斥使用资源。占有和等待条件(部分分配条件)：进程在请求资源得不到满足而等待时，不释放已占有资源。不剥夺条件：已占有的资源只能由属主释放，不允许其他进程强制剥夺。循环等待条件(环路条件)：存在一组循环等待链，其中每一个进程都在链中等待下一个进程所持有的资源，造成种族进程处于永远等待状态。
文件系统是操作系统中负责存取和管理信息的模块，文件不但反映了用户概念中的逻辑结构，而且和存放它的辅助存储器的存储结构紧密相关。一个文件必须从逻辑文件和物理文件两个侧面来观察它。逻辑结构，即记录及其逻辑关系，数据独立于物理环境； 物理结构，数据被文件系统按照某种规则排列和存放到物理存储介质上。
顺序存取:按记录顺序进行读/写操作的存取方法.主要用于磁带文件以及磁盘上的顺序文件.直接存取:以任意次序直接读写某个记录.用户提供相对块号给操作系统,绝对块号由系统换算得到.索引存取:文件专门有一个按记录关键字有序的索引表,用户通过查找索引表定位并读出记录.文件系统给每个文件建立唯一的管理数据结构，即文件控制块（FCB），也叫文件目录项。
文件目录的基本功能是将文件名转变成此文件信息在磁盘上的物理位置。为了加快文件的查找速度，通常把ＦＣＢ集中起来进行管理，组成文件目录。
目录中的文件名和管理信息分开，后者单独组成数据结构，称索引节点（i-node）
块是存储介质上连续信息所组成的一个区域，也叫做物理记录。块是主存储器和辅助存储设备进行信息交换的物理单位，每次总是交换一块或整数块信息
文件的逻辑结构分两种形式：流式文件，记录式文件 流式文件指文件内的数据不再组成记录，只是依次的一串信息集合，可以看成是只有一个记录的记录式文件 记录式文件是一种有结构的文件,包含若干逻辑记录，逻辑记录是文件中按信息在逻辑上的独立含意划分的信息单位。顺序文件(连续文件)一个文件中逻辑上连续的信息存放到存储介质的依次相邻的块上便形成顺序文件。连接文件使用连接字，又叫指针来表示文件中各个记录之间的关系.第一块文件信息的物理地址由文件目录给出,每一块的连接字指出文件下一个物理块位置
直接文件(哈希文件)记录的关键字与其地址间可通过某种方式建立对应关系，利用这种关系实现存取的文件叫直接文件。
索引文件的优点:不要求物理块连续,便于直接存取,便于文件 的增、删、改。缺点:增加了索引表的空间开销和查找时间.文件的静态共享：允许一个文件同时属于多个目录，但实际上文件仅有一处物理存储，这种文件在物理上一处存储，从多个目录可到达该文件的结构称为文件链接。要实现静态链接，只要不同目录的索引结点i-node号，指定为同一文件的索引结点即可。文件的动态共享：是系统中不同的用户进程或同一用户的不同进程并发地访问同一文件。共享关系只有当用户进程存在时才可能出现，一旦用户的进程消亡，其共享关系也就自动消失。
外围设备分为两类:存储型设备和输入输出型设备.I/O系统：I/O设备及其接口线路、控制部件、通道和管理软件的总称。I/O设备可以划分为输入型、输出型和存储型外围设备三类。按照I/O信息交换的单位, I/O设备可分为字符设备和块设备。
存储型外围设备可以划分为顺序存取存储设备和直接存取存储设备。顺序存取存储设备严格依赖信息的物理位置进行
定位和读写，如磁带机。直接存取存储设备的特点是存取任何一个物理块所需的时间几乎不依赖于此信息的位置，如磁盘。
I/O设备的4种控制方式分类：轮询方式：轮询方式又称程序直接控制方式，特点：CPU不停测试设备状态，直到设备准备就绪，开始传输数据；中断方式：启动I/O后，不必查询I/O是否就绪，继续执行现行程序。特点：不需要CPU做忙式测试，直到设备准备就绪之后产生中断。DMA方式：I/O设备能直接与主存交换数据而不占用CPU,其利用率还可提高。特点：负责数据的交换，CPU不必参与；从设备读数据，存入缓冲寄存器，这个过程与CPU无关；与内存交换数据时，是一次交换一块数据；与内存进行数据交换时，需要抢占内存总线（周期窃取），此时CPU必须等待。通道方式：为获得CPU和外围设备间更高的并行工作能力,引入了自成独立体系的通道结构。特点：通道负责管理设备与内存之间的数据传送的一切工作；数据传输完毕后，产生中断，CPU执行中断处理；数据传输中如果出错，产生中断，CPU执行中断处理。
I/O设备设备控制器或适配器，机械部件则是设备本身。操作系统基本上与控制器打交道，而非设备本身。I/O软件总体设计目标:高效率。通用性。I/O软件组织成四个层次: I/O中断处理程序。设备驱动程序。与设备无关的操作系统I/O软件。用户层I/O软件.笼统地说，设备驱动程序的功能是从独立于设备的软件中接收并执行 I/O请求。设备驱动程序主要包括三部分功能：1设备初始化2执行设备驱动例程3执行中断处理例程。SPOOLing又称为假脱机操作.Spooling技术就是利用一类物理设备模拟另一类物理设备的技术,是使独占使用的设备变成可共享设备的技术.为什么需要缓冲技术？改善中央处理器与外围设备之间速度不匹配的矛盾，协调逻辑记录大小与物理记录大小不一致，提高CPU和I/O设备的并行性。
提高磁盘I/O速度的方法:提前读:在读当前块的同时，将下一个盘块中的数据也读入缓冲区。延迟写:本应写回磁盘的缓冲区中的数据不久之后可能还会再被访问，因而不立即将其写回磁盘。虚拟盘:利用内存空间仿真磁盘，又称为RAM盘。虚拟盘中的数据在掉电或系统重启动以及发生故障时会丢失。
设备独立性带来的好处:用户与物理的外围设备无关，系统增减或变更外围设备时程序不必修改；易于对付输入输出设备的故障。
为了存放从输入设备输入的信息以及作业执行的结果,系统在磁盘上开辟两个大的存储空间,称为井.存储器的层次：寄存器、高速缓存、主存储器，磁盘，磁带。内存是程序运行的主要场所，是进程映像（进程实体）存在的主要位置。
把程序和数据的逻辑地址转换为物理地址的工作称为地址转换或重定位.一种方式是在程序装入时根据程序所装入的内存位置由装入程序依据重定位信息一次性将程序中所有的逻辑地址都转变为物理地址，称为静态重定位，不允许程序在内存中移动位置。另一种方式是在程序执行过程中，地址转换工作穿插在指令执行的过程中，每执行一条指令，CPU对指令中涉及的逻辑地址进行转换，称为动态重定位，允许程序在内存中移动位置。动态重定位必须借助于硬件的地址转换机构实现。
页框：物理地址分成大小相等的许多区域，每个区域叫做一块（或者一个页框page frame）。
页面：逻辑地址分成大小相等的区域，每个区域的大小与块的大小相等，叫做一个页面（page）。
逻辑地址形式：分页式存储器的逻辑地址由两部分组成：页号和单元号(页内位移)。页表：操作系统需为每个作业建立一张页表,该表登记该作业的页号—物理块号对应信息,系统通过页表可以准确访问内存中属于一个作业的所有页面.所以页表实际上用于完成地址变换.虚拟存储器的定义：在具有层次结构存储器的计算机系统中，采用自动实现部分装入和部分对换功能，为用户提供一个比物理内存容量大得多的，可寻址的一种“内存储器”。假定作业p共计n页，系统分配给它的主存块只有m块（１≤m≤n）。如果作业p在运行中成功的访问次数为s，不成功的访问次数为F，则总的访问次数Ａ为：A = S + F又定义：f = F / A称f为缺页中断率。影响缺页中断率f的因素有：1)主存页框数。2)页面大小。3)页面替换算法。4)程序特性。最佳页面算法(OPT)、先进先出页面淘汰算法(FIFO)、最近最久未使用页面淘汰算法(LRU)、外围设备分为两类:存储型设备和输入输出型设备。设备管理具有以下功能1外围设备中断处理。2缓冲区管理。3外围设备的分配 4外围设备驱动调度。5虚拟设备及其实现 存储型外围设备可以划分为顺序存取存储设备和直接存取存储设备。顺序存取存储设备严格依赖信息的物理位置进行定位和读写，如磁带机直接存取存储设备的特点是存取任何一个物理块所需的时间几乎不依赖于此信息的位置，如磁盘。
有三个并发进程：R 负责从输入设备读入信息块，M 负责对信息块加工处理；P 负责打印输出信息块。今提供； l）一个缓冲区，可放置K 个信息块； 2）二个缓冲区，每个可放置K 个信息块； 试用信号量和P、V 操作写出三个进程正确工作的流程。答：1 一个缓冲区：cobegin
Semaphore sread,smanager,sprint;item a[K];int rr,rm,rp;item x;
sread=k;smanager=0;sprint=0;rr=rm=rp=0;process PR()
{while(true){ P(sread);a[rr]=x;
rr=(rr+1)%K;V(smanager);} }
process PM()
{ while(true){ P(smanager);x=a[rm];rr=(rr+1)%K;V(sprint);} } process PP()
{while(true){ P(sprint);x=a[rp];
rr=(rr+1)%K;V(sread);} } Coend
(2）两个缓冲区：
semaphore swrite1, sread1, swrite2, sread2;Swrite1=swrite2=1;sread1 =sread2=0;
item A1[k],A2[k];read1=write1=read2=write2=0;cobegin
process PR { while(true){ P(swrite1);A1[write1]=x;
write1=(write1+1)%K;
V(sread1);} }process PM { while(true)
{ P(sread1);
x=A1[read1];
read1=(read1+1)%K;
V(swrite1);P(swrite2)
A2[write2]=x;
write2=(write+1)%K;V(sread2);}}process PP { while(true)
{ P(sread2);x=A2[read2];
read2=(read2+1)%K;V(swrite2);}}coend
设公共汽车上，司机和售票员的活动分别如下：司机的活动：启动车辆：正常行车；到站停车。售票员的活动：关车门；售票；开车门。在汽车不断地到站、停车、行驶过程中，这两个活动有什么同步关系？用信号量和P、V 操作实现它们的同步。
答：在汽车行驶过程中，司机活动与售票员活动之间的同步关系为：售票员关车门后，向司机发开车信号，司机接到开车信号后启动车辆，在汽车正常行驶过程中售票员售票，到站时司机停车，售票员在车停后开门让乘客上下车。因此，司机启动车辆的动作必须与售票员关车门的动作取得同步；售票员开车门的动作也必须与司机停车取得同步。应设置两个信号量：S1、S2;S1 表示是否允许司机启动汽车（其初值为0);S2 表示是否允许售票员开门（其初值为0）。用P、v 原语描述如下：
var S1 , S2 : semaphore;S1=0；S2=0； cobegin{ driver();busman();}coenddriver()begin
while(1){ P(S1)
启动车辆；正常行车；到站停车；V(S2);}end
busman()begin
while(1){ 关车门；V(51)售票;P(S2)开车门；上下乘客； }end
一条公路两次横跨运河，两个运河桥相距100 米，均带有闸门，以供船只通过运河桥。运河和公路的交通均是单方向的。运河上的运输由驳船担负。在一驳船接近吊桥A 时就拉汽笛警告，若桥上无车辆，吊桥就吊起，直到驳船尾P 通过此桥为止。对吊桥B 也按同样次序处理。一般典型的驳船长度为200 米，当它在河上航行时是否会产生死锁？若会，说明理由，请提出一个防止死锁的办法，并用信号量来实现驳船的同步。
答：当汽车或驳船未同时到达桥A 时，以任何次序前进不会产生死锁。但假设汽车驶过了桥A，它在继续前进，并且在驶过桥B 之前，此时有驳船并快速地通过了桥A，驳船头到达桥B，这时会发生死锁。因为若吊起吊桥B 让驳船通过，则汽车无法通过桥B ；若不吊起吊桥B 让汽车通过，则驳船无法通过桥B。可用两个信号量同步车、船通过两座桥的动作。var Sa , Sb : semaphore;Sa:=Sb:=1;cobegin
{ process 驳船 beginP(Sa);P(Sb);
船过桥A、B;V(Sa);V(Sb);end
process 汽车 beginP(Sa);P(Sb);
车过桥A、B;V(Sa);V(Sb);end }coend
假定磁盘有200 个柱面，编号O-199，当前存取臂的位置在143 号柱面上，并刚刚完成了125 号柱面的服务请求，如果请求队列的先后顺序是：86 , 147 , 91 , 177 , 94 , 150 , 102 , 175 , 130 ；试问：为完成上述请求，下列算法存取臂移动的总量是多少？并算出存取臂移动的顺序。(1）先来先服务算法FCFS;
(2）最短查找时间优先算法SSTF :(3）扫描算法SCAN。(4）电梯调度。答：(l）先来先服务算法FCFS 为565，依次为143-86-147-91-177-94-150-102-175-130。(2）最短查找时间优先算法SSTF 为162，依次为143-147-150-130-102-94-91-86-175-177。(3）扫描算法SCAN 为169，依次为143-147-150-175-177-199-130-102-94-91-86。(4）电梯调度为125，依次为143-147-150-175-177-130-102-94-91-86。
先来先服务算法 FCFS策略：按照作业进入系统的先后次序来挑选作业，先进入系统的作业优先被挑选。这是一种非剥夺式算法。
最短作业优先算法SJF：以进入系统的作业所要求的CPU时间为标准，总选取估计计算时间最短的作业投入运行。这是一种非剥夺式调度算法 例： 作业所需CPU 9 作业作业作业作业
•SJF的作业调度顺序为作业2、4、1、3，平均作业周转时间T =(4+12+21+31)/4= 17
平均带权作业周转时间W=(4/4+12/8+21/9+31/10)/4 = 1.98 •如果对它们施行FCFS调度算法，平均作业周转时间T =(9+13+23+31)/4 = 19
平均带权作业周转时间W =(9/9+13/4+23/10+31/8)/4 = 2.51
最短剩余时间优先SRTF算法
把SJF算法改为抢占式的调度算法：当一个作业正在执行时，一个新作业进入就绪状态，如果新作业需要的CPU时间比当前正在执行的作业剩余下来还需的CPU时间短，SRTF强行赶走当前正在执行作业 优先级调度算法
这种算法是根据确定的优先级来选取进程/线程，每次总是
选择优先级最高的作业。
第四篇：郑州大学复试英语自我介绍
自我介绍
Good morning/Good afternoon, my respectable teachers and professors.Today I feel very honoured to be here to take the reexamination.Fisrt of all , please allow me to introduce myself.My name is ———— I’m 22 years old and I come from the beautiful city——_ which is famse for its _----in ___ province.In July 2010 ,I will be graduated from____University.During my undergraduate period, I majored in psychology.Generally speaking , I’m an optimistic、open-minded、ambitious and determinded girl.In the sense of mine ,the most important thing in a person’s life is that he must have a dream or an object ,then make it true.This is meaningful.My father once told me “The man who holds firmly his dream and keeps kind and tolerant will finally succeed.” And I kept it in mind and do my best to fulfil my dream.Four years university education made me independent.It gives me lots of things to learn and lots of chances to try and lots of practies to improve my self.During the past four years ,I have built up a solid foundation of professinal knowledge as well as rich experiences of social actives.Besides what I have introduced myself above.I also have many
interests in my spare time.I like sports, especially ball sports.Basketball is my favorite sports.On one hand it can improve my body health, on the other hand, it makes me recognize the importance of team work.I’m a basketball fam.I like watch the NBA matches, because it tells me that never give up until the last second , then amazing will happen to you.Ritht now, I think that I’m young and I need to learn more to improve myself.However, after four years learning of psychology, my professional knowledge is still superficial at present.I want to have a better sight into this discipline, to broad my view in psychology and enhance my research ability.So I hope I could get the opportunity to finish my postgraduate course in Zhengzhou University which I have desired for a long time.I have a dream that I can acquire knowledge in this well-known university.I have a dream that I can addict myself to my beloved psychology here ,and I will do my best to fulfill this dream!
Ok, that’s all ,thanks for your attention.
第五篇：郑州大学毛概期末考试重点总结
毛概期末考试重点总结
第一章
1．如何正确认识提出马克思主义中国化的重要意义?
⑴马克思主义中国化的理论成果指引着党和人民的伟大事业不断取得胜利。⑵马克思主义中国化的理论成果提供了凝聚全党全国各族人民的强大精神支柱。⑶马克思主义中国化倡导了对待马克思主义的科学态度和学风，开拓着马克思主义在中国发展的新境界。
2．怎样正确理解马克思主义中国化的科学内涵？
马克思主义中国化，就是将马克思主义的基本原理同中国的具体实际相结合。具体地说，就是要使马克思列宁主义这一革命科学更进一步地和中国革命实践、中国历史、中国文化深相结合起来，使马克思主义在中国实现具体化。
⑴马克思主义中国化就是用马克思主义来解决中国革命、建设和改革的实际问题
⑵马克思主义中国化就是把中国革命、建设和改革的实践经验和历史经验提升为理论。⑶马克思主义中国化就是把马克思主义植根于中国的优秀文化之中。
3．怎样正确把握毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想各自形成发展的时代背景和实践基础？ ⑴毛泽东思想：时代背景:20世纪上半叶帝国主义战争与无产阶级革命的时代主题 实践基础:中国共产党领导的革命和建设的实践，⑵邓小平理论：时代背景：时代主题的转换 实践基础：社会主义建设正反两方面的历史经验，我国改革开放以来社会主义现代化建设新的实践，是邓小平理论形成和发展的历史和现实根据。
⑶“三个代表”：时代背景：当今国际局势和世界格局的深刻变化 实践基础：改革开放以来特别是十三届四中全会以来党和人民建设中国特色社会主义的伟大探索。
4．怎样正确把握毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想各自的科学体系和主要内容
⑴毛泽东思想：马克思主义中国化的第一个重大理论成果是毛泽东思想。它是马克思列宁主义在中国的运用和发展，是被实践证明了的关于中国革命和建设的正确的理论原则和经验总结，是中国共产党集体智慧的结晶。毛泽东思想在许多方面以其独创性理论丰富和发展了马克思列宁主义，成为一个博大精深的科学思想体系。它有着坚实的中国化马克思主义哲学思想的理论基础，其核心就是实事求是。它紧紧围绕着中国革命和建设这个主题，提出了一系列相互密切关联的重要的理论观点，成为一个科学体系。内容：①新民主主义革命的理论 ②社会主义革命和社会主义建设的理论 ③革命军队的建设和军事战略的理论 ④政策和策略的理论 ⑤思想政治工作和文化工作的理论 ⑥党的建设的理论 ⑦关于国际战略和外交工作的理论、关于思想方法和工作方法的理论，等等。⑧毛泽东思想的活的灵魂，是贯串于上述各个理论的立场、观点和方法。它们有三个基本方面，即实事求是，群众路线，独立自主。
⑵邓小平理论：围绕“什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义”这个首要的基本的理论问题，邓小平提出了一系列互相联系的基本观点，第一次比较系统地初步回答了中国社会主义发展道路、发展阶段、根本任务、发展动力、外部条件、政治保证、战略步骤、领导力量和依靠力量、祖国统一等一系列基本问题，指导我们党制定了在社会主义初级阶段的基本路线。这些基本观点的真理性已经被中国改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的成功实践所证明。
内容：①社会主义本质理论 ②社会主义初级阶段的理论 ③改革开放的理论 ④社会主义市场经济的理论、【⑥社会主义现代化发展战略的理论 ⑦社会主义民主政治建设的理论 ⑧社会主义精神文明建设的理论、关于统一战线的理论、关于军队和国防建设的理论、关于社会主义国家外交战略的理论、关于党的建设的理论
⑶“三个代表”：①“三个代表”重要思想在形成和发展的过程中，紧密结合新的实践，把治党和治国、执政和为民结合起来，在改革发展稳定、内政外交国防、治党治国治军各个方面，提出了一系列紧密联系、相互贯通的新思想、新观点、新论断。这一系统的科学理论在建设中国特色社会主义的思想路线/发展道路、发展阶段、战略、根本任务、发展动力、依靠力量、国际战略、领导力量和根本目的等重大问题上都有新的丰富和发展。“三个代表”重要思想，在邓小平理论的基础上，进一步回答了“什么是社会主义、怎样建设社会主义”这一问题，创造性地回答了建设什么样的党，怎样建设党的问题，集中起来就是深化了对中国特色社会主义的认识。内容：②中国共产党必须始终代表中国先进生产力的发展要求，代表中国先进文化的前进方向，代表中国最广大人民的根本利益。”这是对“三个代表”重要思想的集中概括。【提出了一系列新思想、新观点、新论断：关于建立社会主义市场经济体制的思想；关于公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展是我国社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度的思想；关于按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的思想；关于实行全方位对外开放战略的思想；关于社会主义物质文明、政治文明和精神文明协调发展的思想；关于发展是党执政兴国的第一要务的思想；关于正确处理改革发展稳定的思想；关于建设社会主义法治国家的思想；关于依法治国和以德治国相结合的思想；关于走中国特色的精兵之路的思想；关于巩固党的阶级基础和扩大党的群众基础的思想；等等。】
5．怎样正确把握毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想各自的历史地位和指导意义。⑴毛泽东思想：①毛泽东思想是马克思主义中国化第一次历史性飞跃的理论成果。②毛泽东思想是中国革命和建设的科学指南。
③毛泽东思想是中国共产党和中国人民宝贵的精神财富。
⑵邓小平理论：①邓小平理论是中国社会主义建设规律的科学认识 ②邓小平理论是改革开放和社会主义现代化建设的科学指南。③邓小平理论是党和国家必须长期坚持的指导思想。
⑶“三个代表”：①“三个代表”重要思想是指导思想的又一次与时俱进。②是实现全面建设小康社会的根本指针。
③是加强和改进党的建设、推进我国社会主义自我完善和发展的强大理论武器。6．如何正确把握科学发展观的思想内涵和重大意义？
思想内涵：科学发展观的第一要义是发展，核心是以人为本。科学发展观的基本要求是全面协调可持续发展。科学发展观的根本方法使统筹兼顾。（每一点做适当解释）
意义：①科学发展观是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想、邓小平理论和“三个代表”重要思想既一脉相承又与时俱进的科学理论。
②科学发展观是马克思主义关于发展的世界观和方法论的集中体现。
③科学发展观是我国经济社会发展的重要指导方针和发展中国特色社会主义必须坚持和贯彻的重大战略思想。
7．如何正确理解马克思主义中国化各个理论成果之间既一脉相承又与时俱进的关系？
⑴中国共产党在领导中国革命、建设和改革的长期实践中，实现了马克思主义同中国实际相结合的两次历史性飞跃，产 生了两大理论成果。第一次飞跃的理论成果是毛泽东思想，是被实践证明了的关于中国革命和建设的正确的理论原则和经验总结。第二次飞跃的理论成果是中国特色社会主义理论体系，包括邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想以及科学发展观等重大战略思想，是马克思主义中国化最新成果。
⑵中国特色社会主义理论体系，坚持和发展了马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想。毛泽东思想和中国特色社会主义理论体系虽然形成于不同历史时期，面对着不同的历史任务，具有不同的具体内容，但在基本精神上都是一致的，都坚持实事求是、群众路线和独立自主。这是它们的基本点。中国特色社会主义理论体系同毛泽东思想史一脉相承又与时俱进的。
8、如何科学理解中国特色社会主义理论体系？为什么说在当代中国，坚持中国特色社会主义理论体系就是真正坚持马克思主义？（第一个问号的答案为下述五点内容，第二个问号的答案为后四点的内容）
⑴中国特色社会主义理论体系，就是包括邓小平理论、“三个代表”重要思想以及科学发展观等重大战略思想在内的科学理论体系。这个理论体系，坚持和发展了马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想，凝结了几代中国共产党人带领人民不懈探索实践的智慧和心血，是马克思主义中国化最新成果，是党最可宝贵的政治和精神财富，是全国各族人民团结奋斗的共同思想基础。⑵中国特色社会主义理论体系作为马克思主义中国化的最新成果，是对马克思列宁主义、毛泽东思想的继承和发展。
⑶坚持辩证唯物主义和历史唯物主义这一马克思主义的根本方法，创造性地运用它们分析当今世界和当代中国的实际作出了一系列新的理论概括。
⑷坚持马克思主义关于无产阶级政党必须植根于人民的政治立场，贯彻马克思主义的群众观点，对人民群众在实践中创造的新鲜经验进行了理论上的总结和升华。
⑸坚持马克思主义与时俱进的理论品质，体现了马克思主义理论创新的巨大勇气。
【这充分表明，这一理论体系既坚持马克思主义基本原理，又具有鲜明的时代特征，是坚持和发展马克思主义的典范。
在当代中国，坚持马克思主义，就必须坚持中国特色社会主义理论体系，坚持中国特色社会主义理论体系，就是真正坚持马克思主义。】 第七章
1、如何认识改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键抉择?
⑴背景：国内：“文化大革命”十年内乱，使党、国家和人民遭到严重挫折和损失。当时，整个政治局是处于一个混乱状态，经济情况实际上是处于缓慢发展和停滞状态，国民经济到了崩溃的边缘。
国际：20世纪70年代世界范围内蓬勃兴起的新科技革命推动世界经济以更快的速度向前发展，我国经济实力、科技实力与国际先进水平的差距明显拉大，面临着巨大的国际竞争压力。在这样的历史背景下，要增强社会主义的生机活力，解放和发展生产力，改善人民生活，追赶时代前进的潮流，出路只有改革开放。
⑵改革开放是党在新的时代条件下带领人民进行的新的伟大革命，它不是对原有经济体制的细枝末节的修补，而是对其进行根本性的变革。
⑶目的，就是要解放和发展社会生产力，实现国家现代化，国富民强、民族振兴，就是要推动我国社会主义制度自我完善和发展，赋予社会主义新的生机活力，建设和发展中国特色社会主义，就是要在引领当代中国发展进步中加强和改进党的领导，保持和发展党的先进性，确保党始终走在时代前列。经过30年的改革开放，中国人民正大踏步赶上时代前进潮流，走上奔向富裕安康的广阔道路，中国特色社会主义充满了勃勃生机，为人类文明进步做出了重大贡献的中华民族以前所未有的雄姿巍然屹立在世界东方。⑷改革开放式一场新的伟大革命，但它不是一个阶级推翻另一个阶级意义上的革命，不是否定我们已经建立起来的社会主义基本制度，而是社会主义制度的自我完善和发展。
⑸改革开放式国际共产主义运动中从未进行过的事业，是建设中国特色社会主义的全新探索，没有现成的模式可以照搬。事实雄辩地证明，改革开放是决定当代中国命运的关键抉择。
2、如何正确认识社会主义社会的基本矛盾？
⑴毛泽东以中国实践为基础，运用马克思主义基本原理，全面地阐述了社会主义社会的矛盾问题，①社会主义社会仍然存在着矛盾，正是这些矛盾推动着社会主义向前发展。②系统地阐明了社会主义社会基本矛盾的性质和特点。③提出了通过社会主义制度本身解决社会基本矛盾的思想。④在阐明中国社会主义社会基本矛盾状况和性质的基础上，毛泽东进一步分析了中国的社会矛盾。指出我国存在着两种不同性质的矛盾，即敌我矛盾和人民内部矛盾，正确处理人民内部矛盾是国家政治生活的主题。⑵邓小平充分肯定了毛泽东的理论，在新的实践中丰富和发展了这一理论，为社会主义改革提供了理论基础。
①判断一种生产关系和生产力是否相适应，要从实际出发，具体问题具体分析，主要看它是否适应当时当地生产力的要求，能否推动生产力发展。
②在社会主义社会依然有解放生产力的问题，从而为推进改革开放提供了坚实的理论基础。③把社会主义基本矛盾、主要矛盾和根本任务统一起来。④解决社会主义初级阶段基本矛盾的途径是改革。
3、怎样全面认识中国的社会主义改革？前五点为第一题答案
⑹中国的改革是全面的改革，这是由改革的任务决定的。
⑺20世纪70年代末，中国的改革由农村拉开序幕。在农村改革取得成效的基础上，开始了以城市为重点的整个经济体制的改革。1992年，党的十四大把建立社会主义市场经济体制确立为经济体制改革的目标，并由此加快了全面改革的进程，到20世纪末，社会主义市场经济体制在我国已经初步确立。⑻在全面改革中，经济体制改革是重点。经济体制改革需要政治体制及其他体制改革的配合。⑼在经济体制改革不断深化的同时，不断深化政治体制、文化体制、社会体制以及其他各方面体制的改革，改革触及了社会生活的各个方面和各个层面。
⑽改革是一项崭新的事业，“三个有利于”是评价和判断它的成败与是非得失的标准。即要以是否有利于发展社会主义社会的生产力、是否有利于增强社会主义国家的综合国力、是否有利于提高人民生活水平作为判断改革得失成败的标准。
4、如何正确处理改革、发展、稳定之间的关系？
⑴改革是动力，发展是目的，稳定是前提。
⑵保持改革、发展和稳定在动态中的相互协调和相互促进。⑶把改革的力度、发展的速度和社会可以承受的程度统一起来。⑷把不断改善人民生活作为处理改革发展稳定关系的重要结合点。
5、怎样理解中国的发展离不开世界，世界的发展也需要中国?（对外开放作为基本国策的依据是什么？）
⑴当今的世界是开放的世界，这是对世界经济发展历史的深刻总结，是生产社会化和商品经济、市场经济发展的必然结果。在开放的世界中不实行开放政策，只能限制自己的发展，甚至会给国家和民族带来灾难。⑵中国的发展离不开世界。这是对中国发展历史的深刻总结。中国在西方国家产业革命以后变得落后了，一个重要的原因就是闭关自守。历史的经验教训一再告诉我们，关起门来搞建设、把自己孤立于世界之外是不行的，要发达起来，必须对外开放。⑶实行对外开放也是充分发挥社会主义制度优越性，吸取人类文明成果，建设优于资本主义的社会主义的需要。
6、如何提高开放型经济水平，形成在经济全球化条件下参与国际经济合作和竞争的新优势？ ⑴转变对外贸易增长方式，提高对外贸易效益。⑵坚持“引进来”和“走出去”相结合的战略。⑶切实维护国家安全。第八章 1．邓小平关于社会主义市场经济理论的主要内涵是什么？
⑴突破了过去公认的计划经济和市场经济是代表社会主义和资本主义两种经济制度本质属性的观念，认为它们都是经济手段。⑵计划与市场作为调节经济的两种手段，它们对经济活动的调节各有自己的优势和长处，还有自身的不足和缺陷，在社会化大生产和存在着复杂经济关系的条件下，市场经济对促进经济发展具有更强的适应性、更显著的优势和较高的效率。但两者都有自身的不足和缺陷，如计划经济不能有效解决效率和激励问题，市场经济的自发性、盲目性会引发恶性竞争、短期行为、道德缺失等。
⑶市场经济作为资源配置的一种方式本身不具有制度属性，但是，它与社会主义相结合而形成的经济体制则必须体现社会主义基本制度的特征。把发展市场经济与坚持社会主义基本制度有机结合起来，既可以充分发挥社会主义制度的优越性，又可以充分利用市场经济对发展生产力的作用。
2、如何从理论上认识社会主义市场经济与资本主义市场经济之间的关系？
就其联系而言，社会主义市场经济与资本主义市场经济都具有市场经济的一般特征和要求。
⑴从资源配置方式看，都是以市场为基础性配置手段。⑵从微观层面看，企业都是独立的市场主体和法人实体 ⑶从经济活动上看，市场经济规律起支配作用⑷从微观层面看，政府的宏观调控主要是通过经济手段实现的⑸从经济运行看，法治起着基本的保障作用。正是由于市场经济具有共性，所以社会主义市场经济也应该按照这些特征和要求来进行建设。同时，发达资本主义国家在发展市场经济过程中的一切有益的作法和经验也都是值得我们借鉴和吸收的，在这一层次上，社会主义市场经济与资本主义市场经济是可以接轨的。
就区别而言，社会主义市场经济与资本主义市场经济又是两种不同的社会制度与市场经济的结合，它们体现的是不同社会经济制度下的市场经济。市场经济与不同的经济制度结合就会体现出不同的制度特征。市场经济与社会主义制度结合，一是在所有制结构上，以公有制为主体，多种所有制经济共同发展，一切符合“三个有利于”标准的所有制形式都可以而且应该用来为社会主义服务。二是在分配制度上，以按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存。三是在宏观调控上，以实现最广大劳动人民利益为出发点和归宿，社会主义国家能够把人民的当前利益与长远利益、局部利益与整体利益结合起来，使市场在社会主义国家宏观调控下对资源配置起基础作用，更好地发挥计划和市场两种手段的长处，使社会主义的优势与市场经济的优势都能够得到充分发挥。因此社会主义市场经济就要坚持以公有制为主体、坚持按劳分配为主体，坚持以实现共同富裕为目标。离开了这些特征就不是社会主义市场经济，而资本主义市场经济则不具有这样的特征。坚持走社会主义市场经济的发展道路，建设中国特色社会主义经济，最重要的就是坚持社会主义基本制度与市场经济的结合。
3、社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度的确立在社会主义所有制理论上实现了哪些重大的突破和创新？(前五点可加可不加)
⑴在社会主义初级阶段，确立什么什么样的基本经济制度，根本问题是如何正确认识非公有制经济在我国经济中的地位和作用。改革开放以前，即使允许非公有制经济存在和一定的发展，也只能是暂时的权宜之计。
⑵十二大已经开始肯定“劳动者的个体经济是公有制经济必要的补充“。⑶十三大把私营经济、中外合资合作经济、外商独资经济同个体经济一起作为公有制经济必要的和有益的补充。
⑷十四大强调多种经济成分长期共同发展，是一项长期的方针。⑸十五大第一次明确提出公有制为主体，多种所有制经济共同发展是我国社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度。这标志着我们党对社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度的认识提升到了一个新高度。
⑹社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度，既包括作为社会主义初级阶段基础的公有制经济，也包括不是社会主义经济基础的非公有制经济。
⑺中国特色社会主义的特色就在于社会主义初级阶段的经济兼有社会主义和非社会主义两种不同的经济。既不能因为公有制以外的其他经济成分不属于社会主义性质的经济而将它们排除在基本经济制度以外，也不能因为它们属于基本经济制度而认为它们也是社会主义性质的经济。社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度的确立，能够把社会主义本质特征和初级阶段的现实要求有机统一起来的，因而更加有利于促进社会生产力的发展，有利于巩固和发展社会主义制度。坚持公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度，必须划清社会主义初级阶段基本经济制度同私有化和单一公有制的界限。4．如何认识公有制的性质与实现形式之间的关系？
⑴公有制经济的性质和实现形式是两个不同层次的问题。⑵公有制经济的性质体现在所有权的归属上，坚持公有制的性质，根本的是坚持国家和集体对生产资料的所有权。
⑶所有制作为生产关系的基础，有公有制与私有制、社会主义与资本主义的区别。而所有制的实现形式是采取怎样的经营方式和组织形式问题，它不具有“公“与”私“、”社“与”资“的区分。同样的所有制可以采取不同的实现形式，而不同的所有制，可以采取相同的实现形式。因为实现形式要解决的是发展生产力的组织形式和经营方式问题，只有能够有利于生产力的发展。
⑷公有制的实现形式可以而且应当多样化，一切反映社会化生产规律的经营方式和组织形式都可以大胆利用。要根据社会化生产规律的要求采取多样化的经营方式和资产组织形式，使国有经济在更大的范围内获得广阔的发展空间。
5、结合现阶段个人收入分配制度和按劳分配的理论对现实经济生活中个人收入出现差距的现象进行分析。⑴正确认识收入分配差距，⑵合理调节收入分配差距。
理论：社会主义初级阶段的基本经济制度决定了与此相联系的个人收入分配实行的是按劳分配为主体、多种分配方式并存的分配制度。
原因：在社会主义初级阶段，承认和允许人们在收入方面存在差别，并且在一定时期内收入差距的扩大，有其客观必然性。①因为劳动者的个人禀赋和家庭负担的不同，实行按劳分配原则必然产生收入和富裕程度的不同 ②实行多种所有制经济和多种分配方式，拥有不同生产要素的不同社会成员也必然会产生收入的差距和富裕程度的不同。③发展社会主义市场经济，在价值规律和竞争作用下优胜劣汰，使具有不同竞争能力的人在富裕程度上必然出现差距。
④城乡之间、地区之间、脑力劳动与体力劳动之间，以及不同经济领域和部门之间客观上存在的差别，也必然引起收入的差别和富裕程度的不同。
后三个方面不仅是产生收入差距的经济条件，而且必然在一定时期内导致收入差距的扩大。措施：规范收入秩序，调整分配格局
①依法保护合法适度收入 ②取缔非法收入 ③整顿不合理收入 ④调整过高收入 ⑤保障低收入者的基本生活
6、为什么要强调促进国民经济又好又快发展？如何理解提高自主创新能力、建设创新型国家是国家发展战略的核心？
又好又快发展：⑴又好又快发展史全面落实科学发展观的本质要求。
⑵提出国民经济又好又快发展，是以改革开放以来我国经济发展取得的举世瞩目的重大成就为前提的，⑶提出国民经济又好又快发展，也是进一步发展的迫切要求。
⑷提出国民经济又好又快发展，并不意味着发展速度问题无足轻重。
如何理解：⑴党的十七大进一步提出，提高自主创新能力，建设创新型国家，是国家发展战略的核心，是提高综合国力的关键。既反映了我们党对世界经济、科技发展趋势和内在规律的准确把握，也反映了我们党对我国基本国情和战略需求的科学分析。⑵新科技革命迅猛发展，不断引发新的创新浪潮，科技成果转化和产业更新换代的周期越发越短，科技作为第一生产力的地位和作用越来越突出。
⑶提高自主创新能力，建设创新型国家，不仅是提高我国国际竞争力的客观需要，而且也是贯彻落实科学发展观、全面建设小康社会的重大举措，是解决我国当前发展面临的突出矛盾和问题的紧迫要求。
7、如何理解转变经济发展方式，建设社会主义新农村，统筹区域发展和建设资源节约型、环境友好型社会的重大意义？
⑴促进国民经济又好又快发展，必须加快转变经济发展方式，推动产业结构优化升级。这是十七大报告提出的一个关系国民经济全局紧迫而重大的战略任务。提出转变经济发展方式，实质就是要求我们采取综合措施，加快形成与观察落实科学发展观、实现经济社会全面协调可持续发展相一致的发展方式。
⑵统筹城乡经济社会发展，逐步改变城乡二元经济结构，建设社会主义新农村，是我们党从全面建设小康社会全局出发作出的重大决策，是新世纪新阶段解决“三农”问题的重大战略部署和新的基本途径。
⑶【区域经济是指一定区域范围内的经济活动。统筹区域发展，促进区域协调发展，缩小区域发展差距，是我国经济社会发展的一个重要原则。改革开放以来，各地区都有很大发展，但地区发展的差距也在不断扩大。】统筹区域发展，缩小区域发展差距，不仅是经济问题，也是政治问题，不仅关系现代化建设的全局，也关系社会稳定和国家的长治久安。⑷党的十六届五中全会从贯彻落实科学发展观、构建社会主义和谐社会的高度，提出了建设资源节约型、环境友好型的奋斗目标。这是继新世纪提出实施可持续发展的重大决策以来党对社会主义现代化建设规律认识的新飞跃，是统筹人与自然和谐发展和促进可持续发展的重大举措，是实现节约发展、清洁发展、安全发展的重要任务。
材料分析题
1.（1）这一判断是正确的。因为地主阶级和官僚资产阶级已经被打倒，民主革命的任务已经完成，而资产阶级和资本主义私有制，是社会主义革命的主要对象。
（2）因为在资产阶级民主革命时期，要完成推翻帝国主义、封建主义和官僚资本主义三座大山统治的任务，民族资产阶级虽与它们有着千丝万缕的联系，却有着反对它们的一面，革命的一面，是无产阶级应该争取和团结的力量，所以称为中间阶级。
（3）刘少奇所作的中共八大政治报告对“国内的主要矛盾”的分析是正确的，因为此时国家对生产资料私有制的社会主义改造已经基本完成，工人阶级与资产阶级的矛盾已经基本解决。
（4）即把私营工商业通过社会主义改造，改变为公私合营企业，对资本家进行思想改造，依据是中华民族资产阶级的两面性。2.答题提示：（1）对外开放提高了我国贸易水平，提升了我国的综合国力，坚持对外开放是我国的基本国策。
我国为什么要实行对外开放：这是深刻总结中国长期停滞落后的历史教训的结果；这是敏锐把握当代世界经济和科技发展趋势的结果；这是清醒判断我国现代化建设的国情和长远发展目标的结果。
（2）第一，我国对外开放中还不太适应国际市场规则的一些要求，国际贸易摩擦增多。第二，许多出口产品附加值低，质量安全问题突出，国际声誉和口碑不好。第三，许多出口产品在国际上占据一定位置，但由于对外依存度过高，缺乏相应的话语权，国家经济安全受到威胁。第四，我国吸引外资占国内总投资比重呈下降趋势，利用外资的结构僵化，利用外资水平有待进一步提高。
（3）转变对外贸易增长方式，提高对外贸易效益，提高利用外资水平，加强对外资的产业和区域投向引导，促进国内产业优化升级；切实维护国家利益。3.答题提示：
（1）第一，改革是社会主义社会发展的动力。社会基本矛盾是人类社会发展的根本动力。社会基本矛盾在社会主义社会不具对抗性，集中表现为具体体制与社会生产力之间的矛盾，而不是社会主义基本制度与社会生产力之间的矛盾。因此，解决的办法和途径不是革命和阶级斗争，而是改革。通过改革来自觉调整生产关系以适应生产力的发展，调整上层建筑以适应经济基础的变化，从而推动社会主义社会的发展。实践证明，不实行改革，我们的现代化事业和社会主义事业就会被葬送。
（2）解决社会主义初级阶段主要矛盾的途径是改革；改革是解放和发展生产力的必由之路；改革开放以来的成就，证明和检验了中国特色社会主义道路的正确性。
（3）保持改革、发展、稳定在动态中相互协调和相互促进。发展是目的，改革是动力，稳定是前提；把改革的力度、发展的速度和社会可承受的程度协调统一起来，在改革和发展中保持社会的稳定和国家的长治久安；把不断改善人民生活作为处理改革、发展、稳定关系的重要结合点。
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