2010年6月英语四级考试命题剖析与指导：写作

第一篇：2010年6月英语四级考试命题剖析与指导：写作

第二章 写作

第一节 写作命题剖析与预测

一、写作命题剖析

(一)大纲要求

根据全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会2006年11月公布的《大学英语四级考试大纲(2006年修订版)》(以下均简称《大纲》)，写作(writing)部分是测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间为30分钟。

《大纲》对写作部分的要求有如下说明：

写作部分要求考生用英语进行短文写作，思想表达准确、意义连贯、无重大语法错误。

写作部分考核的技能是：

A思想表达

1.表达中心思想

2.表达重要或特定信息

3.表达观点、态度等

B篇章组织

4.围绕所给的题目叙述、议论或描述，突出重点

5.连贯地组句成段，组段成篇

C语言运用

6.运用恰当的词汇

7.运用正确的语法

8.运用合适的句子结构

9.使用正确的标点符号

10.运用衔接手段表达句间关系(如对比、原因、结果、程度、目的等)

D写作格式

11.运用正确的符合英语表达习惯的写作格式

大学英语四级考试写作部分要求考生达到《教学要求》中的一般要求，即“能完成一般性写作任务，能描述个人经历、观感、情感和发生的事件等，能写 常见的应用文，能就一般性的话题或提纲在半小时内写出至少120词的短文，内容基本完整，用词恰当，语意连贯。能掌握基本的写作技能。”

另外，《大纲》在附录中详细说明了“全国大学英语四、六级考试(CET-4～CET-6)作文题评分原则及标准”：

评分原则：

1.CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级和六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。

2.CET作文题采用总体评分(Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分(Reward Scores), 而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。

3.从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否 切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。

4.避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分;该给低分的给低分，包括0分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。

评分标准：

1.本题满分为15分。

2.阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷 1 ~ 2份。

3.阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为所阅文章与某一分数(如8分)相似，即定为该分数(即8分);若认为所阅文章稍优或稍劣于该分 数则可加1分(即9分)或减1分(即7分)。但不得加或减0.5分。

4.评分标准：

2分：条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。

5分：基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。

8分：基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯;语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。

11分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。

14分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺、连贯，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。

(注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。)

5.字数不足应酌情扣分。

CET-4 110-119 100-109 90-99 80-89 70-79 60-69 50-59 <49

CET-6 140-149 130-139 120-129 110-119 100-109 90-99 80-89 <79

扣分 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 9

(注：①如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得计入所写字数。②规定的内容未写全者，按比例扣分。③如要判为0分，须慎重处理。)

6.为了便于阅卷人员掌握评分标准，现将各档作文分相当于百分制的得分，列表如下，称为得分率。其中9分的得分率为60分(相当于百分制的60 分)。

作文分15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

得分率100 94 87 80 74 67 60 54 47 40 34 27 20 14 7

(二)评分剖析

鉴于作文的评分带有一定的主观性，与一些非智力性的因素密切相关，所以考生应该对评分的原则和标准有一个详细的了解，做到胸中有数，尽量使自己 的作文符合阅卷的要求，只有如此才能获得理想的成绩。

对研究《大纲》关于写作部分的要求、评分原则和标准，我们不难发现，写作的得分是一种综合分数。归纳起来看，写作分数主要包括总体印象、语言表 达、文章结构和思想内容四个大的方面，而各个方面又有一些具体的细节内容。具体见下表：(略)

(三)命题特点和趋势

分析近几年来的试题可知，写作部分的命题有如下几个特点和趋势：

1.考试内容多以学生熟悉的日常学习生活和应该关心的社会热点为主。

2.题材多以议论文和说明文为主，偶尔考些简单的应用文，且多以信函为主。

3.命题形式以文字提纲为主，图表提纲为辅。

4.题目主要是陈述性短语、句子或一般疑问句。

二、写作命题预测

作文的命题，仍会坚持“稳中求变”的命题原则。“稳”是指作文考查的目的不变，仍以测试考生基本的书面表达能力为主;考查的内容不变，仍侧重于 思想表达、篇章组织、语言运用、写作格式四个方面。“变”是指作文的考查形式会变，不但其文体会变，而且考查的具体内容必然会变。因此，除了要具有扎实的 语法、词汇知识和篇章组织技巧之外，考生还应该多留心观察和思考日常生活中的常见现象，并通过阅读报纸、杂志、书籍等来了解一些常见的社会看法和观点，在 整理和提炼思想的同时，积累丰富的常见问题的英语表达习惯和方式，只有这样才能做到有备无患，从容应考。

有鉴于此，建议考生在复习备考时要注意以下几点：

1.熟悉常见三种文体的写作方法，在总结规律和背诵相关模板的同时，要学会灵活运用模板，切忌生搬硬套，更忌无中生有画蛇添足;

2.熟练掌握各种句式间相互转换的技巧，避免句式单一或句式复杂;

3.尽量能抽取时间来阅读一些与大学或日常生活相关的英语新闻、报纸或杂志;

4.要学好使用关联词，但避免大量使用关联词语，坚持“内容决定形式”的写作原则，切忌为了凑字数而胡乱堆砌关联词语;

5.要吃透重点词汇的用法，切忌生造词汇或囫囵吞枣;

6.无需在应用文上投入太多精力，只要将其基本格式吃透就可以，因为其具体内容的写法或结构基本等同于常见的三种文体;

第二节 写作应试指导

一、写作应试指导——“四步定位法”

四级作文属于应试作文，要想获得高分，最简单的方法就是依据《大纲》14分的要求(评分标准)来写作。首先，要“切题”。具体而言，就是要主题 明确、中心突出，基本包括命题的所有要求(内容和字数)。其次，“表达思想清楚，文字通顺”。也就是说，要用通顺的文字清楚地表达自己的思想，防止用词不 当、词不达意和思想混乱。再次，“连贯性好”。换句话说，要注意段落之间的平稳过渡和句与句之间的适当衔接，避免出现段落之间的突然过渡和句与句之间逻辑 不清的情况。最后，要“基本无语言错误，仅有个别小错”。不仅要注意段落和句义的表达，而且还要避免出现语言错误，主要包括：词义、语法和标点符号的误用 等等。

简而言之，无论是从文章的中心到每句话，还是从段落到单词，都要予以充分考虑，尽量少犯错误，尤其是一些基本却致命的错误(例如：基本语法的误 用、单词的误拼等等)。此外，还要注意卷面、字数等非智力性因素在应试作文中的重要性，努力做到卷面整洁、字数达标。

(一)写作“四步定位法”介绍

根据多年英语教学的经验，笔者认为自己所创的“定位法”仍是获得应试作文高分的一种捷径，特别适合于应对四、六级和考研作文。虽然本节讲述的作 文“四步定位法”与总论中所讲的“定位法”的步骤有所不同，但这只是针对具体题型的灵活变化，贯穿其中的精神实质没有丝毫改变，所以为了突出定位法在四级 应试中的地位，使各位考生更容易理解定位法的实质，并能熟练掌握和运用，仍将“作文定位法”简称为“定位法”。作文“四步定位法”的步骤可以简单地概括 为：“一定中心，二定方法，三定结构，四定句式”。具体内容如下：

1.一定中心

这要求首先确定文章的题目、观点或中心内容，而且任何一篇文章、一个段落、一句话都只能围绕一个中心展开。

首先，对于一篇文章而言，只能有一个中心，无论英语和中文都是如此，区别在于表达中心的方式不同。英语国家的人写作喜欢开门见山，中国人喜欢循 序渐进，这也是中西方人思维不同的表现。所谓开门见山，就是直接说出自己的观点，然后再进一步予以论述或说明;所谓循序渐进，就是通过论述或说明，然后逐 步提出自己的观点。简单而言，就是西方人更习惯于先结论后解释或论证，中国人习惯于先解释或论证逐渐得出结论。但是受自小培养的中文习惯的影响，许多学生习惯用中文的思维方式来用英文表达思想，写出来的作文就不符合英语作文的要求。所以，写英语作文时，一定要时刻提醒自己尽量避免中文思维，先表明观点，再 论证或说明。但所幸的是，几乎所有的六级作文都是命题作文，只需根据题目确定某个方向就可以表明自己的观点，然后做出解释或论述。

例如，疑问式标题的作文“Should One Expect a Reward When Doing a Good Deed?”，只需选择是或不是，然后予以解释或说明;陈述式标题的作文“The Importance of Reading Classics”，就不能选择，必须对该标题直接予以解释或论述。但无论标题为何种形式，一篇作文只能围绕一个中心展开，否则就会走题，下笔千言而离题 万里。

其次，一个段落也只能针对一个中心展开，而且最好在开头就鲜明地表明自己的观点。具体而言，在四级作文中，就是围绕提纲的中心以段落的形式对它 进行丰富和发展。

例如，请以“Will E?books replace traditional books”为题，按照下面的提纲写一篇文章，即1).随着信息技术的发展，电子图书越来越多;2).有人认为电子图书会取代传统图书，理由是„„ 3).我的看法。对于第一点，其中心就是“电子图书越来越多”，只需要以此为中心展开说明，比如可以列举一些具体的事例;对于第二点，其中心是“有人认为 电子图书会取代传统图书”，其主要理由是什么;第三点，我的看法如何呢，要么同意，要么不同意，再加以简单解释。这样，每段有每段的中心，所有段又都以第 三个提纲为核心，为其服务。这样就有一个大概的轮廓，也不会跑题。

再次，每句话也应该而且只能有一个中心，而且要避免啰唆和重复。有的同学，鉴于自己词汇量有限，为了凑字数，或有的同学，为了卖弄笔墨，可能会 利用一些复杂的句式结构不断地重复某个中心意思。这样做，不但会影响文章的中心思想，而且也会让人觉得晦涩难懂。例如，With regard to the fact that our environment is polluted, members of Congress should draft and consequently enact laws that prohibit pollution in our nation.这句话可以改为：Because our environment is polluted, Congress should pass laws prohibiting pollution.所以，要尽量围绕一个中心写一些简洁的句子，在此基础上适当地做些句型变化就可以，不要一味追求使用长句和复杂的句子结构。这样做只会舍本逐 末、适得其反。总之，要记住句为段服务、段为篇服务、篇为中心或题目服务，也就是所说的“一定中心”。

2.二定方法

指围绕定好的“中心”确定写作所要采用的方法——讲道理和摆事实。

(略)

3.三定结构

指确定文章的段落结构。一般来说，一篇完整的四级应试作文应该包括三个部分，即：提出问题、分析问题和解决问题，也就是要回答“是什么、为什么 和怎么样”三个问题。通常地，也可以理解为文章结构形式的三个部分，即：开头(起)、中间(承、转)、结尾(合)。

(略)

4.四定句式

要灵活运用四种句子结构——简单句、并列句、复合句和拓展句，长短句要合理相间，发挥短句表达有力(多用作结论)、长句逻辑严密(多用于论证或 说明)的特点，切忌采取单一句式。简单句、并列句、复合句，这是英语中三种基本的句子结构，大家不难理解。拓展句主要是指以前三种句子为基础结构形成的比 较复杂的句子，其中有较多的非谓语成分，有的语法也将其称为“复杂句”。(“拓展句”不是一个正规的语法概念，只是为了各位考生应用和理解英语句子结构的 方便而提出的)。例如：After installed a skylight(天窗), the room looked brighter.四种句子之间的结构是可以互相转换的，但必须注意保持其结构的完整性，尤其是在表达复杂而严密的意思的时候。写作或检查时，必须依据“任何一句 话只能有一个谓语，多于一个谓语就必须有连接词”的原则，避免犯句子结构不完整的常见错误。这里所说的“一句话”，其标准是指以句号、问号、分号、感叹号 结尾的句子。四种句子的转换关系如下：简单句→并列句(加并列连词)→复合句(加表示逻辑关系的连词或代词等)→拓展句(加非谓语等结构)。

另外，还要注意标点符号的正确使用。有些同学写作时不太注意标点符号的用法，往往会一“逗”到底或一“句”到底，不管什么情况都喜欢用逗号或句 话，有的甚至习惯在书写时随便停笔加个点号，这是一种很不好的习惯。大家都知道，在英文中，一个点就是一个句号。这样随便乱点，不仅是书写潦草的问题，而 且很可能造成句子结构的不完整，出现语法错误。此外，要注意不要使用顿号。英文中没有顿号，表示并列关系要用逗号，且最后两个并列成分之间用“and”连 接，可加也可不加逗号。再者，一句话中最好不要使用逗号表示多个层次的并列，避免造成读者理解上的困难。还有，在一些连接副词前后都需要加标点符号，常见 的有however, moreover, therefore, consequently等。例如：I had heard the rumor before;consequently, I did not believe it.作文“定位法”也可以用下图来简单表述：(略)

(二)写作“四步定位法”实例讲解

对历年的真题分析可知，常考的四级作文体裁主要有三种——说明文、议论文和应用文，所以接下来就通过具体的例子，来讲解如何使用作文“定位法” 写作这三种体裁的四级英语作文。

1.议论文

【题目】Will E-books replace traditional books?

【提纲】1).随着信息技术的发展，电子图书越来越多

2).有人认为电子图书会取代传统图书，理由是„„

3).我的看法

一定中心：本文属于提纲式命题的议论文，题目是“Will E?books replace traditional books”，属于疑问式的题目，所以必须做出肯定或否定回答。同学们可以按照自己的想法，提出“E-books will replace traditional books”或“E-books won’t replace traditional books”的看法。

二定方法：可以先讲道理，再举例(具体见后面的范文)。

三定结构：提纲有三点要求，第一点属于“提出问题”部分，第二点属于“分析问题”部分(分析别人的观点)，第三点也属于“分析问题”部分(提出 自己的观点，并作简单论证)，也就是对题目的回答和简单说明。整个提纲都没有涉及到“解决问题”部分。所以，可以初步确定本文可以分为两大部分、三个段 落，即“提出问题”和“分析问题”(别人和自己的观点)两个部分，现象解释、别人的观点、自己的观点三个段落。

因此，可以确定出如下的结构：

第一部分，解释电子图书越来越多的现象，理论归因为“信息技术的发展”，并举例说明其“越来越多”，通过讲道理和摆事实拓展提纲的第一点。

第二部分可以分为两段，第一段是别人的观点(提纲的第二点)，第二段是自己的观点(提纲的第三点)。别人的观点又包括观点和原因两个部分，在简 单陈述观点后，至少应该指出两点原因来论证这种观点。可以通过讲道理，但最好运用讲道理和摆事实相结合的方法予以论证。第三点也如此，只不过是表明自己的 观点而已。

可用英文简单表述成：

Para.1：Phenomenon: ubiquitous E-books nowadays/E?books become more popular

Reasons: the development of information technology(IT)

Examples: E-products/e-based products—e-mails, e-tickets, e-tests, e-books etc.Para.2：Some persons’ view: E-books will replace traditional books.Reasons: advantages of E?books;disadvantages of traditional books

Examples: read online without payment;immediate reading newly headline information

Para.3：(possible version 1)

My view: agree

Reasons: advantages of E?books;(convenient and accessible;easily storing and place-saving;easy-reading;environment protection)

Examples: bamboo-based books replaced by paper?based books

(possible version 2)

My view: disagree

Reasons: advantages of traditional books

Examples: reading traditional books is good for eyes/healthy

(possible version 3)

My view:(neither totally agree nor totally disagree)coexist

Reasons: both has its advantages of existing

Examples: young people like E?books, while the old like traditional books;coexisting of camera and painting

四定句式：灵活使用四种句子结构，采用长短句间隔的写法。

【范文】

Possible version 1：agree

With the developing of information technology, we are living in an e-era, where E-based products have become more and more popular/ are ubiquitous.E-mails, e-tickets and e-books have played a growing role in our daily life, while paper-based materials, such as traditional books, are suffering a great loss of their readers.Some people believe that E-books will replace the traditional books eventually because of its obvious advantages.Firstly, they are convenient and accessible.You can read so many kinds of interesting e-books without paying any money just if you have a computer connecting to the internet.Secondly, reading e-books has developed into part of our daily life.We can easily get latest headline information just by clicking a mouse gently without hearing noise made by frequently thumbing pages.As far as I’m concerned, I hold/share the same opinion with above persons.Besides the reasons offered by them, E-books are so beneficial for forest protection that they are greatly helpful in saving energy and protecting environment.Just as bamboo-based books were put an end by history, traditional books will lose its all readers and disappear/vanish in the future.Possible version 2：disagree(前两段同上)

As for me, a long-time book worm, it’s not likely/impossible for E-books to replace traditional books.There are enough reasons which make traditional books survive.For example, long time of reading E-books will do harm to our eyes, and readers will find themselves more accessible to printed materials because of unpopularity of computers and the internet to every corner of our life.Possible version 3：co-exist(前两段同上)

From my perspective, I firmly believe e-books can not take the traditional books’ place totally.They will unquestionably co-exist for a long period.Although the e-books offer us lots of favorable consequences, the traditional books can provide us opportunities to take note on them and to be easy for collection.Therefore, e-books and traditional books are preferable to different people, and both of them can bring us benefits.下面是一个根据“定位法”整理出的现成的议论文写作模板，供各位考生借鉴，既可以根据实际情况灵活应用，也有助于加深对作文“定位法”的理解，进一步掌握其精神实质。只有这样“有形加无形”，才能以不变应万变，轻松应对考试。

第一段

There is no denying the fact that.描述现象，引起话题

To begin with,.主题展开句1

What’s more,.主题展开句2

第二段

There are many reasons accounting for.承上启下,解释这一现象的原因

The main reason is.说明原因一

Furthermore,.原因二

The last but not the least,.原因三

As a result,.讲述导致的结果

第三段

As far as I’m concerned,.作者的态度

For one thing,.观点一

For another,.观点二

In conclusion,.总结全文

2.说明文

(略)

3.应用文

(略)

另外，需要强调和说明的一点是：虽然应用文本身有自己的格式要求，必须要按照固定的格式来写，但是最关键的还是要按照提纲的内容来写。换句话 说，应用文就是具有某种特定格式要求的说明文或者议论文。

再者，应用文虽然种类繁多、格式各异，但是除了一些客套话语和内容的表达不同之外，其格式上仍有一些相似的、可循的固定规律。例如：

(1)日期均在开头的右上方，其格式为：月/日/年或日/月/年，而不是年/月/日。

(2)称呼后均用逗号，不能用冒号。„„

(略)

常用句型或表达方法

普通信件(1)I’m very happy to receive your letter about„

(2)Thank you for you to offer me the help to„

(3)I’m writing the letter in purpose of„

(4)My thanks for you are beyond words.(5)I’ve been looking forward to hearing from you soon.(6)Your prompt reply to my letter would be highly appreciated.通知(7)Your attention, please„

(8)This is to note/notice/announce that„

(略)

二、写作应试技巧点拨

写作是作者利用自己所具备的知识来表达观点和情感的一种复杂过程，深受作者自身的知识结构、所处环境和情感等主客观因素的影响，应该是一种主动 的、有感而发的自然过程，并没有固定的规律和方法可循。但是，作为一种考试形式，作文却是一种被动的(固定题目或范围的写作)主动表达过程，有其自身的规 律性和写作技巧，尤其是四、六级英语作文，它有一定的写作套路和独特的固定模式，考生可以通过大量的模仿练习来提高自己的写作能力，丰富自己的写作技巧，顺利通过考试，为将来的进一步学习和工作奠定良好的写作基础。

四级作文基本上是命题作文或提纲作文，大部分是要求考生就某种现实现象或观点发表自己的看法，内容多是考生所熟悉的生活题材，所以写好四级作文 有两个关键点：第一，根据英文的表达习惯来安排写作结构;第二，用自己熟悉的英文词汇、句式和句型正确地写出自己的观点和看法。因此，这里按照起、承、转、合的结构安排，详细介绍一些写作中常用的重点关联词语、词汇、句式及句型。

(一)起

起，就是开门见山地提出自己的观点和看法，文章的第一段和每段的第一句都是起，常会用到一些表示现在的时间状语，如：nowadays, presently, now, with the coming of„等。下面是一些常用的句型结构：

1.观点/现象型

(1)When it comes to„, different people hold different views.Some argue that„, while others believe that„

(2)Now people in growing numbers are beginning to believe that„

(3)Nowadays, it is generally believed that„, but I doubt whether„

(4)As is known to all,„(谚语或名言).A case in point is that„

2.描述型(略)

(二)承(略)

(三)转(略)

(四)合(略)

三、写作真题例析(略)

四、写作真题演练

Test 1

2008年12月真题

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow.1.一次性塑料袋曾广为使用

2.由此带来的问题

3.限制使用一次性塑料袋的意义

Test 2

2008年6月真题

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of Recreational Activities.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow.1.娱乐活动多种多样

2.娱乐活动可能使人们受益，也可能有危害性

3.作为大学生，我的看法

Test 3

2007年12月真题

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a short essay on the topic of What Electives to Choose.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow.1.各大学开设了各种各样的选修课

2.学生因为各种原因选修了不同的选修课

3.以你自己为例„„

Test 4

2007年6月真题

Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write an announcement to welcome students to join a club.You should write at least 120 words following the outline given bellow.1.本社团活动的主要内容

2.参加本社团活动的好处

3.如何加入本社团

五、写作真题演练参考范文

Test 1

Limiting the Use of Disposable Plastic Bags

With its great advantage of convenience and endurance, disposable plastic bags are being widely used and have been an indispensable part of our daily life.We’ve been used to enjoying receiving free plastic bags offered by shop assistants, whenever we buy clothes, shoes and food at supermarkets or department stores.It seems that life without them is unimaginable for most of us.However, they do cause a lot of problems, especially bringing severe damage to our environment.Not only do they affect the beautifulness of our living settings，but also do harm to our health，because they are made from some kind of chemical material which can not be disposable.Once we burn them or bury them, they may pollute our air or water heavily.Thus, it’s imperative for us to take effective measures to limit the use of disposable plastic bags.Such actions are of great significance.It?s helpful in saving natural resource besides making our cities’ faces clean and beautiful.Furthermore, it can help reduce harmful damage to environment and thus to our human’s health.In view of current bad effects made by using disposable plastic bags, we everyone are responsible for limiting their use.Only in this way can we have a bright future.

第二篇：英语四级考试写作指导

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根据以下提示叙述一场交通事故：1)用第一人称;2)短语提示：drive home at about 30 kilometers an hour;it was dark;a small girl chased a dog;not hit her but hit a car in the other direction3)写出作者对此交通意外的感想。

参考范文

Last night I was driving home from work.I had an accident.I was following behind a truck，driving at about 30 kilometers an hour.I was watching the traffic carefully because it was getting dark.Suddenly a small girl ran onto the road from the left.She was chasing a dog and she wasn’t paying any attention to the traffic.I immediately applied the brakes and turned the steering wheel quickly to the right.The girl jumped towards the side of the road as soon as she saw my car.Fortunately I did not hit her，but I hit a car coming in the other direction.Luckily I was not driving very fast so the damage was not serious.It is better to damage a car than to injure a young child，I thought to myself.B： 以第一人称写一篇记叙文，讲述在旅行中经历的一件小事。

参考范文

Go on a Mediterranean Journey

My wife and I have always enjoyed traveling by sea，and last year we decided to go on a Mediterranean journey.Although our holiday was rather expensive we thought that the high standard of accommodation，the first-class food and the many interesting places we saw were well worth the price we paid.We found that most of the other passengers were friendly and interesting，but there was one man，a Mr.James，who irritated and annoyed us.Whatever subject we talked about，it seemed that he was an expert at it.He had，apparently，read more books，visited more countries and studied more languages，than anyone else had.After a few days，we ate our meals in silence，because nobody wanted to begin a conversation that would soon be taken over by this man.Then my wife had an idea.She suggested that we might think of an unusual subject，look it up in an encyclopedia and then talk about it at dinner.If it were an unusual subject，Mr.James could not possibly know anything about it.The subject we chose was “English Agriculture in the Eleventh Century.” At dinner that night we

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discussed this subject with great enthusiasm.Mr.历年四级考试中的“How I Overcome Difficulties in Learning English”、“My Ideal Job”以及图表作文的第一段都属于说明文的范畴，如，2002年6月的根据坐标图写题为“Students Use of Computers”的作文。

说明文必须按一定的顺序进行说明：时间顺序、空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序，选择具体的特点和细节来说明。

所以，说明文的思路要围绕说明顺序、事物的特点和细节展开。例如：

范文点评

A Famous Clock

When you visit London，one of the first things you will see is Big Ben，the famous clock which can be heard all over the world on the B.B.C.If the Houses of Parliament had not been burned down in 1834，the great clock would never have been erected.Big Ben takes its name from Sir Benjamin Hall who was responsible for the making of the clock when the new Houses of Parliament were being built.It is not only of immense size，but is extremely accurate as well.Officials from Greenwich Observatory have the clock checked twice a day.On the B.B.C.you can hear the clock when it is actually striking because microphones are connected to the clock tower.Big Ben has rarely gone wrong.Once，however，it failed to give the correct time.A painter who had been working on the tower hung a pot of paint on one of the hands and slowed it down!

【点评】这是《新概念英语》中的一篇经典说明文，介绍了世界著名的“大本钟”。文章开篇指明该钟位于英国伦敦，且全世界的人们通过BBC就能够听到钟声。接下来讲述了“大本钟”的由来，特点——不仅外型巨大，而且走时准确，在结尾处讲了“大本钟”的一个幽默的小插曲——油漆工把油漆桶挂在指针上，把钟弄慢了。细读这篇文章，我们不难发现，区区159个单词就把“大本钟”的光辉形象牢牢地刻在读者的脑海里，为什么?本文基于事实，分析了主题的来龙去脉，语言简洁又不失生动贴切，作者态度客观又充满幽默，使读者既“明白了事理”，又对事物有较完整明晰的了解认识，此乃说明文之真谛也。

以“Goals”为题打开一篇说明文的思路。

参考思路

1)目标的分类：(可根据时间顺序，空间顺序、逻辑顺序或认识顺序，任选一个进行分类和排列)

2)各个类别的特点和细节：

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3)组织成文：

范文点评

Goals

Everyone has goals.Many people do not reach their goals for lack of planning.These three sets of goals should be developed： lifetime，intermediate and short term.Lifetime goals should be written out.These goals should be clear and reasonable.For instance，the goal to win a research prize is clear and measurable.Other lifetime goals might include publishing a certain number of influential books or articles，earning a departmental chairmanship at a major university，successfully competing for a grant from the National Science Foundation or securing a consultantship with a big corporation.Intermediate goals relate to outcomes during the next few years.For the beginning doctoral student，intermediate goals may include completion of course work and preparation of a doctoral research proposal.Like lifetime goals，these are measurable and clearly stated.Short-term goals involve outcomes expected during the next 12 months.These goals are more performance oriented，and they help with achievement of intermediate goals.Examples of short-term goals are earning an A in a course，learning how to program a computer or performing an experiment.【点评】本文介绍了人生的三种目标：终生的、长期的和短期的目标。在文中采用了说明文常用的方法：定义、举例、分类和比较等。

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第三篇：四级真题写作命题剖析与预测

四级真题写作命题剖析与预测

收集整理：肖庆华 陈明

一、写作命题剖析

（一)大纲要求

根据全国大学英语四、六级考试委员会2006年11月公布的《大学英语四级考试大纲（2006年修订版)》（以下均简称《大纲》)，写作（writing)部分是测试学生用英语进行书面表达的能力，所占分值比例为15%，考试时间为30分钟。

另外，《大纲》在附录中详细说明了“全国大学英语四、六级考试（CET-4～CET-6)作文题评分原则及标准”： 评分原则：

1.CET是检查考生是否达到大学英语教学大纲规定的四级和六级教学要求，对作文的评判应以此要求为准则。

2.CET作文题采用总体评分（Global Scoring)方法。阅卷人员就总的印象给出奖励分（Reward Scores), 而不是按语言点的错误数目扣分。

3.主要从内容和语言两个方面对作文进行综合评判（结构也很重要）。内容和语言是一个统一体。作文应表达题目所规定的内容，而内容要通过语言来表达。要考虑作文是否切题，是否充分表达思想，也要考虑是否用英语清楚而合适地表达思想，也就是要考虑语言上的错误是否造成理解上的障碍。

4.避免趋中倾向。该给高分的给高分，包括满分；该给低分的给低分，包括0分。一名阅卷人员在所评阅的全部作文卷中不应只给中间的几种分数。评分标准：

1.本题满分为15分。

2.阅卷标准共分五等：2分、5分、8分、11分及14分。各有标准样卷 1 ~ 2份。

3.阅卷人员根据阅卷标准，对照样卷评分，若认为所阅文章与某一分数（如8分)相似，即定为该分数（即8分)；若认为所阅文章稍优或稍劣于该分数则可加1分（即9分)或减1分（即7分)。但不得加或减0.5分。4.评分标准：

2分：条理不清，思路紊乱，语言支离破碎或大部分句子均有错误，且多数为严重错误。5分：基本切题。表达思想不清楚，连贯性差。有较多的严重语言错误。

8分：基本切题。有些地方表达思想不够清楚，文字勉强连贯；语言错误相当多，其中有一些是严重错误。

11分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字连贯，但有少量语言错误。

14分：切题。表达思想清楚，文字通顺、连贯，基本上无语言错误，仅有个别小错。

(注：白卷，作文与题目毫不相关，或只有几个孤立的词而无法表达思想，则给0分。)5.字数不足应酌情扣分。

CET-4 110-119 100-109 90-99

80-89

70-79

60-69

50-59

＜49 CET-6 140-149 130-139 120-129 110-119 100-109 90-99

80-89

＜79 扣分

9(注：①如题目中给出主题句、起始句、结束句，均不得计入所写字数。②规定的内容未写全者，按比例扣分。③如要判为0分，须慎重处理。)6.为了便于阅卷人员掌握评分标准，现将各档作文分相当于百分制的得分，列表如下，称为得分率。其中9分的得分率为60分（相当于百分制的60分)。

作文分15 14 得分率100 94 87

54 47

34 20 7（二)评分剖析

对研究《大纲》关于写作部分的要求、评分原则和标准，我们不难发现，写作的得分是一种综合分数。归纳起来看，写作分数主要包括总体印象、语言表达、文章结构和思想内容四个大的方面，而各个方面又有一些具体的细节内容。（三)命题特点和趋势

分析近几年来的试题可知，写作部分的命题有如下几个特点和趋势： 1.考试内容多以学生熟悉的日常学习生活和应该关心的社会热点为主。

2.题材多以议论文和说明文为主，有时会考些简单的应用文，且多以信函为主。3.命题形式以文字提纲为主，图表提纲为辅。4.题目主要是陈述性短语、句子或一般疑问句。

二、写作命题预测

作文的命题，仍会坚持“稳中求变”的命题原则。“稳”是指作文考查的目的不变，仍以测试考生基本的书面表达能力为主；考查的内容不变，仍侧重于思想表达、篇章组织、语言运用、写作格式四个方面。“变”是指作文的考查形式会变，不但其文体会变，而且考查的具体内容必然会变。因此，除了要具有扎实的语法、词汇知识和篇章组织技巧之外，考生还应该多留心观察和思考日常生活中的常见现象，并通过阅读报纸、杂志、书籍等来了解一些常见的社会看法和观点，在整理和提炼思想的同时，积累丰富的常见问题的英语表达习惯和方式，只有这样才能做到有备无患，从容应考。

有鉴于此，建议考生在复习备考时要注意以下几点： 1.熟悉常见三种文体的写作方法，在总结规律和背诵相关模板的同时，要学会灵活运用模板，切忌生搬硬套，更忌无中生有画蛇添足；

2.熟练掌握各种句式间相互转换的技巧，避免句式单一或句式复杂；

3.尽量能抽取时间来阅读一些与大学或日常生活相关的英语新闻、报纸或杂志；

4.要学好使用关联词，但避免大量使用关联词语，坚持“内容决定形式”的写作原则，切忌为了凑字数而胡乱堆砌关联词语；

5.要吃透重点词汇的用法，切忌生造词汇或囫囵吞枣；

6.无需在应用文上投入太多精力，只要将其基本格式吃透就可以，因为其具体内容的写法或结构基本等同于常见的三种文体；

第四篇：英语四级写作万能

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1.关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……

There are different opinions among people as to ____.Some people suggest that ____.2.俗话说（常言道）……，它是我们前辈的经历，但是，即使在今天，它在许多场合仍然适用。

There is an old saying______.It"s the experience of our forefathers，however，it is correct in many cases even today.3.现在，……，它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先，……；其次，……。更为糟糕的是……。

Today, ____, which have brought a lot of harms in our daily life.First, ____ Second,____.What makes things worse is that______.【外语教育&网】

4.现在，……很普遍，许多人喜欢……，因为……，另外（而且）……。

Nowadays，it is common to ______.Many people like ______ because ______.Besides，______.5.任何事物都是有两面性，……也不例外。它既有有利的一面，也有不利的一面。Everything has two sides and ______ is not an exception，it has both advantages and disadvantages.6.关于……人们的观点各不相同，一些人认为（说）……，在他们看来，……

People's opinions about ______ vary from person to person.Some people say that ______.To them,_____.7.人类正面临着一个严重的问题……，这个问题变得越来越严重。

Man is now facing a big problem ______ which is becoming more and more serious.8.……已成为人的关注的热门话题，特别是在年青人当中，将引发激烈的辩论。

______ has become a hot topic among people，especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.9.……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用，它给我们带来了许多好处，但同时也引发一些严重的问题。

______ has been playing an increasingly important role in our day-to-day life.it has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.10.根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条形图/成形图可以看出……。很显然……，但是为什么呢？

According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages in the /chart/bar graph/line/graph，it can be seen that______ while.Obviously，______，but why? 新东方英语四级：http://edu.21cn.com/kcnet1820/ 英语四级一对一咨询qq：1613508081

第五篇：四级英语写作

说明原因型模板

（一）Currently, XX has been the order of the day.This does demonstrate the theory —— nothing is more valuable than XX It is clear that(1).If you(2), as a result, your dreams will come true.On the contrary, if you(3).Failure will be following with you.It turns out that all your plan falls through.No one can deny another fact that(4).You don't have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know(5).It will exert a profound influence upon(6).With reference to my standpoint, I think(7).注释：

1、XX的第一个优点

2、支持XX的做法来源：恒星英语学习网

3、不支持XX的做法

4、XX的第二个优点

5、举例证明优点二

相应作文：The importance of self-confidence Currently, self-confidence has been the order of the day.This does demonstrate the theory —— nothing is more valuable than self-confidence.It is clear that(self-confidence means trust in one's abilities).If you(are full of self-confidence, it will bring your creative power to play, arouse your enthusiasm for work, and help you overcome difficulties), as a result, your dreams will come true.On the contrary, if you(have no confidence in yourself, there is little possibility that you would ever achieve anything).Failure will be following with you。It turns out that all your plan falls through.No one can deny another fact that(self-confidence gives you light when you are in dark and encouragement when you are dismayed).You don't have to look very far to find out the truth, in respect that we all know(the secret of MMe.Curie lies in perseverance and self-confidence, the latter in particular).It will exert a profound influence upon(the achievement of one's ambitions).With reference to my standpoint, I think(he that can have self-confidence can have what he will).说明原因型模板

（二）In recent years, XX has caused a heated debate on(1).The factors for(2).First of all,(3).Then, there comes a case that(4).Moreover,(5).Especially when(6).Indeed, these unique points can be collected the remind people that(7).In this way, we should behave just like(8).相应作文： The impact of Television In recent years, with the development of science and technology, 80 percent of all homes in China have satellite TV, offering as many as 50 channels.It has caused a heated debate on(the impact of television on children).Many parents are worried about the impact of so much television on children.The factors for(parents' worry is that children are indulge in television and spend too much time on it.).First of all,(with so many programs to choose from, children are not getting as much exercise as they should).Then, there comes a case that(some studies have show that excessive watching of television by millions of children has lowered their ability to achieve in school).Moreover,(the effect on children's minds are more serious than the effect on children's bodies).Especially when(the children are too small to judge what programs are suit to them).Indeed, these unique points can be connected to remind parents that(they should pay close attention to and responsibilities for supervising their children's TV viewing).In this way, children will not be influenced too deeply.说明原因型模板

（三）For most of us today,(1).From above, we can find that the reasons why(2)are as follows.The primary reason, I think, is(3).Second,(4).The third reason, actually, is(5).The

significance for(6).Therefore,(7).注释：

1、人们针对XX的态度和举措

2、归纳现状

3、第一个原因

4、第二个原因

5、第三个原因

6、重申造成现状的最重要原因

相应作文：Pollution Most of us today(recognize that environmental pollution has been a greatly serious problem.lots of plants trees corps are destroyed by bad air.many fish die of poisonous water.thousands of people die from eating poisoned fish or breathing in gas.therefore, environmental pollution should be responsible for these diseases that are disabling, or bringing death not only to human beings, but also to wild life.)From above, we can find that the reasons why(environment are polluted more and more seriously)are as follows.the primary reason, I think, is(the reason of harmful substances into environment.for example, to prevent insects, farmers make use of great amounts of insecticides, so as to have bumper harvests.however, they pollute air, water and land).Second,(the gas coming from the car engines and factories also make environment polluted badly).the third reason actually is(the result of a growing population in the world.everyday, so much litter and waste are poured out from houses, also pollute the environment).The significance for(controlling pollution)noted that it's high time that more effective measures should be taken.Therefore,(new laws should be passed to limit the amount of pollutants from factories.moreover, in the households, there is an obvious need to reduce litter and waste.let's make our good efforts, and the world will be a safer place to live for us).说明原因型模块

（四）These days we often hear that(1).It is common that(2).Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing,(3).For another,(4).What is more, since

(5),it is natural that(6).To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worth trying.We should do something such as(7)to improve he present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future.注释：

1、提出论题

2、说明现状

3、理由一

4、理由二

5、理由三

6、理由三引起的后果

7、解决方法

相应作文：Pollution of environment These days we often hear that(our living conditions are getting more and more serious because of the destruction of our environment).It is common that(many trees and animals are near extinction, and the all-important food chain has been destroyed.).Why does such circumstance occur in spite of social protects? For one thing,(the population of the world is increasing so rapidly that the world has been so crowded.).For another,(the overuse of natural resources has influenced the balance of natural ecology).What is more, since(the industrial revolution),it is natural that(a great number of factories have been

springing up like mushrooms.The smoke and harmful chemicals released from factories also pollute the environment).To solve the problem is not easy at all, but is worth.We should do something such as(planting more trees, equipping cars with pollution-control devices and learning to recycling natural resources)to improve the present situation, and I do believe everything will be better in the future.图表式作文写作模板

It is obvious in the graphic/table that the rate/number/amount of Y has undergone dramatic changes.It has gone up/grown/fallen/dropped considerably in recent years(as X varies).At the point of X1, Y reaches its peak value of……(多少).What is the reason for this change? Mainly there are……(多少)reasons behind the situation reflected in the graphic/table.First of all,……(第一个原因).More importantly,……(第二个原因).Most important of all,……(第三个原因).From the above discussions, we have enough reason to predict what will happen in the near future.The trend described in the graphic/table will continue for quite a long time(if necessary measures are not taken括号里的使用于那些不太好的变化趋势).提纲式作文写作模板

1、对立观点式

A.有人认为X 是好事，赞成X，为什么？

B.有人认为X 是坏事，反对X，为什么？

C.我的看法。

Some people are in favor of the idea of doing X.They point out the fact that 支持X 的第一个原因。They also argue that 支持X 的另一个原因。However, other people stand on a different ground.They consider it harmful to do X.They firmly point out that 反对X 的第一个理由。An example can give the details of this argument: There is some truth in both arguments.But I think the advantages of X overweigh the disadvantages.In addition to the above-mentioned negative effects it might bring about, X also may X 的有一个坏处。

2、批驳观点式

A．一个错误观点。

B．我不同意。Many people argue that 错误观点。By saying that, they mean 对这个观点的进一步解释。An example they have presented is that 一个例子。(According to a survey performed by X on a group of Y, almost 80% of them 赞成这个错误观点或者受到这个错误观点的影响)。There might be some element of truth in these people's belief.But if we consider it in depth, we will feel no reservation to conclude that 与错误观点相反的观点。There are a number of reasons behind my belief.(以下参照辩论文的议论文写法)。

3、社会问题(现象)式

A．一个社会问题或者现象

B．产生的原因

C．对社会和我们生活的影响

D．如何杜绝。(如果是问题的话)

E．前景的预测。

Nowadays, there exists an increasingly serious social/economic/environmental problem.(X has increasingly become a common concern of the public).According to a survey, 调查内容说明这种现象的情况。(或者是一个例子)。There are a couple of reasons booming this problem/phenomenon.下面参照辩论式议论文写法。X has caused substantial impact on the society and our daily life, which has been articulated in the following aspects.参照辩论式议论

文的写法。A dozen of measures are supposed to take to prevent X from bringing us more harm.同上Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more people will……

辩论式议论文模版

（一）Some people believe(argue, recognize, think)that

观点1.But other people take an opposite side.They firmly believe that

观点2.As for me, I agree to the former/latter idea.There are a dozen of reasons behind my belief.First of all,论据1.More importantly,论据2.Most important of all,论据3.In summary, 总结观点。As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心。或From above, we can predict that 预测。

辩论式议论文模版

（二）People hold different views about X.Some people are of the opinion that

观点1.While others point out that

观点2.As far as I am concerned, the former/latter opinion holds more weight.For one thing,论据1.For another,论据2.Last but not the least,论据3.To conclude, 总结观点.As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心。或From above, we can predict that 预测。

辩论式议论文模版

（三）There is no consensus of opinions among people about X(争论的焦点)。Some people are of the view that

观点1.While others take an opposite side, firmly believing that

观点2.As far as I am concerned, the former/latter notion is preferable in many senses.The reasons are obvious.First of all,论据1.Furthermore,来源：恒星英语学习网

论据2.Among all of the supporting evidences, one is the strongest.That is,论据3.A natural conclusion from the above discussion is that 总结观点。As a college student, I am supposed to 表决心。或 From above, we can predict that 预测。

展现问题篇

问题的常用词：question, problem, issue

Recently, the issue of......has been brought into public focus.近来，_______的问题引起了社会的广泛关注。

Now we are entering a brand new era full of opportunities and innovations, and great changes

have taken place in people's attitude towards some traditional practice.现在我们进入了一个充满机遇和创新的崭新时代，很多人对某些传统的看法也发生了很

大改变。

Recently the issue of whether or not...has been in the limelight and has aroused wide

concern in the public.近来，是否_______的问题已经非常明确而且引起了社会的广泛关注。

The issue whether it is good or not to....has aroused a heated discussion all over the country.______的利与弊已在全国范围内引起热烈的讨论。

At present, some people think....while others claim...Both sides have their merits.目前，一些人认为_______而另一些人则认为_______。其实，两种观点都其可取之处。People rarely reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue.对于这种极具争议的话题，我们很难作出绝对的回答。People from different backgrounds would put different interpretations on the same case.不同行业的人对同一种问题的解释不尽相同。The controversial issue is often brought into public focus.People from different backgrounds hold different attitudes towards the issue.这中极具争议性的话题往往很受社会的关注。不同的人对此问题的看法也不尽相同。When asked..., some people think.....while some prefer...说到______，有人认为________，而另一些人则认为__________。Just as the saying goes: “so many people, so many minds”.It is quite understandable that views on this issue vary from person to person.俗话说：不同的人对此有不同的看法是可以理解的。To this issue, different people come up with various attitudes.对于这个问题，不同的人持不同的观点。There is a good side and a bad side to everything, it goes without saying that...万事万物都有其两面性，所以，勿庸置疑，____________。When it comes to..., most people believe that..., but other people regard...as....提到_________问题，很多人认为_________，不过，一些人则认为______是____.When faced with...., quite a few people claim that...., but other people think as...提到_________问题，仅少数人认为________，但另一些人则认为_________。There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of....There who criticize...argue hat...., they believe that...,but people who favor.., on the other hand, argue that...目前，_______问题争议较大。批判_______的人认为_______，他们认为_______，不过，另一方面，赞同_______的人则认为_________。Some people are of the opinion that..有些人认为_____________。Many people claim that...很多人认为_____________。A majority of 绝大多数 A large number of 很多人 Some people contend that...has proved to bring many advantages(disadvantages)有些人认为________有很多有利之处(不利之处)。Those who argue for...say that...economic development of the cities.觉得_____的人认为，______ 城市的经济发展。Some people advocate that....有些人在坚持认为_________。They hold that...他们认为_________。People, who advocate that..., have their sound reasons(grounds)坚持认为______的人也有其说法(依据)。Those who have already benefited from practicing it sing high praise of it.那些从中受益的人对此大家褒奖。Those who strongly approve of...have cogent reasons for it.强烈认同_______的人有很多原因。

Many people would claim that...有人会认为___________。来源：恒星英语学习网 People who support...give some or all of the following reasons.那些支持_________观点的人列出了如下原因：________。But others hold the view that...但是，另外一些人则认为_______。观点的用词：Attitude, opinion, 与其搭配的动词以及词组：Take, have, come up with，set orth, put forward等。But on the other hand, there are also quite a few people who strongly advocate that..,.不过，另一方面，也有少部分人坚持认为_______________。But people who are..., on the other hand , maintain that...不过，另一方面，________的人认为__________。However, there are a large number of people who hold a different view concerning this case.然而，很多人对此有不同的看法。

综合篇

Along with the advance of the society more and more problems are brought to our attention,one of which is that....随着社会的不断发展，出现了越来越多的问题，其中之一便是____________。As to whether it is a blessing or a curse, however, people take different attitudes.然而，对于此类问题，人们持不同的看法。(Hold different attitudes 持不同的看;Come up

with different attitudes 有不同的看法)

As society develops, people are attaching much importance to....随着社会的发展，人们开始关注.....来源：恒星英语学习网

People are attaching more and more importance to the interview during job hunting求职的过程中，人们慢慢意识到面试的重要性。

As to whether it is worthwhile....., there is a long-running controversial debate.It is quite

natural that people from different backgrounds may have divergent attitudes towards it.关于是否值得___________的问题，一直以来争论不休。当然，不同的人对此可能持不

同的观点。

In the process of modern urban development, we often find ourselves in a dilemma.在都市的发展中，我们往往会陷入困境。

Recently the phenomenon has aroused wide concern, some people are in alarm that....最近，这种现象引起了人们的广泛关注，有人开始担心______________。

The human race has entered a completely new stage in its history, with the increasingly rapid

economic globalization and urbanization, more problems are brought to our attention.人类进入了一个历史的崭新的阶段，经济全球化、都市化的速度不断加快，随之给我们

带来了很多问题。

......plays such an important role that it undeniably becomes the biggest concern of the

present world, there comes a question, is it a blessing or a curse?“

_______显得非常重要而成为当今世界所关注的最大的问题，这是无可厚非的。不过，问题是：”我们该如何抉择?"

Now we are entering a new era, full of opportunities and challenges,现在我们正在进入一个充满机会和挑战的新时代。