第一篇:英美文化背景知识复习资料
上海中学东校初二年级英美文化背景知识大赛复习资料
2015年9月
英美传统文化(节日)
1、独立日(Independence Day,又称Fourth of July、4th of July或July Fourth)是美国的主要法定节日之一,日期为每年7月4日,以纪念1776年7月4日大陆会议在费城正式通过《独立宣言》。
2、《独立宣言》由托马斯〃杰佛逊起草,1776年7月4日经大陆会议专门委员会修改后通过,并由大陆会议主席约翰〃汉考克签字生效。
3、独立日在美国是一个相当热闹的节日,每逢这一天,全美大大小小的教堂钟声齐鸣,以纪念美国独立。首先敲响的是费城自由钟。各种彩车、模型车、杂技车和小孩玩具车同欢乐的人群一起排成浩浩荡荡的队伍。
4、圣诞节(Christmas)又称耶诞节,译名为“基督弥撒”,西方传统节日,在每年12月25日。弥撒是教会的一种礼拜仪式。圣诞节是一个宗教节,因为把它当作耶稣的诞辰来庆祝,故名“耶诞节”。
5、大部分的天主教教堂都会先在24日的平安夜,亦即12月25日凌晨举行子夜弥撒,而一些基督教会则会举行报佳音,然后在12月25日庆祝圣诞节;基督教的另一大分支——东正教的圣诞节庆则在每年的1月7日。
6、圣诞节也是西方世界以及其他很多地区的公共假日,例如:在亚洲的香港、澳门、马来西亚和新加坡。圣经实际上并无记载耶稣诞生日期,圣诞节是后人公定的。
7、感恩节(Thanksgiving Day)是美国人民独创的一个古老节日,也是美国人合家欢聚的节日。初时感恩节没有固定日期,由美国各州临时决定。直到美国独立后的1863年,林肯总统宣布感恩节为全国性节日。1941年,美国国会正式将每年11月第四个星期四定为“感恩节”。感恩节假期一般会从星期四持续到星期天。
8、万圣节源自古代凯尔特民族(Celtic)的新年节庆,此时也是祭祀亡魂的时刻,在避免恶灵干扰的同时,也以食物祭拜祖灵及善灵以祈平安渡过严冬。
9、耶稣受难日是复活节的前一个星期五,基督教节日。它纪念耶稣生命中最高潮的一周(即“圣周”,又称“受难周”)中最重大的日子。这一周是从复活节前的一个星期日(棕榈主日——耶稣光荣地进入耶路撒冷城,民众手持棕榈枝欢迎他)开始,经复活节前的星期四(立圣餐日——纪念耶稣与门徒进“最后的晚餐”时设立圣餐礼)和星期五(受难日——纪念耶稣为世人的罪被钉十字架而死)到复活节(星期日)结束。“圣周”的主题也是《新约圣经》的核心——耶稣基督的受死和复活。
10、在早期的基督教会,只有纪念耶稣复活的星期日才是举行节庆活动的圣日。在325年罗马皇帝君士坦丁一世召开。324年,君士坦丁统一罗马帝国后,继续支持和扶植已传遍帝国全境的太阳神教,亲自召开约有300名主教参加的会议,解决一些长期陷于纷争的神学和教会体制问题;以使基督教教义世俗化,并有助于巩固帝国统一。会议由皇帝的宗教事务顾问西班牙柯都伐主教何西乌主持。议题中心是太阳神和基督教合并,还用国王的权利废除上帝立下的逾越节。
11、耶稣受难日,天主教的仪式上还要奉行崇拜十字架的礼仪。
12、复活节(主复活日)是一个西方的重要节日,在每年春分月圆之后第一个星期日。基督徒认为,复活节象征着重生与希望,为纪念耶稣基督于公元30到33年之间被钉死在十字架之后第三天复活的日子。
13、《圣经 新约全书》记载,耶稣被钉死在十字架上,第三天身体复活,复活节因此得名。复活节是基督宗教最重大的节日,重要性超过圣诞节,宗教起源与节期在以色列。
14、十二世纪时,人们在复活节节庆中加入鸡蛋,此蛋多涂以红色,也有绘成彩色和笑脸。故一般称之为“复活节彩蛋”(一般也称为复活蛋)。蛋的原始象征意义是为“春天—新生命的开始”。基督徒则用来象征“耶稣复活,走出石墓”。
15、情人节又叫圣瓦伦丁节或圣华伦泰节,即每年的2月14日,是西方的传统节日之一。这是一个关于爱、浪漫以及花、巧克力、贺卡的节日 男女在这一天互送礼物用以表达爱意或友好。16、270年2月14日——罗马圣教徒瓦伦丁被处死,此日被后人定为“情人节”。
17、哥伦布日(Columbus Day),又称哥伦比亚日,为10月12日或10月的第二个星期一,以纪念哥伦布于1492年首次登上美洲大陆。
18、愚人节(April Fool's Day或All Fools' Day)也称万愚节、幽默节,愚人节节期为公历4月1日,是从19世纪开始在西方兴起流行的民间节日,并未被任何国家认定为法定节日。
19、需要注意的是愚人节这天玩笑只能开到中午12点之前,这是约定俗成的严格规定,过了钟点还开玩笑的人会立刻碰钉子,自找没趣儿,称为比被他取笑的人还要大的傻瓜。20、亚伯拉罕〃林肯是美国南北战争的领导者,为废除奴隶制立下了不朽功勋。其每年诞辰日2月12日现为美国除南部外的26个州的法定纪念日。
英美饮食文化
1.时下所流行的下午茶也是传来自于英国,其较知名的有维多莉亚式,内容可说是包罗万象,包括各式小点、松糕、水果挞及三明治等。
2.英国的酒馆无所不在,有好几万家大大小小各具风味的酒馆,其中不乏数百年历史的.英国人不怎么热衷口味花哨的鸡尾酒英国的酒馆也有不近人情的地方,就是严格执行打烊时间,通常是晚上十点半,下午也得中断,打烊到五六点钟才开门。
3.头盘也称开胃品,一般有冷盘和热头盘之分,常见的品种有鱼子酱、鹅肝酱、熏鲑鱼、鸡尾杯、奶油鸡酥盒、焗蜗牛。
4.英国人平时谈吐语言中,“请”与“谢谢”非常普遍,即使家庭中也是如此。父母子女同桌吃饭时,父亲叫儿子把桌子上那瓶盐、酱油或其他东西拿过来,也得说声:“请把盐拿给我。”当儿子把父亲所要的东西拿过来后,作父亲的一定要说声:“谢谢”。5.在英国,一般富裕人家往往每日三餐,即早餐、午餐、茶点和晚餐。
英式早熟知是因为里面多是煎炸的食物:香肠,腌肉,蘑菇,番茄。除此之外,还有土司,英式烤饼,茄汁焗豆等食物。
6.英式下午茶一般一两点左右开始, 通常是搭配成套,包括一壶茶及一份点心。点心有三明治、奶油松饼或是小蛋糕。
7.鱼和薯条在英国是一个受欢迎的外卖食品,起源于1858年或1863年。它由炸制的传统的鳕鱼或比目鱼裹着面糊面包屑,并配上炸土豆条。
8.传统的正餐通常有四道菜:第一道是汤,第二道是鱼,第三道是肉,第四道是甜点、布丁拼盘,和冰淇林,现在正餐基本上由头盘、主食和甜品组成。
9.美国人吃不同的肉类,但他们最喜欢的是牛肉。当然,鸡肉和海鱼也是他们的美食。如果你问美国人他们喜欢几分熟的牛排的话,答案可能会相当不同。
10.在美国很多人喜欢喝不加奶油或糖的黑咖啡。据统计,美国人每天喝五百万杯咖啡。当然,美国也欢迎其他饮料,如牛奶,奶昔,果汁,茶等。11.美国人关心很多做事的速度。大多数人吃早餐和午餐非常的快,除非它是一个社会企业或家庭聚会的场合。但是晚饭,通常是一个时间较长的家庭聚会。在美国人的心目中,守时是一个客人礼貌的原则
12.吃饭时,如果有客人因为某些原因,不得不离开,他总是向主人说:“能请你给我些时间吗?”吃完饭后,客人会脱下自己的餐巾放在桌上,而男人则会帮助女士们离开餐桌 13.晚餐后,客人通常在两个或三个小时,自由交谈,但一个体贴的人不会延长他的逗留时间。大多数晚宴分手大约十一点。
14.在英国的午餐中,三明治扮演着一个重要的角色。
15.晚餐一般在晚上7点到8点之间。主要食品为汤、鱼、肉类、蔬菜、布丁、黄油、甜点、水果以及各种酒类和咖啡。这是极为讲究的一餐,因而时间也较长些。典型的英式晚餐一般由肉和两种蔬菜组成,调料就是煮肉时的肉汤。
16.美国饮食努力的发展方向是向速食发展,他们的蔬菜大都生吃,营养不会损失,更主要的是省时间,现在他们还极力提倡把蔬菜挤成菜汁喝,他们都想把吃菜这一点工夫也挤出来作为他用。
17.美国餐馆分类 :一是自助餐馆,二是正式餐馆,三是快餐店
18.助餐馆,柜台上摆放着琳琅满目的食品,冷热皆备,顾客自行拿着盘子取食物,然后到柜台付款。这种就餐方式对不识英语或不熟悉情况的游客很适宜,而且自助餐馆的食品较便宜,也不必给服务员付小费。
19.正式餐馆规模和档次各种各样,点菜时顾客可随意点要,全餐有开胃食品、主菜、蔬菜、甜点心和饮料,顾客也可以只选用部分。特餐即份饭,包括用肉或鱼做的一道菜,另加蔬菜、色拉、面包和奶油,特餐最便宜。用餐后不要忘记给服务员小费,一般为总额的15%。20.快餐店,是在美国最常见的,也是旅客在旅途中接触最多的一类,快餐店主要出售的是汉堡包和热狗这类大众化食品,还有三明治和饮料,幸亏美国人发明了这些好东西,游客买了食物回到车上,食与行同时进行,两者都不误。
21.美国人则略显得不拘小节。然而他们同样有着自己独具特色的饮食礼仪。在美国,“女士优先”原则是他们安排座次的标准。上菜的顺序通常是由外至里排列,使用也是由外至里依次取用。用餐时,只有女主人动手,其他人才开始用餐。
22.美国人在用餐过程中讲究安静,喝酒、咀嚼时都尽量不发出声音,互相之间敬酒、干杯也只是一种礼貌上的行为。席间宾客很少大声喧哗,只是与邻座的客人轻声交谈。美国人在付费上不会抢着付,而是各自付各自的。
23.早餐时间,一般在8时,内容较为简单,烤面包、麦片及咖啡,或者还有牛奶、煎饼。24午餐时间通常在中午12时至1时,有时还会再迟一点。午餐也比较简单。许多上班、上学人员从家中带饭莱,或是到快餐店买快餐,食物内容常常是三明治,汉堡包,再加一杯饮料。
25.晚餐是美国人较为注重的一餐,在傍晚6时左右开始,常吃的主菜有牛排、炸鸡、火腿,再加蔬菜,主食有米饭或面条等。
26.美国传统食物只有在酒吧里最容易找到,最具有代表性的食物有烤牛肉配约克热布丁,以及牛排肾脏派,苏格兰熏鲑鱼,还有各式浓淡啤酒及果酒,各式甜酒及威士忌,各式芝士等。
27.炸鱼是英国最便宜的“麦当劳”,是一种既便宜又方便的食物。炸鱼多为鲽鱼和鳕鱼,与炸薯条一起沾着盐或醋食用,很受普通百姓欢迎。
28.一种心里美萝卜的蔬菜,它的叶子比较绿,根部呈紫红色,吃起来有股淡淡的甜味,这就是甜菜根。英国人认为一餐中没有用到甜菜根煮食物,就不算是一顿完整的饭。
29.汤大致可分为清汤、奶汤、蔬菜汤和冷汤四种。品种有牛尾清汤、各式奶油汤海鲜汤、美食咖喱汤、意式蔬菜汤、俄式罗宋汤、法式葱头汤。
30.英国人喜欢口味清淡、甜酸、微辣的食品。菜的做法主要有煎、炸、烤、烧等。
体育
1英式橄榄球通常指拉格比运动。美式橄榄球实际上起源于拉格比美式橄榄球和英式橄榄球采用的球形状相同,都是椭圆形,但美式橄榄球更小、更长。英式橄榄球的运动员不需要像美式橄榄球的运动员那样佩戴头盔和身体护垫。NBA开场前 球员撒镁粉是因为镁粉质量很轻,具有很强的吸湿作用,运动员往手上涂镁粉是为了增大摩擦系数。在1957年-1969年的13个赛季里,比尔拉赛尔带领波士顿凯尔特人队获得11次NBA总冠军,他也因此获得11枚NBA冠军戒指,是NBA历史上获得NBA冠军戒指最多的人。4 NBA历史上身材最高的球员是前华盛顿子弹队的曼纽特.博尔(扎伊尔籍)和现役奇才队中锋吉莱赫.缪里森(罗马尼亚籍),均为2.31米,身材最矮的则为现役球员蒂尼.博格斯,仅有1.60米。NBA中,能扣篮的身高最矮球员是“士兵”斯珀特〃韦伯,曾获1996年NBA扣篮大赛的冠军,其身高只有1.70米。据NBA资料介绍,韦伯在16岁,身高仅1.60米的高中阶段,便有过扣篮的记录,他的原始纵跳高度为1.33米,助跑摸高为3.60米。科比的中间名是Bean,即他的全名是Kobe Bean Bryant。7 北美四大职业体育联盟,由NFL(National Football League,国家橄榄球联盟)、MLB(Major League Baseball,美国职业棒球大联盟)、NBA(National Basketball Association,美国篮球职业联赛和NHL(National Hockey League,国家冰球联盟)组成。8 NBA常规赛在各自联盟的排名前八进入季后赛。9 第一位进入NBA的中国人是王治郅。MLB由美国联盟(American League)和国家联盟(National League)组成,美国联盟使用指定打击的规则,国家联盟则没有使用。每年各个联盟的冠军球队将一决高下争夺世界大赛(World Series)的冠军。NBA第一位高中生球员是摩西马龙。12 德里克罗斯是NBA最年轻的MVP。身高约1.70米的内特罗宾逊获得了史上最多的3次扣篮大赛冠军。14 NHL联赛每年争夺的斯坦利杯是职业运动中历史最悠久之冠军奖杯。15 克雷汤普森在一场比赛中单节得到了37分。16 雷阿伦在生涯中命中了2947个三分球。冰球联盟(National Hockey League,简称NHL)是北美最大的的职业冰球赛事,也是目前世界上最高水平的职业冰球联赛。NHL于1917年在加拿大魁北克蒙特利尔成立,成立之初有五支队伍,在一系列的扩展之后,暂时共有30支球队,其中24支位于美国,6支位于加拿大。
18奥本山宫殿群殴事件,发生于2004年11月19日步行者与活塞队的比赛中,是NBA历史上规模最大,处罚最重,影响最恶劣的群殴事件。马刺新秀6尺7的科怀-伦纳德有这一双恐怖的双手,双手完全张开时,小指顶端至拇指顶端的直线距离竟有11.5英寸(0.2921米)。英格兰足球联赛共有72间英格兰及威尔士的职业足球会会员,一直安排这项历史上最古老的职业足球联赛,同时亦举办两项淘汰杯赛。足球联赛在1888年成立时只有12个会员,持续的发展及扩展组别使到会员数目在1959年增加到92间球会。在1992年,由于利益分配问题(主要是电视播映权收益),20支顶级球队脱离联赛另组英格兰足球超级联赛,但在两级联赛之间的升降制度仍然维持。截止至2007年,共有130支球队参加过足球联赛。21 英国足球联赛共有20多个级别。最主要的5个级别,分别是
第一:FA Premier League第二:Football League Championship第三:Football League One 第四:Football League Two第五:Conference National regional leagues,也就是地区性的联赛。直到20多级的小联赛.22 新世纪以来只有黄蜂和快船并未进过西部决赛。纽约扬基队(New York Yankees,缩写为NYY),是美国职业棒球大联盟中隶属于美国联盟东区的棒球队伍之一,其主场位于美国纽约布朗斯区。纽约扬基棒球队至今已有100多年历史,该队在40次美国职业棒球大联盟联赛中获得27次冠军。在美国所有的职业棒球队中,扬基队是唯一每个位臵均有球员入选棒球名人堂的球队,和西班牙足球甲级联赛皇家马德里俱乐部一起被认为是世界最著名的体育俱乐部。2000年悉尼奥运会美国梦之队的文斯〃卡特直接跃过法国队身高2.18M中锋队员韦斯头顶的扣篮。“大鲨鱼”奥尼尔体重147.4kg。
英美文学、音乐及影视
1.英格兰岛的早期居民凯尔特人和其他部族,没有留下书面文学作品。5世纪时,原住北欧的三个日耳曼部落──盎格鲁、撒克逊和朱特──侵入英国,他们的史诗《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf)传了下来。
2.史诗《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf)描绘了英雄贝奥武甫杀巨魔、斗毒龙,并在征服这些自然界恶势力的过程中为民捐躯。它的背景和情节是北欧的,但其中含有基督教成分,显示出史诗曾几经修改,已非原貌。按照保存在一部10世纪的手抄本里的版本来看,诗的结构完整,写法生动,所用的头韵、重读字和代称体现了古英语诗歌的特色。3.6世纪末,基督教传入英国,出现了宗教文学。僧侣们用拉丁文写书,其中比德所著的《英国人民宗教史》,既有难得的史实,又有富于哲理的传说,受到推崇,并译成了英文。4.12世纪后发展为中古英语。文学上也出现了新风尚,盛行用韵文(rhyme)写的骑士传奇,它们歌颂对领主的忠和对高贵妇人的爱,其中艺术性高的有《高文爵士与绿衣骑士》(Sir Gawain and the Green Knight)。它用头韵体诗写成,内容是古代亚瑟王属下一个“圆桌骑士”的奇遇,被称为英语中最好的一部“亚瑟传奇”。
5.14世纪后半叶,中古英语文学达到了高峰。这时期的重要诗人乔叟(Chaucer)的创作历程,从早期对法国和意大利作品的仿效,进到后来英国本色的写实,表明了英国文学的自信。乔叟被称为“英国诗歌之父”,著有《坎特伯雷故事集》(Canterbury Tales)。
6.他的杰作《坎特伯雷故事集》(Canterbury Tales)用优美、活泼的韵文,描写了一群去坎特伯雷朝圣的人的神态言谈。他们来自不同阶层和行业,各人所讲的故事或雅或俗,揭示了多方面的社会现实。
7.乔叟他首创了诗歌的双韵体— —每两行压韵的五步抑扬格,此韵体后被许多英国诗人采用。乔叟用伦敦方言写作,奠定了用英语语言进行文学创作的基础,促进了英语语言文学的发展。
8.文艺复兴运动源于14世纪的意大利,后遍及欧洲各国,在英国兴起较晚。文艺复兴”一词原意是指古希腊,罗马文学艺术的复苏,但事实上决不是简单的对古希腊罗马文学艺术的学习模仿。文艺复兴运动的核心思想是人文主义思想,表现为尊重人的尊严和力量,关注现世生活,鼓励人们对幸福生活的追求。代表的是新兴资产阶级反封建,反教会的思想和要求。文艺复兴运动的思想家,人文主义者是托马斯〃莫尔(Thomas More),他的作品《乌托邦》描绘了一个理想的未来社会,他因此被认为是空想社会主义的先驱。
9.文艺复兴时期的英国文学得到了空前的发展,在诗歌,散文和戏剧方面尤其兴盛。诗歌方面,新的诗体形式如十四行诗,无韵体诗被介绍到英国。戏剧代表文艺复兴时期英国文学的最高成就。主要戏剧家有马洛(Christopher Marlowe),莎士比亚(William Shakespeare)10.威廉〃莎士比亚(William Shakespeare),出生于英国中部瓦维克郡埃文河畔斯特拉特福,是欧洲文艺复兴时期英国最重要的作家,杰出的戏剧家和诗人,被喻为“人类文学奥林匹斯山上的宙斯”。他亦跟古希腊三大悲剧家埃斯库罗斯(Aeschylus)、索福克里斯(Sophocles)及欧里庇得斯(Euripides),合称为戏剧史上四大悲剧家。,著有《罗密欧与朱丽叶》、《哈姆雷特》、《李尔王》、《麦克白》、《奥赛罗》、《第十二夜》、《无事生非》、《威尼斯商人》、《仲夏夜之梦》、《皆大欢喜》。
11.莎士比亚四大悲剧,包括《哈姆雷特》(Hamlet),《奥瑟罗》(Othello)《李尔王》(King Lear)《麦克白》(Macbeth),故事均取自欧洲的历史传说。自十九世纪始,它们即被公认为是莎士比亚的“四大悲剧”。
12.莎士比亚四大喜剧 : 《仲夏夜之梦》(A Midsummer Night's Dream),《皆大欢喜》(As you like it)《第十二夜》(Twelfth Night),《威尼斯商人》(The merchant of Venice)13.《哈姆莱特》描述的是丹麦王子哈姆莱特的故事。当他在德国威登堡大学学习期间,他的叔父克劳狄斯毒死了哈姆莱特的父亲,篡夺了王位,并且娶了哈姆莱特的母亲。哈姆莱特回国后,父亲的鬼魂向他诉说了自己被害的经过,要儿子为他报仇。哈姆莱特接受了复仇的任务。他深感责任的重大,又怕泄露心事,被坏人钻了空子,就装疯卖傻,相机了解真情。有一次,他叫戏班子演一出阴谋杀兄篡位的旧戏,试探他的叔父,果然证明了叔父的罪行。他决心杀死叔父,可是把大臣波洛涅斯当作叔父错杀了。克劳狄斯以此为借口,把他送去英国,要英王杀掉他。哈姆莱特在去英国的路上设法逃回丹麦。回来后才知道,自己的情人奥菲利娅因为父亲波洛涅斯死了,爱人又远去他乡,精神失常落水淹死了。克劳狄斯又鼓动波洛涅斯的儿子雷欧提斯和哈姆莱特比剑,密谋用毒剑刺死他。结果双方都中了毒剑。哈姆莱特在临死前,奋力刺死了克劳狄斯。
14.17世纪的文学和艺术多展示革命思想的发展与成长,并带有浓厚的清教主义倾向。两个代表作家是弥尔顿和班扬。他们的代表作分别为《失乐园》和《天路历程》。
15.18世纪英国兴起了一种更具英国特色而又对欧洲大陆产生重大影响的文学形式---散文小说。此类小说的代表人是笛福和斯威夫特。分别著有《鲁滨孙飘流记》和《格利佛游记》他们把现实细节放在十分奇特的幻想的情景之中﹐而幻想也是正在发展中的英国小说所需要的。
16.19世纪前期是英国浪漫主义诗歌的高峰期,此阶段的代表诗人有华兹华斯(William Wordsworth)、柯尔律治(Samuel Taylor Coleridge),拜伦(George Gordon Byron)﹑雪莱(Percy Bysshe Shelley)﹑济慈(John Keats)。拜伦著有《唐璜》,雪莱著有《西风颂》,《解放的普罗米修斯》,济慈著有《夜莺》﹑《希腊古瓮》﹑《秋颂》﹑《许佩里翁》。17.小说在19世纪40至50年代得到更大的发展﹐这也是英国国内阶级斗争激化的时期。这个时期涌现了一批关注社会现实的作家。查尔斯狄更斯是19世纪英国现实主义文学的主要代表,他是一位幽默大师,常常用妙趣横生的语言在浪漫和现实中讲述人间真相,他著有《匹克威克外传》、《雾都孤儿》、《老古玩店》、《艰难时世》、《我们共同的朋友》、《双城记》等。18.在英国文学史上,勃朗特三姐妹是一个奇迹。她们既作为璀璨的星座而闪耀,又作为单独的巨星而发光。至少对夏洛蒂和艾米莉来说是如此。经过一百多年时间的考验,《简〃爱》和《呼啸山庄》已经在世界文学宝库中占据了不可动摇的地位,而安妮以《艾格妮丝〃格雷》与《怀尔德菲尔府上的房客》两部小说,也在英国文学史上占有一席之地。
19.人们对西方文明的危机感和第二次世界大战的恶果促成了西方现代派文学的形成。主要表现为意识流小说,代表作家有詹姆斯乔伊斯和弗洁尼亚沃尔夫。乔伊斯的小说《尤利西斯》描写的是现代都市居民庸俗,猥琐的精神生活。弗洁尼亚的《到灯塔去》则运用了娴熟的象征手法和意识流技巧。
20.自从1901年诺贝尔文学奖开始颁奖以来,(1918年、1935年、1940年-1943未颁奖)。到2005年为止,英国荣获诺贝尔文学奖的作家一共有10位。(如果说不算上爱尔兰人的话)他们分别是:约瑟夫〃鲁德亚德〃吉卜林《老虎!老虎!》,乔治〃萧伯纳《圣女贞德》,约翰〃高尔斯华绥《有产者》,托马斯〃斯特恩斯〃艾略特《四个四重奏》,帕特兰〃亚瑟〃威廉〃罗素《哲学—数学—文学》,温斯顿 丘吉尔《不需要的战争》,埃利亚斯〃卡内蒂《迷茫》,威廉〃戈尔丁《蝇王〃金字塔》,维〃苏〃奈保尔,哈罗德.品特。
21.19世纪初,一些以美国为背景、美国人为主人公的作品开始出现,初具美利坚民族的特色,代表作家有欧文(Washington Irving),库珀(James Fenimore Cooper)和爱伦〃坡(Edgar Allan Poe)。
22.欧文致力发掘北美早期移民的传说故事,被称为“美国文学之父”,著有《见闻札记》(The Sketch Book)(收录《睡谷的传说》(The legend of the Sleepy Hollow)和《瑞普 凡 温克尔》(Rip Van Winkle)等名篇)出版,奠定了欧文在美国文学史上的地位。
23.库珀(James Fenimore Cooper)在《皮袜子故事集》中以印第安人部落的灭亡为背景,表现了勇敢、正直的移民怎样开辟美国文明的途径。》,(包括《开拓者》、《最后一个莫希干人》、《草原》、《探路者》、《杀鹿者》)赞扬印第安人的正直,揭露殖民主义者的贪婪残暴,情节惊险曲折。其他作品有《间谍》、《舵手》、《领港员》、《火山口》等。24.坡以神秘故事和恐怖小说闻名于世,他是美国短篇故事的最早先驱者之一,又被尊为推理小说的开山鼻祖,进而也被誉为后世科幻小说的始祖。他是第一个尝试完全依赖写作谋生的知名美国作家,从而导致贫困潦倒。他著有《厄舍府的倒塌》,《乌鸦》,《莫格街谋杀案》等。
25.超验主义是一场思想解放运动,超验主义也被称为“美国文艺复兴”运动,先表现为宗教、哲学思想中的改革,后扩展到文学创作领域。以爱默生(Ralph Waldo Emerson)为首的超验主义者为了摒弃加尔文教派“以神为中心”的思想,吸取康德先验论和欧洲浪漫派理论家的思想材料,提出人凭直觉认识真理,因而在一定范围内人就是上帝,对美国作家产生不小的影响。
26.19世纪30年代之后,北部进步人士掀起越来越高涨的废除黑奴运动,影响最大的作品是斯托夫人的小说《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(1852),林肯(1809~1865)称她为“发动了一次战争的小妇人”。
27.美国19世纪的民主精神在惠特曼(1819~1892)的《草叶集》(1855)里得到充分发挥。他以丰富、博大、包罗万象的气魄反映了广大劳动群众在民主革命时期的乐观向上精神。他歌颂劳动,歌颂大自然,歌颂物质文明,歌颂“个人”的理想形象;他的歌颂渗透着对人类的广泛的爱。诗人以豪迈、粗犷的气概蔑视蓄奴制和一切不符合自由民主理想的社会现象。他独创了自由诗体(free verse),同他的思想内容一样,也是文学史上的创新,产生了广泛的影响。
28.乡土文学最先出现于19世纪20、30年代,南北战争后进一步发展。这种文学描绘本乡本土的传说与现实生活,地方色彩浓厚,基调是乐观的、抒情的。马克〃吐温(Mark Twain)是这时期主要的作家,代表作是《哈克贝里〃费恩历险记》和《汤姆索亚历险记》。
29.现实主义作家各具艺术特色,加兰写得逼真,诺里斯反映了广阔的社会图景,克莱恩引进了印象主义手法,杰克〃伦敦的文笔刚健有力,叙述引人入胜。欧〃亨利运用悬念、突变等手法,开辟了美国式短篇小说的途径。这些作家都对美国文学的成熟作出了贡献。另一支是以德莱塞为首的现实主义小说家。德莱塞广泛而深入地描绘了美国社会的真实图景。他的《嘉莉妹妹》(1900)等早期作品描写劳动妇女进入大城市和上层社会后被侮辱、被损害的遭遇。
30.第一次世界大战结束几年之后,对这次战争的厌恶情绪开始在文学上有所反映。“迷惘的一代”的作家大多参加过这次战争,他们普遍有一种被欺骗、被出卖的感受,代表作是海明威(Ernest Miller Hemingway)的《太阳照常升起》(The Sun Also Rises)。
31.欧内斯特〃米勒尔〃海明威(Ernest Miller Hemingway,被认为是20世纪最著名的小说家之一。他的代表作有《老人与海》(诺贝尔文学奖获奖作品),《永别了武器》,《丧钟为谁而鸣》,《太阳照常升起》等。
32.20年代最重要的南方作家是威廉〃福克纳(William Faulkner),他的作品如《声音与疯狂》,在构筑一个独特的艺术世界、反映南方精神面貌、刻画复杂的人物性格与艺术手法的多样创新上,都很出色,是欧美现代派文学重要的代表人物之一。Music 33.15世纪,英国出现了不少有影响的作曲家。J.邓斯特布尔最早在固定歌调写作法上加上丰富的装饰和单纯的伴奏。他应用古凯尔特人的五声音阶写作,作品充满生活气息,并具有通俗性的特点。他是早期尼德兰乐派(今称勃艮第乐派)最有贡献的作曲家,曾培养了G.班舒瓦、G.迪费等知名学生。
34.英国拥有许多对全球极富影响力的歌手及乐团,像是披头士、比吉斯合唱团、冲击合唱团、铁娘子乐团、滚石合唱团、酷玩乐团、皇后乐团、创世纪乐团、超级流浪汉合唱团、等。35.风笛(Bagpipes)是乐器的一种,属使用簧片的气鸣乐器。风笛在英国的苏格兰地区非常流行,是苏格兰传统文化的一部分。
36.在古典音乐中英国的作曲家主要代表有:爱德华〃埃尔加(Edward Elgar,1857-1934),其主要作品有《b小调小提琴协奏》、《第一交响曲》、《第二交响曲》、《e小调大提琴协奏曲》、合唱曲《黑色骑士》、《奥拉夫国王》、《爱的致意》、《威风堂堂进行曲》等等。
37.《猫》、《悲惨世界》、《歌剧魅影》、《西贡小姐》并称世界四大音乐剧。其中,《猫》是一部童话式的作品;《悲惨世界》代表着文学巨著改编音乐剧的典范;《歌剧魅影》以美声唱法为主,是“歌剧-轻歌剧-音乐剧”过渡的典范;《西贡小姐》是一部女性为主的爱情悲剧。
38.安德鲁〃劳埃德〃韦伯(Andrew Lloyd Webber),英国音乐剧作曲家。截至2013年,他一共创作了13部音乐剧,一部声乐套曲,一组变奏曲,两部电影配乐和一首安魂曲,获得7次托尼奖,7次奥利弗奖,3次格莱美奖,并且凭借《艾薇塔》中的歌曲《You Must Love Me》赢得奥斯卡和金球奖的最佳原创歌曲奖。
39.艾尔顿〃约翰生于英国伦敦市郊,英国著名流行音乐创作歌手,享誉盛名的顶级音乐艺术家。自幼学习钢琴课程,被誉为“英国乐坛常青树”。1994年为电影《狮子王》创作的歌曲《Can You Feel The Love Tonight》红遍全球,1997年,纪念戴安娜王妃创作的歌曲《Candle In The Wind》全球卖出3700万张,是史上最卖座的单曲。1999年,获得格莱美传奇奖。40.百老汇(Broadway),原意为“宽阔的街”,为纽约市重要的南北向道路,南起巴特里公园(Battery Park),由南向北纵贯曼哈顿岛。由于此路两旁分布着为数众多的剧院,是美国戏剧和音乐剧的重要发扬地,“百老汇”因此成为了音乐剧的代名词。41.美国剧联于1946年以美国著名女演员兼导演安托尼特〃佩雷的名字设立了托尼奖,相当于音乐剧界的奥斯卡奖,每年颁发19项给百老汇戏剧,有最佳戏剧奖、最佳导演奖、最佳男女演员奖、最佳男女配角奖、最佳音乐剧本奖、最佳重演剧目奖和特别奖等。
42.美国音乐起源于印第安人的音乐。美国音乐经过长期发展,到20世纪初才具备独特的美国风格,并取得了与西方各国音乐文化同样重要的地位。代表音乐人有埃尔维斯〃普雷斯利,鲍勃〃迪伦,迈克尔杰克逊等。
43.爵士乐(Jazz),于19世纪末20世纪初源于美国,诞生于南部港口城市新奥尔良,爵士乐讲究即兴,以具有摇摆特点的Shuffle节奏为基础,是非洲黑人文化和欧洲白人文化的结合。20世纪前十几年爵士乐主要集中在新奥尔良发展,1917年后转向芝加哥,30年代又转移至纽约,以后风靡世界。爵士乐的主要风格有:新奥尔良爵士、摇摆乐、比博普、冷爵士、自由爵士、拉丁爵士、融合爵士等。
44.摇滚乐,兴起于20世纪50年代中期,主要受到节奏布鲁斯、乡村音乐和叮砰巷音乐的影响发展而来。早期摇滚乐很多都是黑人节奏布鲁斯的翻唱版,因而节奏布鲁斯是其主要根基。摇滚乐分支众多,形态复杂,主要风格有:民谣摇滚、艺术摇滚、迷幻摇滚、乡村摇滚、重金属、朋克等。
45.嘻哈音乐是黑人文化中一种源于街头的文化、文化现象、文化运动和生活方式,以说唱为音乐的表现形式。兴起于20世纪60年代。Movies 46.1893年,发明电影视镜爱迪生并创建“囚车”摄影场被视为美国电影史的开端。1896年,维太放映机的推出开始了美国电影的大众放映。几百年的短暂发展中,逐渐形成了具有鲜明特色的美国文化,其核心就是追求梦想,平等,自由,以及包容一切。
47.美国电影业在W.H.海斯的主持下这一组织制订了“海斯法典”,以便在审查影片时剔除其中不合乎美国公众道德观念和生活方式的情节、对话和场面。法典对美国电影的控制和约束一直延续到1966年。这就是著名的海斯法典。
48.美国无声电影的主要成就表现在喜剧片、西部片和历史片 3个方面。喜剧片的佳作首推卓别林的《寻子遇仙记》、《淘金记》和《马戏团》。
49.随着1928年雷电华影业股份有限公司的组建,1929年美国制片公司体制的结构明确形成。它们包括 5家较大的影片公司,即派拉蒙(组建于1914)、20世纪福克斯(始建于1915,合并于1935)、米高梅(合并于1924)、华纳兄弟(1923)和雷电华(1928);3家较小的公司,即环球(1912)、哥伦比亚(1924)和联美(1919)。这便是通称的“八大公司”。50.“好莱坞”一词往往直接用来指美国的电影工业,由于美国许多著名电影公司设立于此,故经常被与美国电影和影星联系起来,好莱坞是世界闻名的电影中心,每年在此举办的奥斯卡颁奖典礼则是世界电影的盛会。
英国历史、地理及政治
1.英国,全称大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国(The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 2.英国本土位于欧洲大陆西北面的不列颠群岛,被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。
3英国由大不列颠岛上的英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士,爱尔兰岛东北部的北爱尔兰以及一系列附属岛屿共同组成的一个西欧岛国。除本土之外,其还拥有十四个海外领地,总人口超过6400万,4英国以英格兰人为主体民族。英国是一个高度发达的资本主义国家。其国民拥有较高的生活水平和良好的社会保障制度。
5英国作为英联邦元首国、欧洲联盟成员国、北大西洋公约组织创始会员国、G8成员国,英国同时也是联合国安全理事会五大常任理事国之一。
6英国是一个单一制、君主立宪的民主国家,它的政府体系(即所谓西敏制)直接影响了许多其他国家的政治体制。
7英国的国家元首和理论上最高权力的拥有者是英国君主。英国是世界上最早出现资产阶级政党,并最先确立和实行两党制的国家。目前英国属于议会内阁制下的两党制。
8英国在1688年的光荣革命确立英国君主立宪政体,英国是世界上第一个工业化国家,首先完成工业革命,国力壮大。英国在18世纪至20世纪初期英国统治的领土跨越全球,是当时世界上最强大的国家。在两次世界大战中都取得了胜利,但国力严重受损。
10英国到20世纪下半叶英帝国解体,超级大国领导地位被美国和苏联取代。不过,目前英国仍是一个在世界范围内有相当影响力的大国。
11英国工业革命始于18世纪60年代,以棉纺织业的技术革新为始,以瓦特蒸汽机的发明和广泛使用为枢纽,以19世纪30、40年代机器制造业机械化的实现为基本完成的标志。12英国女王玛丽。英王亨利八世之女。1553年即,位后,恢复天主教,因残酷迫害宗教改革家,烧死新教徒达300多人,而获此称谓“血腥玛丽”。13英国人信仰的宗教主要是基督教。14英国女王即英国女性君主。
15大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国首相(Prime Minister of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland,缩写PM)简称英揆。
16英国广播公司(BBC)成立于1922年,是英国最大的新闻广播机构,也是世界最大的新闻广播机构之一。在相当长的一段时间内BBC一直垄断着英国的电视、电台。在1955年独立电视台和1973年独立电台成立之前,BBC一直是英国唯一的电视、电台广播公司。17英国被北海、英吉利海峡、凯尔特海、爱尔兰海和大西洋包围。东临北海,面对比利时、荷兰、德国、丹麦和挪威等国;西邻爱尔兰,横隔大西洋与美国、加拿大遥遥相对;北过大西洋可达冰岛;南穿英吉利海峡行33公里即为法国。国土面积24.41万平方公里(包括内陆水域)。英格兰地区13.04万平方公里,苏格兰7.88万平方公里,威尔士2.08万平方公里,北爱尔兰1.41万平方公里。
19英国属温带海洋性气候。英国受盛行西风控制,全年温和湿润,四季寒暑变化不大。温带落叶阔叶林带。通常最高气温不超过32℃,最低气温不低于-10℃,平均气温1月4~7℃,7月13~17℃。年平均降水量约1000毫米。北部和西部山区的年降水量超过2000毫米,中部和东部则少于800毫米。每年二月至三月最为干燥,十月至来年一月最为湿润。20英国西北部多低山高原,东南部为平原泰晤士河是国内最大的河流。英国终年受西风和海洋的影响,全年气候温和湿润,适合植物生长。英国虽然气候温和,但天气多变。一日之内,时晴时雨。
21塞文河(Severn River)是英国最长的河流,河长338公里,发源于威尔士中部河道呈半圆形,流经英格兰中西部,注入布里斯托海峡。
22泰晤士河是英国最大的一条河流,流域面积1.14万平方公里,多年平均流量60.0立方米/秒,多年平均径流量18.9亿立方米。
23本尼维斯山(Ben Nevis)一译“尼维斯山”。英国大不列颠岛最高峰。24温德米尔湖为英格兰最大的湖。
25英国主要的矿产资源有煤、铁、石油和天然气。硬煤总储量1700亿吨。铁的蕴藏量约为38亿吨。西南部康沃尔半岛有锡矿。26在柴郡和达腊姆蕴藏着大量石盐。斯塔福德郡有优质粘土。康沃尔半岛出产白粘土。奔宁山脉东坡可开采白云石。兰开夏西南部施尔德利丘陵附近蕴藏着石英矿。2011年,英国森林覆盖面积308万公顷,占本土面积12.6%。
27英国河川多年平均径流总量约为1590亿立方米,人均占有量约为2700立方米。英国工业化程度很高,水资源开发利用主要为了改善城乡人民的生活用水,发展工业、内河航运、水产养殖和水上旅游等。英国年总用水量为115.11亿立方米,其中公共用水占47.3%,灌溉用水占0.3%,其他工业等用水占52.4%。28城乡人均日生活用水量为322升。对污水处理非常重视,自1973 年以来污水处理已成为整个供水系统的一部分,废污水的处理达到了很高的水平。
29英国是国际上城市水业民营化、市场化的代表。英国的淡水有四分之三采自山中的湖水、水库蓄水以及河流。其中大约有四分之一是地下水。饮用水的质量很高。
30从1995年夏至1997年春,英格兰和威尔士经历了两年历史上最干旱的时期,水再也不是可以被任意取用的资源了。而供水管的渗漏则是另一个问题。相对来说,苏格兰和北爱尔兰仍拥有丰富的民用淡水和工业用水资源。
31为防止未来水资源的匮乏,政府于1997年5月颁布了一项十点计划,对此私营的水行业公司均已同意遵守。
32英国动植物资源丰富,2007年英国政府开始实施野生动植物保护计划,截至2007年,英国有1149种濒临灭绝的野生动植物,而刺猬、收割鼠、大西洋鲑和麻雀首次被列入其中。33英国政府的这一野生动植物保护计划名为《生物多样性行动计划》,其中收录了那些需要保护的哺乳动物、鸟类、昆虫、无脊椎动物、植物、鱼类、海洋生物和菌类的名单。34 2006年9月已有550只刺猬被送往英国英格兰中南部的白金汉郡首府埃尔兹伯里市附近的野生动物医院进行监管。
伊丽莎白二世(Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II),现任英国女王,英联邦元首、国会最高首领。伊丽莎白二世全称“承上帝洪恩的大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国及其他领土和属地女王,英联邦元首,国教(圣公会)的捍卫者伊丽莎白二世”。于1952年2月6日登基,1953年6月2日加冕女王,是英国在位时间最长的君主。
戴维〃威廉〃唐纳德〃卡梅伦(David William Donald Cameron),卡梅伦家族源自苏格兰高地的印威内斯,在英国金融界有很长的历史,祖辈有很多成员担任股票经纪或金融投资工作。2005年在年仅39岁时成为英国保守党领袖,2010年5月11日起成为英国第53任首相,是英国自1812年以来最年轻的首相。
美利坚合众国(United States of America),简称美国,是由华盛顿哥伦比亚特区、50个州和关岛等众多海外领土组成的联邦共和立宪制国家。
38美国其主体部分位于北美洲中部,美国中央情报局《世界概况》1989年至1996年初始版美国总面积列明 9,372,610 km²,1997年修正为963万平方公里(加上五大湖中美国主权部分和河口、港湾、内海等沿海水域面积),人口3.2亿,通用英语,是一个移民国家。39美国现任总统贝拉克〃侯赛因〃奥巴马。
美国现任副总统约瑟夫〃罗宾内特〃乔〃拜登。约翰〃福布斯〃克里美国现任国务卿。41美国是美洲第二大的国家,领土包括美国本土、北美洲西北部的阿拉斯加和太平洋中部的夏威夷群岛。如果只计陆地面积,美国排名第三,仅次于俄罗斯、中国,在加拿大之前。42美国国土地形变化多端,尤其是在西部。东海岸沿海地区有着海岸平原,在南部较为宽广,而在北部较为狭窄,海岸平原在新泽西州以北并不存在,不过在长岛等地也有一些冰川沉积平原。在海岸平原后方的是地形起伏的山麓地带,延伸到位于北卡罗来纳州和新罕布什尔州、高1830米的阿巴拉契亚山脉为止。
43在阿巴拉契亚山脉以西是美国中西部地带的内部平原,这里相对而言较为平坦,五大湖和密西西比河—密苏里河流域——世界上第四大的河域也位于这里。在密西西比河以西,内部平原的地形开始上升,最后进入美国中部面积广阔而地形特色稀少的大平原。
44在大平原西部则有高耸的落基山脉,从南至北将美国大陆一分为二,在科罗拉多州的最高峰到达4270米。在以前落基山脉还有频繁的火山活动;现在只剩下一个区域(怀俄明州黄石国家公园的超级火山可能是世界上最大的活火山)。
45麦金利山位于美国阿拉斯加州的中南部,位于阿拉斯加山脉的中段,它海拔6193米,为北美洲的第一高峰。
46美国面积最大的州是阿拉斯加州。
47美国大部分地区属于大陆性气候,南部属亚热带气候。中北部平原温差很大,芝加哥1月平均气温-3℃,7月24℃;墨西哥湾沿岸1月平均气温11℃,7月28℃。48美国自然资源丰富,矿产资源总探明储量居世界首位。煤、石油、天然气、铁矿石、钾盐、磷酸盐、硫磺等矿物储量均居世界前列。2010年底,美国已探明原油储量206.8亿桶,居世界第13位。已探明天然气储量7.716万亿立方米,居世界第5位;已探明煤储量4910亿短吨,居世界第一。森林面积约44亿亩,覆盖率达33%。
49贝拉克〃侯赛因〃奥巴马(Barack Hussein Obama),1961年8月4日出生,美国民主党籍政治家,第44任美国总统,为美国历史上第一位非洲裔总统。1991年,奥巴马以优等生荣誉从哈佛法学院毕业,而后在著名的芝加哥大学法学院教授宪法长达12年(1992年-2004年)。2007年2月10日,宣布参加2008年美国总统选举。2008年11月4日正式当选为美国总统。
50乔治〃华盛顿是美国独立战争时期的大陆军统帅和著名的政治家,美国开国元勋之一,美国第一任总统,著名的国务活动家,集革命家、军事家与政治家于一身,被誉为“战争时期第一人,和平时期第一人,同胞心目中的第一人”。在美国历史上拥有独一无二的地位。
“9〃11事件”,又称“911”、“9〃11恐怖袭击事件”,是2001年9月11日发生在美国本土的一起系列恐怖袭击事件。“911”事件是发生在美国本土的最为严重的恐怖攻击行动,遇难者总数高达2996人。
英语习语谚语
Big Apple(美国)纽约城
a fat cat 有钱有势的人,暴发户 a hot potato棘手的问题
A bird in the hand is worth two in the bush.得到手的才靠得住 A friend in need is a friend indeed.难见真情
God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者 Lose one's shirt丧失全部财产 keep one's shirt on不发脾气, 忍耐 eat like a bird吃得极少
a small potato小人物,无足轻重的人或物
The early bird catches the worm.早起的鸟儿有虫吃,捷足先登 Kill two birds with one stone.一箭双雕
Two heads are better than one.一人计短,二人计长。三个臭皮匠,赛过诸葛亮。during the dog days在非常热的天;倒霉的日子 get one's goat惹人发火
black and blue青一块、紫一块
遍体鳞伤的 as busy as a bee极忙碌 a green hand生手
rob Peter to pay Paul 剜肉补疮,拆东墙补西墙;借钱还债
Every dog has his / its day.。“士别三日,当刮目相看”,落魄的人若发奋图强,总会有出头之日。
get / feel hot under the collar气得胸口发闷 a lucky dog 幸运儿
live a dog's life 穷困的生活 Love me, love my dog.爱屋及乌 be blue in the face 脸上突然变色 chewing gum口香糖
on top of the world幸福到极点, 心满意足, 处于最佳职位 Walls have ears.隔墙有耳
follow your nose凭着你的感觉 be led by the nose被牵头鼻子走
make one's mark使自己出名,获得成功
man-eater食人之野蛮人,食人兽;性感女性 money to burn很有钱的
make one's mouth water使人垂涎三尺,想吃,让某人对某事垂涎三尺 meet one's waterloo一败涂地
Many hands make light work.众擎易举./人多好办事./ 众人拾柴火焰高.Be on one's high horse趾高气扬 Fight tooth and nail奋力作战 White lie善意的谎言 Eye for eye以牙还牙
Cup of tea心爱之物,喜欢的事,喜欢而又会做之
Face the music临危不惧,勇敢地面对困难;接受应得的惩罚 Out of sight, out of mind眼不见心不烦 No pains, no gains.不劳无获
The outsider sees the most of the game.旁观者清 Be left in the cold被冷落
A bed of roses安乐窝,温床,幸福,非常地开心 Go bananas走火入魔,狂的,心急如焚,非常激动 A black sheep害群之马,败家子 A piece of cake小菜一碟
Do it well or not at all.做就把它做好,否则就不要做。Look before you leap.三思而后行.Easier said than done.说起来容易,做起来难。better half【俚】某人的夫或妻;配偶 green thumb园艺好手
be all ears全神贯注地听,洗耳恭听 be all thumbs笨手笨脚
Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母
All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.只工作,不玩耍,聪明小孩也变傻。Kill the time消磨时间
Cheat the journey闲极无聊的聊天 Serve one right活该,某人应得的报应
A plain Jane普通人,不起眼的女人(英语口语中谐趣女性称呼),普通女孩 Make a noise in the world名噪一时 Take it easy别着急
Go Dutch饭后各自付帐,各自付帐;平摊费用 In Rome do as the Romans do.入乡随俗 Rome was not built in a day.罗马不是一天建成的./ 伟业非一日之功.Don't count your chickens before they're hatched.不要太指望渺茫的希望,不要过早乐观 sit pretty过着轻松成功的日子 best man伴郎
cry baby爱撒娇的人,哭哭啼啼的,爱报怨的人 double Dutch莫名其妙的话;难以理解的话 show one's true color暴露本性
take home in doggy bags..打包回家(Doggy bags是织饭店吃饭打包的盒子)There is no smoke without fire.无风不起浪.Better late than never.迟做比不做好.Pride goes before a fall.骄兵必败。shake in one's shoes吓得发抖 birthday suit裸体(非正式用语)lady-killer色狼, 多情种,使女人倾倒的男子
wall flower旁观者,长期停航的船,不会跳舞的人
bet one's bottom dollar(that / on)[美口](对某事)孤注一掷地打赌;完全有把握地 in the pink身体很健康;精力充沛 Like father, like son.有其父必有其子 Every bean has its black.人各有其短.In the dictionary of youth there is no such words as failure.初生牛犊不怕虎 airhead指那些脑袋空空如也的傻瓜蛋,浅薄无知、愚蠢的 cold fish态度冷淡的人
get one's teeth into认真对待,全神贯注于,死死咬住,积极投入某个工作、活动 dear John letter绝交信
hot air空话;夸张之辞,吹牛
Time and tide wait for no man.岁月不等人,时不我待
There is no use crying over spilt milk.覆水难收,事已如此,难过也无益。He is rich that has few wants.无欲者为富 blind date初次约会
pie in the sky天上的馅饼,不现实的东西,虚幻的美景,死后的幸福, 渺茫的希望, 空头支票, 不能保证实现的允诺
last thing / personplace最不愿意做的事情,最不想要的事物 down-to-earth现实的,务实的,实际的
Where there's a will, there's a way.有志者事竟成
Never trouble troubles until troubles trouble you.不要自找麻烦 Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧 dream-boat理想中的人或事物
Romeo / Juliet罗密欧与朱丽叶,热恋中的人 brown-noser马屁精;谄媚者 sell like hot cakes热销
Let sleeping dogs lie.莫惹是非
It is never too late to learn.活到老,学到老
Where there is life there is hope.一息若存,希望不灭,留得青山在,不怕没材烧。as like as two peas(beans)一模一样,相貌酷似 cat nap打瞌睡
常见英语词汇背后的希腊神话故事
1.The Heel of Achilles 亦作The Achilles' Heel唯一弱点;薄弱环节;要害
The Heel of Achilles直译是“阿基里斯的脚踵”,是个在欧洲广泛流行的国际性成语。它源自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事。阿基里斯是希腊联军里最英勇善战的骁将,也是荷马史诗Iliad里的主要人物之一。传说他是希腊密耳弥多涅斯人的国王珀琉斯和海神的女儿西蒂斯所生的儿子。阿基里斯瓜瓜坠地以后,母亲想使儿子健壮永生,把他放在火里锻炼,又捏着他的脚踵倒浸在冥河(Styx)圣水里浸泡。因此阿基里斯浑身象钢筋铁骨,刀枪不入,只有脚踵部位被母亲的手捏住,没有沾到冥河圣水,成为他的唯一要害。在特洛伊战争中,阿基里斯骁勇无敌,所向披靡,杀死了特洛伊主将,著名英雄赫克托耳(Hector),而特洛伊的任何武器都无法伤害他的身躯。后来,太阳神阿波罗(Apollo)把阿基里斯的弱点告诉了特洛伊王子帕里斯,阿基里斯终于被帕里斯诱到城门口,用暗箭射中他的脚踵,负伤而死。因此,the heel of Achilles,也称the Achilles' heel,常用以表示a weak point in something that is otherwise without fault;the weakest spot等意思。
2.Helen of Troy 直译“特洛伊的海伦”,源自源自荷马史诗Iliad中的希腊神话故事。
Helen是希腊的绝世佳人,美艳无比,嫁给希腊南部邦城斯巴达国王墨涅俄斯(Menelaus)为妻。后来,特洛伊王子帕里斯奉命出事希腊,在斯巴达国王那里做客,他在爱与美之神阿芙罗狄蒂的帮助下,趁着墨涅俄斯外出之际,诱走海伦,还带走了很多财宝。此事激起了希腊各部族的公愤,墨涅俄斯发誓说,宁死也要夺回海轮,报仇雪恨。为此,在希腊各城邦英雄的赞助下,调集十万大军和1180条战船,组成了希腊联军,公推墨涅俄斯的哥哥阿枷门农(Agamemnon)为联军统帅,浩浩荡荡,跨海东征,攻打特洛伊城,企图用武力夺回海轮。双方大战10年,死伤无数,许多英雄战死在沙场。甚至连奥林匹斯山的众神也分成2个阵营,有些支持希腊人,有些帮助特洛伊人,彼此展开了一场持久的恶斗。最后希腊联军采用足智多谋的奥德修斯(Odusseus)的“木马计”,里应外合才攻陷了特洛伊。希腊人进城后,大肆杀戮,帕里斯王子也被杀死,特洛伊的妇女、儿童全部沦为奴隶。特洛伊城被掠夺一空,烧成了一片灰烬。战争结实后,希腊将士带着大量战利品回到希腊,墨涅俄斯抢回了美貌的海伦重返故土。这就是特洛伊战争的起因和结局。正是由于海轮,使特洛伊遭到毁灭的悲剧,真所谓“倾国倾城”,由此产生了Helen of Troy这个成语。3.The Trojan Horse木马计;暗藏的危险;奸细
The Trojan Horse直译“特洛伊木马”,是个国际性成语,在世界各主要语言中都有。来自拉丁语equns Trojanus.这个成语甚至还进入到汉语词汇中,**同志在《矛盾论》中,谈到《水浒传》中宋江三打祝家庄时,就用了“木马计”这个典故。这个成语出自荷马史诗《奥德赛》。希腊人和特洛伊人交战10年之久,胜负未决。最后,希腊著名的英雄奥德修斯(Odusseus)想出了一个木马计,用木头做了一匹巨马,放在特洛伊城外。全体希腊将士伪装撤退,乘船隐藏在附近的海湾里,而奥德修斯率领20名勇士事先藏进妈肚。特洛伊人误认为希腊人已经败退,大开城门,看到城外的巨大木马,以为这是希腊人敬神的礼物,就把它当作战利品拖进城来,大摆宴席,欢庆胜利。到了半夜,特洛伊人好梦正在酣,毫无戒备的时候,藏在木马里的希腊英雄们都爬了出来,打开城门,发出信号,与附近海湾里返回的希腊大军里应外合,一举摧毁了特洛伊城。
因此,The Trojan Horse经过不断引用而成为一个广泛流传的成语,常用来比喻the hidden danger;the covert wreckers(内奸);to engage in underhand activities等的意义。4.Greek Gift(s)阴谋害人的礼物;黄鼠狼拜年,不安好心
Greek Gift(s)直译是“希腊人的礼物”,出自荷马史诗《奥德赛》以及古罗马杰出诗人维吉尔(Publius Virgilius Maro,公元前70-前19年)的史诗《伊尼特》(Aeneis)中关于特洛伊城陷落经过的叙述。
当特洛伊人要把大木马拖进城的时候,祭司拉奥孔(Laocoon)劝说不要接受希腊人留下的东西。他说:“我怕希腊人,即使他们来送礼”这句话译成英语就是:I fear the Greeks ,even when bringing gifts.其简化形式就是Greek Gifts.可惜特洛伊人不听拉奥孔的警告,把木马作为战利品拖进城里。木马里藏着希腊的精锐部队,给特洛伊人带来了屠杀和灭亡。由此,Greek gift成为一个成语,表示a gift with some sinister purposes of the enemy;one given with intent to harm;a gift sent in order to murder somebody等意
5.A Penelope's Web亦作The Web of Penelope故意拖延的策略;永远做不完的工作
A Penelope's Web或The Web of Penelope,直译为“珀涅罗珀的织物”,典故出自荷马史诗《奥德赛》卷2。
这部史诗的主人公奥德修斯是希腊半岛西南边伊大卡岛(Ithaca)的国王,他有个美丽而忠诚的旗子,名叫珀涅罗珀。奥德修斯随希腊联军远征特洛伊,十年苦战结束后,希腊将士纷纷凯旋归国。惟独奥德修斯命运坎坷,归途中又在海上漂泊了10年,历尽无数艰险,并盛传他已葬身鱼腹,或者客死异域。正当他在外流浪的最后三年间,有一百多个来自各地的王孙公子,聚集在他家里,向他的妻子求婚。坚贞不渝的珀涅罗珀为了摆脱求婚者的纠缠,想出个缓宾之策,她宣称等她为公公织完一匹做寿衣的布料后,就改嫁给他们中的一个。于是,她白天织这匹布,夜晚又在火炬光下把它拆掉。就这样织了又拆,拆了又织,没完没了,拖延时间,等待丈夫归来。后来,奥德修斯终于回转家园,夫妻儿子合力把那些在他家里宴饮作乐,胡作非为的求婚者一个个杀死,终于夫妻团圆了。
由于这个故事,英语中的Penelope一词成了a chaste woman(贞妇)的同义词,并产生了with a penelope faith(坚贞不渝)这个短语。而A Penelope's Web这个成语比喻the tactics of delaying sth.on purpose;the task that can never be finished的意思 6.Win/Gain Laurels获得荣誉;赢得声望
Look to One's Laurels爱惜名声;保持记录
Rest on One's Laurels坐享清福;光吃老本
Laurel(月桂树)是一种可供观赏的常绿乔木,树叶互生,披针形或者长椭圆形,光滑发亮;花带黄色,伞形花序.laurels指用月桂树叶编成的“桂冠”.古代希腊人和罗马人用月桂树的树叶编成冠冕,献给杰出的诗人或体育竞技的优胜者,作为奖赏,以表尊崇.这种风尚渐渐传遍整个欧洲,于是laurels代表victory,success和distincion.欧洲人这种习俗源远流长,可上朔到古希腊神话.相传河神珀纳斯(Peneus)的女儿达佛涅(Daphne)长的风姿卓约,艳丽非凡.太阳神阿波罗为她的美所倾倒,热烈追求她,但达佛涅自有所爱,总是逃避权利很大的太阳神的追求.一天,他俩在河边相遇,达佛涅一见阿波罗,拔腿就跑,阿波罗在后边穷追不舍,达佛涅跑得疲乏不堪,情急之下只好请她父亲把她变成一株月桂树.阿波罗非常感伤,无限深情地表示:“愿你的枝叶四季长青,装饰我的头,装饰我的琴,让你成为最高荣誉的象征”.他小心得将这株月桂树移植到自己神庙旁边,朝夕相处,并取其枝叶遍成花冠戴在头上,以表示对达佛涅的倾慕和怀念.因此,古希腊人把月桂树看做是阿波罗的神木,称为“阿波罗的月桂树”(The Laurel of Apollo).起先,他们用月桂枝叶编成冠冕,授予在祭祀太阳神的节目赛跑中的优胜者.后来在奥林匹亚(Olympia)举行的体育竞技中,他们用桂冠赠给竞技的优胜者.从此世代相传,后世欧洲人以“桂冠”作为光荣的称号.7.A Gordian Knot难解的结;难题;难点 A Gordian Knot直译“戈耳迪之结”。
戈耳迪(Gordius)是小亚细亚佛律基亚(Phrygia)的国王,传说他原先是个贫苦的农民。一天,他在耕地的时候,有只神鹰从天而且降,落在他马车的轭上,久不飞走。戈耳迪就赶着马车进城去请求神示。其时,佛律基亚的老王突然去世,一国无主,上下**不安,于是人们请求神示由谁来做国王。神示说:“在通向宙斯神庙的大陆上,你们遇到的第一个乘马车者就是新王。”恰好这时戈耳迪正乘着牛车前往宙斯的神庙,人们看见巍然屹立在车轭上的神鹰,认为这是掌握政权的象征,就一致拥戴戈耳迪为国王。戈耳迪当了国王后,就把那辆象征命运的马车献给宙斯,放臵在婶庙中。他用绳索打了个非常复杂的死结,把车轭牢牢得系在车辕上,谁也无法解开。由此,人们常用a Gordian knot比喻a knot difficult or impossibe to unite;the difficult problem or task.8.Cut the Gordian Knot Cut the Gordian Knot直译“斩断戈耳迪之结”,源自上篇的同一典故。
佛律基亚(Phrygia)的国王戈耳迪,用乱结把轭系在他原来使用过的马车的辕上,其结牢固难解,神谕凡能解开此结者,便是亚洲之君主。好几个世纪过去了,没有人能解开这个结。公元前3世纪时,古希腊罗马的马其顿国王亚历山大大帝(Alexander the Great,公元前356-323),在成为希腊各城邦的霸主后,大举远征东方。公元前334年,他率领进入小亚细亚,经过佛律基亚时,看到这辆马车。有人把往年的神谕告诉他,他也无法解开这个结。为了鼓舞士气,亚历山大拔出利剑一挥,斩断了这个复杂的乱结,并说:“我就是这样解开的”因此,to cut the Gordian knot 就是意味着to solve a complicated difficulty by quick and drastic action;to end a difficulty by using a vigorous or violent method;to solve a problem by force.按其形象意义,这个成语与汉语成语“快刀斩乱麻”,“大刀阔斧,果断处臵”十分相似。
9.Pandora’s box(潘 朵 拉 的 盒 子):普 罗 米 修 斯(Prometheus)为人类盗来了天火 ,激怒了宙斯(Zeus)。Zeus 决定惩罚人类 ,于是他命令火神造出一个美貌的女人 Pandora , 让她去勾引 Prometheus 的弟弟埃比米修斯(Epimetheus)。结果 Epimetheus 上当 ,接近了 Pandora ,Pandora 于是就将手中的盒子打开 ,放出了里面的罪恶、灾难、疾病、不幸 ,只留下了“希望”在盒子里。于是 Pandora’s box就成了“灾难的根源”的代名词。
10.the sword of Damocles(达摩克利斯之剑):Damocles是叙拉古王朝的一位大臣,非常羡慕帝王的荣华富贵。一天 ,国王让他坐在王位上 ,在 Damocles 的头上用一根头发悬一把利剑 ,告诉他王权的危险就象那把剑一样,随时可能降临。因此 the sword of Damocles就成了“富贵中隐藏的危险”的同义语 ,也可以指形势危急 ,千钧一发。
11.Damon and Pythias : Damon和 Pythias 是好朋友。Pythias 出事被判了死刑 ,为了使他能够回家探视亲人 ,Damon留在牢中作人质 ,如果 Pythias 不按时返回 ,就处死Damon。当
期限满 ,临处刑之际 ,Pythias 及时赶回。国王深受感动 ,将二人全部释放 ,因此 ,Damon and Pythias意思就是“生死之交”。
12.apple of discord:意思是“不和的根源、发生纠纷的事端;泛指大事件的导火索”。佩琉斯和忒提斯举行婚礼时忘记了邀请不和女神厄里斯(Eris)。这位女神大为恼火,留下一个刻有“献给最美者”的金苹果 ,引起了雅典娜、赫拉和阿芙罗狄忒的纷争。此事导致漫长的特洛伊战争(Trojan War)。
13.Judgment of Paris:意思是“不爱江山爱美人”。Eris不请自来到众神的聚会 ,离开时留下金苹果。三位女神为了争夺金苹果不分高下 ,决定让 Zeus 决定 ,宙斯无法在自己的妻子、智慧女神和爱与美的女神之间抉择。为难之际,Zeus拨开云雾向人间看去 ,看到了 Troy 的二王子 Paris 正在牧羊 ,于是将决定权交给了 Paris。三个女神分别以“最大的疆土”, “最智慧的头脑”和“最美丽的 女人”作为诱惑,而最终Paris作出了自己的Judgment,选择了Venus,而获得了最美丽的女人。
14.Stables of Augeas(奥革阿斯的牛圈):意思是“最肮脏的地方;积累成堆难以解决的问题”。厄利斯国王奥革阿斯有牛数千头 ,牛圈三十年未扫。赫剌克勒斯(Heracles)用一天时间将其打扫干净。
15.Swan song:字面译做“天鹅之歌”,源于希腊成语Kykneion asma。在古希腊神话中 ,阿波罗(Apollo)是太阳神、光明之神,由于他多才多艺,又是诗歌与音乐之神,后世奉他为文艺的保护神。天鹅是阿波罗的神鸟 ,故常用来比喻文艺。传说天鹅平素不唱歌,而在它死前 ,必引颈长鸣 ,高歌一曲 ,其歌声哀婉动听 ,感人肺腑。这是它一生中唯一的 ,也是最后的一次唱歌。因此,现代英语中这个习语比喻某诗人、作家、作曲家临终前的一部杰作 ,或者是某个演员、歌唱家的最后一次表演。早在公元前 6 世纪 ,古希腊寓言作家伊索(Aisopos)的寓言故事中 ,就有“天鹅临死才唱歌”的说法。在英国 ,乔叟、莎士比亚等伟大诗人、剧作家 ,都使用过这个成语典故。如:莎翁的著名悲剧《奥赛罗》(Othello)中塑造的爱米莉娅形象 ,她在生死关头站出来揭穿其丈夫的罪行。她临死时把自己比做天鹅 ,一生只唱最后一次歌。英语成语black swan,用以比喻稀有罕见的人或物,类似汉语成语“凤毛麟角”之意。
16.Under the rose : 直译“在玫瑰花底下”。源自古罗马神话故事。爱神丘比特(Cupid)是爱与美之神维纳斯(venus)红杏出墙和战神玛斯(Mars)所生的儿子。为了维护其母的声誉 , 丘比特给沉默之神哈伯克拉底(Harpocrates)送了一束玫瑰花 ,请他守口如瓶 ,不要把维纳斯的风流韵事传播出去。哈伯克拉底接受了玫瑰花就缄默不语了,成为名副其实的“沉默之神”。由于这个神话传说 ,古罗马人把玫瑰花当作沉默或严守秘密的象征 ,并在日常生活中相尚成风。人们去串门做客 ,当看到主人家的桌子上方画有玫瑰,客人就了解在这桌上所谈的一切不应外传。Under the rose 于是有了“秘密地 ,私下地 ,暗中”的意义。
17.Sphinx斯芬克斯,狮身人面像sphinx's riddle(难解之谜;难题)斯芬克斯是希腊神话中以隐谜害人的怪物,埃及最大的胡夫金字塔前的 狮身人面怪兽就是他。他给俄狄浦斯出的问题是:什么东西早晨用四只脚走路,中午用两只脚走路,傍晚用三只脚走路?俄狄浦斯回答:“是人。在生命的早晨,他是个孩子,用两条腿和两只手爬行:到了生命的中午,他变成了壮年,只用两条腿走路;到了生命的傍晚,他年老体衰,必须借助拐杖走路,所以被称为三只脚”。俄狄浦斯答对了。斯芬克斯羞愧坠崖而死。“斯芬克斯之迷”常被用来比喻复杂、神秘、难以理解的问题。sphinx谜语 riddle
18.Flora :古希腊罗马神话中的花神。她嫁给了西风之神Zephyr ,丈夫送给她一座满是奇花异草的园子。春天时 ,Flora和丈夫 Zephyr 手挽手在园子里漫步 ,他们一路走过的地方百花齐放。Flora 在现代英语里指代“植物”。衍生词:flower ,flour , flourish , floral , florist。
19.The Muses(缪斯): 希腊神话中掌管艺术的诸神。共九位 ,分别是历史、抒情诗、喜剧(牧歌、田园诗)、悲剧、歌舞、爱情诗、颂歌、天文、史诗。Muses 的艺术衍生出单词 music ,Muses 收藏艺术品的地方就是 museum。艺术带来的快乐便是muse ,amusement。
20.Pan(潘):牧神和森林之神 ,受打扰时会大声吼叫。衍生词:panic(惊慌 ,恐慌)。
21.Atlas : 阿特拉斯,希腊神话中 Titans(泰坦)巨神之一 ,因背叛 Zeus(宙斯)被罚在世界的西边尽头以双肩扛天。16 世纪地理学家麦卡脱把 Atlas 擎天图作为一本地图册的卷首插图。后人争相效仿 , atlas 从此有了地图、地图集、身负重担的人的含义。其他衍生词:Atlantic。
22.Titan(泰坦):曾统治世界的巨人族的一员。Titan 在现代英语里指代高大强壮的人 ,重要人物。衍生词 titanic 意指巨大的 ,极大的。“泰坦尼克号”即以此命名。23.Ceres :庄稼保护神。古罗马遭受大旱 ,教士们求助女巫占卜 ,占卜的结果是要立一位新的女神 Ceres ,向她供奉 ,这样她就会给大地带来雨水。此后 ,Ceres 就变成了庄稼的保护神。cereal 从拉丁语变化而来 ,意即“of Ceres”属于谷物女神的。衍生词 :cereals(谷类 ,早餐麦片)。
24.Chronos :宙斯的父亲。害怕子女反抗自己 ,曾吞食自己的后代。就像无情的时间 ,吞噬一切。因此字根“chron”意指“time”。衍生词 :chronic(耗费时间的 ,慢性的);chronology(年
代学 ,年表)。
25.Narcissus那西塞斯(一美少年因自恋水中的美影以致憔悴而死化为水仙花)narcissus 以美貌自夸的青年;水仙花; 顾影自怜 narcissism 自我陶醉,自恋
26.Sparta斯巴达(希腊伯罗奔尼撒半岛南部城市;古希腊主要城市)为了准备特洛伊战争,所有市民全年过着简朴而且艰苦的生活
Spartan 简朴的,艰苦的,刚强的, 勇敢的;好战的;严峻的
27.Odyssey 《奥德赛》 古希腊史诗; 历尽沧桑德长途跋涉 Odysseus奥德修斯(古希腊荷马所作史诗《奥德赛》中的主人公,伊塞卡国王,在特洛伊战中献木马计)
28.Siren海上女妖莎琳[塞壬](半人半鸟的海妖, 常用歌声诱惑过路的航海者而使航船触礁毁灭)siren 迷人的美女;汽笛;警报 诱惑的 screech v尖叫; 哭
常见英语词汇背后的圣经故事
1.Adams Apple喉结
《旧约.创世纪》第3章讲到人类的起源,传说上帝创造人类的始祖亚当和夏娃,在东方的伊甸(Eden)建立了一个园子给他们居住。伊甸园里生长着悦人眼目的各种树木,树上长着各种各样的果实。上帝吩咐亚当说:你可以随意吃园中的各种果子,只是不能吃那棵分别善恶树上的果实,吃了必定要死。这种“禁果”就是apple。后来,亚当的配偶夏娃听信蛇的诱惑,不顾神谕,吃了善恶树上的禁果,还把这果子给它丈夫吃。亚当因心怀恐惧,吃时仓促,有一片果肉哽在吼中,不上不下,留下个结块,就叫“亚当的苹果”两人吃了这果子就心明眼亮,能知善恶美丑。但是由于他们违背了上帝的告戒而被逐出伊甸园。从此,亚当就永远在脖子前端留下“喉结”,作为偷吃禁果的“罪证”。
2.Bone of The Bone and Flesh of the Flesh直译“骨中之骨,肉中之肉”,出自<圣经>中关于上帝造人的神话.常用来比喻血缘上的亲属关系或思想上的团结一致
据<旧约〃创世纪>第2章叙述:太初之际,混沌未开,耶和华上帝开天辟地.第一天耶和华创造了白天和夜晚;第二天创造了天空和风云;第三天创造了高山峻岭.平原河流,以及富饶的土地和芳香的花果;第四天他又创造了太阳.月亮和星辰,确定年岁.季节.月份和日期;第五天他创造了各种形状和大小的鱼类和飞禽;第六天他才创造了各种陆上动物,然后他按照自己的形象用地上的尘土造出一个男人,名叫亚当(Adam),这就是神话中人类的始祖.后来,耶和华见押当独居无伴侣帮助他,于是,趁亚当沉睡的时候,从他身上取下一根肋骨造成了一个女人叫夏娃(Eve),领到他面前,亚当说:“This is bone of my bone and flesh of my flesh”(这是我骨中之骨,肉中之肉)。从此两人结为夫妻
3.三十块钱(Thirty pieces of silver)„简释‟ 比喻由出卖所得来的不义之财。
出自《新约〃马太福音》26章。„原文‟ 那时,祭司长和民间的长老,聚集在大祭司称为该亚法的院里。大家商议,要用诡计拿住耶稣杀他。……当下,十二门徒里,有一个称为加略人犹大的,去见祭司长说:“我把他交给你们,你们愿意给我多少钱?”他们就给了他三十块钱。从那时候,他就找机会,要把耶稣交给他们。
4.古蛇(The old serpent,)„简释‟ 比喻恶魔。出自《新约〃启示录》12章,20章 „原文‟ 在天上就有了争战。米迦勒同他的使者与龙争战。龙也同他的使者去争战。并没有得胜,天上再没有他们的地方。大龙就是那古蛇,名叫魔鬼,又叫撒但,是迷惑普天下的。他被摔在地上,他的使者也一同被摔下去。(12章)又:他捉住那龙,就是古蛇,又叫魔鬼,也叫撒但,把他捆绑一千年,扔在无底坑里,将无底坑关闭,用印封上,使他不得再迷惑列国,等到那一千年完了。以后必须暂时释放他。(20章)
5.老的好象玛土撒拉(As old as Methuselah)„简释‟ 比喻长寿老人。
出自《旧约〃创世纪》5章。„原文‟ 玛土撒拉共活了九百六十九岁就死了。
6.伊甸园(Garden of Eden)„简释‟ 比喻人间乐土。
出自《旧约〃创世纪》2章。„原文‟ 耶和华神在东方的伊甸立了一个园子,把所造的人安臵在那里。耶和华神使各样的树从地里长出来,可以悦人的眼目,其上的果子好作食物。园子当中又有生命树和分别善恶的树。有河从伊甸流出来,滋润那园子,从那里分为四道。
7.我是阿拉法,我是俄梅戛(I am Alpha and Omega)„简释‟ 比喻事物的开始和结尾,或事情的全部。出自《新约〃启示录》1章,21章,22章。„原文‟ 主神说:“我是阿拉法,我是俄梅戛,是昔在今在以后永在的全能者。”
8.犹大之吻(Judas’ Kiss,A)„简释‟ 比喻可耻的叛卖、变节行为。
出自《新约〃马太福音》26章。„原文‟ 那卖耶稣的,给了他们一个暗号,说:“我与谁亲嘴,谁就是他。你们可以拿住他。”犹大随即到耶稣跟前说“请拉比安!”就与他亲嘴。耶稣对他说:“朋友,你来要作的事,就作罢。”於是那些人上前,下手拿住耶稣。
9.往自己的地方去(Go to one’s own place)„简释‟ 指死亡。
出自《新约〃使徒行传》1章。„原文‟ 这位分犹大已经丢弃,往自己的地方去了。
10.背起他的十字架(bear one’s cross)„简释‟ 比喻忍受苦难。
出自《新约〃马太福音》16章,又见《马可福音》8章,《路加福音》23章。„原文‟ 于是耶稣对门徒说,若有人要跟从我,就当舍己,背起他的十字架,来跟从我。
11.便雅悯那一份(Benjamin’s mess)„简释‟ 英语指“最大的份额”。
出自《旧约〃创世纪》43章。„原文‟ 约瑟把他面前的食物分出来,送给他们,但便雅悯所的比别人多五倍。
12.水桶的一滴(drop in the bucket)„简释‟ 比喻沧海一粟、九牛一毛。
出自《旧约〃以赛亚书》40章。„原文‟ 看哪,万民都像水桶的一滴,又算如天平上的微尘。他举起众海岛,好像极微之物。
13.一只小母羊羔(One’s ewe lamb)„简释‟ 比喻最珍爱的东西。
出自《旧约〃撒母尔记下》12章。„原文‟ 拿单到了大卫那里,对他说:“……穷人除了所买来养活的一只小母羊羔之外,别无所有。羊羔在他家里和他儿女一同长大,吃他所吃的,喝他所喝的,睡在他怀中,在他看来如同女儿一样。”
第二篇:英美文学复习资料(全)
文学体裁:诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧dramaOrigin起源:Christianity 基督教 → bible 圣经 Myth 神话 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士(笔记)
一、The Anglo-Saxon period(449-1066)
1、这个时期的文学作品分类: pagan(异教徒)Christian(基督徒)
2、代表作: The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》(national epic 民族史诗)采用了隐喻手法
3、Alliteration 押头韵(写作手法)
例子: of man was the mildest and most beloved, To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)Canto 诗章
1、romance 传奇文学
2、代表作: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗
三、Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里.乔叟 时期
1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父
2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体:a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)
3、代表作:the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容:the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体
小说特点:each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格。小说观点:he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness.He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信)and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运).他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣 :a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式 代表人物:Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教 代表作:Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔
四、The Renaissance(16世纪)文艺复兴时期(Greek and Roman)戏剧 drama 诗章 canto The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman)arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。
The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama 文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。
1、key work: humanism 人文主义: admire human beauty and human achievement
2、代表人物:
1)、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦
2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一个散文家(essayist)3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特 引入十四行诗的第一人
sonnet(十四行诗): form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵)in 14 lines iambic pentameter 4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞 poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人)The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史诗)5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛
blank verse(无韵体:不押韵的五步抑扬格)是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚 戏剧 drama 四大悲剧:Hamlet(哈姆雷特),Othello(奥赛罗),King Lear(李尔王),The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)
五、the period of Revolution and Restoration(17世纪)资产阶级革命与王权复辟 prose 散文
1、文学特点:the Puritans(清教徒)believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。
2、代表人物:
1)、John Donne 约翰.多恩 ―metaphysical‖poets(玄学派诗人)的代表人物 sonnet 十四行诗 《Death be not proud》(笔记)作品特点:① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)② novelty of subject matter and point(新颖的题材和视角)③ novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)2)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人(poem 诗歌 blank verse)《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护
《Paradise Lost》失乐园 ―Satan is not a villain‖撒旦不是坏人 《Paradise Regained》复乐园)、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬 a great prose writer ―give us the only great allegory(寓言)‖ Pilgrim’s Progress》天路历程 prose 散文
该书采用的写作手法―written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻)and dream‖
六、The Age of Enlightenment(18世纪)启蒙运动 prose 散文
1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.强调正确的格式和写作规范,像艾迪生一样创作散文,和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。
The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。
The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点;论证了人生诚实而友善,而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。
Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.无论怎样讲究理性,社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在,理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。2、18th century 文学的三个方面:
Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)
3、代表人物:
1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说
Novel:《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记 《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德 《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯
2)、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯 受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的启发
作家之间的不同:Richardson —— no humor, minces words, moralizes.不幽默,咬文嚼字,说教 Fielding —— direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity,full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙,甚至有点俗,精神焕发,讲述流浪者的故事。《The History of Tom Jones, a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him 3)、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特 《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记 novel 反讽
作品特点:no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice;the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不动颜,骂不扬声,语调冷酷,锋芒暗藏,讽刺辛辣,仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议 4)、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森
《Pamela》帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法 In the form of letters 书信体小说
5)、Richard B.Sheridan 理查德.B.谢尔丹 《School for Scandal》造谣学校,喜剧 comedy 6)、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯 散文作家 essayist 《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师,小说 novel 《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全,欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedy 《The Deserted Village》荒村,诗歌 poems
4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰
The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾,感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。
代表人物:Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷 《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓园挽歌
七、the Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主义 散文 prose
1、前浪漫主义代表人物:William Blake 威廉.布莱克 诗人 poet Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯 苏格兰诗人 poet Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution 前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。
2、教育意义Educational:liberty, equality and fraternity 自由,平等,博爱
3、开始的标志:beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s 《Lyrical Ballads》 从威廉.华兹华斯发表的“抒情歌谣”开始
4、lake poets(湖畔诗人):Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物: 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate(桂冠诗人)《The Prelude》序曲 自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry With S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the ―Lyrical Ballads‖.与s.t.coleridge一起,联合发表了―抒情民谣‖
作品特点:simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry 简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌 2)、Lord Byron 拜伦 《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德?哈罗德游记 cantos 诗章 成名作 《Don Juan》唐璜 poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作 《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首卷诗 3)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱 《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧 《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂 poem 诗 4)、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人 《The Eve of St.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜 poem 《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂 poem 《To a Nightingale》致夜莺 poem ―Beauty is truth, truth beauty‖美学原则 5)、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特 He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel.他是创造者和历史小说大师 6)、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁 女 《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见 《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感 《Emma》爱玛 写作特点:the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live.She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people.她是中产阶级小说的发起人。7)、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯 essayist散文家
6、十九世纪散文的特点:In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak;they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.在这两个时期的开始,艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期,散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定
八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义,Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism 人文主义
1、意义:Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中,宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动。
2、代表人物: 1)、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 《Hard Times》艰难时刻 《Pickwick Papers》匹克威克外传 《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿 《A Tale of Two Cities》双城记(描述了法国大革命French Revolution)特点:describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众。2)、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特 女 《Shirley》雪利 《Jane Eyre》简.爱 Emily Bronte 艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄(主人公:Mr.Heathcliff)特点:brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3)、Mrs.Gaskell 《Mary Barton, North and South》玛丽.巴顿,北方和南方 4)、William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场 — this title was borrowed by Thackeray from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan.Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness.在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活,无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义 人物:Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中,完美的获取财富和地位的手段。特点: novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。5)、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特 女 《Adam Bede》novel 《The mill on the floss》《Middlemarch》 Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场,但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。特点:the significance of G.Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞。
3、桂冠诗人(poet-laureate):1)、Alfred Tennyson 2)、Robert Browning 《My last duchess》已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy(嫉妒)Stingy(小气)贡献:Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗 dramatic romances 戏剧传奇
九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期
1、Aestheticism 唯美主义 ―art for art’s sake‖ 为艺术而艺术
2、代表人物。1)、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者 Pessimists 《Tess of the D’Urbervilles》 苔丝 《Jude the obscure》裘德 novel 特点:His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry.他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。2)、Oscar Wilde ―art for art’s sake‖ 为艺术而艺术 3)、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家
(playwright)《Mrs.Warren’s profession》华莱夫人的职业4)、D.H.Lawrence 《Lady Chatterley’s Lover》查泰莱夫人的情人 《The Rainbow》彩虹 《Sons and lovers》儿子与情人
3、―stream of consciousness‖意识流代表人物:1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs.Dalloway》 《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women.非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce 《Ulysses》
Part 1 The Anglo—Saxon Period(449-1066)秧格鲁-撒克逊时期 1.Historical Background Celts 400B.C.Romans 50B.C.Anglo—Saxons 450A.D Norman Invasion 1066A.D.Roman empire从albion撤军,teutonic tribes(包括angles, Saxons,jutes)(条顿人or日耳曼人)陆续登陆此地 2.Literature 1,pagan异教徒文学 2 christian基督徒文学 alliterative verse头韵诗 Epic: Beowulf贝奥武甫(Denmark背景)(the hall heorot鹿庁,grendel:a monster half-human)
1)Oral origin, recited in court, handed down in generations until finally it was recorded by certain poet.上下部分由pagan写,插入由christian写 2)a mixture of history and legend.,england’s national epic民国史诗 Part II The Anglo-Norman Period(1066-1350)秧格鲁-诺曼时期
1.Historical Background Roman conquest,接着是english conquest,最后是norman conquest。The Norman Conquest in 1066 Duke William of Normandy claimed himself William I, King of England.(the battle of hastings希斯廷战役)Kings—Barons男爵—Knights, a feudal system of hierarchy统治集团 was formed 2.The language Upper classes: French, Latin The common people: Old English Three languages co-existed in England.French became the official language used by the king and the Norman lords;Latin became the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities;and Old English was spoken only by the common English people.3.The literature Romance was a type of literature that was very popular in the Middle Ages.It is about the life and adventures undertaken by a knight.It reflected the spirit of chivalry骑士制度.The content of romance: love, chivalry and religion.It involves fighting, adventures.Subject matter: Geoffrey’s History杰弗里《史记》,riming chronicles押韵编年史,metricalverse格律诗体,doggerel verse打油诗体 1)the Matter of France eg.Charlemagne and his peers查理曼大帝和他的骑士 2)Matter of Greece and Rome eg Akexabder亚历山大大帝 3)Matter of Britain tales having for their heroes Arthur and his knights of the Round Table 3.main literature Sir Gawain and the green knight.高文爵士和绿衣骑士(arthur,gawain,green knight, morgain the fay-woman妖精摩根, the green girdle绿腰带)Part III Geoffrey Chaucer(1340—1400)杰弗里.乔叟时期
1.Historical Background He was living at the same time as the writer of Sir Gawain.In 1350 AD, 100 Years' War between England and France.The English won, they controlled large French territory领土.The Henry VI lost it all.He is father of English poetry War of the Roses 1455-1485 AD 2.What's middle ages like? 1).The medieval society: hierarchy 等级制度social system.2).Another important thing in the medieval society is Christianity基督God-centered thinking, mind ideology思想体系 3.Life and work of Chaucer Chaucer lived between(1340-1400).His life is closely connected with the King and the royal family.Chaucer is working in a royal family as a page小侍臣.He married the sister of Gaunt's wife.He became a government official.He is very much exposed to the influence of Italy of the culture.E.G.Dante但丁, Patriarch,主教 Boccaccio-the Decameron薄伽丘著《十日谈》,Chaucer chose the metrical form which laid the foundation of the English tonico-syllabic verse.乔叟第一次在英国用韵脚韵律诗形式来创作诗歌,开创了英国文学以重音-音节为基础的格律诗先河。首创heroic couplet英雄双行体。His career can be divided into several periods 1.French 1360-1370 translate French poetry 2.Italian 1372-1386 3.English The Canterbury tales 4.The Canterbury tales He got his stories from various sources, Greek authors, Roman authors, Italian, French, but there is no doubt about Chaucer's originality.He retells the stories in his own way.The stories are told by a group of people on their way to and back from Canterbury.Pilgrims 朝圣者tell stories to pass the time.The journey is used as a kind of device to unite the various tales Nun修女:Her enthusiasm for grace, trying to become someone that she is not, she cannot possibly be.--Pretentiousness, pretending伪装too much Chaucer has different attitude to different characters 第一句:as soon as april pierces to the root, the drought of march, and bathes each bud and shoot The significance of his writing 1)it gives a comprehensive广泛的 picture of Chaucer’s time 2)the dramatic structure 3)Chaucer’s humor 4)Chaucer’s contribution to the English language.Ever since the Norman Conquest the French language was the language at the court and the upper classes, and Latin was the language of the learned and the church.Chaucer used the native language English and proved that the English language is a beautiful language.He increased the prestige 威信of the English language.5.Popular ballads大众民谣 A ballad is a narrative叙述 poem that tells a story.It is about particular incidents, usually dramatic.Ballets tell stories-about tragic悲剧的 incidents.They are written in a special musical pattern, ballad meter-four meters, couplets(相连并押韵的两行诗)— two line in a unit or quatrain 四行诗__ ababcdcd Characteristics: 1)The beginning is often abrupt突然地.No introduction of the characters and the background of the tale 2)There are strong dramatic elements.A ballad deals with a single episode插曲 3)the story is often told through dialogue and action 4)the theme is often tragic悲剧的 5)The ballad meter is used.It contains four-line stanza节,段 在英国把民谣当文学形式研究的第一人是托马斯.帕西主教Bishop Thomas Percy,他将民谣收录到《英诗辑古》Reliques of Ancient English Poetry中。Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale罗宾汉和阿林代尔 Get Up and Bar the Door.起来去关门 Sir Patrick Spens派屈克。斯宾塞爵士 Part IV The Renaissance文艺复兴时期 1.Historical Background 1)The reign of Queen Elizabeth(1558_1603)England enjoyed a period of peace and prosperity 2)The defeat of the Spanish Armada舰队 by the English navy in 1588.After the battle, England gradually became a mighty naval海军的power.3)Humanism人文主义 Renaissance: it is a French word that means ―rebirth‖复活 in English.In the 15th and 16th century, scholars in western European countries had a keen interest in the Greek and Latin culture.That is the art and science of ancient Greece and Rome were being born again after long years of neglect.忽略 Humanism: The welfare幸福 of human being is very important.It emphases the worth of life in this world, and the dignity of human being.4)主要作者介绍 Thomas More : Utopia托马斯。莫尔:乌托邦 Thomas Wyatt:怀亚特:把sonnet十四行诗引入英国第一人 Edmund Spenser: the Fairy Queen埃德蒙。斯宾塞:仙后 John Lyly: Eupheus约翰。黎里:艳词,首创euphuism绚丽体 Christopher Marlowe:克里斯托弗。马洛:把blank verse无韵诗作为英语戏剧主要表达方式的开创者 English drama是英国文艺复兴的主流 2.The writers William Shakespeare(1564—1616)1)His life and work –1592, arrived in London doing very mean jobs, then he joined Lord chamberlain’s国王侍从 company, became very famous.He became a shareholder股东 in the Globe and bought a big house in his hometown.He bought a coat of arms for his father。出生地:Stratford-on-Avon, Warwickshire-2 poems, 37 plays, 154 sonnets His plays-1,Histories and comedies 2.Tragedies 3.Romances The importance of his writing(more can be added)1)Shakespeare represented the tread脚步 of history in giving voice to the desires and aspirations of the people.(peace)2)Shakespeare’s humanism.His plays reflected the spirit of his age.3He was a great poet 4)He was a master of the English language.5)His first original play written in about 1590 was King Henry VI 6)Hmalet,哈姆雷特 Othello,奥赛罗 King Lear,李尔王and the Tragedy of Macbeth麦克白 are regarded as Shakespeare’s four great tragedies.Hamblet:讲的是丹麦故事,反映的是英国的事情 主要人物:Claudius克劳迪斯,死去国王的弟弟,Queen Gertrude乔特鲁得:王子的母亲,Polonius波洛琉斯:爱说闲话的官员,Ophelia奥菲利亚:官员的女儿,Laertes雷欧提斯:官员的儿子 The Merchant of Venice威尼斯商人 主要人物:Bassanio巴萨尼奥,Antonio安东尼奥,Shylock夏洛克:a wealthy Jew犹太人,Portia鲍西亚:Bassanio’s girlfriend, Jessica杰西卡:shylock’s daughter, Lorenzo罗兰佐:Bassanio’s friend and Jessica’s boyfriend, Nerissa尼莉莎:Portia’s waiting-woman侍女,Gratiano:葛莱西安诺:Bassanio’s another friend and Nerissa’s boyfriend 地点:Belmont贝尔蒙特 Sonnet 18: The first eight lines: shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?thou art more lovely and more temperat„.--The English summer: warm, not hot, gives people a happy feeling, lots of sunshine--Proposing a comparison:Even better to a summer’s day--Rough winds—nature,The duration持续 of summer: ends very soon,Hot_ the sun Summer is beautiful, but it will change into winter,But—change This poem is similar the Spencer’斯宾塞s sonnets Spencer is using tide潮水__time,Shakespeare is using summer—time Sonnet 29: The first eight lines: ―when ,in disgrace with fortune and men’s eyes, I all alone„..‖ unlucky, unfortunate despised by other people Describes his unfavorable condition, therefore he is very sad.Line 9-12:The author—the lark云雀 His great happiness—the memory of his friend brings his happiness--Magical effect Francis Bacon:十七世纪初,英国的杰出散文家 1.his life:Pope蒲柏 descibed him as the wisest,brightes, meanst of mankind,Bacon’s work may be divided into three classes, the philosophical, the literary, and the professional works.The final edition of essays contains 58 essays.2.writing(Of Truth,谈真理 Of Studies 谈读书)Part V The 17th century The period of revolution and restoration.17世纪资产阶级与王政复辟时期 1.Historical Background 1)English Bourgeois Revolution英国资产阶级革命 During the reign of Elizabeth, England enjoyed a time of prosperity and fast development.James I(Stuart斯图亚特王室), a change of Dynasty, all the conflicts, which has started during Elizabeth reign, has come into surface.James I imposed担负的 heave taxes on businessmen, bourgeoisie, he controlled the manufacture product__monopoly垄断, but people believed in free trade King VS.The Parliament(has the support of the capitalists and businessmen and also the Puritans清教徒)2)the persecution迫害者 of the Puritans Charles I was beheaded砍头.After the civil War, the parliament was in power—Crowell克罗韦尔 became the Lord君主 Protector(1653)Charles II, and restoration, James II William Orange singed ― The Bill of Rights‖ which greatly restricted约束 the power of the English King.The civil war has transformed the country from tyranny to a constitutional monarch.The revolution period is also called puritan age, because the English revolution was carried out under a religious cloak 2,literature 这一时期的四约翰(John Milton弥尔顿,John Bunyan班扬,John Donne多恩,John Dryden德莱顿)成为文坛杰出人物,metaphysical poet玄学派 and French drama的影响成为两个重要的文学概念。The literature of the middle and later periods of the 17th century cultimated in the poetry of Milton, in the prose 散文writing of Bunyan, and also in the plays and literary criticism 文学评论of Dryden.Milton and bunyan represented the extreme of English life in the 17th century.One gave us the only epic史诗 since Beowolf, the other gave us the only great allegory寓言.2.Writers John Donne:玄学派代表人物 John Milton: Paradise Lost失乐园:consists of 12 books(it’s based on the biblical legend ,invovlves Adom亚当 and Eve夏娃, Satan撒旦 in his plot)The character of Satan撒旦:既是英雄又带点邪恶色彩的反叛者形象we think of Satan either as an abstract conception as someone in whom evil is mixed with good but who is doomed to destruction毁灭 by the flaw缺点 of slef-love.1.his good mastery熟练 of Latin His writing of English is much influenced by his use of Latin 2.revolutionary enthusiasm His attempt to throw tyranny暴政and gain freedom His language--Long, complex sentence structures--Allusions影射, references to Bible, history, mythology神话--Some sentences begin in the middle or at the end.Some are inverted John Bunyan The book: The pilgrim’s Progress天路历程,it’s written in the old-fash-ioned, medieval form of allegory and dream.采用的旧体形式,大量运用了中世纪时的比喻和梦的形式。In the Pilgrim’s Progress, the story begins with a man called Christiam 基督徒setting out with a book in his hand and a great load负荷 on his back from the city of Destruction毁灭城.The fair-England the persecution迫害 of the faithful, the persecution of the puritans清教徒.Christ基督---Vanity虚荣心 Fair---Heaven Style: simple, straightforward, Biblical圣经的 ― The Vanity虚荣心 Fair,‖ an Excerpt摘录 from Part 1 The Pilgrim’s Progress Part VI The 18th Century The Age of Enlightenment in England英国启蒙运动时期
1.Historical Background In 1688, the constitutional宪法的 monarchy君主制.The monarch was deprived剥夺 of its ruling power and in his place Parliament议会 became the actual leader of the country.England grew from a second rate country to a powerful naval country.Parliamentary parties: the liberal Whig自由派辉格党, the conservative Tory保守派托利党,on the extreme of Toryism was a third part of zealots, called the Jacobites ,who aimed to bring the Stuarts back to the throne.托利党中的狂热分子形成第三方势力被称作詹姆斯派,妄图恢复斯图亚特王朝 All the struggles, violence has come to an end with the coning of the weak kings.People desire peace and stability Any extreme actions are regarded as irrational.无理性The puritan’s revolution is treated as extremist action, excessive过度的 zeal热情 and subversion颠覆, irrationality不合理性, absurdity荒谬.People wish that their actions were controlled by reason.Moderation温和, tolerance宽容, restraint约束, rule规则, order次序, these qualities are the most important.With the rising of bourgeoisie, the cultural life had undergone经历 remarkable changes.Some special features: 1)political writings 2)newspapers and journals杂
志 3)coffeehouse 4)the new morality道德 5)science and technology Newton牛顿’s scientific discovery—men were living in a mechanistic机械地 world which ran as precisely精确地 as a clock.6)the French influence 18世纪的英国文学进入了一个散文prose而不是诗歌的时代。文学主流是现实主义,小说是主要的文学样式 Authors 1.Daniel Defoe丹尼尔。笛福 作者介绍:He is often given the credit for the discovery of the modern novel.开创了现代派小说的先河。Work:Hymn to the Pillory立伽颂: a set of doggerel verses打油诗 The life and strange surprising adventures of robinson crusoe 鲁滨逊漂流记:robinson named Friday to the saved victim,此书根据Alexander Selkirk经历改编.The features of his works: he is anti-romantic, anti-feudal realistic writer.He often use long sentences without strong paused to give his style an immediate quliaty, but the units of meaning are small and clear with frequent repetition so that the writing gives an impression of simple lucidity.明朗 2.Jonathan swift乔纳森。斯威夫特 1)life: He was born in Dublin都柏林(爱尔兰首都),He was the most remarkable satirist讽刺家 in the 18th century who criticized the new bourgeois-aristocratic贵族的 society of his age with mercy.宽容,he supports the conservative Tory 2)works: the tale of a tub木桶的故事 is a satire on religion.Gulliver’s Travels格列弗游记:包括4部分1,Lilliputians厘厘普特人:矮人, 2,tBrobdingnagians伯罗白丁拉格人:giants, 3,the flyingisland of Laputa拉普特飞岛:on the island, the ingenious invention is used not for the benefit of the people,but against them, 4,Houyhnhnms胡己姆:horses,endowed with human intelligence and a virtue much superior to that of men.比人聪明,也比人品格高尚。And Yahoo雅虎:repellent creatures with the outward appearance of human beings.长相像人,行为丑陋 A modest proposal一个小小的建议:is made to English government to relieve消除 the poverty权力 of irish people。强烈谴责了英国对爱尔兰人民的剥削和压迫。The bitter irony of the pamphlet expresses swift’s great sympathy for the oppressed and hungry peasants of Ireland and his anger at English landlords地主 3)Joseph Addison约瑟夫。爱迪生 Life: he is the central figure of coffeehouse meetings.,he support whigs, 作为The Tatler闲谈者得主要撰稿人和the Spactator旁观者得合办者,他把期刊散文艺术发展到极致。这两本杂志brought literature down to everyday life and kept it clean and wholesome健康。These two magazines are the first important recognitions by literature of the special of the special interests of women readers.Sir Roger是他塑造的经典形象。4)Henry Fielding亨利。菲尔丁:英国十八世纪最伟大的小说家。主要作品:Jonathan Wild乔纳森。威尔德,the history of tom jones, a foundling弃婴汤姆。琼斯的故事, amelia阿米莉亚 5)Thomas Gray托马斯。格雷:浪漫主义运动的先驱。主要作品:Elegy written in a country churchyard墓园挽歌:表达了对农民贫苦遭遇的同情,歌颂了他们的质朴品质。前几句是:the curfew tolls the knell of parting day, the lowing herd wind slowly o’er the lea„..6)Oliver Goldsmith 奥利弗。歌尔德斯密斯:he was born in Ireland.As an essayist散文家,he is among the best in the century.As a poet, he makes the riming couplets英雄双行体 as natural and simple as his prose.主要作品:novel:the vicar of wakefield维克菲德尔的牧师,comedy:She stoops to Conquer委曲求全,essay:the critizen of the world世界公民,poems:The traveler旅行者 and the Deserted Village.荒村 7)Richard Brinsley Sheridan理查德。布林斯里。谢里丹:主要作品:讽刺喜剧:the rivals对手,the school for scandal造谣学校:(presents a brilliant portrayal描绘 of england’s high society and a biting satire on the morals and manners of that age.主要人物:Charles查尔斯,Joseph约瑟夫:charles’brother, sir oliver surface奥利弗。萨费恩:their wealthy uncle)8)William Blake(1757—1827)1)Life He lived into the 19th century.In his lifetime, he was not considered a very important poet.Now he is universally acknowledged as one of the most important poets in English literature.His father recognized his talent and sent him to school.His visionary梦想的 experience: Classicism典范: reason, order, law, art techniques He believed the power of imagination.With it a poet can reach out.Blake and Burns彭斯—the romantic revival复活—to break away with the convention习俗,协议 2)His work Songs of Innocence天真之歌→delight Songs of Experience经验之歌→confusion困惑 They show two contrary states of human souls London:I wander thro’ each charter’d street, near where the „.It is taken from The Songs of Experience.Blake apparently drew from his personal observations and gives a comprehensive综合的 picture of the many miseries, physical and spiritual, in the English capital.资本家 Background: industrial revolution, the fog city The scene was in London, in Blake’s time.The Tiger:tiger!tiger!burning bright in the forests of the night„..It is from The Songs of Experience.It is one of Blake’s best known poems.The apparently simple questions of curiosity and puzzlement.What imagination inspires the creator 1.The image of the maker is complete.the process of creating tiger.Religions allusion暗指: lamb羊羔 The whole poem is consisted of questions—are not able to be answered The Chimney-Sweeper扫烟囱的孩子:a little black thing among the snow cring‖ weep, weep‖ in notes of woe!The short lyric contains chiefly the simple yet somewhat ironical speech of a boy chimney 9)Robert Burns罗伯特。彭斯:the greatest Scottish poest.主要作品:my heart’s in the highlands我的心呀在高原,John Anderson, my jo约翰。安徒生,我爱,a red, red rose一朵红红的玫瑰, to a mouse致小鼠 Part VII The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期 A new movement appeared in the literary area with the publication of Lyrical Ballads 抒情歌谣集by William Wordsworth威廉华兹华斯and Samul Taylor.Coleridge柯勒律治 in 1798.Coleridge’s chief contribution was his masterpiece The rime of the ancient mariner古舟子咏 1.Historical Background French Revolution,American Revolution,The Industrial Revolution 2.Intellectual Background Rousseau卢梭(1712—1778)the French philosopher, is generally regarded as the father of romanticism.English Romanticism: a kind of emotional outlook, an attitude towards life.Individual is the center of all life and experience, cast its eye on human being, individual, the intense强烈的 subjectivity主观性, concerned with nature, express s strong like for nature.Interest in supernatural;take an interest in the past—ancient civilization represented by Greece and Rome.1832 was the year the Romantic writer Scott dies 1836 was the year when Queen Victoria inherited the throne, the start of Victorian Age.The older generation: Wordsworth, Coleridge The younger generation: Byron拜伦, Shirley雪莱, and Keats济慈 Characteristic features of the romantic movement(more can be added)(1)Subjectivism主观主义: imagination.(2)Spontaneity自发性: A work of art must be original.The role of instinct本能, intuition直觉, and the feeling of ― the heart‖ is stressed.(3)Singularity奇怪: Romantic poets have a strong love for the remote, the unusual, the strange, the supernatural, the mysterious, the splendid壮丽的, the picturesque生动的, and the illogical.(4)Worship of nature:(5)Simplicity: Romantic poets take to using everyday language spoken by the rustic乡村的 people.A reviva复活 of folk literature, a sense of universal brotherhood, a growing sympathy for the suffering of the people.(6)There is a dominating note of melancholy忧郁的 in the poems of the romantic poets.(7)The use of free verse form The characteristics of Gothic novels(search from the Google)Authors William Wordsworth(1770—1850)威廉。华兹华斯 1.his life His love for nature is boundless.To him nature means more than rivers, trees, rocks, mountains and lakes.Nature has a moral value and has its philosophical significance.Nature is for him the embodiment体现 of the Divine神圣的 Spirit.He believes the God and universe are identical同一的 2,his work:大部分主题是关于nature and country life.主要有:lines composed a few miles above tintern abbey丁登寺,the prelude序曲,the excursion漫游,miscellaneous十四行诗 课文节选: Tintern Abbey丁登寺 It is a meditation思考 on his mental精神的 grownup成年人 Selected挑选出的 reading: She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Way她住在人际罕见的路边:悼亡露西 I travelled among unknown men我在陌生人中孤独旅行 I wondered lonely as a cloud我好似一朵孤独的流云:it’s about the beauty of nature.there is vivid picture of the daffodils here, mixed with the poet’s philosophical and somewhat mystical thoughts.The Solitary Reaper孤独的割麦女:在抒情中表达了华兹华斯的自然观,具有林秀之气和音韵之美。Soonet composed upon Westminster bridge在西敏寺桥上 Soonet :London 1802 George Gordon Byron乔治。戈登。拜伦 His major contribution of romantic literature is the creation of Byronic hero冷笑而浪漫的主角, a mixture of good and evil.Byron is hard to describe, moody喜怒无常, unstable, sensitive, melancholy忧郁, sad, he deliberately故意地 exile流放himself to a foreign, dared to die.The early death of the Romantic poets-image: the poet will never grow old.Poets die young.They have reached their peak.Reading Works: Childe Harold’s pilgrimage恰尔德。哈罗尔德游记, Cain该隐,Done juan唐璜 课文节选: 1.She Walks in Beauty 她走在美的光彩中 This perfect beauty serves as the ideal for the poet, peace.Harmony.和睦 2,Childe Harold’s pilgrimage恰尔德。哈罗尔德游记 3, when we two parted想从前我们两分手 4.The Isles of Greece颂希腊 It is taken from ― Don Juan唐璜‖.It is among Byron’s most effective poetical utterance on national freedom.All the 16 stanzas节 that constituted the song are supported to have been sung by a Greek singer at the wedding feast宴会 of Don Juan and Haidee on an isle of Greece.The past glory of the Greek people The present state of enslavement奴役 by the Turkey土耳其 Percy Bysshe Shelley(1792-1822)珀西。比西。雪莱 He was rebellious反抗的 from a very young age.He was a person of extreme personality.He wrote about the universe, lark宇宙 sky.主要作品:pamphlet:the nescessity of atheism无神论的重要性,Queen mab麦布女王,adonais阿多尼斯,ode to the west wind西风颂,to a sky lark致云雀 课文节选: Ozymandias奥西曼祶斯 He was a pharaoh of Egypt.He had several statues雕像 of himself built after he died.这首诗借埃及历史上的拉美西斯二世嘲讽封建专制,表达了对专制帝王的厌恶和蔑视。同时表明,尽管专制帝王曾经不可一世,但也不过是过往烟云,专制政权可以延续几百年,但在历史长河中不过是一瞬之间。Antique古董的 land: Egypt, earliest civilization.文明 A song: man of england给英国兰人的歌 Ode to the West Wind: Ode: it is used to express the poet’s feelings and emotion.在此诗中,使人抒发了对大自然的热爱,歌颂了西风摧毁旧事物,孕育新事物的精神。诗歌以―如果冬天来了,春天还会远吗‖结尾。The cloud云:反映的是一个争取独立和追求幸福的人物形象。To a sky-lark致云雀:运用云雀美妙的歌声,反映诗人向往美好未来的欢乐心情,表达他渴望自己也能用同样空灵的曲调宣扬革命理想,获得世人的倾听。是诗人追求理想主义的光辉诗篇。John Keats约翰。济慈(1795—1821)― A thing of beauty is a joy for ever‖.他一生崇尚美,追求美。He was born in a lower class family.He abandoned medicine for poetry simply for its beauty.He is physically small.His father died when he was eight.His childhood was quite miserable.His tomb are carved:― Here lies a one whose name is written with water.‖ 此地长眠者,声明水上书 课文节选:On first looking into chapman’s homer初读查普曼译荷马诗有感。Ode to a nightingale夜莺颂 ode on a Grecian urn希腊古翁颂,to autumn秋颂,bright star灿烂的星 Walter scott华特。司各特:欧洲历史小说之父 这个时代的不同时期:the Crusades,the rise of absolute monarchy, the bourgeois revolution in England, the attempts to restore feudalism in the 18th century.十字军时期,君主专制制度的兴起,英格兰资产阶级革命,18四级欲恢复封建主义的尝试 His historical novel paved the path for the development ofthe realistic novel of the 19th century.他的历史小说为19世纪现实主义小说的发展铺平了道路。主要作品介绍:Waverley威弗利:establish its author as a novelist奠定了作者的小说家帝王,St.Ronan's well圣罗南之泉 :is the only contemporary novel among the works of scott Count robert巴黎的罗伯特伯爵: the last of scott's novels 课文节选:ivanhoe艾凡赫主要地点:cedric's ball大厅,ashby de la zouche阿什贝.德.拉.左克,isaac of york约克城,knights templar吞不拉司陀圣殿骑士院 重点词汇: pilgrim朝圣者 Rob roy罗布罗伊 重点句子: in the first selection francis’meeting with robroy is described.The second selection vividly depicts a skirmish战斗 between the highlanders高地居民 and the english Jane Austin Literature:乡村生活是她小说的主要题材。全部作品:northanger abbey诺桑觉寺,persuasion劝导,sense and sensibility理智与情感,pride and prejudice傲慢与偏见,mansfield park曼斯菲尔德花园and emma艾玛 课文节选 :Pride and Prejudice This book mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent Elizabeth Bennet.Mr.Bennet, a clergyman牧师 who has married young and rashly轻率地, is skeptical怀疑的 of conventional常规的 marriage and has no good words for his beautiful daughters except Elizabeth.Mrs.Bennet is a beautiful but empty-headed, snobbish粗俗的 and vulgar庸俗的 woman whose only goal in life is to marry her five daughters to rich, handsome young men.Charles lamb查尔斯。兰姆:最大成就在散文,其随笔与蒙田名声并列 课文节选:Dream-children, a reverie梦中的孩子们,poor relations穷亲戚 Part VIII The Victorian Age维多利亚时期 Critical Realism in England英国的批判主义 1.Historical Background Industrial Revolution, railways, novels provide a means to kill the time.The rising of middle class.Reading novels is becoming a sign of statues and a way of living.A typical Victorian novel is usually 400-5oo pages, lengthy长的, thick厚的.The values of Victorian Age The middle class, the core of the values: to be a gentleman, the pursuit of wealth achieved by self-reliance倚靠自己 through hard work.The Victorian Age(1832-1901)1.Historical background The Queen came to the throne in 1837 The two Queens that the English people were proud of: Queen Elizabeth(1533-1603)Queen Victoria.The similarities between the two queens: First, both queens were on the throne for a long period of time, Queen Elizabeth being on the throne for over forty years and Queen Victoria more than sixty years.Secondly, during their long reigns England developed rapidly both politically and economically.During the reign of Queen Elizabeth, capitalism first took its shape, and the small island country defeated the strong naval power Spain in 1588.During the long reign统治 of Queen Victoria., England grew from an agricultural country into an industrialized one and became the workshop工场 of the world as well as its financial and political center.Thirdly, during their reign, literature flourished.繁荣In the age of Queen Elizabeth drama flourished and with it there was the greatest dramatist William Shakespeare whereas但是 in the age of Queen Victoria., novel flourished and with it a galaxy一群 of brilliant novelists appeared in the literary scene.The Victorian age can be roughly divided into three periods: the early period 1832-1848, a time of social unrest;(child labor, women workers, long working hours, miserable working conditions)the middle period 1848-1870, a period of economic prosperity and religious controversy论战;(social reforms , in 1851 a gigantic greenhouse of glass and iron铁 was built in Hyde Park.It was called the Crystal Palace where the Great exhibition was held.It was a display of the nation’s advanced technology and industry, as well as its prosperity.)The last period 1870, a period of decay of Victorian values.England continued to grow in strength in this period.―the empire帝国 on which the sun never sets‖.To many Victorians this was a period of serenity安详 and security, the age of house parties and long weekends in the country.Rival竞争
对手s: Germany, the United States, Japan and Russia The Charitist Movement宪章运动 appeared in the thirties of the 19th century.导致其的主要矛盾是工人阶级与此本家的矛盾。此运动最后以工人在议会中取得相应席位而告终。2.The Victorian novelists The rise of the novels as a dominant突出的 literary genre类型 during the Victorian age First, the growth of urban城市的 population resulted in the appearance of a new reading public Second, with the development of the method of printing and paper making, the price of books dropped, and the serial publication, the libraries Third, writing had become a profession Fourth, there was a large idle空闲的 class who needed recreation and entertainment Fifth, the conditions of the time and the dire可怕的 poverty贫穷 in the one hand and the enormous wealth on the other hand needed a secular世俗的 form to explore human relations rather than sermons 说教given in the church.the novels were used as a tool to Finally, the feminist男女平等主义 movement had much to do with the growth of the novel.The struggle for women’s rights was a recurring循环的 theme in the novels of the 19th century.The common features of the Victorian novels 1.The plot is unfolded 展现against a social background.The Victorian novels reflect the complexity 复杂性of human relations in a capitalist society and reveal the writer’s attitude towards the society.2.the cause –effect sequence is much more striking突出的 than in previous novels, the central character, 3.Most of the Victorian novels were first published in serial form, that is, by installment安装, before they were fully published in a single book.4.the Victorian novels were tainted 污染的by the spirit of Puritanism清教徒 of the Victorian age 5.The Victorian novels were characterized by their moral purpose.Many writers wrote with a purpose to edify开到 readers and to bring about reforms.In economics, capital, capital goods, or real capital are factors of production used to create goods or services that are not themselves significantly consumed(though they may depreciate)in the production process.Capital goods may be acquired with money or financial capital.Capitalism is an economic system in which the means of production are privately owned;supply, demand and price are mostly set by market forces rather than economic planning;and profit is distributed to owners who invest in businesses.Capitalism also refers to the process of capital accumulation 3.in the 19th-century english literature, a new literary trend critical realism appeared.Charles Dickens(1812-1870):he was the greatest representative of English critical realism.And William Makepeace Thackeray(1811-1863)威廉。梅克皮斯。萨克雷 Dickens and Thackeray were contemporaries.Similarities:Both humorists and they criticized the Victorian society satirically嘲讽的。在使小说回返自然和真实这一点上,萨克雷是英国小说家中影响最大的一位。Different life Differences in writings 1.Thackeray mainly described the lives of aristocrats贵族 and rich businessmen, that is, people of the upper and middles classes, whereas Dickens’s chief contribution was his description o the underdogs受压迫者 and unprivileged平穷的.2.Dickens was a sentimentalist.多愁善感者 He likes to avail有益于 himself of every opportunity to arouse the emotions of his readers.Thackeray was a cynic愤世嫉俗者 who saw no good in anything and doubted the goodness of human nature.On the whole he preserved detachmen分离t, and he always held himself under control.3.Whereas Dickens was a romantist in many aspects by letting loose his imagination.Thackeray was against affectation假装.His cynical attitude towards life explains the fact that most of his clever people are rogues流氓 and most of his virtuous善良的 people are fools.3.The Victorian poets The Novel was the predominating占支配优势 genre类型 of literature in the Victorian age.There are prominent突出的 poets after the death of major romantic poets.Alfred Tennyson(1809-1892)Robert Browning(1812-1889)他们两个最具代表性Elizabeth Barrett Browning(1806-1861),Matthew Arnold(1822-1888)They not only wrote highly lyrical poems as the romantists did, but also they in their poetry reflected the spiritual search which was characteristic of the age.The conflicts at that time: The class struggle between the wealthy and the poor The rapid progress of science and technology, and the discovery of new theories of social science.All these greatly shook the religious faith that had been the mainstay支柱 of people’s spiritual life for centuries.Hence所以 the Victorian age was marked through by the prominence of the spirit of inquiry探究 and criticism by skepticism and religious uncertainty, and spiritual struggle and unrest..2.Writers Charles Dickens 1812-1870 He was the most important novelist in the Victorian age, and he was extremely popular, best seller, most of his characters in his early work are cartoon characters, most complex in his late work Initiation novel.His artistic techniques: 1.Dickens has a tendency to depict描绘 the grotesque荒唐的(very odd奇怪的 or unusual, fantastically奇异的 ugly or absurd荒谬的)characters or events.Most of Dickens’s characters have peculiar奇怪的 habit, manner, behavior, dress, and catch phrase of his or her own.2.Dickens loves to instil灌输l life into inanimate无生气的 things and to compare animate beings to inanimate things, engines—the head of an elephant, the smoke in the air to snakes trailing 蔓延themselves for ever and ever.3.Dickens is noted for his description of pathetic凄惨的 scenes that aim to arouse people’s sympathy.Pathos哀婉 is a distinctive与众不同的 quality in Dickens’s writings.4.Dickens is a great humorist.His novels are full of humor and laughter.5.主要作品:Pickwick Papers匹克威克传,Oliver Twist雾都孤儿,The old curiosity shop老古玩店, a christmas carol圣诞欢歌,Dombey and son董贝父子,david copperfield大卫科波菲尔,hard times艰难时世,a tale of two cities双城记,great expectation远大前程。In 双城记,the two cities are london and paris in the time of revolution.艰难时运makes a fierce attack on the bourgeois system of education and the bourgeois philosophy人生观 6.课文节选 Posthumous Papers of the pickwick club匹克威克传 Oliver twist 雾都孤儿:this passage tells us the terrible conditions in the english workhouse of the time and the cruel treatment of a poor orphan by the so-called ―Philanthropists‖慈善事业。William makepeace thackeray威廉。梅克皮斯。萨克雷 课文节选: The vanity fair名利场:its sub-title is a novel without a hero.the writer’s intention was not to portray individuals, but the bourgeois and aristocratic society as a whole.The main plot of Vanity Fair renders on the story of two women: Amelia Sedlley 阿美利亚。赛迪尼And Rebecca Sharp瑞比卡。夏普。George eliot乔治。艾略特 Life: 原名Mary Ann Evans玛丽。安埃。文斯。主要作品:Adam Bede亚当比德,The mill on the floss弗洛斯河上的磨坊,silas marner织工马南。作品特色:1,her novels ,for the most part, describe rural life,deal with moral problems and contain psychological studies of the characters.2,she has rich humor and keen observation, and her characters are real men and women of her time.3,her novels are very philosophical.4,with her the transition from critical realism to naturalism began in english literature.课文节选:Adam bede亚当比德:主要人物:Adam, heety sorrel:海蒂苏洛:adam最初喜欢的人,arthur donnithorne亚瑟。唐尼桑恩:海蒂喜欢的人,Seth赛斯: adam’s brother, Dinah Morris:戴娜。莫里斯:seth喜欢的人,同时也是adam 最后喜欢的人。Charlotte bronte(1816—1855)and emily bronte(1818—1848)夏洛蒂。勃朗特和艾米丽。勃朗特 Charlotte bronte:主要作品:the professor, jane eyre, shirley雪莉, villette维莱特.emily bronte主要作品:wuthering heights呼啸山庄:it is influenced both by the Romantic Movement as well as Gothic writing.The novel deals with a kind of raw天然的 passion.It is not to be judged by its moral context背景.Her novel has nothing to do with moral issue.Hworks in human beings.Wuthering Heights: the place stands for storm, violence Thrush画眉鸟: civilization文明, very gentle, mild.Her mentality心态 is much in line with what Wuthering Height stands for.Complex structure, layers层面板 of narration叙述 Wuthering Height: Class distinction: emphasis decency庄重, respect 课文节选:jane eyre., wuthering heights主要人物:lockwood洛兹伍德,Heathcliff西斯克里夫,catherine,Hindley辛迪尼。Thomas hood(1799—1845)托马斯。胡德 Most of his works were humorous poems, containing topical comments on contemporary events and manners.主要作品:the princess, in memorian悼念:是为了悼念朋友hallam而写 ,Idylls of the king国王叙述诗 课文节选:the song of the shirt衬衫之歌:this poem presents a vivid picture of the miserable life of the british seamstresses.女裁缝。The bridge of sighs叹息桥 Alfred,Lord Tennyson艾尔弗雷德.丁尼生(1809—1892)He is the representative of Victorianism.His poem has an exquisite 精致的sense of music.课文节选:Ulysses尤利西斯:A Greek hero If life is not without experience, struggle.It is not life at all.A typical ambition of Victorian age, a confidence.The age is full of ambition, desire to explore the world.The poet expresses this through the image of Ulysses.Break ,break ,break 碎了,碎了,碎了:把自己痛失密友的悲伤之情同渔家子女的嬉戏和少年水手的歌唱等天真快乐对比,并同撞击海岸那无情的海浪以及驶入港湾那冷漠的航船进行对照,书法自己的悲痛心情。crossing the bar过沙洲:注重本能和自然 Robert Browning 1812-1889 代表作:the ring and the book指环与书 Dramatic monologue独白poem in which there is one imaginary speaker addressing an imaginary audience.In his dramatic monologues, he penetrates to depth the psychology of his characters and through their won speeches, he analyses and dissects分析is characters and reveals the innermost secret of their lives dramatic monologue.It has a single person who is not the poet himself as the speaker.He utters at the critic moment.--The person addresses and interacts with one or more people.We can feel the presence of the auditor.We can infer what they say and they do from the clues in the course of the speaker.--The principle to select a piece of poem: it should reveal temperament and character of the speaker.课文节选:My last Duchess我已故的公爵夫人 Ferrara费拉拉 An image of a lively young lady.Dramatic situation which reveal the psychology of the character.It paved铺 the way for the upcoming即将到来的 of the 20th century poetry.Critical moment, single speaker, and interaction合作: the speaker is talking to a specified auditor旁听者 or speaker.Elizabeth barrett browning伊丽莎白。巴雷特。布朗宁 代表作:casa guidi windowsk卡萨。吉迪的窗子,aurora leigh奥罗拉。利,poems before congress议会前的诗 课文节选:from sonnets from the portuguese葡萄牙十四行诗:表达诗人对爱情的赞美和对幸福的追求。Part IX Twentieth century literature20世纪文学 The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literatue Historical background:对文学产生影响的两个因素:1,imperialism帝国主义:统治世界的精神的觉醒。相继爆发了第一,二次世界大战。2,widespread demand for social reform of every kind.Thomas Hardy 托马斯。哈代(1840—1928)1.His life He was born in Dorset多赛特, an agricultural district in the south of England.His father was an architect.After studying in Dorset and in London, he returned to settle down in his native place.While he worked as an architect, he began to write novels and stories.Later he became a full—time writer.His principal主要的 works are the Wessex伟克塞斯 novels, novels describing the characters and environment of native countryside.He was a writer who sees the turn of the century.He witnessed the change of the society, the fashion;he was the last of the Victorian novelist and one of the forerunners of the modern writing.代表作:Tess of the d’urbervilles德伯家的苔丝,jude the obscure无名的裘得,epic drama:the dynasts统治者 课文节选:Tess of the D’urbevilles:是哈代―性格和环境小说‖中一部分量颇重的长篇小说,导致苔丝悲剧的不是盲目的无从追究责任的命运,而是环境和社会的力量。Setting环境: the agricultural region of the southern countries of England.The impoverishment使贫穷 and decay腐烂 of small farmers who became hired field hands and roamed漫步 the country in search of seasonal jobs.His tone is pessimistic悲观的 Mankind is subjected to the rule of some hostile and mysterious fate, which brings misfortune to human life.The double moral standard for men and women exposes曝光 the hypocritical虚伪的 morality in bourgeois society.Why does Hardy call her a pure woman? According to the values of that age, Tess is a stained 玷污的woman, she gave birth to a child outside marriage, and she became the mistress情妇 of Alec艾立可 later.The son’s veto儿子的否决权:小说反映了生活的多层面,还对受挫以后的幸福提出了重建。女主人公名叫Sophy.John Galsworthy约翰。高尔斯华朔 他是20世纪英国杰出的批判现实主义小说家和剧作家。代表作:the man of property有产业的人:was the highest point of social criticism ever attained by Galsworthy,它是福赛特世家中的第一部,the forsyte saga福赛特世家,the sivler box银匣 课文节选: 有产业的人中 chapter X diagnose of a forsyte福尔赛的诊断, conscience良心 Oscar wilde奥斯卡。王尔德 出生于Dublin,have a homosexual relationship with Lord Alfred douglas和艾尔弗雷德。道格拉斯有同性恋关系 代表作:长篇小说:The portrait of dorian gray多里安。格雷的画像,Salome莎乐美:唯美主义的代表作,是戏剧,喜剧:Lady windermere’s fan温得梅尔夫人的扇子, a woman of no importance无足轻重的女人, an ideal husband理想丈夫, and the importance of being earnest认真的重要.课文节选:The portrait of dorian gray多里安。格雷的画像 George Bernard Shaw(1856—1950)乔治。萧伯纳 George Bernard Shaw was dramatist, essayist随笔作家, and critic.He was born of Irish Protestant新教徒 parents in Dublin.In 1876 Shaw left Ireland for good.During his life time he wrote lots of dramas.He is considered to be the best –known English dramatist since Shakespeare.His works are the best example of all the plays that are inspired by social criticism.In most of his plays, he expressed a strong indignation against political and economic exploitation开发, against hypocrisy虚伪 and corruption腐败, against prostitution作践自己 and slavery奴隶制度, and against poverty and dirt.His style: 1.didactic教导的,学究式的 2.Made his lessons ―palatable‖可口的 through comedy.3.Use his wit to ridicule嘲笑 the things he attacked—witty rather than humorous.4.Inversion倒装 of ideas—made things usually considered good and just to appear absurd荒谬的 and ridiculous.5.Exaggerated, sometimes grossly很,非常, in order to achieve comedy.6.Plays made up-to-date references and used modern stage props小道具.7.Destructive破坏性的 in his criticism, but constructive建设性 in his analysis and interpretation 解释of life.Features of his plays: 1.His plays witty rather than humorous—avoidance of emotion and sympathy.2.Improved upon play craftsmanship of his predecessors—increased stage directions.3.Frequently subordinates下级得 dramatic interest to expounding论述 his ideas.His characters are his mouthpieces代言人.4.characters lack true life 5.His plays vehicles to express his many ideas.6.Shocks his audience into attention—paradoxical矛盾的, personal, and outspoken直言的.7.Powerful, logical, satirical style.Dialogue has vitality精神, clearness, directness.课文节选:Mrs.Warren’s profession华伦夫人的职业:华伦夫人的职业是豢养妓女,Mr.Crofts是她的帮凶,女儿Vivie是一所传统寄宿学校毕业的学生。此书深刻揭露了―体面的‖资本者不体面的财富来源:残酷的剥削和肮脏的交易。It deals with the theme of prostitution卖淫 as big business in the bourgeois society.David.Herbert.Lawrence(1885—1930)戴维。赫伯特。劳伦斯 He is often criticized for the didactic 说教的elements and looseness in structure.代表作:
the white peacock白孔雀: his first novel,sons and lovers儿子与情人,the rainbow虹,Lady Chatterlay’s Lover查特莱夫人的情人:his most controversial争议的 novels 课文节选:sons and lovers儿子与情人主要人物:paul保罗,Mrs morel莫瑞尔:it’s a semi-autobiographical nove.Viginia Woolf弗吉尼亚。沃尔夫(1882—1941)她是20世纪欧洲最重要的女性作家,著名的文学批评家和文艺理论家。她是―意识流‖stream of consciousness小说的代表人物.代表作:Mrs.Dalloway达洛维夫人,to the lighthouse到灯塔去,the waves海浪。课文节选:Mrs.Dalloway达洛维夫人 James Joyce詹姆斯。乔伊斯(1882—1941)He was born in Dublin.是―意识流小说之父‖。代表作:Dubliners都柏林人,a portrait of the artist as a young man一个青年艺术家的肖像。Ulysses尤利西斯:in the book, the writer intends to present a microcosm小规模地 of the whole human life by providing an instance of how a single event contains all the events of its kind, and how history is recapitulated总结 in the happenings of one day.。课文节选:Araby阿拉比:是dubliners中的第3篇小说。英美文学复习资料
English Literary History
1.Beowulf is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons.2.Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval period.3.Geoffrey Chaucer has been called the father of English poetry.His masterpiece is The Canterbury Tales.4.Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.5.Edmund Spenser is known as ―the poets’ poet‖.Masterpiece the Faerie Queene is a great poem of its age.6.Christopher Marlowe is the most gifted of the ―University Wits‖.His masterpieces are Tamburlaine, Dr.Faustus, the Jew of Malta and Edward II.Marlowe’s greatest achievement lies in that he perfected the blank verse and made it the principal medium of English drama and the creation of the Renaissance hero for English drama.7.William Shakespeare is one of the most remarkable playwrights and poets.His greatest tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.The Merchant of Venice is the most important play among the comedies.8.Francis Bacon is a well-known Renaissance philosopher, scientist and essayist.9.John Donne is the leading figure of the ―Metaphysical school.‖
10.The neoclassical period, that is the eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of enlightenment or the Age of Reason.Enlightenment Movement brought about in reviving the interest in old classical works is known as neoclassicism.11.The mid-century was predominated by a newly rising literary form – the modern English novel.12.John Bunyan was a devout Christian, and a firm non-conformist of the Anglican Church.His masterpiece is the Pilgrim’s Progress.(最成功的宗教寓言诗)13.Alexander Pope’s best satiric work is The Dunciad(愚人志).14.Daniel Defoe’s works are the first literary writings devoted to the study of problems of the lower-class people.15.Jonathan Swift was a master satirist.His ―A Modest Proposal‖ is generally taken as a perfect model.16.Henry Fielding is regarded as ―father of the English Novel‖.He was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a ―comic epic in prose‖, the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.17.Samuel Johnson, as a lexicographer, distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman – A Dictionary of the English Language.18.Richard Brinsley Sheridan is the only important English dramatist of the eighteenth century.His plays, especially the Rivals and the School for Scandal, are generally regarded as important links between the masterpieces of Shakespeare and those of Bernard Shaw, and as the true classics in English comedy.19.Thomas Gray’s masterpiece, ―Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard,‖
establishes his fame as the leader of the sentimental poetry of the day, especially ―the Graveyard School.‖
20.English Romanticism is generally said to have begun in 1798 with publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s Lyrical Ballads and to have ended in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death and the passage of the first Reform Bill in the Parliament.21.William Blake was literarily the first important English Romantic poet.Symbolism in wide range is also a distinctive feature of his poetry.His major works are Songs of Innocence, Songs of experience and Marriage of heaven and Hell.22.William Wordsworth, together with Robert Southey and Coleridge, became known as the ―Lake Poets.‖ He published Lyrical Ballads in collaboration with Coleridge.The preface to this collection of poems is considered as declarations of romanticism.23.Samual Taylor Coleridge and The Rime of the ancient mariner
24.George Gordon Byron’s masterpiece is Don Juan, which was called comic epic and mock epic.25.Percy Bysshe Shelley’s greatest achievement is Prometheus Unbound.His most well-known lyric is ―Ode to the West Wind.”
26.John Keats is known for his many great odes.27.Jane Austen’s first novel is Sense and Sensibility.Her masterpieces are Pride and Prejudice, and Emma.28.Novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought.29.Realism emphasizes objectivity, straightforward and matter-of-fact, and adopts a critical tone.30.Charles Dickens is one of the greatest critical realist writers of the Victorian Age.Dickens is a master of story-telling, and Character-portrayal is the most distinguishing feature of his works.31.Bronte Sisters: Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.Emily is chiefly famous for her only novel, Wuthering Heights.32.Alfred Tennyson’s masterpiece is In Memoriam.33.George Eliot, as a pioneer to the modern psychoanalytical novel, was the first novelist that ―started putting all the actions inside.‖
34.Thomas Hardy’s works, known as ―novels of character and environment,‖ are most representative of him as both a naturalistic and a critical writer.Influenced by nature and environment.35.Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.36.Bernard Shaw is a brilliant dramatist.Most of his plays are concerned with political, economic, moral, or religious problems, so his plays can be termed as problem plays.His plays have one passion only, that is, indignation.37.John Galsworthy is a modern novelist.His first trilogy is Forsyte Saga: The man of property, in chancery and to Let.38.William Butler Yeats was awarded Noble Prize for literature in 1923.His well-known poem is ―sailing to Byzantium.‖
39.T.S.Eliot was originally a very famous American poet, verse dramatist and prose writer.His major poems are ―the love song of J.Alfred Prufrock‖, and ―the waste land.‖
40.D.H.Lawrence is one of the greatest English novelist of the 20th century and also the greatest from a working-class family.The Rainbow and Women in Love are regarded as his masterpieces.41.James Joyce is the most prominent stream-of-consciousness novelist.His masterpiece is Ulysses.美国文学
42.Washington Irving was one of the first American writers to earn an international reputation.His The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent contains the first modern American short stories and the first great American juvenile literature: Rip Van winkle and ―the Legend of Sleepy Hollow‖.43.Ralph Waldo Emerson the American towering figure of his era, was responsible for bringing Transcendentalism to New England.His Essays includes his best writings such as The American Scholar, Self-reliance, The Over-soul.44.Nathaniel Hawthorne is one of the most interesting, yet most ambivalent writers in the American literary history.His masterpieces include The Scarlet Letter.45.Walt Whitman is a national figure in American literary history.His Leaves of Grass has always been considered a monumental work, containing ―song of myself.‖ 46.Herman Melville’s Moby-Dick is one of the world’s greatest masterpieces.47.Edgar Alan Poe is a famous fictional writer, short story writer.48.James Fenimore Cooper’s lasting fame rests on his frontier stories, including The Deerslayer, The Last of the Mohicans, the pathfinder, The Pioneers, and the Prairie.49.Mark Twain, pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clements, is a great literary giant of America and is considered the true father of American literature.He is known as a local colorist.Major works are Adventures of Huckleberry Finn and the Adventures of Tom Sawyer.50.Henry James is the first American writer to conceive his career in international terms and the founder of steam-of-consciousness.Best works are the Ambassadors, and The Golden Bowl.51.Emily Dickinson is the only woman in this period.52.Theodore Dreiser is generally acknowledged as one of the greatest America’s literary naturalists.Sister Carrie is his best-known novel and An American Tragedy is his greatest work.53.Stephan Crane is a pioneer writing in naturalistic tradition.He is mainly famous for The Red Badge of Courage.54.Ezra Pound, a leading spokesman of the ―Imagist Movement,‖ was one of the most influential American poets of the 20th century.55.Robert Frost is a four-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize.56.Eugene O’Neill is America’s greatest playwright.He was the only dramatist ever to win a Nobel Prize.He is widely acclaimed ―founder of the American drama.‖
Masterpiece is Long Days Journey Into Night.57.Francis Scott Fitzgerald was a most representative figure of the 1920s.His work, Tales of the Jazz Age, made the 20s called Jazz era.58.Ernest Hemingway is one of the most popular American novelists of 20th century and a spokesman of the ―Lost Generation.‖ Novels include A Farewell to Arms, the Old Man and the Sea.Quiz
1.The Victorian period has been generally regarded as one of the most glorious in the English history.2.The worsening living and working conditions, the mass unemployment and the new Poor Law of 1834 with its workhouse system finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement.3.The Bronte sisters refers to Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte and Anne Bronte.4.Robert Browning is noteworthy for his mastery of the dramatic monologue form.5.Faulkner’s novel the sound and the fury describes the decay and downfall of an old southern aristocratic family, symbolizing the old social order.6.The poem The Red Wheelbarrow written by William Carlos Williams exemplifies the Imagist-influenced Philosophy of ―no ideas but in things.‖
7.E.E.Cummings is the most interesting experimentalists in modern American poetry.第二部分:诗歌
1.The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls Henry Wadsworth Longfellow Footprints in ―The Tide Rises, The Tide Falls‖: The transient nature of human achievement 2.―She Dwelt Among the Untrodden Ways‖ by William Wordsworth Last stanza creates a kind of perfect pathos
The last line creates a perfect pathos.It shows that Lucy„s death, though, is unnoticed by others and made no difference to the world, it has made all the difference to her lover, who loves and values her so deeply and feels a great pain and deep grief over her death.Now Lucy is in the grave and her lover is still living lonely on the earth, there will be no chance for him to communicate with her and to feel her beauty, so Lucy‟s death is a great loss to him.In this way, the last line arouses our deep sympathy both for the girl and her lover.3.―Wuthering Heights‖ by Emily Brontë
God1 Would you like to live with your soul in the grave? Your soul---Catherine I love my murderer---but yours!My murderer---Catherine
Yours---Catherine‟s husband: Edgar
Catherine‟s brother: Hindley
第三部分 阅读理解
1.1.―Sonnet 18‖ by William Shakespeare Shăll I| cǒmpáre| thĕe tó| ă súm|mĕr‟s dáy? Thǒu árt| mǒre lóve|ly ánd| mǒre tém|pĕráte.Róugh wínds| dó sháke| thĕ dár|lǐng búds| ǒf Máy, And súm|mĕr‟s léase| hăth áll| tǒo shórt| ă dáte.Sǒmetímes| tǒo hót| thĕ éye| ǒf héav|ĕn shínes, And óf|ten ís| his góld| cǒmpléx|ǐon dímm‟d;And éve|ry fair| frǒm fáir| sǒmetíme| dĕclínes, By chánce,| ǒr ná|tŭre‟s cháng|ǐng cóurse,| ŭntrímm‟d;Bŭt thy| ĕtér|nál súm|mĕr sháll| nǒt fáde, Nǒr lóse| pǒssés|sǐon óf| thát fáir| thǒu ów‟st;Nǒr sháll| Dĕath brág| thǒu wán|d‟rĕst ín| hǐs sháde, Whĕn ín| ĕtér|nál línes| tǒ tíme| thǒu grów‟st;Sǒ lóng| ás mén| cán bréathe,| ǒr éyes| cán sée, Sǒ lóng| lǐves thís,| ánd thís| gǐves lífe| tǒ thée.What is the rhyme and meter of the poem? Meter: iambic pentameter The rhyme scheme: ABAB CDCD EFEF GG.What does the poem reveal? In the poem, the poet shows his profound meditation on the destructive power of time and the eternal beauty brought forth by poetry to the one he loves and then expounds that all nice and beautiful things in the world will disappear, but the beauty in poetry can last forever.Thus the poem reveals Shakespeare‟s faith in the permanence of poetry, the lasting power of human art and the creative power of human beings.2.What is the difference between realism and modernism? Realism emphasizes objectivity, straightforward and matter-of-fact, and adopts a critical tone.Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psychoanalysis as its theoretical base.The major themes of the modernist literature are the distorted, alienated and ill relationship between man and nature, man and society, man and man, and man and himself.
第三篇:高级英语文化背景知识
高级英语文化背景知识
Lesson 1 Pub talk and King’s English Australian convicts(澳大利亚囚犯)
E.M.Foster(爱德华.摩根.福斯特)
Lesson 2 Marrakech
George Orwell(乔治.奥威尔)
Foreign Legionnaires(法国外籍兵团)
St.Bernard dog(圣伯纳德犬)
Lesson 3 Inaugural Address J.F.Kennedy(约翰.F.肯尼迪)
Solemn oath(庄严宣誓)
Inaugural address(总统就职演说)
Lesson 4 Love is a Fallacy
Charles Lamb(查尔斯.兰姆)
Pygmalion(皮格马利翁)
Frankenstein(弗兰肯斯坦)
Lesson 5 The Sad Young Men
Greenwich Village(格林威治村)
The Lost Generation(悲哀的青年一代)
F.Scott Fitzgerald(F.斯科特.菲茨杰拉德)
Lesson 6 Loving and Hating New York Hollywood(好莱坞)
Puerto Ricans(波多黎各人)
Beverly Hills(比佛利山庄)
Ellis Island(埃利斯岛)
Lesson 13The Mansion: A Subprime Parable The Frick Museum(弗里克博物馆)
Versailles(凡尔赛宫)
Princeton University(普林斯顿大学)
第四篇:英美文学复习资料
英美文学复习资料
文学体裁:诗歌poem,小说novel,戏剧dramaOrigin起源:Christianity 基督教 → bible 圣经 Myth 神话 The Romance of king Arthur and his knights 亚瑟王和他的骑士(笔记)
一、The Anglo-Saxon period(449-1066)
1、这个时期的文学作品分类: pagan(异教徒)Christian(基督徒)
2、代表作: The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》(national epic 民族史诗)采用了隐喻手法
3、Alliteration 押头韵(写作手法)
例子: of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period(1066-1350)
Canto 诗章
1、romance 传奇文学
2、代表作: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(高文爵士和绿衣骑士)是一首押头韵的长诗
三、Geoffrey Chaucer(1340-1400)杰弗里.乔叟 时期
1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父
2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体:a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵)lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)
3、代表作:the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)
大致内容:the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体
小说特点:each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事,无形中表明了各自的观点,展示了各自的性格。
小说观点:he believes in the right of man to earthly happiness.He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions(迷信)and a blind belief in fate(盲目地相信命运).他希望人们能从迷信和对命运的盲从中解脱出来。
4、Popular Ballads 大众民谣 :a story hold in 4-line stanzas with second and fourth line rhymed(笔记)
Ballads are anonymous narrative songs that have been preserved by oral transmission(书上).歌谣是匿名叙事歌曲,一直保存着口头传播的方式
代表人物:Bishop Thomas Percy 托马斯.帕希主教
代表作:Robin Hood and Allin-a-Dale 罗宾汉和阿林代尔
四、The Renaissance(16世纪)文艺复兴时期
(Greek and Roman)戏剧 drama 诗章 canto
The term Renaissance originally indicated a revival of classical(Greek and Roman)arts and sciences.文艺复兴最初是指经典艺术和科学在英国的复兴。
The epoch of Renaissance witnessed a particular development of English drama
文艺复兴时期的英国戏剧也得到了迅速的发展。
1、key work: humanism 人文主义: admire human beauty and human achievement2、代表人物:
1)、Thomas More 托马斯.莫尔 Utopia 乌托邦
2)、Francis Bacon 弗朗西斯.培根 第一个散文家(essayist)
3)、Thomas Wyatt 托马斯.怀亚特 引入十四行诗的第一人
sonnet(十四行诗): form of poetry intricately rhymed(间隔押韵)in 14 lines iambic pentameter
4)、Edmund Spenser 埃德蒙.斯宾塞 poet’s poet(诗人中的诗人)The Fairy Queen《仙后》(epic poem 史诗)
5)、Christopher Marlowe 克里斯托弗.马洛
blank verse(无韵体:不押韵的五步抑扬格)是十六世纪英国戏剧的主要表现形式。
6)、William Shakespeare 威廉姆.莎士比亚 戏剧 drama
四大悲剧:Hamlet(哈姆雷特),Othello(奥赛罗),King Lear(李尔王),The Tragedy of Macbeth(麦克白)
五、the period of Revolution and Restoration(17世纪)资产阶级革命与王权复辟
prose 散文
1、文学特点:the Puritans(清教徒)believed in simplicity of life、disapproved of the sonnets and the love poetry、breaking up of old ideals.清教徒崇尚俭朴的生活、拒绝十四行诗和爱情诗、与旧思想脱离。
2、代表人物:
1)、John Donne 约翰.多恩 “metaphysical”poets(玄学派诗人)的代表人物
sonnet 十四行诗 《Death be not proud》(笔记)
作品特点:① strike the reader in Donne’s extraordinary frankness and penetrating realism.(坦诚的态度和现实描绘)
② novelty of subject matter and point(新颖的题材和视角)
③ novelty of its form.(新颖的形式)
2)、John Milton 约翰.弥尔顿 a great poet 诗人(poem 诗歌 blank verse)
《Defense for the English People》为英国人辩护
《Paradise Lost》失乐园 “Satan is not a villain”撒旦不是坏人
《Paradise Regained》复乐园)、John Bunyan 约翰.拜扬 a great prose writer “give us the only great allegory(寓言)”Pilgrim’s Progress》天路历程 prose 散文
该书采用的写作手法“written in the old-fashioned(旧体形式), medieval form of allegory(比喻)and dream”
六、The Age of Enlightenment(18世纪)启蒙运动
prose 散文
1、Emphasized formality or correctness of style, to write prose like Addison, or verse like Pope.强调正确的格式和写作规范,像艾迪生一样创作散文,和蒲柏一样创作诗歌。
The Enlightenment was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeoisie against feudalism.启蒙运动实际上是当时先进的资产阶级同落后的封建主义斗争的一种形式。
The enlighteners repudiate the false religious doctrines about the viciousness of human nature, and prove that man is born kind and honest, and if he becomes depraved, it is only due to the influence of corrupted social environment.启蒙主义者颠覆了宗教所宣扬的人类本恶的观点;论证了人生诚实而友善,而腐化堕落则是后天腐败的社会环境所致。
Contrary to all reasoning, social injustice still held strong, found the power of reason to be insufficient, and therefore appealed to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice.无论怎样讲究理性,社会不平等现象仍然普遍存在,理性的力量明显不足。因此呼吁把情感的诉求作为一种谋求幸福和社会公平的手段。
2、18th century 文学的三个方面:
Classicism(古典主义)、revival of romantic poetry(新兴的浪漫主义诗歌)、beginnings of the modern novel(刚启萌的现代派小说)
3、代表人物:
1)、Daniel Defoe 丹尼尔.笛福 realistic novel 现实主义小说
Novel:《Robinson Crusoe》鲁宾逊漂流记 《Jonathan Wild》乔纳森.威尔德 《Moll Flanders》摩尔.弗兰德斯
2)、Henry Fielding 亨利.菲尔丁 father of modern fiction(现代小说之父)
《Joseph Andrews》约瑟夫.安德鲁斯 受到了理查森的《帕美勒》的启发
作家之间的不同:Richardson —— no humor, minces words, moralizes.不幽默,咬文嚼字,说教
Fielding —— direct, vigorous, hilarious, and coarse to the point of vulgarity,full of animal spirits, tells the story of a vagabond life 语言直接、生动、欢快、粗糙,甚至有点俗,精神焕发,讲述流浪者的故事。
《The History of Tom Jones, a foundling》弃婴汤姆.琼斯的故事 the best novel of him
3)、Jonathan Swift 乔纳森.斯威夫特
《Gulliver’s Travels》格列佛游记 novel 反讽
作品特点:no visible sign of anger, nor raising the voice;the tone is cold, restrained, ironic, varied only by some flashes of fooling when Swift’s sense of the ridiculour gets the better of him.努不动颜,骂不扬声,语调冷酷,锋芒暗藏,讽刺辛辣,仅在讽喻之情难以抑制时才偶露揶揄之态。
《A Modest Proposal》一个温和的建议
4)、Samuel Richardson 塞缪尔.理查森
《Pamela》帕美勒 The method of psychological analysis 心理分析的方法
In the form of letters 书信体小说
5)、Richard B.Sheridan 理查德.B.谢尔丹
《School for Scandal》造谣学校,喜剧 comedy
6)、Oliver Goldsmith’s 奥利佛.哥尔德斯密斯 散文作家 essayist
《The Vicar of Wakefield》威克菲尔德的牧师,小说 novel
《She Stoops to Conquer》委曲求全,欢乐喜剧 rollicking comedy
《The Deserted Village》荒村,诗歌 poems4、Sentimentalism 感伤主义 no belief 没有信仰
The representatives of sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism but they vaguely sensed at the same time the contradictions of bourgeois progress that brought with it enslavement and ruin to the people.感伤主义的代表人物在继续反对封建主义的同时又模糊的感觉到资本主义进程中出现的种种矛盾,感觉到资本主义制度对人性的奴役和破坏。
代表人物:Thomas Gray 托马斯.格雷 《Elegy, Written in a Country Churchyard》墓园挽歌
七、the Romantic Period(1798-1832)浪漫主义
散文 prose1、前浪漫主义代表人物:William Blake 威廉.布莱克 诗人 poet
Robert Burns 罗伯特.彭斯 苏格兰诗人 poet
Pre-Romanticism was greatly influenced by the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution前浪漫主义极大地影响了工业革命和法国大革命。
2、教育意义Educational:liberty, equality and fraternity 自由,平等,博爱
3、开始的标志:beginning with the publication of William Wordsworth’s 《Lyrical Ballads》从威廉.华兹华斯发表的“抒情歌谣”开始
4、lake poets(湖畔诗人):Coleridge Southey Wordsworth5、代表人物: 1)、William Wordsworth 威廉.华兹华斯 poet-laureate(桂冠诗人)《The Prelude》序曲 自传性诗歌Autobiographical poetry
With S.T.coleridge, they jointly published the “Lyrical Ballads”.与s.t.coleridge一起,联合发表了“抒情民谣”
作品特点:simplicity and purity of the language, fighting against the conventional forms of the 18th century poetry
简单而纯洁的语言,反传统形式的18世纪诗歌 2)、Lord Byron 拜伦 《Childe Harold Pilgrimage》查尔德?哈罗德游记 cantos 诗章 成名作 《Don Juan》唐璜 poem 诗 satiric masterpiece 讽刺的杰作《Hours of Idleness》闲散时刻 poem 诗 the first volume of poem 首卷诗 3)、Percy Bysshe Shelley 雪莱 《Prometheus Unbound》解放的普罗米修斯 drama 戏剧 《Ode to the West Wind》西风颂 poem 诗 4)、John Keats 济慈 poet 诗人 《The Eve of St.Agnes》圣阿格良斯之夜 poem 《On a Greeian Urn》希腊古瓮颂 poem 《To a Nightingale》致夜莺 poem “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”美学原则 5)、Walter Scott 沃特.斯科特He is the creator and a great master of the historical novel.他是创造者和历史小说大师 6)、Jane Austen 简.奥斯丁 女 《Pride and Prejudice》傲慢与偏见 《Sense and Sensibility》理智与情感 《Emma》爱玛 写作特点:the love-making of her young people, though serious and sympathetic, is subdued by humor to the ordinary plane of emotion on which most of us live.She was the founder of the novel which deals with unimportant middleclass people.她是中产阶级小说的发起人。
7)、Charles Lamb 查尔斯.兰伯 essayist散文家
6、十九世纪散文的特点:In the first of these two periods Addison and Steele socialized the essay, so to speak;they brought it into everyday life and made it familiar and delightful to the multitude.在这两个时期的开始,艾迪生和斯蒂尔的社会散文把散文带入日常生活,并使其熟悉和并令人愉快。Early in the nineteenth century it became more definitely a means of intimate self-expression.在十九世纪前期,散文变得对自我的表达越来越肯定
八、Critical Realism 批判现实主义,Victorian Period 维多利亚时期 humanism 人文主义
1、意义:Chartism signified the first great political movement of the proletariat in English history.在英国的历史中,宪章运动是伟大的无产阶级政治运动。
2、代表人物: 1)、Charles Dickens 狄更斯 《Hard Times》艰难时刻 《Pickwick Papers》匹克威克外传 《Oliver Twist》雾都孤儿 《A Tale of Two Cities》双城记(描述了法国大革命French Revolution)特点:describing the misery and sufferings of common people.描述苦难和苦难的群众。2)、Charlotte Bronte 夏洛特.勃郎特 女 《Shirley》雪利 《Jane Eyre》简.爱 Emily Bronte 艾米丽.勃郎特《Wuthering Heights》呼啸山庄(主人公:Mr.Heathcliff)特点:brought to the novel an introspection and an intense concentration on the inner life of emotion which before them had been the province of poetry alone.3)、Mrs.Gaskell《Mary Barton, North and South》玛丽.巴顿,北方和南方 4)、William Makepeace Thackeray 《Vanity Fair》名利场 — this title was borrowed by Thackeray
from The Pilgrim’s Progress by Bunyan.Thackeray draws a broad panorama of social life in his novel, ruthlessly criticizing money worship, cruelty and unscrupulousness.在他的小说中描绘了广阔的社会生活,无情抨击了残酷和不择手段的拜金主义 人物:Rebecca Sharp — a perfect embodiment of the spirit of Vanity Fair as her only aspiration in life is to gain wealth and position by and means.唯一的愿望人生就是在名利场中,完美的获取财富和地位的手段。特点: novels mainly contain a satirical portrayal of the upper strata of society。小说是一个含有讽刺意味的上流社会写照。5)、George Eliot 乔治.艾略特 女 《Adam Bede》novel 《The mill on the floss》《Middlemarch》 Her preoccupation was always with the serious consideration of the moral position of the individual in the universe, but her psychological insight into the development of character.她最认真考虑的是个人的道德立场,但是她的心洞察了个性的发展。特点:the significance of G.Eliot’s work lies in the portrayal of the pettiness and stagnancy of English provincial life 艾略特写作的意义在于琐碎的描绘和英国生活的停滞。
3、桂冠诗人(poet-laureate):1)、Alfred Tennyson 2)、Robert Browning《My last duchess》已故的公爵夫人 Jealousy(嫉妒)Stingy(小气)贡献:Dramatic monologues 戏剧独白 dramatic lyrics 戏剧抒情诗 dramatic romances 戏剧传奇
九、The transition from 19th to 20th century in English literature 19到20世纪英国文学的过渡期
1、Aestheticism 唯美主义 “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术
2、代表人物。1)、Thomas Hardy 悲观主义者 Pessimists《Tess of the D’Urbervilles》 苔丝 《Jude the obscure》裘德 novel 特点:His career is thus divided sharply between his Victorian novels and his post-Victorian poetry.他的生涯就是他的小说和他的后维多利亚诗歌之间的尖锐分歧。2)、Oscar Wilde “art for art’s sake” 为艺术而艺术 3)、George Bernard Shaw 剧作家(playwright)《Mrs.Warren’s profession》华莱夫人的职业4)、D.H.Lawrence《Lady Chatterley’s Lover》查泰莱夫人的情人 《The Rainbow》彩虹 《Sons and lovers》儿子与情人
3、“stream of consciousness”意识流代表人物:1)、Virginia Woolf 《Mrs.Dalloway》 《A Room of One’s Own》 Woolf was much concerned with the position of women.非常重视妇女的地位 2)、James Joyce 《Ulysses》
第五篇:英语教学中如何加强文化背景知识的传授
英语教学中如何加强文化背景知识的传授
一、必须加强文化背景知识的传授
语言是一种特殊的社会文化现象,它是人们在长期的社会生活实践中约定俗 成的。每一种语言都是在特定 的社会历史环境中产生和发展起来的,因此,每 一种语言都反映出使用该语言的国家和民族在不同的社会历史 时期所特有的文 化现象。例如:英语中的“Ladies first,Thanksgiving,Homecoming,Girls LeagueDance,san dwich”等等;汉语中的“少先队、黑五类、臭老九、一国两 制、跃上新台阶”等等,这些都是在特定的社会历 史环境中产生的。如果把汉 语中的“少先队、警察叔叔、月饼”译成英语就是:“Young Pioneer,Uncle Poli ceman,mooncake”。这些词都很简单、常见,可是外国人却很难懂,因为他们不 了解有关的文化背景。同样,我们学习英语也会遇到类似的问题。例如:“You are,indeed,a lucky dog”这句话,如果按字面翻译成汉语 就是:“你真是一 条幸运的狗。”这在汉语中完全是一句骂人的话。“狗”一词,在中国人看来是 贬义的,如 我们常说“走狗”,“癞皮狗”,“狗崽子”,“狗头军师”等等,用来描绘所厌恶的人。可是,在英语中这 句话是说,”你真是个幸运儿。“"狗” 在这儿用来指人不但没有骂人的意思,而且还表示一种亲昵的关系。在美国 “狗”是家庭成员。人们认为它往往含有褒情善意。因此,同一个词在不同的文 化背景中意义不同。我 们要想掌握和运用一种语言,就必须了解产生这种语言 的社会,学习这个社会的文化。否则,就无法正确理解 和运用这种语言。
语言是一种社会交际的工具。语言的功能很多,但其最本质的和最主要的是 它的交际功能。《九年义务教 育全日制初级中学英语教学大纲》中指出:中学英 语教学的目的,是通过听、说、读、写的训练,使学生获得 英语基础知识和为 交际初步运用英语的能力。要想达到这一目的,教师必须教会学生两种实际知识,一是英语 的基础知识,二是运用英语的交际知识和交际规则。只有让学生们同 时掌握以上两种知识,英语的社会交际功 能才能得到充分的发挥。我认为这正 是母语教学与外语教学的根本区别。只重视前者,忽视后者,往往会造就 出“高 分低能”的学生,因为只掌握了书本知识的学生,他们的英语是在不具备社会和 文化环境的情况下学习的,一旦面向社会,进入一种陌生的文化环境,他们在 实际运用语言的时候,就会遇到许多困难,甚至无法进 行正常的交际。例如: 学生们在街道上或商店里看见外国人就问:“Hello!Where do you come from?What's yourname?How old are you?(你从哪里来,你叫什么,你多大了?)” 这些突如其来的问题会把外国人弄得很 尴尬,他们不知该不该回答,也不知道 该怎么回答。在某些国家,这样一连串的问题一般只在医院、移民局、警察局 这类地方才使用。由于文化的差异,用母语互译的方式错误地理解和翻译某些句子和词汇,往 往会闹出许多笑语。如:“狼 吞虎咽“,英语是”Eat like a horse,“却被错 误地翻译成”Eat Like a wolf and a tiger“;英语中的” high school(高 中)“被翻译成”高等学校“;”restroom(厕所)“被翻译成”休息室“等等。由于文化背景不同,即使语言准确无误,有时也会产生误会。例如:学生看 见外教,出于礼貌,想打个招 呼,便说:”Hi!Mrs Murphy,where are you going?(默菲夫人你好!你上哪去呀?)“这样一句在中国人看 来很是正常的话,在 英、美国家的人看来却是不礼貌的,甚至被认为是有意干涉别人的私事。
在以往的外语教学中,往往把主要精力集中在语言知识的传授上,而忽视了 文化背景知识对语言的重要作 用,培养出来的大部分学生尽管掌握的词汇量很 大,语法知识也很好,但却缺乏在不同的场合恰当地使用语言 的能力,有时运 用母语的交际习惯来套用外语以至闹出笑话。例如:一位翻译陪美国客人吃饭,当他们饱尝了 中国的美味菜肴之后,翻译用英语说道:”What staple food would you like?“意思是说:”您想吃点什么 主食?“这位翻译的英语从语音 到语法几乎无可挑剔,可却令美国人迷惑不解,因为美国人通常把一餐中吃得 最 多的食物称为主食,他们已经吃了许多以肉为主的菜肴,所以对这位翻译的提问 感到莫名其妙。而中国人则 无论吃了多少菜,却总是把米饭、面食做为主食。
这就是东西方文化的差异,如果不了解这一差异,即使掌握 了正确的词汇和语 法,在交际中运用也会出现差错,这主要是由于不了解美国人的饮食文化所致。由此可见,语言和文化是密不可分的,不了解外语的文化背景,就无法正确 理解和运用外语。东西方的社 会是在不同文化的基础上形成和发展的,所以人 们的思想、信仰、习俗等都有不同程度的差异。因此,我认为,在英语教学中 不仅要让学生掌握基础知识,而且还应当加强有关文化背景知识的传授,这样不 仅能使学生克 服”母语的干扰“,养成良好的思维习惯,把英语学”活“,达 到中学英语教学之目的,而且有助于学生积东 西方文化为一身,提高文化修养。
二、怎样加强文化背景知识的传授
文化是人类在社会历史发展过程中创造的精神财富和物质财富的总和。到目 前为止,文化背景知识在我国 还没有形成一门专门的学问,可以说,它是一门 具有综合性的杂学,是反映不同历史时期不同国家、不同民族 特点的一些基本 常识。从教学角度看,根据语言的交际性原则,它应是实践课的一个组成部分,文化背景知识 的传授应是一种密切结合语言实践的教学,它一般应与实践课同 步进行,而不能脱离实践另搞一套。换言之,传授文化背景知识的目的是为了 使学生更深刻地理解英语,更恰当地使用英语。因此,我认为加强文化背景知 识 教学的原则和方法,主要有以下几点:
(一)英语教师必须不断提高自身的文化修养。文化背景知识包罗万象,从 广义上讲,它包括所学外语国 家的政治、经济、历史、地理、文艺、宗教、习俗、礼仪、道德、伦理、心理及社会生活的各个方面;从狭义 上讲,语言是文 化的重要载体之一,如:日常用语、专有名词、成语典故、民间谚语等和形体表 情等无声语言,都能够反映出大量的文化背景知识。我们可以通过结交外国朋 友,涉猎各种形式的文学作品,观赏精采的外 国电影录像,欣赏格调高雅的外 文歌曲等各种渠道来了解外国文化。我虽然曾在美国学习生活过一年,但仍深 感 这方面的知识的不足。因此,做为一名外语教师,必须不断学习,不断提高自身 的文化修养,只有这样才能 把英语教”活“。
(二)语言教学与文化背景知识教学应同时并举、紧密结合。后者要为前者 服务,而不是取而代之。因此,在进行文化背景知识教学时必须优先考虑外语 教学的实践性和交际性原则,做到精讲多练,形象生动。
(三)随机讲授。因为目前中
学还没有开设文化背景知识方面的专门课程,所以只能按现有教材,涉及到 什么讲什么,重点是要讲解那些”具有背景意义 的词汇和交际用语“,除讲清其概念部分外,还要讲清它所包 含的文化背景知 识,有时还要适当扩展其知识内容,顺便讲一些相关的外国的风俗习惯和交际常 识等。教材中 有很多与文化有关的词语可挖掘、可讲授。如:
”name,sports,busine,也可以就所学内容进行交际练习。例如:在讲到 “floor”一词时,应告诉学生,它除了当“地板”讲,还可 以当“楼层”讲,“The building has 7 floors.”可是,英美两国的表达方式又不一样,美国和 中国说法一 样,而英国把二楼叫作一楼“first floor”,四楼叫做三楼“third floor”,一楼叫作“ground floor”。而且在英美等国,人们不喜欢13这个 数字(宗教原因),认为它不吉利。因此,在一些高层建筑和宾馆里不 设13层 楼,也没有13号房间,12之后就是14。
(四)差异比较。中西文化的差异应是教学中的重点。特别是初学英语的学 生,总喜欢把母语和外语互译,这种学习方法往往成为以后运用英语的潜在障 碍。因此,在教学中,教师不但要对词语的文化背景知识进行 必要的解释,而 且还应同母语进行适当的比较,以便使学生了解两种文化的差异,从而掌握正确 运用英语的方 法。在教学中,可以采取比较的方式把教材涉及到的内容分为两 大类:一是衣、食、住、行方面的。包括:购 物、食品、交通、学校、家庭等。二是社会交际方面的。包括:问候、称呼、介绍、致谢、采访、问路、约会、告别等。在向学生介绍一些文化背景知识的同时,重点讲解中西方文化的差异和 英美文化的差异。例如:在 回答别人的称赞时,中国人往往过于谦虚。例如: 当人家称赞说:“你的外语说得很好!”中国人往往回答“ 哪里,哪里,说得 不好。”或者说“不敢当,还差得很远!”而英美人则会用“Thank you.”或 “Thank you for saying so.”等来回答。如果按照中文的方式来回答,对方就 会感到你认为他刚才说了假话,是虚伪的奉 承。而中国人之间谈话若用英美方 式来回答就会让人感到不谦虚。在中国文化看来,谦虚是一种美德;而在英 美 文化看来,这是自卑和无能的表现。还有“dear(亲爱的)”这个词,在美国无 论男女老少,上级下级之间 都可使用,而且常用。可是在中国,“亲爱的”这 个词就不能随便使用,这就是中西方文化的差异。
此外,我们还应当注意英美文化的差异,例如:“足球”这个词,英国人叫 它“football”,而美国人叫 它“soccer”,把橄榄球“rugby”叫作 “American football(美式足球)”。在讲到这儿时,我们应当让学 生了解美 式足球不是圆的,而是橄榄形的,玩时多半用手而不用脚等等。又如:英国人说: “Thankyou all t he same.“(不管怎样也得感谢你。)而美国人说:”Thank you anyway.“再如:英国人说:”Let's go.“(我们走吧!)美国人说:”Shall weleave?“或”Are you ready to go?“(我们可以走了吗?)他们认为 ”Let'sgo.“(我们走吧!)有命令之意,很不礼貌。还有很多词,如:chips(炸薯条),trousers(裤子),toilet(厕所),headmaster(中小学校校长),uncle(叔叔)及一些短语和习惯表达方式等等,我们都可 以把它们和文化背景 及中、美、英三国之间的文化差异联系在一起讲。这样使学生掌握的就不是”中 国式的英 语",而是比较地道的英美英语。
(五)寓教于乐。学习语言的目的在于应用,而学习外语的难题之一是缺乏 语言环境。因此,在教学过程 中,教师应千方百计为学生创造语言环境,并采 取寓教于乐的形式,调动学生学习的积极性,让他们在轻松愉 快的气氛中学习和掌握语言基础知识和文化背景知识,从而提高初步运用英语进行交际的能力,并能加深记忆。我们可以利用课堂或课外活动时间采取对话、表演、竞赛、唱 歌、看录像、做游戏,开party、背诵小诗歌,学习成语、谚语等多种形式,为他们创造学习环境,使他们在活动中学习和提高。英语中有许多成语、谚语包 含着许多的文化背景知识,可以有选择的教给学生。