第一篇：英汉互译第8-10课
Lecture 8 Sentence Translation
Omission
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技 巧，从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。
二、教学过程： 1.增译法 省译法 词类转换
正说反译、反说正译法 重译法 语态变换法 词序调整法 拆译法
Omission(省译法)
1)A book is useful.书（是）有用（的）。
2)The earth goes around the sun.地球绕太阳转。
3)On Sundays we have no school.礼拜天我们不上课。
Omission(省译法)任何事物具有两面，翻译既然有增译法，就必定有对应的减译法或省略法。省略法就是指原文中有些词在译文中不译出来，因为译文中虽无其词但已有其意，或者在译文中是不言而喻的。简言之省略法就是删去一些可有可无或有了反而累赘或违背译文表达习惯的词。省略法不是省掉原文的思想内容。这种省略多从语法和修辞角度考虑。
冠词、连词、代词（尤其是人称代词、关系代词）、关系副词等，在英语中经常使用，但译成汉语时很少出现，为了使译文忠实地道，减译法或省略法就不可少了。
1.省略代词
英语中通常每句都有主语。但根据汉语习惯，若前句出现一个主语且后句仍为同一主语时，后句主语一般省掉。如：
1）He was thin and haggard and he looked miserable.他身体消瘦，面容憔悴，看上去一副可怜相。
• Cf：Like his friends he had many wonderful ideas, but he only put a few into practice.• 他象他的朋友一样，虽然头脑里有许多美妙的想法，却只有少数付诸实施。2)We live and learn.活到老，学到老。
3)Everywhere you can find new types of men and objects in new Campus.新校区处处可以看到新人、新事物。4)If you give him an inch, he will take a mile.得寸进尺。
5)I have received your letter and read it with delight.我收到了你的信，愉快地读了。
6)When conditions exist, go ahead;when they don’t, create them and go ahead.有条件要上；没有条件，创造条件也要上。7)I wash my face in the morning.我早上洗脸。
cf：别把手放在口袋里。Don’t put your hands in your pockets.8)He shrugged his shoulders, shook his head, cast up his eyes, but said nothing.他耸耸肩，摇摇头，两眼看天，一言不发。
Practice：
①.But it’s the way I am, and try as I might, I haven’t been able to change it.但我就这个脾气，虽然几经努力，却未能改变过来。
②.Anyone who does not recognize this fact is not a materialist.不承认这个事实，就不是唯物主义者。
③.The more you tried to hide your warts, the more you revealed them.越是想掩盖烂疮疤（缺点、瑕疵），就越是会暴露。
④.You must excuse me, I shall not speak of the matter again.请原谅，我以后不会再提这事了。⑤.She put up her hand in a solute.她举手致敬。
⑥.Outside it was pitch dark and it was raining cats and dogs.外面一团漆黑，大雨倾盆。
⑦.It is only shallow people who judge by appearances.只有浅薄的人才会以貌取人。
⑧.It was with some difficulty that he found the way to his own house.他费了不少劲才找到了回家的路。2.省略连词
我们在讨论增译法时，提到“汉语语言精炼，并列连词较少使用，其上下逻辑关系常常是暗含的，由词语顺序来表示。但译为英语时，需要增补。证实了英语是形合语言，汉语是意合语言的命题。”相反，把英语译成汉语时，很多情况则需省略连词。如： 1).He looked gloomy and troubled.（表并列）
他看上去有些忧愁不安。
2).As the temperature increase, the volume of water becomes greater.（表原因）
温度升高，水的体积就增大。
3)If winter comes, can spring be far behind?（表条件）
冬天来了，春天还会远吗？
4)When it is dark in the east, it is light in the west;when things are dark in the south there is still light in the north.（表时间）
东方不亮西方亮，黑了南方有北方。Practice: 1).It is in the plant that we work together with the workers.就是在这个工厂内我们同工人一起劳动。
2).The door was opened, and he came in.门开了，他走了进来。
3).He studied in the college for two years, and then he went to join the army.他在大学念过两年书，后来就去参军去了。4).If it should rain tomorrow, I shall stay at home.明天下雨我就呆在家里不出去。
5).When at last he stood upon the cliff, he turned to his little sister and looked upon her sorrowfully.最后他站到了悬崖上，转过身来，忧郁地看着他的妹妹。
6).John rose gloomily as the train stopped for he was thinking of his ailing mother.火车停了，约翰忧郁地站了起来，因为他想起了病中的母亲。
3.省略介词
一般说来，表示时间和地点的英语前置词，译成汉语如出现在句首，大都可以省略，出现在句尾时大都不省。如：
1)The People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949.一九四九年中华人民共和国成立。
比较：中华人民共和国成立于一九四九年。2)In July, 1956, Egypt had seized the Suez Canal.一九五六年七月，埃及占领了苏伊士运河。
比较：埃及占领苏伊士运河是在一九五六年。3)And on July 1st, 1999, I graduated from university.一九九九年七月一日，我大学毕业了。4)Smoking is prohibited in public places.公共场所不准吸烟。
4.省略冠词
英语有冠词，汉语没有冠词；因此，英译汉时往往要将冠词省略。相反，汉译英时，多要增加冠词，也就是增译法中的增加冠词。如： 1)A book is useful.（是）有用（的）。2)The earth goes around the sun.地球绕太阳转。
（省略表示独一无二的事物的定冠词 the）又如：The moon was slowly rising above the sea.）3)A teacher should have patience in his work.当教员的应当有耐心。（省略表示类别的不定冠词a）
4)The girl standing at the window is his girlfriend.站在窗口的（那个）女孩是他女朋友。
此句中girl后有定语，汉译时定冠词The可省也可保留。）5)Milk is sold by the pound.牛奶按磅计价。（牛奶是论磅卖的。）
当然，有些场合，冠词是不能省略的。比如不定冠词a 或an 表示数量“一”时，定冠词the 表示“这”或“那”时，均不能省略。6)He left without a word.他一句话不说就走了。7)The children are of an age.这些孩子都是同岁的。Exercises 1.We can not see sound waves as they travel through air.声波通过空气传播，是看不见的。（省人称代词）
2.The dog is stretching itself.这条狗在伸懒腰。(省反身代词）
3.It was a cold, dark day, the sky overcast.寒冷阴沉的一天，乌云密布。（省略非人称代词it)4.I can do it, and so can you.我能做，你也能做。（省略并列连词）5.Smoking is not allowed in the store-house.仓库重地，严禁吸烟。（省略介词）6.Where there is a will, there is a way.有志者事竟成。（省从属连词）
7.A wise man will not marry a woman who has attainment but no virtue.聪明的人是不会娶有才无德的女子为妻的。（省关系代词）8.他们开始研究敌情，分析敌情。
They began to study and analyze the situation of the enemies.（增加并列连词）9.礼拜天我们不上学。
On Sundays we have no school.（增加介词）10.孩子就是孩子。
A boy is always a boy.(增加冠词）
Lecture 9 Conversion
(词类转换法)教学要求
了解并熟悉词类转换法（Conversion）的翻译技巧；在此基础上了解英汉常见的差异。In terms of conversion we mean that in translating a word in one language belonging to a certain part of speech is not necessary to be turned into one of the same part of speech in another language.As a matter of fact, conversion in the English language is very common.Let’s take the word “round” for example:
This is the first round.(n.)There is a round table in the room.(adj.)Round the corner slowly.(v.)He walked round the table.(prep.)So, conversion is one of the important techniques and is needed primarily by the differences in syntactic structure and idiomatical way in the two languages.Conversion occurs on many occasions.But the most commonly seen are as follow: 1.转译成动词
英语和汉语相比较，汉语中动词用得比较多，这是一个特点。往往在英语句子中只用一个谓语动词，而在汉语中却可以几个动词或动词性结构连用。如： He is a good eater and a good sleeper.他能吃能睡。
He admires the President’s stated decision to fight for the job.他对总统声明为保持其职位而决心奋斗表示钦佩。
A.由动词的派生名词（或含有动作意义的名词）转译为动词 His very appearance at any affair proclaims it a triumph.无论什么事情，只要他一露面，就算是成功了。
An acquaintance of world history is helpful to the study of translation.读一点世界史，对学习翻译是有帮助的。
A view of Mt.E-mei can be obtained from here.从这儿可以看到峨嵋山。
A.由动词的派生名词（或含有动作意义的名词）转译为动词 Exercise： a.The sight and sound of our jet planes filled me with special longing.b.On the walk through the campus they saw many students reading in the garden.c.He urged upon citizens of the country the necessity of persisting in participation in political controversies.看到我们的喷气式飞机，听见隆隆的机声，令我特别神往。漫步校园时，他们看见许多学生在公园里看书。他告诫全国公民，必须坚持参加政治论战。
B.英语中加后缀-er,-or 的名词，在句中并不表身份和职业，而是含有较强的动作意义。He is no smoker, but his father is a chain-smoker.他倒是不抽烟，但他的爸爸却一支接一支地抽（是个老烟枪）。
He was a regular visitor.他经常来。
I am afraid I can’t teach you swimming.I think my little brother is a better teacher than I.我未必会教你游泳。我想我的弟弟比我教得好。C.介词转换为动词
Jones opened the windows to let fresh air in.琼斯把窗子打开,让新鲜空气进来。That day she was up before sunrise.那天她在日出前就起来了。
“Coming!” Away she skimmed over the lawn, up the path, up the steps, across the veranda, and into the porch.“来啊!” 她转身蹦着跳着地跑了, 越过草地, 跑上小径,跨上台阶, 穿过凉台,进了门廊。C.介词转换为动词
Up the street they went, past stores, across a broad square, and then he entered a huge building.他们沿着大街走去，经过许多商店，穿过一个大广场，然后进入了一座大厦。in accordance with 符合on the basis of 根据 by means of 利用
on behalf of 代表 instead of 代替
in favor of 支持，赞成D.形容词转换为动词
They were suspicious and resentful of him.他们不信任他，讨厌他。2.转译成名词
A.Verbs-Nouns 英语中有许多由名词派生的动词，以及由名词转用的动词，在汉语中往往不易找到相应的动词，这时可将其转译成汉语的名词。如： She behaves as if she were a child.她的举止跟一个孩子一样。
A well-dressed man, who looked and talked like an American, got into the car.一个衣着讲究的人上了车，他的言谈举止酷似美国人。A.Verbs-Nouns Edison patented over one thousand separated inventions during his life.爱迪生一生中得到一千多项发明项目的专利。It is chiefly characterized by its simplicity of structure.它的主要特点是结构简单。His image as a good student was badly tarnished.Tarnish: 失去光泽；褪色
他作为一个好学生的形象，已遭受到很大的玷污。
B.Adjectives-Nouns 一种情况，英语中有些形容词加上定冠词表示一类的人，汉译时常译成名词（例1、2、3）。另外，有些英语中的形容词根据情况，也可译成名词。如例4：
1.They did their best to help the sick and the wounded.他们尽了最大的努力帮助病号和伤员。
2.Robin Hood and his merry men hated the rich and loved and protected the poor.罗宾汉和他的同伴们痛恨富人，热爱并保护穷人。3.Stevenson was eloquent and elegant—but soft.史蒂文森有口才、有风度，但很软弱。4.This problem is no less important than that one.这个问题的重要性不亚于那个问题。5.Glass is more transparent than plastic cloth.玻璃的透明度比塑料布要好。
Exercise: They are going to build a school for the blind and the deaf.他们将为盲人和聋人修建一所学校。The White family were religious.王尔德(怀特)全家都是虔诚的教徒。Hospitals are getting more efficient these days.近日来，医院的效率越来越高了。C.Adverbs—Nouns It is editorially said that… 社论说……
He is strong physically, but weak mentally.他体力很强，可智力很弱。
The new type of machine is shown schematically in Figure 1.图一所示是这种新型机器的简图。独立思考是学习所绝对必要的。
Independent thinking is an absolute necessity in study.我们觉得难于解决这个问题。
We find difficulty in solving this problem.3.转译成形容词
A.Nouns—Adjectives
1.I can note the grace of her gesture.我可以看到她优雅的举止。
2.We have seen the beauty of Mt.Tai.我们看到了美丽的泰山。
3.You pass from the heat and glare of a big open square into a cool, dark cavern.你从一个巨大的露天广场上炎热而耀眼的阳光中进入凉爽阴暗的洞穴。A.Nouns—Adjectives 4.As he is a perfect stranger in the city, I hope you will give him the necessary help.他对这个城市完全陌生，所以我希望你能给他必要的帮助。
英语中有些名词加不定冠词作表语时，往往可以转译成形容词（例4和例5）。又如：The blockade was a success.封锁很成功。B.Adverbs—Adjectives
The English language has changed subtly and pervasively.英语的变化很微妙，很普遍。She looked at me expectantly.她用期待的眼光看着我。
Hopefully, it will be done early next month.下月初完成这项工作是大有希望的。
Traditionally, there had always been good relations between them.他们之间一直有着传统的友好关系。B.Adverbs—Adjectives
他慢条斯理地点了一两下头说：“是的。” “Yes,” he said with a slow nod or two.他们热忱地欢迎他。
They give him a hearty welcome.他会立即答复。
He will give an immediate reply.A.Nouns—Adverbs 1.The man nodded with satisfaction.那人满意地点了点头。
2.He had the honor to attend the congress.他荣幸地出席了代表大会。
B.Adjectives—Adverbs 3.He had a careful study of the map before he started off.他在出发前仔细地看了看地图。
4.Can you give an accurate translation of the sentence? 你能准确地把这句话译出来吗？
很简单，由于英语中带有动作意味的名词汉译为动词，因而原文修饰名词的形容词也相应地汉译为副词，以便修饰动词。
Exercise 1.It is impossible to live in society and be independent of society.(adj—v.)生于社会，不能脱离社会。
2.They have not done so well ideologically, however, as organizationally.(adv.—n.)但是，他们的思想工作没有他们的组织工作做得好。3.I have the honour to inform you that…(n.—adv.)我荣幸地通知你。
4.He had the kindness to show me the way.(n.—adv.)他好意地给我指路。
5.I recognized the absurdity of dealing with them through intermediaries(中间人).(n.—adj.)我认识到，通过中间人跟他们打交道是愚蠢的。6.他们怀疑这是否是真的。(v—adj.)They are doubtful whether it is true or not.7.“放我出去！”房间里的孩子叫道。(v.—adv.)“Let me out!” the child in the room cried.8.你拨错了电话号码。(adv.—adj.)
You dialed the wrong number.Lecture 10
Affirmation and Negation
Sentence Translation
一、教学目的：要求熟练理解句子的翻译技巧，从而在英汉翻译时做到通顺、准确。
二、教学过程： 1.增译法 省译法 词类转换
正说反译、反说正译法 重译法 语态变换法 词序调整法 拆译法
During the process of E-C or C-E translation, due to different ways or habit of expressing, the transfer of affirmative expression into negative one or vice versa is not only frequent but necessary.The reasons of using this method is，first, to express the exact meaning of the source language smoothly;second, to conform to norms of the target language Examples: Excuse me.对不起。
“Don’t stop working” he said.他说，“继续干活吧” 別停止工作
He went into the insecure building.他走进那所危楼。
他走进那所不安全的大楼。
A.源文从正面表达，译文从反面表达 1.动词
Such a chance denied me.我没有得到这样一个机会。2.副词
A: The boy is quite clever.B: Exactly.甲：这孩子很聪明。
乙：一点不错/的确如此。3.形容词
1）It would be most disastrous if even a rumor of it were given.甚至只要有一点点风声漏出去，结果就不堪设想。2）The explanation is pretty thin.这个解释是相当不充实的。
3）His refusal is not final.他的拒绝不是不可改变的。4.介词
1）This problem is above me.这问题我不懂。（或：我解决不了）。
2）It was beyond his power to sign such a contract.他无权签订这种合同。5.连接词
The guerrilla would fight to death before they surrender 游击队员宁愿战斗到死，而决不投降。
I will not go unless I hear from him 如果他不通知我，我就不去
6.名词
1）By about six-thirty the sounds of aircraft, trucks and tanks had become quite familiar, but a series of small explosions nearby seemed to cause new anxiety.大约到六点半，大家对飞机、卡车和坦克的声音已经很习以为常了。但是附近一些轻微的爆炸声似乎又造成了新的不安。
7.短语
1）The islanders found themselves far from ready to fight the war.岛民发现自己远远没有做好作战准备。
2）We believe that the younger generation will prove worthy of our trust.我们相信，年轻一代将不会辜负我们的信任。
3）When Philip missed the last bus, he was at a loss to know what to do.菲利普误了最后一班公共汽车，茫然不知该怎么办。二．英语从反面表达，译文从正面表达 1．动词
1）I rode around with him one day seeing how the ships unloaded.一天我和他乘车转了一转，看看船如何卸货。
2）The doubt was still unsolved after his repeated explanations.虽经他一再解释，疑团仍然存在。
2．副词
1）He carelessly glanced through the note and got away.他马马虎虎地看了看那张便条就走了。
2）Many agreed that the Prime Minister had in effect resigned dishonorably.许多人认为首相辞职实际上是很丢面子的。
3．形容词
1）He was an indecisive sort of person and always capricious.他这个人优柔寡断，而且总是反复无常。
2）All the articles are untouchable in the museum.博物馆内一切展品禁止触摸。4．名词
1）He manifested a strong dislike for his father’s business.他对他的父亲的行业表示强烈的厌恶情绪。
2）I watched with disbelief as a number was put on my right forearm---82585.当一个号码—82585刺在我右前臂时，我怀疑地看着。
5．短语
1）Don’t lose time in posting this letter.赶快把这封信寄出去。
2）The examination left no doubt that the patient had died of cancer.调查的结果清清楚楚说明病人死于癌症。
3）Students, with no exception, are to hand in their papers this afternoon.今天下午学生统统要交书面作业。A.Some Idiomatic Expressions 1.riot police
防暴警察(即anti-riot police，而不是**的警察)2.crisis law
反危机法案(即anti-crisis law)3.spy film 反谍影片 4.After you, sir.先生，您先请。
A.Some Idiomatic Expressions 5.Keep in lane!
不准换线！6.Keep off the lawn!
请勿践踏草地！
7.I couldn’t agree more with you.我完全同意你的看法。8.Just make yourself at home.不要客气。/别见外。
9.He was the last man to say such things.他绝不会说这样的话。
10.They are non-local laborers in Beijing 他们是在北京打工的外地民工。
11.We must never stop taking an optimistic view of life.我们要永远对生活抱乐观的态度。Exercises：
1.I’m new to the work.这工作我是生手。（这工作我不熟悉。）2.He is free with his money.他花钱大手大脚。（他花钱从不吝啬。）
3.He realized that he was in trouble.他意识到遇到麻烦了。（他感到自己的处境不妙。）4.The station is no distance at all.车站近在咫尺。（车站一点儿也不远。）5.It’s no less than a fraud.这简直是一场骗局。（这无异于一场骗局。）6.The works of art were left intact, the money gone.艺术品还在，钱却不翼而飞。（艺术品原封未动，钱却不翼而飞。）
7.Time is what we want most, but what, alas, many use worst.(adv.)时间是我们最缺少的，但可叹之至，偏偏许多人最不善于利用。8.They feel great anxiety about his sickness.他们对他的病情感到焦虑不安。9.The criminal is still at large.(phrase)罪犯还未捉拿归案。After class exercises: 1.Isn’t it funny!
2.I am never at a loss for a word;Pitt is never at a loss for the word.3.When Stephen was introduced to the old couple, they said simply, “We’ve read your article.We expected to meet an older man.”
4.In a little town such things cannot be done without remark.5.The thought of returning to his native land never deserted him.6.That’s a thing that might happen to any man.7.This book is a fool to that both in plot and execution.8.He was 75, but he carried his years lightly.9.His speech leaves much to be desired.10.John was a fool for danger.
第二篇：英汉拟声词互译.
英文拟声词与翻译
试看译例：
1.风萧萧，雨萧萧，马萧萧。
The wind whistled, the rain pattered and the horse neighed.2.Thunder began to rumble.雷声开始隆隆地响。3.The cart rumbled past.车轱辘轱辘地过去了。
4.His stomach rumbled emptily.他肚子空空如也咕噜咕噜地叫。
5.哒哒哒哒哒！咚！咚！李先生突然抱着头直跳起来，但随即像一块木头似的倒下去。Rat-ta-ta-ta, boom!boom!Wrapping his arms around his head, Mr.Li leaped up, but immediately fell forward like a log.6.这个时候，长城线上，烽火连天，一辆囚车，却囚着革命英雄，向南急驰。
At a time when the war was raging along the Great Wall, a Carriage, carrying this
revolutionary hero, went rumbling swiftly southwards.7.Though I speak with the tongues of men and of angels and have not charity, I am become a sounding brass, or a tinkling cymbal.我若能说万人的方言，并天使的话语，却没有爱，我就成了鸣的锣，钹一般。
8.She drew one out.R-ratch!Now it sputtered and burned.她抽出一根或才，哧！啪！一下子燃着了。
有关拟声词的译法：
一、同一个拟声词，如例1中的“萧萧”，在不同的上下文或结构中，应根据译文的语言习惯或地道用法，选用不同的与原文意义对应的词或表达方式。
二、根据上一条，自然可以从另一面总结出第二种方法，即原文不同句中的几个不同拟声词可以译成同一个词。如“隆隆地响”、“咕噜咕噜地叫”、“ 轱辘轱辘”均可译成同一个英文拟声词 rumble, 其基本意思是 “make a deep, heavy, continuous sound”。
三、原文中有拟声词，译文中也用拟声词相对应。有的译为独词句，有的译为动词或名词的辅助成分。有时可以将英文的拟声词译为汉语中较为抽象的“..........的叫，...........声”，如he seemed to hear about him the rustle of unceasing and innumberable wings，耳际仿佛传来无数翅膀的拍击声。
四、原文中没用拟声词，但很生动，如例6中的“向南疾驰”，也可以译成拟声词。增加拟声词可以增加效果，如The logs were burning briskly in the fire.木柴在火中哔哔剥剥烧的正旺。
五、与上一方法相对应，原文中用了拟声词，译文中可以不用拟声词，而是用其他能产生同样效果的词语，如例7。译文也可以不用拟声词而直叙其动作，如They splashed through the mire to the village.他们一路踏着泥水向村子去。
关于动物叫声的拟声词不管是在英语还是汉语中，都很具体，在互译中要特别注意选准具体词语。英国人说“......动物怎么叫？”“What dose a XXX go?”现将最常用的具体词语列举如下：
A bee hums(buzzes, drones).蜜蜂嗡嗡（哼哼）的叫。
A fly hums(buzzes, drones).苍蝇嗡嗡叫。
A mosquito hums(buzzes, drones).蚊子哼哼（嗡嗡）叫。
A bird twitters(chirps, chirrups).鸟叫（叽叽喳喳的叫）。
A sparrow twitters(chirps, chirrups).麻雀吱吱喳喳叫。
A cicada chirps(chirrups).知了啾啾叫。
A cricket chips(chirrups).蟋蟀唧唧叫。A crow caws(croaks).乌鸦哇哇叫。
A dove/ pigeon coos.鸽子咕咕叫。
A magpie chatters.喜鹊喳喳叫。
A nightingale jugs(jug-jugs).夜莺歌唱。
An owl hoots(whoops).猫头鹰叫。
A parrot squawks.鹦鹉叫。
A wild-goose honks.雁叫。
A crane whoops.（风声）鹤叫。
A bull bellows(lows).公牛哞哞叫。
A cow moos(lows).母牛哞哞叫。
A calf bleats.小牛哞哞叫。A goat bleats.山羊咩咩叫。
A lamb bleats(baas).小羊咩咩叫。A sheep bleats(baas).绵羊咩咩叫。A deer bleats.鹿叫。
A hen cackles(chucks, chuckles, clucks).母鸡咯咯叫。A chick cheeps(pips, peeps).小鸡唧唧叫。
A cock crows.公鸡喔喔叫。
A duck quacks.鸭子呱呱叫。
A goose cackles(gaggles).鹅嘎嘎叫。
An elephant trumpets.大象叫。
A fox yelps.狐狸叫。
An ass brays(hee-haws).驴叫。
A horse neighs(whinnies, knickers).马叫。
A lion roars.狮吼。
A tiger growls.虎啸（吼，叫）。
A turkey gobbles.火鸡（咯咯）叫。
A whale blows.鲸鱼（扑扑）叫。
A wolf howls(growls).狼（嚎，号）叫。
A frog croaks.青蛙哇哇叫。
A monkey screeches(chatters, gibbers, jabbers).猴子叫（猿啼，猿啸）。
A mouse squeaks(peeps).老鼠吱吱（唧唧）叫。
A snake hisses.蛇声咝咝。
A cat miaows(miaus, mews, purrs).猫咪咪叫。
A dog barks(yaps, yelps, bays, snarls, growls, howls).狗汪汪叫（狂叫等）。
A pig grunts(squeals).猪咕噜咕噜（哼哼）叫。
其它一些拟声词：
1、金属磕碰声
当啷
clank,clang
2、形容金属的响声 当当 rattle
3、金属、瓷器连续撞击声 丁零当啷 jingle, jangle, cling-clang
4、鼓声、敲门声 咚咚 rub-a dub, rat-tat, rat-a-tat
5、脆响的（关门）声 吧嗒 clik
6、敲打木头声 梆梆 rat-tat，rat-at
7、重物落下声 咕咚 thud, splash, plump
8、东西倾倒声 哗啦 crash, clank
9、风吹动树枝叶声 飒飒 sough, rustle
10、树枝等折断声 嘎巴 crack, snap
11、不大的寒风声 瑟瑟 rustle
12、踩沙子、飞沙击物或风吹草木 沙沙、飒飒 rustle
13、飞机螺旋桨转动 呼呼 whirr
14、雨点敲击房顶 噼里啪啦 patter
15、水流动声 拔拉 splash, gurgle
16、物体受压 嘎吱 creak
喀嚓 crack, snap
17、溪水、泉水流动声 潺潺 murmur, babble, purl
18、液体、沸腾、水流涌出或大口喝水声 咕嘟 babble, gurgle
19、重物落地声 扑通 flop, thump, splash, pit-a-pat 20、笑声、水、气挤出声 扑哧 titter, snigger, fizz
21、雷声、爆炸声、机器声 隆隆 hum, rumble, roll
22、汽笛或喇叭声 呜呜 toot, hoot, zoom
23、油在锅里 滋滋 sizzle
24、鞭炮爆炸声 噼啪 pop
25、脚踏楼板声 登登 clump
第三篇：自我介绍英汉互译
女士们，先生们大家上午好：
我叫郭若松，是一个性格活泼、爱好广泛的男孩，对播音主持和奔放的舞蹈更是情有独钟。我喜欢在我的世界里载着梦想自由飞翔。如果说主持人用语言与观众交流，那我更是喜欢舞者使用无声的肢体语言与人交流。
而熟知我的老师和同学们都说我是一个爱做梦的男孩。假如有一天，能够面对着麦克风——我最亲密的朋友，将我心中最美的感受和最多的感动，通过声音和画面传递给更多人。我相信心灵的沟通将是笑颜更加灿烂，情感的交融会让忙碌得你我他多一些宽容和关爱，这就是我的梦想和孜孜以求的目标。Good morning ladies and gentalman:
I called Guo ruo song is a lively personality, hobbies boy is a soft spot, radio host and imaginative dance.I like to fly freely carrying the dream of my world.If the host language to communicate with the audience, then I like the dancers use the silent body language to communicate with people.And the well-known teacher and classmates say I love dream boy.If, one day, the face of the microphone-my closest friends, the best feelings in my heart and moved passed to more people through sound and pictures.I believe that spiritual communication will be more brilliant smile, emotional blend makes busy you and me a little more tolerant and caring, this is my dream and pursued the goal.
第四篇：英汉词汇互译
英汉词汇互译的若干方法
(一)准确理解词义
1.根据上下文辨词义。
2.论褒贬，即要注意同义词之间有不同的语体色彩、使用范围及程度。
任何语言都有语体之分，有高雅的、通俗的、粗野 的，还有俚语、公文用语及术语等。文学作品中，作家通过不同的语体来刻画人物的性格特征，更是常用的方法。翻译时，必须审其雅俗，量其轻重，这样，才能恰如其分地表达原文的精神。
(1)词义有轻重的不同
例如表示“打破”的词
break是最一般的用语，意思是经打击或施加压力而破碎。
crack是出现了裂缝，但还没有变成碎片。
crush是从外面用力往内或从上往下而压碎。
demolish是破坏、铲平或削平(如土堆、建筑物、城堡等)。
destroy是完全摧毁，使之无法复原。
shatter是突然使一物体粉碎。
smash旧指由于突如其来的一阵暴力带一声响而彻底粉碎。
又如表示“闪光”的词
shine照耀；指光的稳定发射。
glitter闪光；指光的不稳定发射。
glare耀眼；表示光的最强度。
sparkle闪烁；指发射微细的光度。
(2)词义有范围大小和侧重面的不同
在一定上下文中，在agriculture，farming，cultivation，agronomy四个词中：griculture指农业科学、农业技术、整个农业生产过程，所包含的范围最广。farming指农业的实践。cultivation指农业物的栽培过程。agronomy指把科学原理运用到农业耕作中去的实践。
又如在empty，vacant，hollow这组同义词中，它们各自有不同的形容对象和强调的内容：
empty可以用来形容house，room，cup，box，stomach，head，words等词，表示“空的，一无所有。”
vacant可以用来形容position，room，house，seat等词表示“没有人占用的，空缺的。”hollow可以和tree，voice，sound，cheeks等词连用，表示“空洞的，虚的，不实的，下陷的。”
(3)词义有感情色彩(如憎恶、蔑视、讽刺、诅咒、尊敬、亲昵等等)和语体色彩(如庄严、高雅、古朴、俚语、方言词语、公文用语、委婉词等等)的不同。如“死”就有许多委婉的说法：
to expire 逝世
to pass away 与世长辞
to close(end)one's day 寿终
to breathe one's last 断气
to go west 归西天
to pay the debt of nature 了结尘缘
to depart to the world of shadows 命归黄泉
to give up the ghost 见阎王
to kick the bucket蹬腿You can kick everything but you can not kick the bucket.to kick up one's heels 蹬腿
又如“怀孕”也有许多委婉的说法：
She is having a baby.She is expecting.She is in the family way.She is knitting little booties.She is in a delicate condition.She is in an interesting condition.又如“警察”：
policeman 正式用语
cop 美国口语
bobby 英国口语
nab 美国俚语
3.看搭配。任何一种语言，在长期使用的过程中，会形成一种固定的词组或常见的搭配。这些比较固定的说法，有时可以译成另一种语言，有时则不行。翻译时，必须注意英汉两种语言中词的不同搭配。
以kill为例：
He killed the man.他杀死了那个人。
He killed his chances of success.他断送了成功的机会。
He killed the motion when it came from the committe e.他否决了委员会提出来的动议。
He killed three bottles of whisky in a week.他一周内喝光了三瓶威士忌。
kill the peace 扼杀和平
kill the promise 取消诺言
kill a marriage 解除婚约
还要注意英汉定语与名词的搭配不同：
heavy crops 丰收
heavy news 令人悲痛的消息
heavy road 泥泞的路
heavy sea 波涛汹涌的海洋
heavy heart 忧伤的心
heavy reader 沉闷冗长的读物
又如：
a broken man 一个绝望的人
a broken soldier 一个残废军人
a broken promise 背弃的诺言
a broken spirit 消沉的意志
broken money 零钱
国际著名品牌趣译
许多国际著名品牌源于很平凡的名字，译为中文必须有巧思。
如果把营销比喻成一场战役，那么成功的品牌名称就像一面不倒的军旗。国际品牌在全球范围内营销，必然要跨越种种文化障碍，如语言差异、消费习惯差异、宗教差异等。把品牌译为中文必须有巧思。
由于西方国家的文化比较相似，所以某一个国家的品牌比较容易为其他国家所接受。中华文化与西方文化差异较大，因此，国外品牌要打入华人市场，必须慎重考虑命名问题。商品经济现象的复杂，使西方品牌名称的翻译超越了语言学概念，而上升到文化心理和市场重新定位层面。
麦当劳：蕴含多层意义，比如麦当劳，英文名称是“McDonald’s”，它是店主人名字的所有格形成。西方人习惯以姓氏给公司命名，像爱迪生公司、华尔特·迪斯尼公司、福特公司。但是华人通常喜欢以喜庆、兴隆、吉祥、新颖的词汇给店铺命名，如“百盛”、“天润发”、“好来顺”、“全聚德”、“喜来登”。McDonald是个小人物，他比不上爱迪生，人家是世界闻名的大科学家，也不如迪斯尼，因为迪斯尼成了“卡通世界”的代名词，所以如果老老实实地把“McDonald’s”译成“麦克唐纳的店”，就过于平淡，而“麦当劳”就非常成功：
一，大致保留了原发音；
二，体现了食品店的性质；
三，蕴涵着“要吃麦就应当劳动”的教育意义；
四，风格既“中”又“洋”，符合华人的口味。
可口可乐：绝妙之译，众所周知，“可口可乐”就是“CocaCola”，但是却很少有人追问一句：那是什么意思？原来Coca和Cola是两种植物的名字，音译为古柯树和可乐树，古柯树的叶子和可乐树的籽是该饮品的原材料，古柯叶里面含有古柯碱，也叫可卡因（有时用做局总麻醉药，尤其用于眼睛、鼻子或喉咙，还因其兴奋性和刺激性而广泛用做毒品）。这样枯燥乏味甚至有点可怕的名字居然被翻译成“可口可乐”，真是CocaCola公司的化腐朽为神奇。“可口可乐”译名的成功之处在于：
一，保留了原文押头韵的响亮发音；
二，完全抛弃了原文的意思，而是从喝饮料的感受和好处上打攻心战，手段高明；
三，这种饮品的味道并非人人喜欢，很多人甚至觉得它像中药，但它却自称“可口”，而且喝了以后还让人开心。善于进行自我表扬，讨好大众。
上述两例是保留原品牌名称发音，而改变原意的成功范例。其他如中国译为“奔驰”，新马译为“马赛地”的名牌汽车，原文“MercedesBenz”是该汽车公司老板爱女的名字，译为“奔驰”是删除了复杂的Mercedes，简洁而响亮。
“Ikea”译为“宜家”是高招，再如“Ikea”家具品牌，即便在瑞典也很少有人知道它的意思，是聪明的中译者赋予它“宜家”这美好的含义。实际上，Ikea是该品牌的创始人IngvarKamprad和他的农场名Elmtaryd及村庄名Agunnaryd的词首字母组合。
有的品牌名称只进行音译，如“麦斯威尔”咖啡，仅仅是“Maxwell”的发音而已。由于它的诉求对象是白领阶层，尤其是“外向型”白领，因此这个名字是成功的。但如果想让广大华人买账，就不如“雀巢”。在雀巢咖啡刚进入中国大陆时，听村里的农民议论：“雀巢”咖啡就是“鸟窝”咖啡。即使没文化的人也对它产生兴趣，可见名称的戏剧性效果非常有利于提高品牌的知名度。
名牌手机“诺基亚”，芬兰文原名“Nokia”，是厂子所在小镇的名字，很显然，译文比原文更富有高科技感，好像还有点“承诺亚洲”的味道。
“福士伟根”跟希特勒有关，有的品牌名称只进行意译。如“福士伟根”（中国称“大众汽车”），德文原名“Volkswagen”，Vokls的意思是人民大众，Wagen是汽车。
关于“福士伟根”，还有一段鲜为人知的来历：19世纪二三十年代，汽车非常昂贵，只属于少数富人。希特勒上台后，宣称要为全体劳动大众制造汽车，汽车的牌子就叫“Volkswagen”，他号召人们每月省下一些钱，建立“汽车存款”，若干年后家家有汽车。可是不久战争爆发，汽车厂忙着造战争机器去了。然而战后大众汽车的品牌名称却保留了下来。
还有一类是以简称进行跨国界统一传播，比如慕尼黑的一家汽车厂，德文全称是BayerischeMotorenWerke（拜耶里奇飞机引擎生产厂），简称为BMW，后来它不仅生产飞机发动机，还扩展到越野车、摩托单车、高级轿车。现在没有人关心BMW到底是什么意思，BMW三个字母围绕的蓝白徽标，已成为成功和信誉的标志。其中文名称“宝马”是多么浪漫、简洁、贴切。
再如，Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company（明尼苏达矿业及制造公司），就是我们熟知的3M公司。西方人对品牌名称的要求比较单纯：一，简单易记；二不重复；三，在别国语言里不会产生误解，对宗教信仰不要有侮辱性含义。为安全起见，有些厂家就干脆造一个新词，如康柏公司“Compaq”（美国电脑生产商）来源于Compact（电脑术语，意思是密集的、压紧的），把词尾变成q，就构成一个新词，它很容易使人联想到源词，使公司的行业特征非常明显。
感冒症状表达法
1.I've got a cold./ I've got a bad cold.我感冒了。/ 我感冒很严重。
2.I've got a runny nose./ My nose is running.我流鼻水。
3.I've got a sore throat.我喉咙痛。
4.I've been coughing day and night.我早晚都在咳嗽。
5.I can't stop sneezing.我打喷嚏打个不停。
6.I've got a temperature./ I'm running a high fever.我发烧了。/ 我发高烧。
7.I've got a very bad headache./ This headache is killing me.我头很痛。/我头快痛死了。
8.I feel sore and ache all over.我觉得全身酸痛。
9.I feel like I'm dying.我觉得我好象要死了一样。
10.I feel dizzy./ My head is swimming.我头晕。/ 我头昏脑胀的。
关于[缘]的表达
缘分 predestined relationship
缘 reason;cause;sake, relationship, edge;fringe, climb
血缘 blood relationship
人缘 relations with people
姻缘 predestined marriage
前世因缘 predestination
天赐良缘 a godsent marriage;a good marriage arranged in Heaven
天缘巧合 a luck coincidence
喜结良缘 tie the nuptial knot
缔结姻缘 form marital tie
聊得投缘 talk congenially
有缘结识某人 be lucky to get acquainted with sb.无缘结识某人 have no opportunity to get acquainted with sb.
第五篇：00英汉互译答案
00英汉互译答案
1.The grey-black clouds had suddenly departed and an expanse of colored clouds had blazed up at the western edge of the sky.灰黑的云突然遁去，西天边烧起一片云彩。
2.A penniless lass with a long pedigree and a sweet face, she had been raised by a scheming aunt to find a million dollars and marry it.这位小姑娘虽然一贫如洗，却是世家出身，长得俏丽动人，由姑母抚养，这位长辈颇有心计，这心想让侄女嫁个百万富翁。
3.John doesn't invite Mary to coffee because she is a wet blanket.约翰不邀请玛丽去喝咖啡，因为她是一个令人扫兴的人。
4.It was an early September day, cool and bright and just right for running, and I was in the first few miles of a 10.5-mile race over a course through steep exhausting hills.那是九月初的一天，秋高气爽，阳光明媚，正是赛跑的好时光。我正参加一场10.5英里的比赛，刚跑了几英里。比赛路线要穿越一些陡峭、使人精疲力竭的山坡。
5.I wonder whether he is a Trojan Horse.我不知道他是否是个内奸。
6.It is right here, at Geneva, whose very name evokes peace, the will to peace, cooperation among nations, that after long years of discussion, the negotiations were completed which had started on March 24，1984 at Havana on the necessity of creating as part o f the United Nations system a body responsible for regulating international trade.日内瓦是一个唤起和平、唤起各国和平意愿与合作的地方。正是在此地，于1984年3月24日在哈瓦那开始的旷日持久的谈判终于完成了。这次谈判的目的是，有否必要在联合国系统内建立一个负责调节国际贸易的机构。7.In China, they “made mistakes”, suffered by them, acknowledged and studied them, thus planned victory.在中国，他们犯过错误，吃过错误的亏，承认错误，研究错误，从而制定了胜利的方针。
8.The questions were evidently unexpected to the slow-witted spokesman, who instantly found himself tongue-tied.这些问题显然使得这位头脑迟钝的发言人感到意外，他立刻显得张口结舌，哑口无言。
9.They drove in a black limousine, past groves of birch trees and endless rows of identical new buildings.他们驾着一辆黑色大轿车，经过一片片白桦林，穿过一排排鳞次栉比的新建筑。
10.Motion is infinite in variety, and the study of certain simple type of motion constitutes the science of mechanics.尽管运动的方式多种多样，但是人们通过对某些简单运动形式的研究而创立了力学。
11.理论必须密切联系实际，这是我们应当牢记的一条原则。
That theory must go hand in hand with practice is a principle we should always keep in mind.12.这家小工厂经过技术改造，发展很快，使人感到惊讶不已。
This small factory underwent a technological renovation, thus developing with surprising speed.13.我们恢复和采取这些贸易方式的原因很简单：我们出口商品就是为了满足国外客户消费方面的需要。
The reason why we have restored and adopted these trade practices is very simple.Our export commodities are for the use and consumption of our foreign customers.14.另一方面，必须用上述材料进行广泛宣传，使人们认识到，自然保护区是保护自然及文化遗产的基本单位，它们是在人类进步里程中长期斗争中形成的，对经济建设有着重要的作用。
On the other hand, it is necessary to carry on the extensive publicity, enabling the public to know that the protected areas are the basic unit of the management of the natural and cultural heritages which are formed in the struggle process against the nature by human beings and will play an important role in the economic construction.15.最近几年，学校对教学制度进行了改革，最明显的一点是学分制，也就是学生若提前修满规定的学分，就可以提前毕业。
We have been undergoing some educational reforms in recent years.An obvious method is to adopt credit system which means students can graduate ahead of schedule whey then complete the regular credits.2.1)全球变暖有人们以前担心的两倍那么快。近来联合国发表报告警告说，21世纪地球气温可能上升近6 摄氏度--比过去1万年的任何时候都要迅速。在过去100年里，地球的气温仅上升了0石摄氏度。但20世纪的最后10年里，气温达到了最高纪录。数个月前在海牙进行的减少5％的温室气体排放的谈判失败了。报道警告说，若地球气温升高5．8摄氏度，随着海洋变暖和极地冰帽融化，海平面将升高3英尺，几千万孟加拉人和埃及人将无家可归。部分英国低地也面临着同样的危险。科学家们相信其预言的升温将带来风暴、洪水和旱灾，部分原因将是空气污染减少。该报告是由在上海举行的有 99国专家参加的一次会议上发布的。这种升温将部分地归咎于污染的消除。引起酸雨的二氧化硫气体排放减少，温室气体的影响随之扩大'。这些气体留住"阳光中的热量，而二氧化硫使空气冷却。联合国气候变化国际专门小组呼吁各国政府进一步努力，减 少排放矿物燃料燃烧产生的诸如二氧化碳等温室气体，以制止全球变暖。
2)置身幸福环境的人，在思想受到困扰的时候，总有这种体验。接着，他几乎会奢望幸福环境能分担他的困扰并在分担中变得更为真实。在那个星期天，人们感到，一个黄金时代已在昨日宣告结束，而大地对这消息尤浑然不觉。这场变化之所以发生，不是上帝旨意使然，甚至也不是人类的意志使然，而是因为远在别处的少数人怯于开诚布公地善待同类。他们手中握有足以令他们战栗的大权。有一条他们知道不可触动的弹簧，可是如同喜欢捣蛋又战战兢兢的孩子，他们毕竟去触动了，为了他们的淘气，如今全世界的人要受罪了。于是，翌日早晨，人们看见一名预备役士兵穿上了制服，在农舍门口告别妻孥，爬山出谷去了，脸上仍挂着欣喜的笑容。那是出现麻烦的第一个朕兆，一点蛛丝马迹而已，当事人更是尽量不事张扬。归根到底，这片谷地远在可能燃起的战火之外，这儿的一应作物以及用于今年酿酒的梨子和苹果都将在和平环境中收摘归仓。
3.Judging from what we have accomplished in recent years, it should be possible for our economy to reach a new stage every few years.We actually started the reform in 1980.In 1981, 1982 and 1983 it was carried out primarily in the countryside.In 1984 the focus shifted to urban areas.The years from 1984 to 1988 witnessed comparatively rapid economic growth.During those five years rural reform brought about many changes: grain output increased substantially, as did the peasants’ income, and rural enterprises emerged as a new force.The purchasing power of peasants increased and many new houses were built.The “four big items”---bicycles, sewing machines, radios and wristwatches---entered ordinary peasant household, along with some more expensive consumer goods.The increase of farm and sideline products, the expansion of rural markets and the shift of surplus farm labor to rural enterprises stimulated industrial development.In those five years the gross industrial output value amounted to more than 6 trillion Yuan, with an average annual growth rate of 21.7 percent.：Production of processed food, clothing, housing, transportation and commodities for daily use, including major appliances such as color TV Sets, refrigerators and washing machines, increased by a wide margin.There was also substantial growth in the production of capital goods such as rolled steel and cement.Thus, agriculture and industry, rural areas and urban areas had a reciprocal impact, progress in one sector promoting progress in the other.This is a vivid, convincing model of the development process.It can be said that during this period China’s wealth expanded considerably, and the economy as a whole was raised to a new level.
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