英语一阅读翻译2010

第一篇：英语一阅读翻译2010

2010年 Text1 Of all the changes that have taken place in English-language newspapers during the past quarter-century, perhaps the most far-reaching has been the inexorable decline in the scope and seriousness of their arts coverage.过去的25年，在英文报纸发生的所有变化中，或许最具有深远意义的变化就是这些报纸的文艺报道范围不断缩小，严肃性不断减弱，这是个无法逆转的必然趋势。

It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.Yet a considerable number of the most significant collections of criticism published in the 20th century consisted in large part of newspaper reviews.To read such books today is to marvel at the fact that their learned contents were once deemed suitable for publication in general-circulation dailies.对于年龄低于40岁的普通读者来讲，让他们想象一下当年可以在许多大城市报纸上读到精品的文艺评论简直几乎是天方夜谭。然而，在20世纪出版的最重要的文艺批评集子里，人们读到的大部分评论文章都是从报纸上收集而来。现在，如果读到这些集子，人们肯定会惊诧，当年这般博学多才的精神食粮竟然被认为适合刊载在面向大众发行的报纸版面上。

We are even farther removed from the unfocused newspaper reviews published in England between the turn of the 20th century and the eve of World War Ⅱ, at a time when newsprint was dirt-cheap and stylish arts criticism was considered an ornament to the publications in which it appeared.In those far-off days, it was taken for granted that the critics of major papers would write in detail and at length about the events they covered.Theirs was a serious business, and even those reviewers who wore their learning lightly, like George Bernard Shaw and Ernest Newman, could be trusted to know what they were about.These men believed in journalism as a calling, and were proud to be published in the daily press.“So few authors have brains enough or literary gift enough to keep their own end up in journalism,” Newman wrote, “that I am tempted to define „journalism‟ as „a term of contempt applied by writers who are not read to writers who are‟.”

从20世纪早期到二战以前，报纸纸张极为便宜，由于格调高雅的文艺批评被认为可以装点刊载它的报纸，英国报纸对投来的评论文章来者不拒，对它们涉及什么主题无人在意。但我们现今的报纸离此已相去更远。在那些遥远的年代，人们理所当然地认为主流报纸的评论家们都会不遗余力地把他们评论的事实说清楚。他们写作是严肃的，甚至以文笔轻松风趣著称的George Bernard Shaw和Ernest Newman也知道自己在做什么，这一点足以让人信任。这些批评家们相信报刊评论是一门职业，并且对于他们的文章能够在报纸上发表感到很自豪。“鉴于几乎没有作家能拥有足够的思想或足够的文学天赋以保证他们在写批评时能不畏艰难，时刻保持乐观”，Newman曾写道，“我倾向于把„报刊评论‟定义为“被某些作家所使用的一个轻蔑之词。对真正的作家而言，他们根本就没有学问”。

Unfortunately, these critics are virtually forgotten.Neville Cardus, who wrote for the Manchester Guardian from 1917 until shortly before his death in 1975, is now known solely as a writer of essays on the game of cricket.During his lifetime, though, he was also one of England‟s foremost classical-music critics, and a stylist so widely admired that his Autobiography(1947)became a best-seller.He was knighted in 1967, the first music critic to be so honored.Yet only one of his books is now in print, and his vast body of writings on music is unknown save to specialists.可令人悲哀的是，这样的批评家们现在却被人们所遗忘。从1917年开始一直到1975年去世不久前还在为曼彻斯特《卫报》写文章的Neville Cardus，如今仅仅作为一个撰写关于板球比赛文章的作家被人们所知。然而，在他的一生中，他也是英国首屈一指的古典音乐评论家之一。他也是一位深受读者青睐的文体家，所以1947年他的《自传》一书就成为热销读物。1967年他被授予爵士称号，也是第一位获此殊荣的音乐评论家。然而，他的书现在只有一本可以在市面上买到。他大量的音乐批评，除了专门研究音乐评论的人以外，已鲜为人知。

Is there any chance that Cardus‟s criticism will enjoy a revival? The prospect seems remote.Journalistic tastes had changed long before his death, and postmodern readers have little use for the richly upholstered Vicwardian prose in which he specialized.Moreover, the amateur tradition in music criticism has been in headlong retreat.Cardus的评论还有可能享有在他死后重新流行吗？前景似乎渺茫。在他去世以前很久，新闻业的品味早就已经改变了，而且他所擅长的措词华丽的维多利亚爱德华时期的散文风格对后现代的读者一点都没用。何况，由业余爱好者作音乐批评的传统早已经成为昨日黄花了。

Text 2

Over the past decade, thousands of patents have seen granted for what are called business methods.Amazon.com received one for its “one-click” online payment system.Merrill Lynch got legal protection for an asset allocation strategy.One inventor patented a technique for lying a box.在过去的十年中，成千上万的商业方法被授予了专利权。亚马逊网站获得的专利是在线“单击”付费系统。美林公司的资产分配方案得到了法律保护。有个发明者的提箱技巧也获得了专利。

Now the nation‟s top patent court appears completely-property lawyers abuzz the U.S.court of Appeals for the federal circuit said it would use a particular case to conduct a broad review of business-method patents.In the Bilski, as the case is known, is a “very big deal”, says Dennis‟D Crouch of the University of Missouri School of law.It “has the potential to eliminate an entire class of patents.”

现在，该国最高专利法院似乎完全准备好要缩减商业方法专利，因为商业方法专利自从十年前第一次批准授予以来一直有争议。在一项使得知识产权律师们议论纷纷的提议中，美国联邦巡回上诉法院声称它将利用某个具体案件来对商业方法专利进行广泛的复审。密苏里大学法学院Dennis D.Crouch说，“正如人们所知道的那样，Bilski案例是一件非常大的事情”它可能将消除整个专利类别”。

Curbs on business-method claims would be a dramatic about-face, because it was the federal circuit itself that introduced such patents with is 1998 decision in the so-called state Street Bank case, approving a patent on a way of pooling mutual-fund assets.That ruling produced an explosion in business-method patent filings, initially by emerging internet companies trying to stake out exclusive pinhts to specific types of online transactions.Later, move established companies raced to add such patents to their files, if only as a defensive move against rivals that might bent them to the punch.In 2005, IBM noted in a court filing that it had been issued more than 300 business-method patents despite the fact that it questioned the legal basis for granting them.Similarly, some Wall Street investment films armed themselves with patents for financial products, even as they took positions in court cases opposing the practice.对于商业方法诉求的限制是个戏剧性的彻底变化，因为正是联邦巡回法院自己引进了这种专利。那是在1998年，对于所谓的美国道富银行的案件中，联邦巡回法院做出了判决，批准了筹集共同基金资产的方法具有专利权。这一裁决使得商业方法专利文件以几何数级增加，起初只是一些新兴的网络公司对于某些特定类型的在线交易系统试图争取独家专有权。后来，更多的公司竞相添加这样的专利权，希望这样一个防御性的行为可以先下手为强。2005年，IBM公司在一份法院报告中声称：尽管怀疑这种专利授权的法律基础，但它已经申请了300多份商业方法专利。同样，当一些华尔街投资公司出席某些反对其金融产品的法庭案件时，他们会给其各类金融产品申请专利来作为自己的维权武器。

The Bilski case involves a claimed patent on a method for hedging risk in the energy market.The Federal circuit issued an unusual order stating that the case would be heard by all 12 of the court‟s judges, rather than a typical panel of three and that one issue it wants to evaluate is weather it should “reconsider” its state street Bank ruling.前面提到的Bilski案例牵扯到一份已申请的方法专利，即关于能源市场的风险规避方法（注：也可译为“套期保值或对冲风险”）。上诉法院罕见地裁定，该案件将不由三位法官听审，而是由全部十二名法官共同进行。另外，上诉法院还宣布，它想探讨的另一件事情是是否应该“重审”道富银行的裁决。

The Federal Circuit‟s action comes in the wake of a series of recent decisions by the supreme Count that has narrowed the scope of protections for patent holders.Last April, for example the justices signaled that too many patents were being upheld for “inventions” that are obvious.The judges on the Federal circuit are “reacting to the anti_patent trend at the supreme court”, says Harole C.wegner, a partend attorney and professor at aeorge Washington University Law School.联邦巡回法院的这一裁决效仿了最高法院。最高法院最近做出了一系列的判决，缩小了专利持有者的受保范围。例如，去年四月，法官们认定太多的专利授予了一些显而易见的“发明”。乔治华盛顿大学法律学院的专利法律师Harold C.Wegner教授表示，“联邦巡回法院的法官们正在对最高法院的反专利动态做出反应”。

Text 3 In his book The Tipping Point, Malcolm aladuell alques that social epidemics are dliven in large part by the acting of a tiny minority of special individuals, often called influentials, who are unusually informed, persuasive, or we connect.The idea is intuitively compelling, but it doesn‟t explain how ideas actually spread.在《引爆流行》这本书中，作者Malcolm Gladwell认为社会流行潮流在很大程度上是由一小部分特殊个体的行为引起的，这些人就是人们常说的影响者。他们异乎寻常的博闻多识，能言善辩，人脉广泛。从直觉上讲，Malcolm Gladwell的理论似乎很有说服力，但是它没有解释流行观念的实际传播过程。

The supposed importance of influentials derives from a plansible sounding but largely untested theory called the “tow-step flow of communication”.Information allows from the media to the influentials and from them to everyone else Marketers have embraced the two-step flow because it suggests that if they can just find and influence the influentials, those select people will do most of the work for them.The theory also seems to explain the sudden and unexpected popularity of people was wearing, promoting or developing whatever it is before anyone else paid attention.Anecdotal evidence of this kind fits nicely with the idea that only certain special people can drive trends.人们之所以认为影响者很重要，是因为受到了“两级传播”理论的影响，即信息先从媒体流向影响者，然后再从影响者流向其他人。这一理论看似合理，但未经验证。营销人员接受两级传播理论是因为该理论认为，如果他们能够找到影响者，并对他们施加影响，这些精英们就会替他们完成大部分的营销传播工作。这一理论似乎还可以解释某些装扮、品牌或社区为何会突然受到出乎意料的追捧。对于许多诸如此类的情况，如果只是走马观花地寻找原因，你会发现总是有一小群人开风气之先，率先穿上、宣传和开发人们此前从未留意的东西。这种事实证据与该观点正好一拍即合——只有一些特别的人才能引领潮流。

In their recent work, however, some researchers have come up with the finding that influentials have far less impact on social epidemics than is generally supposed.In fact, they don‟t seem to be required of all.但是，在最近的研究中，一些研究人员发现，影响者对社会流行潮流的影响力远比人们认为的要小。事实上，他们似乎根本就是无关紧要。

The researchers‟ argument stems from a simple observing about social influence, with the exception of a few celebrities like Oprah Winfrey-whose outsize presence is primarily a function of media, not interpersonal, influence-even the most influential members of a population simply don‟t interact with that many others.Yet it is precisely these non-celebring influentials who according to the two-step-flow theory, are supposed to drive social epidemics, by influcenciny their friends and colleagues directly.For a social epidemic to occur, however, each person so affected, must then influence his or her own acquaintances, who must in turn influence theirs, and so on;and just how many others pay attention to each of these people has little to do with initial influential.If people in the network just two degrees removed from the initial influential prove resistant, for example the casecade of change won‟t propagate very far or affect many people.研究者的观点源于对社会影响力的简单观察：除了少数像Oprah Winfrey 这样的名人之外（她强大的人气影响力主要来自媒体影响力，而非她与观众互动的人际影响力），即使人群中最有影响力的人也无法与那么多的“其他人”互动，从而引领潮流。然而，根据两级传播理论，正是这些非名人影响者直接影响了他们的朋友和同事，从而推动了社会流行潮流。但是，要让一种社会流行潮流真正发生，每个受影响的人还必须影响他的熟人，而他的熟人又必须影响其他熟人，依此类推；但是会有多少人去关注这些熟人中的每个人，与最初的影响者几乎没有关系。举个例子来说，在这个人际影响的网络中，如果第一个影响者受到两次抵制，那么他的连锁影响范围就不会继续扩大，或者说影响的人不会很多。Building on the basic truth about interpersonal influence, the researchers studied the dynamics of populations manipulating a number of variables relating to people‟s ability to influence others and their tendencies to be.基于这一人际影响力的基本事实，研究者们研究了社会影响的动力机制。我们对不同人群进行了成千上万次计算机模拟，不断调整人们影响他人和受他人影响的各种变量。他们发现，人们所说的“全球连锁反应” 发生的主要前提，并不取决于是否存在着那么几个影响者，而主要取决于易受影响的人们是否达到了临界数量。

Text 4 Bankers have been blaming themselves for their troubles in public.Behind the scenes, they have been taking aim at someone else;the accounting standard-setters.Their rules, moan the banks, have forced them to report enormous losses, and it‟s just not fair.These rules say they must valve some assets at the price a third party would pay, not the price managers and regulators would like them to fetch.台面上，银行家们将他们的麻烦归咎于己身，台面下，他们一直把目标对准他人：会计准则制定者。银行业抱怨会计规则迫使他们报告巨大损失，认为这不公平。规则规定他们必须以第三方付出价格来评估部分资产的价值，而非按照管理者和监管者期望该资产能够获得的价格。

Unfortunately, banks‟ lobbying now seems to be working.The details may be unknowable, but the independence of standard-setters, essential to the proper functioning of capital markets, is being compromised.And, unless banks carry toxic assets at prices that attract buyers, reviving the banking system will be difficult.不幸的是，银行的游说活动看来已显成效。其中细节可能无法获知，但是准则制定者在独立性方面——这正是资产市场正常运行的关键——已经做出妥协了。银行如果不以能够吸引买家的价格计量有毒资产，银行系统的复苏将会非常困难。

After a bruising encounter with Congress, America‟s Financial Accounting Standards Board(FASB)rushed through rule changes.These gave banks more freedom to use models to value illiquid assets and more flexibility in recognizing losses on long-term assets in their income statement.Bob Herz, the FASB‟s chairman, cried out against those who “question our motives.” Yet bank shares rose and the changes enhance what one lobby group politely calls “the use of judgment by management.”

美国FASB（财务会计准则委员会）在与国会激烈摩擦之后，匆匆通过了规则的修改。这些修改使得银行在使用模型评估非流动资方面用有更大的自由，同时使得它们确认收益表中长期资产损失时更为灵活。FASB主席Bob Herz大声反对那些“怀疑我们的动机”的人们。然而银行股票上涨了，这些修改强化了“管理层使用理性判断”的说法，这种说法是一个游说团的客气之言。

European ministers instantly demanded that the International Accounting Standards Board(IASB)do likewise.The IASB says it does not want to act without overall planning, but the pressure to fold when it completes it reconstruction of rules later this year is strong.Charlie McCreevy, a European commissioner, warned the IASB that it did “not live in a political vacuum” but “in the real world” and that Europe could yet develop different rules.欧洲的部长们立刻要求国际会计准则委员会(IASB)也这么做。IASB表示它不想没有完整计划就冒然行动，但它在今年下半年完成规则修订时必须屈服的压力十分巨大。4月1日，欧洲委员会委员Charlie McCreevy警告IASB说：它不是“处在政治真空中”而是“在现实世界里”，并表示欧洲可能最终会发展出不同的会计规则。

It was banks that were on the wrong planet, with accounts that vastly overvalued assets.Today they argue that market prices overstate losses, because they largely reflect the temporary illiquidity of markets, not the likely extent of bad debts.The truth will not be known for years.But bank‟s shares trade below their book value, suggesting that investors are skeptical.And dead markets partly reflect the paralysis of banks which will not sell assets for fear of booking losses, yet are reluctant to buy all those supposed bargains.正是这些银行呆错了星球，它们的账目上充斥着估值过高的资产。现在他们争论道市价高估了损失，因为市价主要反映了市场的暂时性流动性不足，而非坏账的可能范围。几年中没人会知道真相。但是，银行股票以低于账面价值的价格交易，这一点反应了投资者的怀疑。死寂的市场一定程度上反应了瘫痪的银行既不希望承受账面损失而出售资产，也不愿意去购买这些被认为是便宜货的资产。

To get the system working again, losses must be recognized and dealt with.America‟s new plan to buy up toxic assets will not work unless banks mark assets to levels which buyers find attractive.Successful markets require and even combative standard-setters.The FASB and IASB have been exactly that, cleaning up rules on stock options and pensions, for example, against hostility form special interests.But by giving in to critics now they are inviting pressure to make more concessions.为了让银行系统重新运转起来，损失必须被确认和处理。美国收购有毒资产的新计划只有在银行将资产定价在足够吸引买家的水平上才会有效。成熟的市场需要独立的，甚至是好斗的标准制定者。FASB和IASB以往正是这样对抗特殊利益集团的敌意的，例如改进股权和退休金的相关规则。然而此次为了缓和危机，他们给自己带来了做出更多妥协的压力。

第二篇：2015年英语一真题翻译

2015年全国硕士研究生招生考试英语(一)试题文章翻译

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Section I

Use of English 尽管没有血缘关系，但朋友之间的遗传关系与第四代表亲相同，有1%的相同基因。这是加利福尼亚大学和耶鲁大学出版在《美国国家科学院院刊》上的研究所得出的结论。

这项研究是比较了多组无血缘关系的朋友和无血缘关系的陌生人，在1932个实验对象身上所做的基因组分析。同一批人用在了两组样本里。

尽管这1%的相同基因可能毫无意义，但对基因学家来说却并非如此。正如加州大学圣地亚哥分校的医学基因学教授James Fowler说的：“大多数人根本不认识他们的第四代表亲，却在冥冥之中成功选择与我们血缘相近的人作朋友。”〖HJ〗

研究还发现朋友之间还有部分相同的嗅觉基因但免疫基因是不同的。目前为止，嗅觉基因为何存在相似性很难解释。或许，正如研究团队说的那样，相似之处把我们吸引到一个相似的环境中，而在相似的环境中有更多相似点。有很多机制共同作用促使我们选择有着相同基因的人做朋友，而不是以“功能性亲属关系”选择能带来利益的人做朋友。

研究值得一提的一项发现是相似基因似乎比其他基因进化的要快。研究这项发现有助于理解为何人类在过去的30000年进化速度在加快，社会环境是主要的促进因素。

研究者说这些发现不仅仅解释了人类与具有相似种族背景的人做朋友的趋势。尽管所有研究对象都是从有欧洲血统的人中挑选，但还是要保证所有实验对象，包括朋友和陌生人都是从相同的人群中选出。

Section II

Reading Comprehension Part A

Text 西班牙国王胡安·卡洛斯曾说“国王不会退位，他们逝世于睡眠中”。但是最近几次欧洲大选中，丑闻盛行、共和党人大受欢迎迫使胡安·卡洛斯收回之前的言论，并被迫退位。如此说来，西班牙的危机是否表明君主制已到穷途末路？是否意味着欧洲皇室以及他们锦衣玉食的生活走向末路已无可更改？

西班牙的事例既提供了支持君主制的论据，也提供了反对君主制的论据。这时公众意见呈现出两极分化，弗朗哥政权结束后，君主可能超越单纯的政治，成为国家统一的精神象征。

正是这次明显的超越对君主作为国家元首继续流行做出了解释。正因如此，除中东外，欧洲是世界上君主制最盛行的地区，有10位国王（梵蒂冈和安道尔不算在内）。但是，与海湾地区和亚洲的专制国家不同，欧洲皇室能够留存下来，是因为他们让选民免于苦心孤诣地寻找一个没有争议且受尊崇的公众人物。

即使如此，毋庸置疑君主还是在衰落。即使他们声称自己是国家

统一的象征，但他们的历史和今日的行为方式都代表着他们享有的特权和他们身上体现出的不公平已经过时，且站不住脚。Thomas Piketty和另外几位经济学家曾指出，皇室享有的特殊待遇和财富继承权在增强，富裕贵族仍然是现代民主国家象征意义上的核心，真是荒唐。

最成功的君主都努力放弃或掩饰其老旧而奢华的生活方式。王子公主白天上班，他们骑自行车出行，而不是骑马（或乘直升机）。即便如此，他们还是世界上只占1%的富裕家族，媒体介入也使维持良好形象愈加困难。

尽管欧洲君主们够识时务可以再留存一段时间，但英国皇室还是因为西班牙的事例而倍感忧心。

只有女王还保留着君主的名分，过着普通而守旧的生活。Charles奢侈的生活品味和他所奉行的等级森严的世界观将让他陷入危险的境地。他不明白君主之所以保存下来是因为他们是没有争议的非政治性的国家元首。Charles应该知道，英国历史也证明了这一点，君主制最大的敌人是国王自己，而非共和党人。

Text 宪法能在多大程度保护个人的电子数据？最高法院正在考虑在实施逮捕时在手机就在旁边的情况下，若无搜查令，警察是否有权查看手机内容。

加利福尼亚州要求法官克制笼统的裁决，尤其是会推翻由来已久的一项假设的裁决，该假设是：当局在实施逮捕时可以搜查嫌疑犯的

财物。加利福尼亚州称，法官很难评估快速发展的新科技可能带来的影响。

法院若采纳了加州的建议就谦逊过头了。可能带来的影响都在预料之中甚至显而易见，法官可以也应该为警察、律师和被告提供最新的指导方针。

他们首先应该摒弃加州那蹩脚的说辞：查看智能手机（智能手机是一个巨大的电子信息数据库）的内容就像搜查疑犯的钱包。法院已经做出裁决，警察在无搜查令的情况下搜查被捕者的钱包或皮夹不违反宪法第四修正案。但是搜查人的手机更像是闯进一个人的家里。一部智能手机里可能有被捕者的阅读历史、财政状况、医疗信息以及详细的最近通信记录。另一方面，云计算的发展使得搜查轻而易举。

美国人应该应该采取措施保护自己的数据隐私。但是在这些电子设备上保存敏感信息日益成为日常生活的需要。公民仍然有权对宪法禁止不合理搜查以保护隐私文件寄予期望。

原则并未缓和职权划定所带来的挑战的例子比比皆是。在诸多案件中，执法人员手持搜查令查看手机内容没有太大负担。当面临紧急情况时，宪法第四修正案仍然会失去效力，在等待搜查令期间执法人员可以采取合理措施保证手机内容不被删除或修改。尽管法院想赋予警察更大的空间以利于他们便宜行事。

但是法官不应该对加利福尼亚的观点偏听偏信。新的突破性技术有时需要宪法保护的灵活运用。法律教授Orin Kerr将21世纪的数码信息爆炸和易得性与20世纪作为生活必需品的移动应用的建立做了

对比：法官为车厢的个人空间制定明确的新条例；法官必须弄清该如何将第四修正案应用于当今的数码信息保护。

Text 《科学》杂志的总编今天宣布《科学》杂志在同行评阅之外又增加了一轮数据检查。数据分析中出现的基本错误导致已出版的研究发现不可用得到广泛关注后，其他杂志也做出了与《科学》同样的努力。

“读者必须对我们杂志出版的研究结论抱有信心，”McNutt在一篇社论中写道。杂志与美国统计协会合作，任命七位专家成立了一个数据校对编辑委员会。手稿先由杂志内部的编辑、或已经成立的数据校对编辑委员会或杂志社外的同行校对员标注以供进一步审查。数据校对编辑委员会将找杂志社外的统计学家审查这些手稿。

在被问及是否某一篇特殊的论文促成了这一改变时，McNutt说：“对科研领域的统计学应用和数据分析的广泛关注推动了‘数据校对编辑委员会的设立’，而且数据校对编辑委员会的设立也是全面提高所出版的论文可再生性努力的一部分。”

Giovanni Parmigiani，公共卫生哈佛研究院的生物统计学家，也是数据校对编辑委员会的成员，指出他希望委员会“能起到最基本的咨询作用”。Giovanni Parmigiani同意加入是因为他看到了委员会成立背后的前瞻性：将杂志变得与众不同、将带来持久的影响。影响到的不仅是《科学》杂志自己，而且可能影响到更多想要在《科学》杂志之后成为行业标杆的出版社。

John Ioannidis，一位主攻研究方法论的物理学家，说这一政策是“最受欢迎的进步”，“早该出台”。大多数杂志在数据审查上都很薄弱，这损害了出版物的质量。我认为，对今天的大多数杂志来说，数据审查比专家审查更重要。John Ioannidis曾指出，生物医学杂志，像《内科学年鉴》、《美国医学会杂志》和《柳叶刀》，都对数据审查给予了高度关注。

细胞生物学家David Vaux说，人们认为专家知道如何分析数据，但是数据错误在已出版研究中比比皆是。他在2012年的一篇文章中写到，研究者应该提高专业水准，但杂志也应该采取严格的标准，“相关校对人员要学过统计学、编辑也要能作数据核实”。David Vaux指出，《科学》将论文交付统计学家审查的想法有其可取之处，但是弊端是它依靠委员会的审查编辑先找出需要检查的稿件。



Text 两年前，Rupert Murdoch之女Elisabeth曾说“很多机构有令人不安的正直缺失”。她认为由于大众一致认为唯一的分类机制是利益和市场，所以正直早已崩溃。但是“正是我们人类自己创造了我们想要的社会，而非利益”。

为了论证其观点，她还说：“日益明显的一件事是，政府、媒体和企业内部使命感和道德诉求的缺失对于资本主义和自由来说或许已成为最危险的目标。”她认为，道德使命感的缺失也在伤害新闻国际集团这样的公司，新闻国际集团更可能在遭遇大规模的非法电话窃

听时迷失。

窃听审判案结束了——发现《世界新闻报》的前任编辑Andy Coulson犯有合谋窃听电话罪，Andy Coulson的上一任编辑则是清白的——更为广泛的正直缺失问题却仍然存在。据悉，已有5500多人的手机遭记者窃听。Glenn Mulcaire是2001年《世界新闻报》雇佣的员工，是手机窃听的焦点人物。他指出，窃听已经成为一种行业。事态将继续恶化。

很多方面，道德使命感的缺失导致了这样大规模的手机入侵，而且还导致了对审判的讨论。令人震惊的是Rebekah Brooks对发生在她新闻工作室里的事几乎一无所知，她以为几乎不用过问，她也从未询问过新闻来源。辩护成功的核心在于她一无所知。

当今社会，高薪总监不该对发生在他经营的公司的事情负责已是正常现象。或许我们不该太惊讶。这一代人普遍接受的信条是社会的分类机制应该是利益。效率、灵活性、股东价值、友好交易、富二代、销售量、影响和报纸发行量这些东西才是有价值的。而公平、公正、宽容、合理和责任这些词语已经退到一边。

编写《世界新闻报》的目的不是促进读者理解、不是在采写的新闻里体现公平、也不是揭示人性。而是摧毁对发行量和影响力的追求。Brooks女士对记者获得新闻的手段可能有也可能没有怀疑，但是她从未过问、没有给出过指示——也没有收到有迹可循的回答。

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Part

B

你如何进行阅读？很明显，你试着理解，理解每个单词的意思，利用自己已有的英语语法知识找出单词之间的关系。（41）【C】如果对单词或俗语不熟，你可以利用上下文提供的线索猜测它们的意思。先假设它们之间有相关性，再在心里记录语篇实体和单词俗语之间可能的联系。你开始推测文章的语境，例如，确定文章是什么演讲稿：谁发表的演讲、对谁发表演讲、发表演讲的时间、地点。

这里提到的阅读方式毫无疑问就是理解。但是他们表示理解不仅包括被动吸收还包括积极的推测和问题解决。作者通过提供的特殊证据和线索引导你理解和推测信息。（42）【E】你做出进一步的推测，例如推测文章对你的重要性，或推测文章的可信性。这些推测是个人反应，作者不会对这些反应负责。

这样看来，理解因人而异。我们讨论的不是确凿、固定或真空的，可以被我们读完之后可以检查其准确性的或者与世界有着永恒联系的文章意义的解读。（43）【G】而在于，我们以称之为文本和语境的材料为基础，基于文章理解意义，这些文本和语境材料包括：我们看作是文章基本结构（尤其是其语言结构）的各种组织和模式，以及我们带进文本的各种背景、社会知识、信仰和态度。

这些背景材料折射的就是我们自己。（44）【B】像地点、阅读的时间长度、性别、种族、年龄和社会阶级这些因素都会引导我们进行特定的解读，同时也可能是晦涩甚至是偏题的其他理解。然而，这不

会使解读单纯具有相关性或空洞无物。确切的说，因为来自不同历史背景、不同地方、有着不同社会经验的人会对同一页上同样的单词（包括涉及到人类基本关注点的文章）产生截然不同却也有所重合的阅读见解，关于文章的争论在信念和价值观的讨论中发挥着重要作用。

我们如何阅读一篇既定的文章一定程度上取决于我们特定的阅读兴趣。（45）【A】你学习那篇文章是否是为了达到既定课程的要求？阅读只为愉悦吗？浏览只为获取信息吗？火车上或躺在床上的阅读方式可能与在研讨室的阅读大相径庭。这种多维度的阅读表明——正如其他人后来在书中介绍的那样——我们将日常习惯潜移默化地带进了阅读中。没有哪种阅读更充实、更高明、比他人的更有价值。理论上，不同的阅读方式会启发彼此，成为彼此有用的参考和补充。总之，他们是你整个学习生涯的一部分，也构建了你与周围文本环境的关系。

其他选项翻译：

【D】事实上，你试着重新构建任何既定的句子、图片或参考可能含有的意义或效果：这些可能正是作者意欲表达的。

【F】在戏剧、小说或叙述诗中，人物是作者创造出来的，而不一定是作者自己思想的代言人。



Part

C 从十七世纪到十八世纪初这一百年的时间里，移民浪潮（史上最大规模的人类迁徙之一）席卷了欧美两州。（46）在各种强大动机的推动下,这场迁移从荒野中造就了一个民族,并循其本质塑造了一片全新大陆的特点,决定了它的命运。

（47）合众国是两股主要力量作用的产物,一是具有不同思想、风俗和民族特点的欧洲各民族的迁入,二是一个新国家因改变了这些特征而产生的影响。美洲殖民地不可避免地成为欧洲的目标。英国人、法国人、德国人、苏格兰人、爱尔兰人、荷兰人、瑞士人还有其他试图将其习惯和传统移植到新大陆的外国人跨越大西洋。（48）但美洲特有地理条件的作用,不同族群间的相互影响,加上在一片蛮荒新大陆上维持旧大陆方式的巨大困难,所有这一切引起了意义深远的变化。这些改变是循序渐进的，并且刚开始时并不明显。尽管在很多方面与欧洲类似，但却是全新的社会模式，具有明显的美洲特点。

（49）在十五、十六世纪的北美大陆探险过去一百多年后,首批满载移民驶向今天合众国这片疆土的船只横穿过了大西洋。与此同时，繁荣的西班牙殖民地在墨西哥、西印度和南美洲建立起来。这些旅行家乘坐小而极度拥挤的船来到北美洲。在这六到十二周的航程中，他们依靠勉强够维持生命的食物存活下来。很多船只在风暴中迷失，很多乘客死于疾病，新生儿不可能在旅途中存活下来。有时风暴将船吹离航线，休整导致令人难以忍受的停航。

对于焦虑的的移民来说，出现在视野中的美洲海岸线所带来的轻

松感真是难以言喻。一个移民事件的记录者说，“距离海岸线12里格远的空气像繁花盛开的花园一样香甜。”殖民者最先看到的是新大陆茂密的森林。（50）郁郁葱葱、树种繁多的原始森林是一座从缅因一直向南绵延到佐治亚的天然宝库。这儿有丰富的化石燃料和木材。这是房屋、家具、船只和肥料、染料和海洋资源的宝库。

第三篇：英语四级段落翻译练习(一)

段落翻译

一、对龙图腾的崇拜在中国大约已绵延了八千多年。中国龙是古人将鱼、蛇、马、牛等动物与云雾、雷电等自然天象集合而成的一种神物。中国龙的形成与中华民族的多元融合过程同步。在中国人的心目中，龙具有振奋腾飞、开拓变化的寓意和团结凝聚的精神。

二、秧歌舞是中国汉族的一种民间传统舞蹈，通常在北方省份表演。秧歌舞者通常穿上明亮多彩的表演服装，他们的表演动作有力迅速。在农历春节、元宵节等节日期间，人们一旦听到锣鼓声，不管外面天气有多冷，他们都会蜂拥到街上看秧歌舞表演。近年来，中国东北某些城市的老年人自发组织了了秧歌队，队员常年通过跳秧歌舞来保持健康，同事他们也乐在其中。

三、长城是人类创造的世界奇迹之一。如果你到了中国却没去过长城，就想到了巴黎没有去看看菲尔铁塔，或者就像到了埃及没有去看金字塔一样。人们常说：“不到长城非好汉。”实际上，长城最初只是一些断断续续的城墙，直到秦朝统一中国后才将其连城长城。然而，今天我们看到的长城——东起山海关，西至嘉峪关——大部分都是在明代修建的。

四、饺子是深受中国人民喜爱的传统食品。相传为古代医圣张仲景发明。饺子的制作是包括： 1）擀皮、2）备馅、3）包馅水煮三个步骤。其特点是皮薄馅嫩，味道鲜美，形状独特，百食不厌。民间有“好吃不过饺子”的俗语。中国人接亲待客、逢年过节都有包饺子吃的习俗，寓意吉利。对崇尚亲情的中国人来说，“更岁交子”吃饺子，更是欢度除夕、辞旧迎新必不可少的内容。

五、针灸是中医学的重要组成部分。按照中医的经络理论，针灸疗法主要是通过疏通经络、调和气血，来达到阴阳归于平衡，使脏腑趋于调和之目的。其特点是“内病外治”。主要疗法是用针刺入病人身体的一定穴位，或用艾火的温热刺激烧灼病人的穴位，以达到刺激经络。治疗病痛的目的。针灸以其独特的优势，流传至今并传播到了世界，与中餐、功夫、中药一起被海外誉为中国的“新四大国粹”。

六、中国功夫即中国武术，是将技击寓于搏斗和套路运动之中的中国传统体育项目，承载着丰富的中华民族传统文化。其核心思想是儒家的中和养气之说，同时兼容了道家、释家的思想。中国武术源远流长、流派林立、拳种繁多，讲究刚柔并济、内外兼修，蕴含着先哲们对生命和宇宙的参悟。后世所称十八般武艺，主要指：徒手拳艺，如太极拳、形意拳、八卦掌等；器械功夫，如刀枪剑戟、斧钺钩叉等。

七、汉字是从原始人用以记事的简单图画，经过不断演变发展最终成为一种兼具音、形、意韵的独特文字。现存中国古代最早成熟的文字是甲骨文，被认为是现代汉字的初形。此后，汉字又经历了金文、隶书、楷书、草书、行书等不同的阶段。汉字结构“外圆内方“，源于古人”天圆地方“的观念。汉字有五种基本笔画，即：横、竖、撇、捺、折。

八、中国人使用筷子就餐的方式在世界上独树一帜。有史记载用筷的历史已有三千多年。筷子古时称为箸，它看似简单，但却同时具有夹、拨、挑、扒、拌、撮、戳、撕等多种功能。中国民间视筷子为吉祥之物，如婚俗中将筷子隐喻为快生贵子的祝福等。与使用刀叉以及手抓的 方式不同，成双结对的筷子含有“和为贵“的意蕴。西方人赞誉筷子是古老的东方文明。

九、印章就是图章。中国历代官、私所用的印章有印信、朱记、合同、符、契等等不同的称谓，而帝王所用的印章古时称玺、印、宝、章等。据史料记载，印章在战国时代已普遍使用。印章的制作是将篆隶等字体、图像用阴、阳的形式雕刻而成，形状以圆、方为主。印章用朱色

钤盖，除日常应用外，又多用于书画题识，逐渐成为中国特有的艺术形式之一。

十、天干地支是中国历法中用以记录和命名年岁的方法。十天干为：甲、乙、丙、丁、戊、已、庚、辛、壬、癸；十二地支为：子、丑、寅、卯、辰、巳、午、未、申、酉、戊、亥。古人观测朔望月，发现月亮圆缺12次大体上是一年的天数，而两个朔望月约是60天。古人以十天干与十二地支的顺序依次相配，记录不同年份，60年为一个轮回。干支纪年法从古沿用至今。按干支纪年法，2011年便是辛卯年。C

十一、京剧被誉为“东方歌剧”，是地道的中国国粹。它起源于中国多种古老的地方戏剧，特别是南方的“徽班”。到了19世纪末，京剧形成并成为中国最大的戏曲剧种。京剧是综合性表演艺术，集唱（歌唱）、念（念白）、做（表演）、打（武）、舞（舞蹈）为一体，通过程式化的表演手段，叙述故事，刻画人物。角色主要分生（男性）、旦（女性）、净（男性）、丑（男性女性皆有）四大行当。

十二、道教是中国土生土长长的宗教。创始人是春秋末期的哲学家、思想家老子。道教以老子所著的《道德经》为主要经典。道教主张“重人贵生”。崇尚清静无为，修身养性。“道可道，非常道。名可名，非常名。无名天地之始；有名万物之母。故常无，欲以观其妙；常有，欲以观其徼”便是老子的至理名言。

十三、中国成语是汉语中意义完整的表示一般概念的固定词组或短语。“成语”中的“成”既是约定俗成。成语是比词大而语法功能又相当于词的语言单位。绝大多数的中国成语由四个汉字组成，例如：自强不息、青出于蓝、厚积薄发。成语主要从民间谚语、古代文学作品、诗歌、寓言、典故、名言警句等方面提炼而成，是汉语语言中精炼而又富有生命力的一部分。

十四、中国是丝绸的故乡。栽桑、养蚕、缫丝、织绸是中国古代人民的伟大发明。商周时期丝绸的生产技术就已发展到相当高的水平。西汉时张骞通西域，把中原与波斯湾、地中海紧密联系起来，开辟了中外交流贸易的新纪元。从此中国的丝绸以其卓越的品质、精美的花色和丰富的文化内涵闻名于世，成为中国文化的象征。东方文明的使者。

十五、中国园林是把人造的山水、植物、建筑等与自然地貌有机结合的环境艺术，是我国古代建筑艺术的珍宝。其建造原则是“妙极自然，宛自天开”。游赏中国古典园林，能充分领略“假自然之景，创山水真趣”的园林意境。在世界三大园林体系中，中国园林历史悠久、内涵丰富，被誉为世界造园史上的渊源之一。

十六、笔墨纸砚是中国古代文人书房当中必备的宝贝，被称为“文房四宝”。用笔墨书写绘画在中国可追溯到五千年前。秦时已用不同硬度的毛和竹管制笔；汉代以人工制墨替代了天然墨；有了纸张以后，简牍锦帛逐失其用；砚台则随笔墨的使用而发展。“文房四宝”到宋朝以后特指湖笔、徽墨、宣纸、端砚。可以说文房四宝书写了整个中华文明。

十七、中国书法（calligraphy），像中国汉字一样，最初见于殷商时期（Yin or Shang Dynasty）。书法不是像写字那样仅仅是为了达到社会交流的目的，而是一种用来表达作者思想，抱负以及自身感情的艺术。作为中国上乘艺术世界特有的一个构件，书法也是外国友人津津乐道或者掌握的最富挑战性的艺术形式之一。学习中国书法，必须对中国文字的起源有所了解。书法这门艺术包含了很多理论，也需要很多技巧，能够达到书法艺术最高境界的书法家并无几人。十八、十二生肖（animal sign）在中国非常流行。十二属相是一个用来纪年的十二年的循环（cycle）。长期以来，人们与十二生肖之间有着特别的关系。许多艺术形式都取材于十二生肖。属相有其特别的文化内涵，如属鼠的人往往聪明，懂得积累财富。属相还有助于在社交活动中得知别人的年龄。为了避免直接问及一个人的年龄，人们通常问他的属相，这就可以确定他在十二生肖的排位。然而通常问属相只是在朋友和熟人之间弄明白谁的年龄更大。

十九、农历正月十五日的元宵节（Lantern Festival）是中国的传统节日。自汉代（Han Dynasty）起中国人就开始庆祝元宵节了。如今元宵节已经成为一个人们娱乐消遣的节日。节日期间，各地举行各式各样的灯节，街上会挂起形状不同、大小各异的灯笼，引得无数游人驻足。另外还举行猜灯谜、敲年鼓、耍龙灯、赶庙会等其他娱乐活动。元宵节另一个重要组成部分是吃元宵（也称汤圆），很显然它们是因为元宵节而得名的。

二十、师父/师傅是用来指大师或老师。通常用于武术（martial arts）的语境，表示一种教导关系。在中国大陆，师父/师傅是用来对需要知识或技术的各行各业的一种常见的尊称，例如教师、司机、厨师、家庭装饰人员以及某些行业和艺术中的一些长者，而且他们都有丰富的经验，例如绘画与书法（calligraphy）。在现代俚语（slang）中，人们用这个词来加强与其他人的关系，尤其是不太熟悉的人。

二十一、舞龙（dragon dance）是中国文化中一种传统的舞蹈与表演形式。舞龙最多出现于节日庆祝中，这与舞狮相似。在舞龙中，一队人用竿举着龙。传统的龙在表演中的动作象征着它的历史角色，即对力量和威严的表现。龙深深地扎根于中国文化之中，中国人经常认为自己是“龙的传人”并将其作为民族身份的象征。东方和西方都存在着龙的文化。在西方的许多文学作品中都可以找到龙，而且这些龙与中国龙存在着巨大的差异。

二十二、放鞭炮（firecrackers）是春节庆祝时最盛行的习俗之一。在宋朝，人们用火药制作鞭炮，代替以前的爆竹。最初，放鞭炮是为了驱赶邪恶，寻求幸福。现在放鞭炮驱赶邪恶的用意逐渐淡化，更多的是为了增加节日的气氛。由于燃放烟花爆竹会引起火灾和造成人身伤害，所以近来各地方市区都有规定禁止燃放烟花爆竹。尽管有禁止燃放烟花爆竹的规定，但很多市民还是会到乡村、郊区放烟花来庆祝新年。

一、Chinese Dragon

Dragon totem worship in China has been around for the last 8,000 years.The ancients in China considered the dragon(or loong)a fetish that combines animals including the fish, snake, horse and ox with cloud, thunder, lightning and other natural celestial phenomena.The Chinese dragon was formed in accordance with the multicultural fusion process of the Chinese nation.To the Chinese, the dragon signifies innovation and cohesion.二、Yangko Yangko is one of tradition folk dance of Han in China.It is usually performed in northern provinces.The dancers usually wear colorful and light costumes, and the performance is powerful and rapid.During some festivals such as Spring Festival, Lantein Festival, if people hear the sound of drum and gong, no matter how cold the weather is , they will come to street and appreciate the Yangko.Recent years, the old people in city of east-northern of China organized the team of Yangko by themselves, the teamers keep their health by dancing Yangko the whole year.三、The Great Wall

The Great Wall is one of the wonders of the world that created by human beings!If you come to China without climbing the Great Wall, it's just like going Paris without visiting the Eiffel Tower;or going to Egypt without visiting the Pyramids!Men often say, “He who doest not reach the Great Wall is not a true man.”In fact, it began as independent walls for different states when it was first built, and did not become the “Great Wall” until the Qin Dynasty.However, the wall we see today, starting from Shanhaiguan Pass in the east to Jiayunguan Pass in the west, was mostly built during the Ming Dynasty.四、Dumplings

Dumplings are one of the Chinese people’s favorite traditional dishes.According to an ancient Chinese legend, dumplings were first made by the medical saint---Zhang Zhongjing.There are three steps involved in making dumplings: 1)make dumpling wrappers out of dumpling flour;2)prepare the dumpling stuffing;3)make dumplings and boil them.With thin and elastic dough skin, fresh and tender stuffing, delicious taste, and unique shapes, dumplings are worth eating hundreds of times.There’s an old saying that claims, “Nothing could be more delicious than dumplings”.During the Spring Festival and other holidays, or when treating relatives and friends, Chinese people like to follow the auspicious custom of eating dumplings.To Chinese people who show high reverence for family love, having dumplings at the moment the old year is replaced by the new is an essential part of bidding farewell to the old and ushering in the new year.五、Acupuncture

Acupuncture is an important part of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM).In accordance with the “main and collateral channels” theory in TCM, the purpose of acupuncture is to dredge the channel and regulate qi and blood, so as to keep the body’s yin and yang balanced and achieve reconciliation between the internal organs.It features in traditional Chinese medicine that “internal diseases are to be treated with external therapy”.The main therapy of acupuncture involves using needles to pierce certain acupoints of the patient’s body, or adopting moxibustion to stimulate the patient’s acupoints so as to stimulate the channels and relieve pain.With its unique advantages, acupuncture has been handed down generation after generation and has now spread all over the world.Nowadays, acupuncture, along with Chinese food, kung fu(otherwise known as Chinese martial arts), and traditional Chinese medicine, has been internationally hailed as one of the “four new national treasures.”

六、Chinese Kung Fu

Chinese kung fu, or Chinese martial arts, carries traditional Chinese culture in abundance.It is a traditional Chinese sport which applies the art of attack and defence in combat and the motions engaged with a series of skill and tricks.The core idea of Chinese king fu is derived from the Confucian theory of both “the mean and harmony” and “cultivating qi”(otherwise known as nourishing one’s spirit).Meanwhile, it also includes thoughts of Taoism and Buddhism.Chinese kung fu has a long history, with multi-various sects and many different boxing styles, and emphasizes coupling hardness with softness and internal and external training.It contains the ancient great thinkers’ pondering of life and the universe.The skills in wielding the 18 kinds of weapons named by the later generations mainly involve the skills of bare-handed boxing, such as shadow boxing(Taijiquan), form and will boxing(Xingyiquan), eight trigram palm(Baguazhang), and the skills of kung fu weaponry, such as the skill of using swords, spears, two-edged swords and halberds, axes, tomahawks, kooks, prongs and so on.七、Chinese Characters

Chinese characters were initially meant to be simple pictures used to help people remember things.After a long period of development, it finally became a unique character system that embodies phonetic sound, image, idea, and rhyme at the same time.The writing system, which was extremely advanced in ancient times, began with inscriptions on bones and tortoise shells, and these are regarded as the original forms of Chinese characters.Afterwards, Chinese characters went through numerous calligraphic styles: bronze inscriptions, official script, regular script, cursive script, running script, etc.Chinese characters are usually round outside and square inside, which is rooted in ancient Chinese beliefs of an orbicular sky and a rectangular Earth.The five basic strokes of Chinese characters are “---“(the horizontal stroke)“│”(the vertical stroke), “／”(the left-falling stroke), “＼”(the right-falling stroke), and “乙”(the turning stroke).八、Chinese Chopsticks

The Chinese way of eating with chopsticks is unique in the world.The recorded history of chopsticks started more than three thousand years ago.Chopsticks were named zhu in ancient Chinese.They look deceptively simple to use, but possess multi-various functions, such as clamping, turning over, lifting up, raking, stirring, scooping, poking, tearing, and so on.Chopsticks were taken as an auspicious mascot by ordinary people in ancient China.For example, the partial tone of chopsticks is often used by people as a metaphor at weddings to indicate a blessing or benediction for the couple to have a baby soon.Unlike using a knife and fork or one’s own hands, a pair of chopsticks also implies the meaning of “Harmony is what matters”.Chopsticks are highly praised by Westerners as a hallmark of ancient oriental civilization.九、Chinese Seal

A seal can also be defined as a stamp.Both the Chinese official and private seal of various dynasties have different titles, such as stamp, zhu note, contract, fu, lease and others.The seals used by the emperors of ancient China were called xi, yin, bao, etc.According to historical records, seals were widely used during the Warring States Period(475BC-221BC).The making of a seal is to engrave fonts, such as seal characters and official script and so on;or images in the form of intaglio and embossment into the seal, basically shaped as round or square.Covered with a vermilion overlay, the Chinese seal is not only used in daily life, but it is also used to represent signatures on paintings and calligraphies.It is gradually becoming one of China’s unique artworks.十、Chinese Era

The Chinese era is the symbol that the Chinese calendar uses for recording and naming years.The ten Heavenly Stems are: jia, yi, bing, ding, wu, ji, geng, xin, ren, gui.The twelve Earthly Branches are: zi.chou, yin, mou, chen, si, wu, wei, shen, you, xu, hai.After observing the lunar month, the ancients found that the moon always wazes and wanes roughly 12 times a year, and two lunar months account for about 60 days, so the order of the ten Heavenly Stems and the order of the twelve Earthly Branches are properly matched in turn.In terms of recording date, 60 years is considered to be a full time cycle.The Chinese era chronology was first invented in ancient times and is still in use now.according to the chronology of the “ten Heavenly Stems,” 2011 is the year of “the seventh of the ten Heavenly Stems” and “ the fifth of the twelve Earthly Branches”.十一、Beijing Opera

Praised as “Oriental Opera”, Beijing Opera is a genuine national quintessence of China.It originated from many kinds of ancient local operas, especially huiban in southern China.At the end of the 19th Century, Beijing Opera evolved and took shape, becoming the greatest kind of opera in China.Beijing Opera is a blend of performing arts---song, speech, performance, acrobatix fighting and dance.Beijing Opera portrays and narrates the plot and characters through stylized acting.The main types of roles in Beijing Opera are sheng(male), dan(young female), jing(painted face, male), and chou(clown, male or female).十二、Chinese Taoism

Taoism first originated in China.The founder of Taoism is Laozi, a philosopher and thinker who lived in the late Spring and Autumn Period(770BC-476BC).Tao Te Ching whose authorship has been attributed to Laozi, is considered to be the main Taoist classic.Taoism advocates the value of a human being’s life, recommends the discarding of all desires and worries from one’s mind, and encourages the cultivation of moral character and the nourishment of human nature.The following is an example of Laozi’s golden saying: The way that can be told of is not an unvarying way;The names that can be named are not unvarying names.It was from the nameless that Heaven and Earth sprang;The named is but the mother that rears the ten thousand creatures, each after its kind.Truly, only he that rids himself forever of desire can see the secret essences;He that has never rid himself of desire can see only the outcomes.十三、Chinese Idioms

Chinese idioms refer to comprehensive and integrated fixed phrases and expressions.Idioms are established and accepted by constant usage and common practice.An idiom is a language unit that is larger than a word, but has the same grammatical function as a word.Most Chinese idioms consist of four characters.For example, ziqiangbuxi(make unremitting efforts to improve oneself), qingchuyulan(bluer than indigo), and houjibofa(success comes with time and effort).Idioms are extrated from folk proverbs, ancient works of literature, poems, fables, allusions, and well-known sayings.Idioms are a part of the Chinese language that are concise and have great vitality.十四、Chinese silk

China is the home of silk.Mulberry planting, sericulture, silk reeling and thickening are all great inventions of the ancient Chinese.As early as the Shang and Zhou Dynasties(1600BC-256BC), the Chinese people’s silk-weaving techniques had reached an extremely high level.During the Western Han Dynasty(206BC-25AD), Zhang Qian, an outstanding diplomat, travelled around central Asia and connected China with the Persian Gulf and the Mediterranean, opening up a new era of Sino-foreign trade, exchange and communication.From then on, China’s silk became well known for its extraordinary quality, exquisite design and color, and abundant culture connotations.Hitherto, Chinese silk has been accepted as a symbol of Chinese culture and the emissary of oriental civilization.十五、Chinese Classical Garden

The Chinese classical garden is a precious treasure of our ancient Chinese architecture.It is a kind of environment art, which systematically combines artificial mountains and rivers, plants and buildings with the natural landscape.The construction standard of a Chinese classical garden is “artificial as it is, the garden must look ingenious and natural.” When you go sightseeing in a Chinese classical garden, you should be able to appreciate its artistic concept which “makes use of the natural landscape to create the real fun of mountains and rivers for viewers.” Of the world’s three major garden systems, the Chinese classical garden is hailed as one of the origins of the world’s garden due to its long history and abundant connotations.十六、The Four Treasures of the Study

The writing brush, ink stick, ink stone, and paper were requisite treasures in the study of the scholars of ancient China, and they are often referred to as the “Four Treasures of the Study.” The writing brush and ink stick have been used by the Chinese to write and paint since 5,000 years ago.In the Qin Dynasty(221BC---206BC), people already used feathers of different hardness and bamboo trunks to make brushes.During the Han Dynasty(206BC-220AD), man-made ink was used instead of natural ink.After paper was invented by the Chinese, bamboo slips, wooden tablets, brocade and silk, which originally functioned as writing surfaces, gradually faded out.The ink stone was first developed with the use of writing brushes and ink.After the Song Dynasty(960AD---1279AD), the “Four Treasure of the Study” particularly referred to hubi, the writing brush produced in Huzhou, Zhejiang province;huimo, the ink stick produced in Huizhou, Anhui province;xuan paper, a kind of paper produced in Xuanzhou, Anhui province;and duanyan, the ink stone made in Zhaoqing, Guangdong province(Zhaoqing was earlier called Duanzhou).Indeed, the Four Treasures of the Study” have writtin the whole Chinese civilization, as it is.十七、Chinese Calligraphy Chinese Calligraphy, like character, first appeared during the Yin or Shang Dynasty.Calligraphy, unlike writing for the sole purpose of social communication, is an art used to express the ideas, accomplishments, and feelings of the calligrapher.Calligraphy is a special category in China’s world of fine arts and one of the most challenging Chinese art forms for a foreigner to appreciate or master.Studying Chinese calligraphy one must learn something about the origins of Chinese characters.Calligraphy is an art of form that involves a great deal of theory and requires many skills;consequently there are few calligraphers that have reached the highest realm of calligraphy.十八、Animal Sign The 12 animal signs are very popular in China.The Chinese animal signs are a 12-year cycle used for dating the years.For a long time there has been a special relationship between humans and the 12 animal signs.The 12 animal signs are widely used in many art forms.These animal signs have specific cultural connotations.For example, people under the rat sign are usually smart and willing to accumulate wealth.The animal signs also serve a useful social function for finding out people’s ages.Instead of asking directly how old a person is, people often ask what his or her animal sign is.This would place that person’s age within a cycle of 12 years.More often, asking for animal signs is simply to know who is older among friends and acquaintances.十九、The Lantern Festival The Lantern Festival is a traditional festival celebrated by Chinese on the 15th of the 1st lunar month.Chinese started to celebrate the Lantern Festival since the Han Dynasty.Nowadays the Lantern Festival has become an occasion for people to entertain themselves and have fun.During the Lantern Festival, different lantern appreciation activities are held, lanterns of various shapes and sizes are hung in the streets, attracting countless visitors.Other entertainments such as guessing riddles on lanterns, beating drums, playing dragon lanterns and going to fairs are also held.Another important part of the Lantern Festival is eating small dumpling balls, yuanxiao or tangyuan.Obviously, they get the name from the festival itself.

第四篇：大学英语四级翻译练习一

中国画

中国画线条简单，却能给人无限的想象空间。所以中国人看画，事实上是在心里作画。也许有人会问：中国的山水画家为什么老是喜欢画一些简陋的茅屋，而不画高大的建筑呢？这是因为中国人觉得物质生活是短暂的，人的精神却是永恒的。一个人如果领悟了天地的辽阔，山水的悠久，他还能不察觉自己的渺小，而变得谦虚吗？ Chinese painting Chinese painting, though simple in line, inspires a boundless realm of imagination.Therefore, when Chinese people appreciate their painting, they are actually painting in their mind.Some may ask;why do Chinese landscape painters love to paint shabby thatched cottages instead of high buildings? It is because they sense the brevity of physical life but he eternity of the human spirit.If one realizes the boundlessness of heaven and earth and the eternity of mountains and rivers, how could he be otherwise than humble at his own insignificance in the universe?

谦虚

中国人说话总是很客气，这并不是中国人虚伪，而是他们处世做人的一种基本态度---谦虚。中国人一向不愿跟别人争胜，但是自己一定要怀抱着高远的理想。如果他说没有什么菜，意思是说：不管拿出多少好吃的东西来款待你，仍然不能充分表示对你的尊重和欢迎。在中国的山水画里往往没有人，就是有，也画得很小，只能算点缀。这是中国人对大自然的谦虚，他把自己融入风景里，而不让风景来陪衬自己。

Chinese people are always humble in conversation.It is not out of deceit, but out of their basic principle for conducting themselves in life: modesty.They don’t often want to contend for the upper hand, but certainly hold lofty ambition within themselves.By saying there is not much to eat, they mean that no matter how much delicious food may be served, it is never enough to show their respect for and hospitability towards you.In Chinese paintings, there are no humans, or if there are any they are merely tiny adornments.It is out of their humility in nature, by blending humans into the scenery instead of highlighting humans above it.烧菜

烧菜是一种艺术。所以会烧菜的人一定懂得配菜，知道哪几种菜配在一起，颜色鲜明可爱；哪一种菜要加些什么作料才好吃；烧哪些菜要用快火，哪些菜要用慢火。这些事都不简单，全靠厨子的技术和经验；做久了，自然熟能生巧。中国人讲究生活的艺术，如果只有很少的菜钱，他们就特别用些心思，把简单的食物做得味道鲜美，增加生活的乐趣。Cooking Cooking can be considered an art.A good chef know how to complement material in the dish.He has the knowledge of what ingredients make lovely bright colors, of the spices that make a dish delicious, and of the need for quick heat or slow fire to make dishes taste right.All this is not simple, but is dependent on the technique and experience of the chef, who can only reach perfection after long practice.Chinese people stress the art of living.If they have but little to expend on food, they will pay special attention to the cooking, making delicious dishes out of the simple ingredients that add spice to life.自强不息

中华文明历来注重自强不息，不断革故鼎新。“天行健，君子以自强不息。”这是中国的一句千年传世格言。中华民族之所以能在5000多年的历史进程中发展壮大，历经挫折而不屈，屡遭坎坷而不馁，靠的就是这样一种发疯图强、坚忍不拔与时俱进的精神。中国人民在克服前进道路上的各种困难中表现出来的顽强毅力，正是这种自强不息精神的生动写照。Self-improvement Chinese civilization has always emphasized unremitting self-improvement, reform and innovation.An ancient Chinese motto has been handed down to generations for thousands of years, i.e., “As Heaven keeps vigorous through movement, a gentleman should unremittingly practice self-improvement.” Throughout its 5,000-year history, it is thanks to perseverance, determination, stamina and innovation that the Chinese nation has grown after surviving numerous setbacks and adversity.Chinese people’s great tenacity in overcoming difficulties on the road to progress gives expression to their traditional spirit of unremitting self-improvement..

第五篇：考研英语一翻译复习方法大总结

考研英语一翻译复习方法大总结

一、复习篇

必须要重申一次，要想做好翻译题，词汇和语法很重要！用真题记单词效率会比较高，尤其是单词注释详细的那种真题，比如说我之前用的《考研真相》，“逐句精解”文章，可以学到词性词义，同时还能学到相关搭配和用法，这是词汇书不具备的。

语法常考考点：定语和定语从句，定语从句中限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句的位置处理、分词和介词短语作后置定语的翻译、状语的翻译定位和顺序、名词性从句的翻译。被动语态、虚拟语气和倒装结构的翻译为关键得分点。

用真题复习翻译部分时要通观全文，尝试自己翻译，然后对照全文翻译答案来查找自己的技巧盲点，并有针对地进行巩固练习。此外，平时的练习也是不可或缺的。

在译文组合的过程中，注意结构。例如强调结构在汉语中，翻译时的独特变化。注意汉语翻译要根据原文语境去翻译，且避免拖沓，做到通达、准确。平时应该加大阅读量，尤其是一些专业名词的积累，难保翻译题中会碰到一些特殊的专业名词，多多积累总是有好处的。

二、技巧篇

翻译划线句子一定要结合文章来翻译，不能直译，正确的翻译方式应该是把词、句子放到篇章里去理解。这样翻译出来的句子才能表意准确。

要注意英语汉语的差异，一定要灵活的转换，保证句子通顺，不拖沓不语病。

翻译的时候可以打草稿，先把英语转换成汉语，然后将汉语再加工，再本来意思不变的情况下，让语言更加凝练，语句更加通顺有美感，也就是“信达雅”。

解题技巧还是需要自己多做题多总结，也可以看一些讲解题技巧的视频课，比如说“零元课”，里面各种类型的视频课都有，不会因为免费所以视频质量不好。有一些老师讲的真的很好。

历届学长学姐大力推荐的考研英语一辅导书 1.《非常词汇》

适合人群：英语一和英语二通用

推荐理由:800个句子浓缩所有大纲单词，通过句子记单词，让你不再由A背到Z，背单词不再那么枯燥，记忆量大大变小了。赠送的4大赠本中，不仅包括考研英语必考词和基础词，还有四大赠本《高考词+四级词+六级词+考研词》、《基础词+必考词+偶考词+超纲词》，《750个考研高频短语》另外还有《300组词汇辨析》。重点分明，可以根据的自己的情况和时间进行选择去用

2.闪过英语考研《必考词汇应用全书》 适合人群：备考时间不足的人

推荐理由：闪过作为英语教辅第二品牌，为什么说闪过英语适合备考时间不足的人，因为闪过英语辅导 书都有“薄、准、精、快”的特点，让你在短期内闪过英语考试。

大家都知道必考词=考研英语70分，可见必考词是多的么重要，但是必考词的应用比记忆重要的多。这 本书不仅浓缩了1800个必考词，还给出了必考词常考的几大短语！这些短语帮你在 短期内搞定必考词在考试中的应用。

二、阅读：

1.《阅读基础90篇》 适合人群：英语基础薄弱的人

推荐理由 :通过90篇真题阅读的逐词逐句精解，夯实词汇和语法，在短期内恶补基础！

赠送书中还有8大考点的满分技巧帮助考生系统复习，再用赠送的36篇标准难度真题实战演练，检测成 果，适合复习前期恶补基础。

2.闪过英语考研《长难句闪过》 适合人群：备考时间不充足的人 推荐理由 :《长难句闪过》被称作“长难句破解神器”，这本书不仅仅是向我们展示语法分析的结果，而 教你通过“找主干，理清修饰词，看标点”三个步骤教你轻松简单的破解长难句，让你一看就懂，一做 就会，快速搞定长难句！如果长难句是你的障碍，那么这本书无疑是你最好的选择。

1.《考研真相》

适合人群：英语基础薄弱的人

推荐理由：逐词逐句逐题精解真题，把真题文章每句的难点词汇和语法掰开了揉碎了一句一句去讲，不用查字典，更不用查语法书，学长学姐们都大力推荐！这本书有两个版本，一个是基础加强版（98-07年真题）——适合第一阶段打基础、一个是高分突破版（08-17年真题）——适合第二阶段复习，适合基础薄弱的考研 党，适合自己的就是最好的！

2.《考研英语一历年真题汇编王》 适合人群：考前想要刷题的人

推荐理由：这本书汇编了历年的38套真题，适合在考前或者复习前期刷题用，这本书最大的特点就在于 题量大，还便宜。

四、写作

《写作160篇》——英语一写作专用书 适合人群：英语基础薄弱专用

推荐理由：这本书全面涵盖可考的话题，连续11次命中作文原题！话题重点突出（真题作文40篇+预测作文30篇+熟悉浏览90篇）；教你搞定基础，通过词-句-段-篇层层推进，一步步教会你写作文！利用真题作文“三步作文法”（模板范文+思路创新+语言创新）教你写出好作文！这本书是大部分往届生都推荐的！