第一篇：2014年河南专升本公共英语真题及解析
2014年河南专升本公共英语真题及解析
1._____difficulties they may come across, they’ll help one another to overcome them.A.Whatever B.Whenever C.However D.Wherever
2.Education cannot be _____in any country.A.rejected B.deleted C.neglected D.refused
3.Although it’s tough finding a job these days, Henry got a _____in a famous company.A.place B.position C.post D.patch
4.The doctor said that mental _____is the major cause of his sleeping problem.A.tension B.sadness C.anger D.relaxation
5.______comes back first is supposed to win the prize.A.One who B.Whoever C.Anyone D.Those who
6.The last time I saw her was ______my brother’s wedding ceremony three years ago.A.to B.at C.in D.during
7.I have two children but ______of them likes fruits.A.none B.either C.neither D.both
8.He might have been killed ______the arrival of the police.A.except for B.with C.for D.but for
9.Some areas, ______their severe weather conditions, are sparsely populated.A.due to B.but for C.in spite of D.with regard to
10.Many teenagers feel no difficulty ______ computer.A.to learn B.learn C.in learning D.learned
11.No agreement was ______in the discussion as neither side would give way to the other.A.arrived B.obtained C.reached D.gained
12.A loud noise _______my attention from cooking and everything was burnt.A.divided B.diverted C.focused D.separated
13.Henry planned to visit _______country besides England.A.some other B.every other C.several other D.other
14.Before using your new pressure cooker, read the following _______ carefully.A.notices B.orders C.advertisement D.instructions
15.It is very expensive to ______the fashion.A.go along with B.get on with
C.keep up with D.carry on with
16.If I have a good sleep I’ll be _______to work out the problem.A.possible B.able C.capable D.reasonable
17.If you get into difficulties, don’t hesitate to ______help.A.ask about B.ask after C.ask for D.ask in
18.All of them are _______at Lana’s achievement.A.amazed B.interested C.fond D.proud
19.The football match was _______on account of rain.A.called up B.called on C.called off D.called for
20.Students should develop a good attitude ______tests.A.for B.with C.on D.towards
21.I’m ______in this argument: I don’t care who wins.A.natural B.central C.neutral D.middle
22.She passed me in the street, but took no ______of me.A.attention B.watch C.sight D.notice
23.Only in this way _______get rid of your headache.A.can you B.you can C.you will D.do you
24.Tolerance ______respecting the opinions of others.A.consists in B.consists of C.insists on D.depends on
25.The weather was good except for an ______shower.A.optional B.intentional C.additional D.occasional
26.He had his book _______at his own expense.A.print B.printed C.to print D.printing
27.Patients’ bills of rights require that they _______informed about their condition and about alternatives for treatment.A.are B.might be C.should be D.were
28.He studies so hard to avoid _______at the bottom of the class.A.finishing B.to finish C.finished D.finish
29.I thought you might be tired, ______is why I decided to help you.A.that B.this C.which D.as
30.No one should blind himself _______the well-known fact.A.with B.to C.for D.over
31.The color of the skirt does not ______that of the coat.A.balance B.match C.corresponding D.accord
32.The boy is eager to ______knowledge in different fields.A.accomplish B.absorb C.arrange D.approach
33.In my bedroom, there is a pair of scissors, a stack of books and ______flowers on my desk.A.a piece of B.a pocket of C.a slice of D.a bunch of
34.Ryan was late for the conference yesterday ______the traffic jam.A.because B.since C.for D.because of
35.As far as the professor _______, college students should get into the habit of studying by themselves.A.concern B.concerns C.concerned D.is concerned
36.We have to get that car fixed _______.A.no matter it costs how much B.no matter how much costs it
C.no matter how much it costs D.no matter how much does it cost
37.When I was a child, I used ______to the river and bathe in the evening.A.to going B.to go C.go D.going
38.Nobody could ______a satisfactory explanation of the accident.A.come up with B.come through C.come upon D.come into
39._______my delight, our school football team won the game easily.A.In B.Of C.To D.For
40._______driving to work, Mr.Lead usually goes to his office downtown by train.A.Without B.Instead of C.In case o f D.In spite of
选择题参考答案：
1-5 ACBAB 6-10 BCDAC 11-15 CBBDC 16-20 BCACD
21-25 CDAAD 26-30 BCACB 31-35 BBDDD 36-40CBACB
Many visitors to the United Kingdom go straight to London and never set foot outside the capital---which is a pity, for those that do are often surprised at the sheer variety of landscapes___41___within such a small geographical area.__42__you want to see stunning, unspoilt scenery you should __43__spend a few days in one of Britain’s largest areas of protected countryside, a national park.__44__in the second half of the 20th century after popular pressure for access __45__the country’s wilder places, these are now 15 of them throughout the British Isles.The biggest is the Cairngorms in northern Scotland, named __46__ some of the country’s highest mountains and the best place for skiing.Pony-trekking, climbing and fishing are also__47__.along with Scotland’s national game, golf.__48__enthusiasts are well rewarded---this is the home of the red deer, red squirrel and golden eagle.If you don’t like the __49__to the highest point, some 2000 metres__50__sea level, you can take the railway __51__ gets you to the summit in less than ten minutes.__52__the west of the park is another popular natural ___53__,Loch Ness.The lake is over 200 metres __54__ in places, and salmon, trout and eels are in abundance here.Over the border in England is the Lake District,__55__made famous by Romantic poets such as William Wordsworth two hundreds years ago.People have been __56__here en mass since 1847 __57__a railway was built to its biggest lake, Windermere.__58__in the past boats plied its waters__59__stone, timber and wood, today’s craft are more likely to carry __60__on pleasure cruises---over a million a year, in fact.41.A.to findB.to be foundC.findingD.to have found
42.A.WhileB.AsC.IfD.Since
43.A.certainlyB.formallyC.normallyD.gradually
44.A.To createB.CreatingC.CreateD.Created
45.A.forB.toC.byD.in
46.A.forB.byC.withD.after
47.A.pleasantB.favoriteC.popularD.favorable
48.A.Creature B.WildlifeC.PlantD.Botany
49.A.way B.roadC.walkD.step
50.A.belowB.upC.aboveD.under
51.A.whichB.whatC.whenD.where
52.A.AtB.OnC.ToD.In
53.A.interestB.attractionC.pleasureD.place
54.A.depthB.deeplyC.deepD.deepness
55.A.recentlyB.latelyC.eventuallyD.originally
56.A.travelledB.travellingC.travelD.to travel
57.A.whenB.becauseC.whileD.as
58.A.AsB.BecauseC.SinceD.While
59.A.movingB.runningC.transportingD.sending
60.A.goodsB.materialsC.touristsD.products
参考答案：
41-45BCCDB 46-50 DCBAC 51-55 ADBCD 56-60 BADCC Passage One
I strongly believe that understanding is more important than love, especially when it comes to parenting and intimate relationships.As a psychologist for more than twenty years I can tell you that I have never had an adult looking back at her childhood and complaining that her parents were too understanding.And similarly, I have met many divorced people who still love each other but yet they never really understood each other.The painful reality is love is just not enough.I’ll admit that there are people who I love and who I still need to better understand.I hope I’ll continue my work to understand them.The Last willingness to understand is very important.It is not always easy, but healthy love is strengthened by the willingness to understand.Love without understanding will wilt like flowers without water.Our egos are what seem to get in the way of understanding those who we love and care about.Often it is our need to be right that makes what others think and feel so wrong for us.I have certainly been quite guilty of this in some of my relationships.As I have written repeatedly in my books, empathy, is truly the emotional glue that holds all close relationships together.Empathy allows us to slow down and try to walk in the shoes of those we love.The deeper our empathy, the deeper---and healthier---our love.Not all relationships are meant to be.Yet all relationships that are meant to flourish in a healthy way, must stress understanding just as much, if not more, than love.61.From the passage we know that _____.A.the author complains about her parents’ being too understanding
B.the author has been studying marriages for more than 20 years
C.People divorced mainly because they didn’t love each other
D.Some people divorced because they couldn’t understand each other
62.Why are we unable to understand the others sometimes?
A.Because we are caring the others too much
B.Because it is quite difficult to understand the others
C.Because we believe we are always right
D.Because the others have done something wrong
63.Which of the following statements is true according to the passage?
A.Understanding is more important to parenting relationship than to other intimate relationships
B.Understanding is less important than love as far as marriage is concerned
C.Understanding is more important than love to some degree
D.Understanding is more often neglected in parenting relationship
64.If we are to understand our partners, we should firstly ____?
A.Have willing to do so B.Have love for them
C.Get into connection with them D.Care about them
65.In this passage, the expression “walk in the shoes of” is similar in meaning to_____.A.befriend B.understand C.love D.care about
Passage Two
Finally, the Christmas season is over.We can take a long breath, put up our feet, sip from a cup of good tea and relax.The frenzy, starting from Black Friday right after Thanksgiving until Christmas Eve, of gift shopping, buying, wrapping, giving, receiving, opening, returning...is exhaustive and time-consuming, but it takes place every year.There is considerable difference between the cultures in China and western countries when it comes to gift giving, In China, it is not polite to open a gift in front of the gift giver, and gift is only looked at after the guest has left.Here in America, gift givers always wrap their gifts, large or small, priceless or valueless, carefully and decorate them with colorful ribbons and little pretty paper flowers;and the lucky receiver is expected to open the gift right away in front of the giver, with great eagerness and curiosity, and should always express appreciation with the all time truthful comment, “always wanted” gifts back to the store to exchange for something they really wanted.Finding a gift for somebody, even a close family member, you’ll have to know what the person likes and shop for days before you can locate the perfect gift.But, still the person may not like the gift from you.Nowadays, stores would provide two copies of the receipts for anything they sell as a gift, one of which is included in the gift packaged so that the receiver can come back for an exchange.I know, it was unthinkable to cash out gift you get, but, times are different.Another good way to avoid all that shopping hassle is to purchase a gift card from one of the stores and send it to your niece, nephews, or a family member, so that they can get whatever they want or even keep the money.66.Finding a gift for somebody is a(n)_____.A.easy job B.tough task C.must-be job D.arranged task
67.It is quite ____for Chinese people to open the gift in front of the givers.A.usual B.normal C.abnormal D.unusual
68.Gift giving is the same thing in China and America in that____
A.people spend a lot of time preparing a gift
B.people would cash out the gift immediately
C.people are eager to open to get a gift from a friend
D.people are less willing to give gifts
69.Which of the following is the author’s suggestion?
A.Open the gift immediately in front of the giver
B.Wrap the gift carefully
C.Express the appreciation for the gift you receive
D.Buying a present card to avoid the trouble in shopping
70.The author’s attitude towards gift giving is_____.A.Indifferent B.protesting C.objective D.supportive
参考答案：
61-65DCCAB 66-70 BDADC Passage Three
They already guide blind and disabled people;now dogs are to be trained to help people with dementia（痴呆）.The duties of these “guide dogs for the mind” will include reminding their owners to take medication, as well as encouraging them to eat, drink and sleep at regular intervals.The dementia dogs will be trained to respond to sound triggers in the home that prompt them to perform tasks.These could include delivering a bite-proof bag of medicine with a note inside reminding the patient to take it, or walking them up in the morning.The idea was developed by design students at the Glasgow School of Art and will now be put into practice by Alzheimer’s Scotland and Dogs for the disabled.Joyce Gray of Alzheimer’s Scotland said: “people in the early stages of dementia are still able to live a relative normal life, and dogs help to maintain routine.”
The other advantage of using the pets as companions is that conversation can be increasingly confusing for people with Alzheimer’s ,but dogs can give them a sense of silent support and companionship.People light up when they see animals.They don’t need to communicate verbally but they can still interact.You can have a speechless bond.The dog would also encourage the owner to take them out for walks, ensuring they keep exercising and interacting with other people.71.As is mentioned in the passage, the guide dogs will do the following except for _______.A.helping ensure the owner doing some exercises
B.reminding the owner to take medicine
C.Communicating with the owner in a non-verbal way
D.Helping the owner recover from the illness
72.Who will train the dogs to perform such tasks?
A.The students who developed the idea.B.The owners of the dogs.C.The experts in Alzheimer’s Scotland.D.It is not mentioned in the passage.73.What is true about the people suffering from dementia?
A.They would like to say with other people.B.They can maintain routine.C.They will gradually lose the ability to live a normal life.D.They would like to talk in a different way.74.The guide dogs helping the people with dementia will _______.A.respond to the owners order
B.respond to a sound device
C.act on the owners instructions
D.act on the trainers order
75.Having a conversation with people with dementia will be _______.A.difficult B.interesting C.confusing D.encouraging
Passage Four
It seems obvious that you don’t give away your product for free but this is exactly what indie rock group the Crimea did earlier this year.The Crimea did earlier this year.The band’s reasoning goes like this: more people will download the free album than would pay for it.Therefore more people will hear The Crimea’s music.These people will then pay money for concerts by the band and perhaps buy a T-shirt or other merchandise.If the band play regular concerts to crowds of 200 or 300 people the can make more money than they would from sales of a CD.There will always be some [people who want something they can hold in their hands so they will release the CD into the shops too--but making money through sales of their music isn’t the top priority.The story illustrates the creative thinking going on in the music business in response to dramatic changes over the last few years in the way that people buy music.Sales of music digitally--to computer, phones and MP3 players rose to $2 billion in 2006--an increase of almost 100 percent on the previous year--yet overall record company sales are down.People are simply not buy CDs in record shops in anything like the numbers they used to.This trend looks set to continue so the big question for the music industry is whether they can successfully manage the move to being primarily a digital industry without profits falling to unacceptable levels.There are both positive and negative signs.On the plus side, more and more people are buying music on mobile phones, which allows people to make impulse purchases--they can buy a song as soon as they hear it.Research by the UK Mobile operator 3 suggested that 75 percent of 16 to 24-year-olds wanted to buy a track they liked as soon as they heard it.With so much competition for people’s disposable income, a product that you can sell immediately is a big advantage.The bad news for record companies, however, is the mount of music that is downloaded illegally.Piracy---usually in the form of cheaply copied CD---has long been an issue for the music business but the internet means music can be copied and distributed freely through file-sharing sites on a large scale than ever before.It is this situation that leads bands to start giving away their music for free and promises to make the next few years a very interesting time in the music business.76.What is unusual about the Crimea’s business plan?
A.Their business was given away free on the Internet.B.They give CDs away free in shops.C.They played free concerts.D.They charged more for their CDs.77.The Crimea hope to make money _______.A.through CD sales
B.by giving concerts and selling T-shirts and other merchandise
C.by selling merchandise on the internet
D.though sales of merchandise in shops
78.The Crimea also released CDs for sale in shops because _______.A.People who attend their concerts need them
B.they want to make extra money
C.there are still people who prefer CDs to other formats
D.People who fail to attend their concerts need them
79.What is true about sales of music over the last year?
A.overall, sales are up on last year.B..overall, sales are down on last year.C.there is no change compared to previous sales.D.It is not mentioned in the passage.80.What effect has the internet had on music piracy?
A.It has made it easier to fight piracy.B.It has increased the number of pirate CDs available.C.It has made it easier to illegally copy music.D.It has reduced the number of pirate CDs available.参考答案：
71-75 DCCBC 76-80 ABCBC 81.她喜欢看书时听音乐。
82.我们认为节约用水非常重要。
83.我想知道他把表送给谁了。
84.所有的公共场所都应完全禁止吸烟。
85.事实胜于雄辩。
86.It is quite typical of him to be late.87.It’s no good learning English without practice.88.Man was, is and always will be trying to improve his living conditions.89.An idle youth, a needy age.90.The doctor will get more practice out of me than out of ten ordinary patients.参考答案：
四、翻译：81.She enjoys listening to music while reading.82.We believe it is very important to save water.83.I wonder whom he gave the watch to.84.Smoking should be completely banned in all public places.85.Actions speak louder than words.86.迟到是他的典型风格。
87.学英语不实践是没用的。
88.人类无论过去、现在、还是将来都会一直努力改善生活条件。
89.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。
90.医生从我身上得到的实践，要比从10个普通病人身上得到的实践还多。
五、改错：91.B－that 92.C－excited
93.A－Having 94.D－be put on
95.D－distracted 96.D－acceptance
97.C－who 98.B－deadly
99.A－wounded 100.C－do
六、作文： It is time to stop doodling
From the picture, we can discover that a man is still carving “I have already travelled here” with a knife on the door of his own house after his return from a trip.Therefore, we can safely come to a conclusion that people tend to be doing some damage to the environment while traveling.Why does this phenomenon take place? Several factors could account for it.To begin with, it is clear that people aren’t aware of the importance of protecting the environment when they travel.What’s more, most people are in the bad habit of leaving something in their scenic spot, of which their doodle is given the priority.Last but not least, the regulations and rules are not strict and specific enough in the travel destination.In view of the seriousness of this issue, it is crucial that relevant laws and regulations be worked out to solve the problem.Meanwhile, people should be educated to pay special attention to environment protection while travelling.With joint efforts, I believe the bad phenomenon will be a thing of the past.
第二篇：2006年河南大学语文专升本真题及答案
2006年普通高等学校
选拔优秀专科生进入本科阶段考试试题大学语文
一、单项选择题(每小题1分。共15分)在每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案。并将其代码写在题干后面的括号内。不选、错选或多选者，该题无分。
1．《大同》中大同社会的最主要的特征是
()
A．选贤与能
B．天下为公
C．讲信修睦
D．鳏寡、孤独、废痰者皆有所养
2．“多行不义必自毙”一语出自
()
A．《战国策》
B．《国语》
C．《左传》
D．《老子》
3．孟子用“五十步笑百步”的比喻论证了本文的基本观点。这种论证方法是
()
A．归纳论证
B．对比论证
C．演绎论证
D．类比论证
4．《国殇》选自
()
A．《九歌》
B.《九章》
C．《渔父》
D．《天问》
5．称赞《史记》为“史家之绝唱，无韵之离骚”的是
()
A．班固
B．韩愈
C．鲁迅
D．茅盾
6．“易安居士”指的是
()
A．秦观
B．辛弃疾
C．李清照
D．柳永
7．杜甫诗歌的主要风格是
()
A．豪放悲壮
B．沉郁顿挫
C．凄苦哀婉
D．清新隽逸
8．主张“文章应有补于世”的文学家是
()
A．王安石
B．苏轼
C．黄庭坚
D．欧阳修
9．唐代古文运动的倡导者是
()
A．李白
B．杜甫
C．白居易
D．韩愈
10．下列作品，属于沈从文的是
()
A．《钓台的春昼》
B．《箱子岩》、C．《雨中登泰山》
D．《听听那冷雨》
11．屠格涅夫的散文诗《门槛》的译者是
()
A．巴金
B．冰心
C．老舍
D．徐志摩
12．汉代产生的一种文学体裁是
()
A．格律诗
B．词
C．赋
D．曲
13．《长亭送别》中的[端正好]唱段所运用的主要抒情方法是
()
A．借事抒情
B．借景抒情
C．借典抒情
D．借比喻抒情
14．辛弃疾词中，使用典故的一句是
()
A．可惜流年，忧愁风雨，树犹如此
B．了却君王天下事，赢得生前身后名
C．遥岑远目，献愁供恨．玉簪螺髻
D．算只有殷勤，画檐蛛网，尽日惹飞絮
15．下列诗歌中属于律诗的是
()
A．王昌龄《从军行(其四)》
B．李白《行路难》
C．陶渊明《饮酒(其五)》
D．王维《终南山》
二、多项选择题（每小题2分。共10分)在每小题的五个备选答案中选出二至五个正确答案。并将其代码写在题干后面的括号内。多选、少选、不选或错选者。该题无分。
16．《诗经•氓》运用比兴手法的句子是
()
A．桑之未落，其叶沃若
B．桑之落矣，其黄而陨
C．于嗟鸠兮，无食桑葚
D．氓之蚩蚩，抱布贸丝
E．总角之宴，言笑晏晏
17．下列作品，属于鲁迅小说的是
()
A．《药》
B．《纪念刘和珍君》
C．《伤逝》
D．《灯下漫笔》
E．《**》
18．唐代以山水诗著称的诗人是
()
A．高适
B．岑参
C．王维
D．孟浩然
E．杜牧
19．欧阳修《五代史伶官传序》所采用的主要论据是
()
A．后唐庄宗“所以得天下”的历史事实
B．后唐庄宗“所以失之者”的历史事实
C．“孝公用商鞅之法，移风易俗”的历史事实
D．周任“陈力就列，不能者止”的名言
E．《尚书》“满招损，谦得益”的名言
20．《杜陵叟》一诗的旨意有
()
A．表达对农民的同情
B．反映农民的疾苦
C．暴露“皇恩浩荡”的虚伪
D．揭露封建官吏对农民的残酷剥削
E．表现了农民的反抗情绪
三、填空题(每小题1分，共10分)
21．____________，秋水共长天一色。
22．子在川上日：____________!不舍昼夜。
23．春江潮水连海平，____________。
24．合抱之木，____________。
25．米兰•昆德拉的主要作品是长篇小说《生活在别处》和《____________》。
26．____________，千载谁堪伯仲问。
27．曹禺的生活、生命、人性的“生命三部曲”是《雷雨》、《日出》、《____________》。
28．高晓声关于农民题材的系列小说中的主人公是____________。
29．《小二黑结婚》的作者是____________。
30．“微风过处，送来缕缕清香，仿佛远处高楼上渺茫的歌声似的”一句的主要修辞手法是____________。
四、词语解释题(每小题1分，共10分)解释句中加点的词。
31．夏虫不可以语于冰者，笃于时也。
笃：
32．都城过百雉，国之害也。
城：
33．后孟尝君出记，问门下诸客：“谁习计会，能为文收责于薛者?”
责：
34．南绝幕，遇前将军、右将军，广已见大将军，还人军。
绝：
35．其隙也，则施施而行。
施施：
36．一座大惊，皆感激为云泣下。
感激：
37．可怜白发生。
可怜：
38．是时会暮，胡兵终怪之，不敢击。
会：
39．是社稷之臣也。
是：
40．高处不胜寒。
胜：
五、翻译题(每小题2分，共10分)将下列各题中加横线的句子译成现代汉语。
41．窃以为君市义。
42．吾归破贼，必灭贺兰。此矢所以志也。
43．国不堪贰，君将若之何?
44．忧劳可以兴国，逸豫可以亡身。
45．王喜，告召公日：“吾能弭谤矣，乃不敢言。”
六、简答题(第46、47题各2分，第48、49趣各3分，共10分)
46．契诃夫《苦恼》的主题思想是什么?(2分)
47．苏轼《前赤壁赋》的表现手法是什么?(2分)
48．巴金《爱尔克的灯光》一文中出现的三次灯光的象征意蕴分别是什么?(3分)
49．徐志摩《再别康桥》一诗的形式美，主要体现在哪三个方面?(3分)
七、简析题(第50、51题各6分，第52题7分，第53、54题各8分，共35分)
50．阅读冰心《往事》中的一段：
不是说做女神，我希望我们都做个“海化”的青年。像涵说的，海是温柔而沉静。杰说的，海是超绝而威严。揖说的更好了，海是神秘而有容，也是虚怀，也是广博……
请回答：
(1)“希望我们都做个'海化'的青年”一句表达了作者什么思想?(2分)
(2)“海化”的青年的内涵指的是什么?(2分)
(3)这段文字使用了什么修辞方法?(2分)
51．阅读茅盾《香市》中的一段：
在我看来，这所谓南洋武术班的几套把式比起从前“香市”里的打拳头卖膏药的玩意来，委实是好看得多了。要是放在十多年前，怕不是挤得满场没个空隙儿么?但是今天第一天也只得二百来看客。往常“香市”的主角--农民，今天差不多看不见。
后来我知道，镇上的小商人是重兴这“香市”的主动者；他们想借此吸引游客“振兴”市面，可是他们也失望了。
请回答：
(1)作者主要以什么方法来表现南洋武术班的冷落景象的?(2分)
(2)农民不来赶香市说明了什么?(2分)
(3)小商人的失望说明了什么?(2分)
52．阅读宗臣《报刘一丈书》中的一段：
幸主者出，南面召见，则惊走匍匐阶下。主者日：“进!”则再拜，故迟不起；起则上所上寿金。主者故不受，则固请；主者故固不受，则又固请；然后命吏内之，则又再拜，又故迟不起，起则五六揖，始出。
请回答：
(1)这里刻画了权贵者、干谒者怎样的性格特征?(2分)
(2)这段文字运用什么方法来暴露官场黑暗的?(2分)
(3)“主者故固不受”一句中“故”、“固”二字连用有何用?(3分)
53．阅读柳永《八声甘州》：
对潇潇暮雨洒江天，一番洗清秋。渐霜风凄紧，关河冷落，残照当楼。是处红衰翠减，苒苒物华体。惟有长江水，无语东流。
不忍登高临远，望故9渺邈，归思难收。叹年来踪迹，何事苦淹留?想佳人、妆楼长望，误几回、天际识归舟。争知我、倚阑干处，正恁凝愁。
请回答：
(1)词的上片的景物描写构成了一幅什么图景?(3分)
(2)这首词表达了作者怎样的情感?(2分)
(3)苏轼对“渐霜风凄紧，关河冷落，残照当楼”有“不减唐人高处”的评价。你对此评价有何理解?(3分)
54．阅读王安石《答司马谏议书》一段：
至于怨诽之多，则固前知其如此也。人习于苟且非一日，士大夫多以不恤国事、同俗、自媚于众为善，变此，而某不量敌之众寡，欲出力助上以抗之，则众何为而不汹汹然?盘庚之迁，胥怨者民也，非特朝廷士大夫而已。盘庚不为怨者故改其度，度义而后动，是而不见可悔故也。
请回答：
(1)这段文字驳斥了司马光的什么观点?(2分)
(2)在驳论中作者又揭露了什么问题?(2分)
(3)作者运用“盘庚之迁”来说明什么问题?(2分)
(4)众人对变法的态度是什么?(2分)
八、作文(50分)
以“和”为话题，写一篇文章。
要求：1．文体不限(诗歌除外)。
2．不少于800字
2006年大学语文参考答案
一、单项选择题(每小题1分，共15分)1-5．BCDAC 6-10．CBADB 11-15．ACBAD
二、多项选择题(每小题2分。共10分)16．ABC 17．ACE 18．CD 19．ABE 20．AB C DE
三、填空题(每小题1分。共lO分)21．落霞与孤鹜齐飞 22．逝者如斯夫 23．海上明月共潮生 24．生于毫末25．王命中不能承受之轻 26．出师一表真名世 27．原野 28．陈奂生 29．赵树理 30．通感(移情)
四、词语解释题(每小题1分。共10分)31．笃：固；拘限 32．城：城墙 33．责：通“债”；债务 34．绝：横渡 35．施施：慢慢行的样子 36．感激：感动，激发 37．可怜：可惜 38．会：恰逢 39．是：这，指示代词 40．胜：禁受；忍受
五、翻译题(每小题2分。共10分)41．(我)私下用债款为您买回了道义 42．这支箭是用来做标记的
43．一个国家不能忍受两属的局面，44．安逸享乐可以使自身败亡
45．我能制止老百姓的指责、议论，(人们)再也不敢说什么了
六、简答题(共10分)46．(1)小说通过老马车夫姚纳孤苦寂寞、有苦无处诉说这简单小事，(2)反映出世人的自私、冷漠，揭露了当时俄国社会的黑暗与冷酷。
47．(1)主客问答；(2)抑客伸主。
48．(1)“故居大门内亮起的昏暗灯光”是旧家庭、旧礼教走向没落崩溃的象征；(2)“爱尔克的灯光”象征着旧生活的悲剧和希望破灭；(3)“我的心灵的灯”是作者对新生活的信念和对理想追求的象征。49．(1)音乐美(音韵和谐)；(2)绘画美(色彩艳丽)；(3)建筑美(形式整齐)。
七、简析题(共35分)50．(1)不满当时的社会现实，追求光明理想，想做一个有为的进步青年。
(2)指的是作者心目中的理想人格。作者希望大家做个像大海一样襟怀宽广、虚怀若谷、包容一切的青年。(3)拟人。
51．(1)对比。以“南洋武术班”的表演精彩，但看客少和往昔香市“打拳头卖膏药的玩意”水平很低，但“挤得满场没个空隙儿”作对比。
(2)说明农村经济凋敝，农民破产，已经没有能力没有兴致来赶香市了。(3)小商人的失望说明了农村经济凋敝也严重影响了市镇商业经济的发展。52．(1)权贵者：贪婪虚伪；干谒者：奴颜婢膝。(2)运用类型化形象勾画人物丑态的方式来暴露官场黑暗。
(3)“故”是故意，“固”是坚决。作者将这二字连续用在权贵者身上，鲜明有力地揭露出他们极端贪婪而又极端虚伪的丑恶心理。
53．(1)上片描绘了一幅辽阔、悲凉的秋景图。(2)表达了羁旅行役、思乡怀人的情感。(3)意境高远；文士风格；语言典雅。54．(1)驳斥了司马光“以致天下怨谤”的观点。
(2)揭露了保守派与世俗同流合污，不顾国家利益的腐败现象。(3)表明作者坚持改革、决不动摇的决心和态度。(4)众人的态度是反对变法。
八、作文(50分)（略）
第三篇：公共英语三级真题及答案
英语试题
公共英语三级真题及答案
Section Ⅰ Listening Comprehension
1—25(略)
Section Ⅱ Use of English
Directions: Read the following text.Choose the best word or phrase for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C, or D on ANSWER SHEET 1.The United States is a confederation of states.Each state has the(26)to make laws with regard to the state.(27), based on public opinion, states can(28)policies regarding education, and they may(29)a state income tax;they also determine the speed(30), housing codes, and the drinking age.In most parts of the United States, you(31)be 21 years old to buy alcohol in a liquor store, bar,(32)restaurant.In some states you may buy beer in a grocery store.If a store sells alcohol to a minor, the(33)of the store is usually(34)a large sum of money.(35), many areas have an open-container law,(36)means that people may not drink alcohol on the street or in a car.Anyone(37)with an open container of alcohol may be arrested.(38), with all of these laws, the(39)of alcohol is a serious(40)in the United States and Canada.Drinking on college campuses,(41)there are many underage drinkers has(42)greatly.In fact, alcohol sales have gone up(43)the legal drinking age was(44)from 18 to 21.Some people believe that if there were no legal drinking age,(45)in some other countries, North American youth would drink less.26.A privilege B advantage
C right D tradition
27.A As a result B For example C In other words
D In this case
28.A demand B disagree
C discuss
D determine
29.A collect B issue
C demand D implement
30.A limit B control B control D regulation
31.A can B shall B shall
D must
32.A and B or
C also
D not
33.A clerk Bsalesperson Cowner D host
34.A fined B charged C punished D suffered
35.A In addition B In fact C In reality D In general
36.A that B this C it D which
37.A exposed B suspected C caughted D detected
38.D detected B Anyway
C Moreover D Neverthless
39.A application B consumption C expenditure D usage
40.A condition
B crisis
C question D problem
41.A though B as C where D which
32.A raised B increased C peaked D climaxed
43.D climaxed B since C before D after
44.A shifted B upgraded
C uplifted D changed 45.A same B for C as D in Section Ⅲ Reading Comprehension
Part A
Directions: Read the following three texts.Answer the questions on each text by choosing A,B,C or D.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.上学吧欢迎您 英语试题
Text 1
A pioneering study by Donald Appleyard made the surprise sudden increase in the volume of traffic through an area affects a sudden increase in crime does.Appleyard observed this by fir house in San Francisco that looked much alike and had middle-class and working-class residents.The difference was that only 2,000 cars a day ran down Octavia in Appleyard’s terminology while Gough Street(MEDIUM street)had 9,000 cars a day and Franklin Street(HEAVY street)had around 16,000 cars a day.Franklin Street often had as many cars in an hour as Octavia Street had in a day.Heavy traffic brought with it danger, noise, fumes, and soot, directly, and trash secondarily.That is, the cars didn’t bring in much trash, but when trash accumulated, residents seldom picked it up.The cars, Appleyard determined, reduced the amount of territory residents felt responsible for.Noise was a constant intrusion into their homes.Many Franklin Street residents covered their doors and windows and spent most of their time in the rear of their houses.Most families with children had already left.Conditions on Octavia Street were much different.Residents picked up trash.They sat on their front steps and chatted with neighbors.They had three times as many friends and twice as many acquaintances as the people on Franklin.On Gough Street, residents said that the old feeling of community was disappearing as traffic increased.People were becoming more and more preoccupied with their own lives.A number of families had recently moved.And more were considering it.Those who were staying expressed deep regret at the destruction of their community.46.Appleyard’s study focuses on the influence of ______.A.traffic volume on the residents
B.rate of crime on the neighborhood
C.social classes on the transportation
D.degree of pollution on the environment
47.Appleyard discovered that increase in the volume of traffic ______.A.made people more violent B.would lead to increase in crime
C.was accompanied by increase in crimeD.had the same effect on people as increase in crime
48.The author’s main purpose in the second paragraph is to ______.A.discuss the problem of handling trash B.suggest ways to cope with traffic problems C.point out the disadvantages of heavy traffic D.propose an alternative system of transportation
49.People on Gough Street ______.A.felt sorry that their block had been pulled down B.felt indifferent about people moving out
C.thought their old community was gone
D.thought mostly of themselves
50.What can we learn about Franklin Street A.It is not a nice neighborhood for children B.People often throw trash out as they drive throug
C.People there have made friends with people on Octavi D.People there own twice as many cars as people on Gough Stree
Text 2
Imagine, if you will, the average games player.What do you see A guy who never grew up Or a nervous 18-year-old pushing buttons on his controller, lost and alone in a violent onscreen world Sorry, you lose.The average gamer is starting to look pretty much like the average person.上学吧欢迎您 英语试题
For the first time, according to a US poll commissioned by AOL Games, roughly half of those surveyed, ages 12 to 55, are tapping away at some kind of electronic game—whether on a PC, a cell phone or another handheld device—for an average of three hours every week.The games people play say a lot about who they are.Machines like the Xbox and PlayStation 2 are largely the territory of twenty-something men, who prefer to picture themselves as sports ‘stars and racing drivers.Men 50 and older prefer military games.Teenage girls are much more likely than boys to play games on their phone, while older women make up the majority of people playing card games such as Hearts on line.Is it a good thing, all this time spent on games Or is it as harmful as television, pulling people ever further from reality The AOL survey suggests some players are in denial about the extent of their habit.One in 10 gamers find it impossible to resist games;1 in 4 admits to losing a night’s sleep to play games;and another quarter has been too absorbed to have meals.But don’t think we’re all heading into a world with everyone plugged into, if not totally controlled by, his own game.Quite the contrary: gamers appear to be more engaged with reality than other kinds of couch potatoes.According to a comprehensive survey by the Entertainment Software Association(ESA-whose members, of course, want you to think video games are healthy), gamers spend an average of 23 hours a week volunteering and going to church, concerts, museums and other cultural events.More enthusiastic gamers who play 11 hours a week or more spend ever more time out in the cultural world(34 hours).51.The AOL survey finds that electronic games ______.A.do not present a violent onscreen world
B.no longer keep gamers from growing up
C.are no longer exclusive to young people
D.are not as popular with teenagers as before
52.Who does the author say tend to identify themselves with the characters in the game
A.Teenage gir l B.Older wome C.Men in their 20 D.Men 50 and olde
53.When asked about the extent of their habit, some players ______.A.refused to provide an answer to this question B.denied they were affected by electronic games C.wondered why they were asked such a question D.stressed their interest in playing electronic games
54.It can be inferred from the text that ______.A.electronic games are less harmful than television
B.television viewers are more realistic than gamers
C.television is more popular than electronic games
D.gamers have less self-control than TV viewers
55.According to the writer, the ESA members ______.A.have sufficient knowledge of games
B.think their games are healthy products
C.serve as the role models for game players D.are concerned about gamers' cultural activities Text 3
The ostrich, the largest bird in the world at present, lives in the drier regions of Africa outside the actual deserts.Because of its very long, powerful legs and the floating effect of its extended wings, it is able to run at great speed over considerable distances.The female ostrich normally produces about twenty eggs every rainy season.When the 上学吧欢迎您 英语试题
female ostrich begins to lay her eggs, however, she does not begin in her own nest.Instead she goes off in search of the nests of neighboring females and lays two or three eggs in each of them.By the time she has laid eight or nine eggs, she returns and lays the rest in her own nest.Because of the size of the eggs, the female ostrich cannot lay more than one every two days, so it takes her three weeks to finish laying in her own nest.During that period, she spends a lot of time away from her nest looking for food.And while she is off her nest, other females visit it to lay their eggs amongst hers.By the time she is ready to sit on the eggs to hatch them, there could be up to thirty eggs in her nest, over half of which are not her own.The female ostrich can comfortably cover only about twenty eggs when she is sitting on the nest so before settling down she pushes the surplus ten or so eggs out of the nest.The rejected eggs, however, never include any of her own.Each female is remarkably consistent in the size and shape of the eggs she produces, so it is not difficult for her to distinguish her own from those of strangers.Of all the eggs laid by a colony of ostriches, only a very small number hatch into young birds.There are times when nests are left unprotected, for there are too few males to sit on all the nests at night.Thus there are ample opportunities for their natural enemies to raid the nests and eat the eggs.In fact, nearly 80% of the nests are destroyed.But even if a particular female’s nest suffers this fate, there is a good chance that one or two of her eggs will be hatched in the nest of one of her neighbors.56.We learn from the text that an ostrich can go a long distance at high speed as ______.A.it is a special kind of bird
B.it lives in large desert areas
C.it has special wings and legs
D.it is the largest bird in the world
57.Normally, in every rainy season, the female ostrich produces about ______.A.12 eggs in her nest
B.18 eggs in her nest
C.20 eggs in her nest
D.30 eggs in her nest
58.The female ostrich would push some of the eggs out of her nest because ______.A.she can only hatch her own eggs
B.those eggs are unlikely to be hatched
C.those eggs are to be hatched by other
D.she can only hatch a limited number of eggs
59.The female ostrich identifies her own eggs by their size and ______.A.color B.number C.shape D.weight
60.The female ostrich lays her eggs in her neighbors' nests most probably because ______.A.her nest-is not big enough B.she cannot protect all her eggs
C.she cannot tolerate all her eggs
D.her nest is not comfortable enough Part B
Directions: Read the opinions given by five scholars on challenges facing today’s single women.For questions 61 to 65, match the name of each scholar(61 to 65)to one of the statements(A to G)given below.Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1.What the women I spoke with said was that they want a husband who is independent and dedicated to his career, but that he doesn’t have to make a lot of money.The emphasis was always on finding a best friend—a soul mate—someone you could tell all your troubles to and who would be supportive.So it doesn’t seem to be the case that these women were looking for super high-achieving men.Grise Levison
I think that for women, as well as for men, the standard for someone who you’d want to 上学吧欢迎您 英语试题
spend your life with depends much more today on emotional intimacy.It takes some trial and error and a pretty long and dedicated search to identify the kind of person who is emotionally matching you and who is able to communicate and listen to trouble talk.Marry Brown
In recent decades girls have been raised to be more competitive and stronger than they were in the past.Several women I talked to mentioned that in their life they felt that their intelligence or intellectual achievement seemed to work against them in their romantic relationships with men.However, most of the women I interviewed felt that there were some men “out there” who would be attracted to smart women.The problem was finding them.Donna Smith
I think, for the women I talked to, their ultimate sense of what they want in life includes family and children, but they aren’t willing to think about the fact that they therefore will probably have to give up some of their own individual pursuits and career goals.I think the definition of success includes both love and work, and that the challenge is how to arrange that in a particular order.Elizabeth Budy
I think that people who have clone at least some of the things that are essential for a wise judgment about a partner are more likely to eventually end up in a stable marriage.It’s also true that they’re likely to marry someone who is similar to them in education and earning power, which means that those marriages are likely to have more money in them.Now match the name of each scholar(61 to 65)to the appropriate statement.Note: there are two extra statements.Statements
[A] Career success is in fact not a disadvantage.[B] The ability to choose a right partner ensures a stable mar riage.[C] How to balance career with family is key to success.[D] The essential part of marriage is the union of soul.[E] Finding an emotionally intimate mate isn’t a piece of cake.[F] Career success ensures a solid marriage.[G] Social assistance is needed for today’s single women.61.____________________ 62.____________________ 63.____________________ 64.____________________ 65.____________________ Section Ⅳ Writing
Directions: You should write your responses to both Part A and Part B of this section on ANSWER SHEET 2.Part A
1.Your friend Li Ming has written to invite you to go to his hometown together with him and you are willing to accept his invitation.Write a reply to Li Ming, 1.to express your appreciation and acceptance of his invitation;
2.to ask about his schedule for the trip;
3.to ask about what necessary preparations you need to make.上学吧欢迎您 英语试题
You should write approximately 100 words.Do not sign your name at the end of your letter.Use “Wang Lin” instead.You do not need to write the address.2.Below is a picture showing rubbish left in a park.Look at the picture and write an es-say of about 120 words making reference to the following points:
1.a description of the picture;
2.your comment on this picture and suggested solutions to the problem.上学吧欢迎您 英语试题
26.答案:C
27.答案:B
28.D
29.A
30.A31.D
32.B
33.C
34.A
35.A
36.D
37.C
38.A
39.B
40.D 41.C
42.B
43.B
44.C 45.C
46.A
47D
48.C
49.C
50.A
51.C
52.C
53.B
54.A
55.B
56.C
57.A
58.D
59.C
60.B
61-65 DEACB
作文
１．
October 19th, 2009
Dear Li Ming，It’s so kind of you to invite me to go to your beautiful and well-known hometown together with you, I would like very much to come.But could you please tell me some details about the trip and the schedule so that I can make an arrangement for my schoolwork.By the way, is it necessary for me to prepare all the things What are the basic necessities for the trip Could you give me some suggestions
Thank you again for your wonderful hospitality!
Looking forward to seeing you soon.Sincerely yours, Wang Lin
2.The cartoon tells us a serious problem existing in the parks.Many people throw litters everywhere without caring for the environment.The beautiful scenery is totally destroyed by the rubbish they throw away.With the development of our economy, people are paying less and less attention to the protection of our environment;as a result, we are facing a severe environmental problem.If we don’t protect our environment, our lives will be in great danger.We must take some measures to prevent the situation from becoming worse!
For instance, we can pick up litters and put them into the dustins, and we can teach children not to throw the litters casually.As an old saying goes, “A small act can make a big difference.” If everyone makes a contribution to the protection of our environment, I believe our world will be cleaner and more beautiful in the future, where green patches can be easily reached and the blue sky can always be seen clearly over our heads.上学吧欢迎您 7
第四篇：2015年河南专升本教育学心理学真题
2015年普通高等学校
专科毕业生进入本科阶段学习考试试题
教育学、心理学
一、选择题（教育学1～20，心理学21～40。每小题1分，共40分)1.西方最早的教育名著是古罗马昆体良的()A.《理想国》 B.《论演说家的教育》 C.《大教学论》 D.《教育漫话》 2.《民主主义与教育》一书的作者是()A.洛克 B.杜威 C.凯洛夫 D.卢梭
3.目前许多国家的________已由精英教育逐步过渡到大众化甚至普及化阶段。()A.学前教育 B.初等教育 C.职业教育 D.高等教育
4.________在他的《教学与发展》中提出教学应走在发展的前面，从而促进学生发展的观点。()A.赞料夫 B.皮亚杰 C.布鲁纳 D.布卢姆 5.教育的领导权是由________决定的。()A.政治、经济制度 B.文化 C.科学技术 D.人口 6.在教育过程中，学生是()A.教育的客体 B.认识的主体C.教育的客体、认识的主体 D.上都不是 7.“以人为鉴，可以知得失”体现的德育方法是()A.自我教育法 B.实际锻炼法 C.说服教育法 D.榜样示范法
8.“尽量多地要求一个人，也尽可能地尊重一个人”，这体现了()A.正面引导与纪律约束相结合原则 B.严格要求与尊重信任相结合原则 C.从学生实际出发原则 D.知行统一原则
9.________决定教育发展的规模、速度和教育结构。()A.生产关系 B.科技 C.文化 D.生产力发展水平10.________是现代教学的基本组织形式。()A.小组教学 B.道尔顿制 C.个别教学 D.班级授课制
11.“蓬生麻中，不扶而直，白沙在涅，与之俱黑。”这反映了________对人发展的影响。()A.遗传 B.环境 C.主观能动性 D.教育
12.________是以学校为本、基于学校的实际状况、为了学校的发展而由学校自主开发的课程。()A.校本课程 B.国家课程 C.地方课程 D.选修课程
13.“一两的遗传胜过一吨的教育”所反映的是()A.遗传决定论B.环境决定论 C.教育万能论 D.教育独立论 14.在教学过程的基本阶段中，被称为中心环节的是()A.引起求知欲 B.巩固知识 C.感知教材 D.理解教材
15.我国第一个以法令形式颁布并在全国范围内正式实行的学制是()A.壬寅学制 B.壬戌学制 C.壬子癸丑学制 D.癸卯学制
16.________是指把受教育者培养成为一定社会需要的人的总要求。()A.教盲目的 B.课程目标 C.教学目标 D.培养目标
17.我国古代的“六艺”“四书五经”，古罗马的“七艺”，都可以说是最早的()A.学科课程 B.活动课程 C.综合课程 D.核心课程
18.在教育过程中，教师对突发事件做出迅速、恰当的处理被称为教育机智。这反映了教师劳动的________特点。()A.复杂性 B.能动性 C.示范性 D.创造性
19.“相观而善，相互切磋”体现了教学中要注意运用()A.参观法 B.发现法 C.讲演法 D.讨论法
20．小东私拿水果摊上的一个苹果，经同学报告，被老师叫到了办公室。老师问道：“小东，你私拿别人的东西，这已经是第几次了？”小东低着头回答：“第五次了。”“你为什么不改呢？”“我、我也晓得不对，就是、就是有时忍不住。”教师应从_______入手对小东进行教育。（）A.道德认识 B.道德情感 C.道德意志 D.道德行为 21.下列选项不属于个性心理的是()A.气质 B.性格 C.认知 D.能力
22.兴起于20世纪50年代，主要运用信息加工的观点来研究人的认知活动的心理学流派是()A.机能主义 B.行为主义 C.精神分析学派 D.认知学派
23.两个人看见桌子上的半瓶水，一个人说：“只有半瓶了！”另一个人说“还右半瓶呢！”这说明了心理对客观现实的反映具有()A.主观性 B.客观性 C.被动性 D.真实性 24.下列选项中属于第二信号系统活动的是()A.望梅止渴 B.谈虎色变 C.防御反射 D.乐极生悲
25.教师上课时，一边讲授一边板书，还要观察学生的听课情况，这属于以下哪种注意品质()A.注意的广度 B.注意的稳定性 C.注意的转移 D.注意的分配
26.“以手代目”，盲人通过触压觉阅读盲文属于()A.感觉对比 B.感觉的补偿 C.感觉适应 D.错觉
27.教师在板书生字时，常把形近字的相同部分与相异部分分别用白色和红色粉笔写出来，这利用了知觉的哪种规律()A.理解性 B.恒常性 C.整体性 D.选择性
28.在记忆中，后学习的材料会对先学习的材料造成干扰，这种现象属于()A.衰退 B.前摄抑制 C.倒摄抑制 D.近因效应
29.“一题多解”的教学方式主要用于训练学生的哪一种思维()A.形象思维 B.发散思维 C.动作思维 D.集中思维
30.学生在读到《望庐山瀑布》这首古诗时，脑海中浮现诗句中所描绘的相关景象，这种心理活动属于()A.无意想象 B.幻想 C.再造想象 D.创造想象
31.李老师正讲课时，迟到的小明突然推门而入，同学们不约而同地把目光投向了他，这种现象属于()A.无意识记 B.有意识记 C.无意注意 D.有意注意
32.郁闷时的倾诉、痛苦时的哭泣以及剧烈的体育运动等负性情绪的发泄属于()A.合理宣泄 B.认知调控 C.想象放松 D.肌肉放松
33.《红楼梦》中林黛玉“见花落泪，见月伤心”，其情绪状态属于()A.心境 B.激情 C.应教 D.热情
34.小明花了10分钟时间背会了《静夜思》这首诗，接着又继续读了5分钟，这种知识保持方法属于()A.及时复习B.分散复习C.平时复习D.适当过度学习
35.精力旺盛、表里如
一、刚强、易感情用事，属于以下哪种气质类型()A.胆汁质 B.多血质 C.黏液质 D.抑郁质
36.人们通常认为“北方人开朗、豪放，南方人含蓄、细腻”，这属于()A.首因效应 B.刻板效应 C.晕轮效应 D.近因效应
37.小华同学热爱学习，关心同学，助人为乐，组织班级同学认真学习，这些品质属于性格中的何种特征()A.态度 B.理智C.意志 D.情绪
38.心理学的研究已初步证明，人类一切行为的动力都起源于()A.动机 B.愿望 C.需要 D.创造
39.梦是在睡眠状态下产生的正常心理现象，它属于()A.有意想象 B.无意想象 C.再造想象 D.创造想象
40.“勤能补拙”“笨鸟先飞”充分说明了____对智力的补偿作用。()
A.性格 B.气质 C.能力 D.动机 教育学部分
二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）
41.德国教育家赫尔巴特的代表作是《____________》。42.教育在人的身心发展中起____________作用。43.教学过程是一种特殊的____________过程。44.教师的根本任务是____________。45.狭义的教育是指____________。46.教学中最常用的教学方法是____________ 47.史料记载最早的学校出现在古代的____________社会。48.义务教育的特点有强制性、____________和普及性。
49.历史上，学校教育制度呈现出三种形态：单轨学制、双轨学制和____________学制。50.教育要适应人身心发展的不均衡性，就要抓住儿童发展的____________。51.____________课程渗透在学校的自然环境、物质环境、人际环境及观念环境中。52.夸美纽斯提出____________思想，主张把“一切事物教给一切人”。
53.基础教育课程改革亮点之一是从小学三年级到高中都设置____________，并作为必修课程。54.之所以要循序渐进地进行教学，是因为人的身心发展具有____________。55.我国教育目的确立的理论基础是马克思主义关于人的____________学说。
56.____________主要是培养学生正确的审美观点，发展感受美、鉴赏美和创造美的能力，培养高尚情操和文明素质的教育。
57.法国教育家卢梭在其著作《_____________》中，强调教育活动必须尊重儿童的自然本性，其思想后来被称为自然主义教育思想。
58.课程设计由课程计划、课程标准和____________ 三个层次构成。
59.“一年之计，莫如树谷，十年之计，莫如树木，终身之计，莫如树人”，这反映教师劳动的____________特点。
60.1965年，在法国巴黎召开的联合国教科文组织成人教育会议上，法国教育家保罗·郎格朗首次正式提出____________的概念，并论证了相关思想。
三、简答题（共l6分）
6l.简述新型师生关系的特点。（3分）
62.简述教育的政治功能。（4分）
63.教师应该具备的道德素养有那些？（4分）
64.教学的基本环节有哪些？（5分）
四、案例分析题（9分）65.阅读下面的教学片段：
教师：为什么说鸡、鸭、猪是动物？ 学生：因为它们都会叫。
教师：是吗？蚯蚓不会叫，可它也是动物呀！学生：蚯蚓会爬，会爬会走的生物都叫动物。
教师：鱼可不会爬，也不会走，只会在水里游泳；鸟会飞，它们不是动物？ 学生：是动物，因为它们都会活动，能活动的生物叫动物。
教师：对了，能活动的生物叫动物。可是飞机会飞，是不是动物呢？
学生：飞机自己不会飞，是人开的，它没有生命，是人造的，不是动物。教师：对了，能自己活动的生物才叫动物。
(l)教学片段中教师的做法符合什么教学原则？
(2)在教学中应如何贯彻此教学原则？结合教学片段进行分析。
五、论述题(10分)66.论述发扬积极因素与克服消极因素相结合的德育原则。
心理学部分
六、填空题（每空1分，共20分）
67.有目的地严格控制和创设一定条件，以引起被试的某种心理现象，从而进行研究的方法是____________。68.一般情况下，感受性和感觉阈限成____________关系。60.从心理产生的物质基础看，心理是____________的机能。
70.感知过的事物不在眼前时，人们在头脑中出现的该事物的形象是____________。
71.人们在夜间仔细听一只表的嘀嗒声，会感觉到表的声音一会儿强、一会儿弱，注意的这种周期性变化被称为____________。
72.视觉的适宜刺激是____________。
73.感觉是人脑对直接作用于感觉器官的客观事物____________的反映。
74.在视觉记忆中，外界信息经由感觉器官的登记后可以保持约300毫秒。这在记忆系统中被称为____________。
75.没有完整的逻辑程序，迅速对问题的答案做出合理的猜测、设想或突然领悟的思维是____________，又称“非逻辑性思维”。
76.许多儿童由于各种原因无法骑马，所以就常把一个小凳子或小椅子当一匹马来 骑，过体现了想象的____________功能。
77.“情感共鸣”反映了情感的____________功能。78.观察是有预定目的、有计划的、主动的____________。
79.美国心理学家吉尔福特认为，发散思维具有流畅性，变通性和____________三个主要特点。
80.在记忆电话号码时，人们普遍认为固定电话的号码比手机号码要好记一些，这是因为短时记忆或工作记忆的容量是____________个。
81.在全体人口中，智力呈____________分布状态。
82.艾宾浩斯遗忘曲线表明：遗忘进程呈现出____________的特点。83.思维的基本过程是分析和____________。
84.“鱼，我所欲电；熊掌，亦我所欲也，二者不可得兼，含鱼而取熊掌者也。”这体现了____________型动机冲突。
85.个体希望自己的潜能能够得到充分发挥，个人价值得到圆满实现是马斯洛需要层次理论中的____________需要。
86.1989年，世界卫生组织把健康定义为：“健康不仅仅是身体没有疾病，而且还要具备____________健康、社会适应良好、道德健康。”
七、简答题（共18分）
87.什么是思维？其特征有哪些？（4分）
88.简述认知、情感与意志三种心理过程之间的关系。（5分）
89.记忆的品质有哪些？（4分）
90.简述气质与性格的区别。（5分）
八、案例分析题（7分）
91.王老师所教的班有这样两位学生：学生甲在采取决定和执行决定时，常因缺乏信心而患得患失、犹豫不决、顾虑重重，长时间处于内心冲突状态；学生乙在采取和执行决定中，往往只有三分钟的热情，一旦遇到困难或挫折便垂头丧气，望而却步，半途而废。(1)甲和乙两位学生分别缺乏哪种意志品质？
(2)在教学中如何培养学生良好的意志品质？并结合案例进行分析。
九、论述题（10分）
92.请结合影响能力形成与发展的因素谈谈如何培养学生的能力。
参考答案
教育学、心理学
一、选择题
l.B 2.B 3.D 4.A 5.A 6.C 7.D 8.B 9.D 10.D ll.B 12.A 13.A 14.D l5.D 16.A 17.A 18.D 19.D 20.C 21.C 22.D 23.A 24.B 25.D 26.B 27.D 28.C 29.B 30.C 31.C 32.A 33.A 34.D 35.A 36.B 37.A 38.C 39.B 40.A 教育学部分
二、填空题
41.《普通教育学》 42.主导43.认识 44.教书育人45.学校教育 46.讲授法
47.奴隶 48.免费性49.分支型 50.关键期51.隐性 52.泛智53.综合实践活动课程 54.阶段性和顺序性55.全面发展 56.美育57.《爱弥儿》 58.教材59.长期性 60.终身教育
三、简答题
61.【答案要点】我国新型师生关系的特点有：(1)尊师爱生；(2)民主平等；(3)教学相长；(4)心理相容。62.【答案要点】(l)教育培养出具有一定阶级意识的人，维护和巩固一定的政治经济制度。(2)教育通过影响社会舆论、道德风尚为政治经济制度服务。
(3)教育对社会政治经济制度起着巨大的影响作用，但不能起决定作用。
63.【答案要点】教师的职业道德素养体现在对待事业、对待学生、对待集体和对待自己这四个方面的素养上。它的内容包括：(l)忠于人民的教育事业；(2)热爰学生；(3)团结协作；(4)为人师表。
64.【答案要点】教学的基本环节有：(l)备课；(2)上课；(3)课外作业的布置与批改；(4)课外辅导；(5)学业成绩的检查与评定。
四、案例分析题
65.【答案要点】(1)教学片段中教师的做法符合启发性教学原则。
(2)启发性原则是指在教学中教师要承认学生是学习的主体，注意调动他们的学习主动性，引导他们独立思考，积极探索，生动活泼地学习，自觉地掌握科学知识和解决问题的能力。在教学中教师贯彻这种原则要做到：
①加强学习的目的性教育，调动学生学习的主动性。调动学生学习的主动性是启发思考的首要问题。教师要善于机智地运用各种方法，使许多一时的好奇和兴趣，发展为推动学习的持久动力。
②设置问题情境，启发学生独立思考，培养学生良好的思维方法和思维能力。教师要注意提问，激疑，启发他们的思维。在启发学生思考过程中，要有耐心，给学生以思考时间，要有重点，问题不能多，不能蜻 8
蜒点水、启而不发。教师要鼓励学生多问，并在回答问题中使学生的思维能力得到提高。
③启发学生将知识创造性地应用于实际。启发不仅要引导学生动脑，而且要引导他们动手。教师要善于向他们布置由易到难的各种作业，或提供素材、情境、条件和提出要求，让他们去独立探索，克服困难，解决问题，别出心栽地完成作业，以便发展创造才能。
五、论述题
66.【答案要点】在德育工作中，教育者要善于依靠、发扬学生自身的积极因素调动学生自我教育的积极性，克服消极因素，以达到长善救失的目的。
任何一个学生身上既有积极的一面，又有消极的一面。同时，这两种因素是不断运动斗争着的，在一定条件下可以相互转化。学生正确思想品德的形成就是积极因素不断增长，消极因素不断克服的过程，就是学生思想中新与|日、进步与落后的思想斗争和转化的过程。贯彻这一原则的要求：
(1)教育者要用一分为二的观点，全面分析和了解学生，正确客观地评价学生的优点和不足。(2)教育者要有意识地创造条件，因势利导，扬长避短，将学生思想中的消极因素转化为积极因素。(3)教育者要提高学生自我认识、自我评价能力，启发他们自觉地展开思想斗争，发扬优点，克服缺点。心理学部分
六、填空题
67.实验法 68.反比69.脑 70.表象71.注意的起伏 72.380-780纳米的可见光 73.个别属性 74.瞬时记忆75.直觉思维 76.替代77.信息传递 78.知觉
79.独创性 80.5～981.正态 82.先多后少，先快后慢，呈负加速83.综合 84.双趋 85.自我实现 86.心理
七、简答题
87.【答案要点】(1)思维是人脑对客观事物本质属性与内在职系的概括的、间接的反映。它是借助言语实现的、能揭示事物本质特征及内部规律的理性认识过程。(2)思维具有间接性和概括性的特点。
88.【答案要点】(1)认识、情感和意志是人统一的心理过程的三个不同方面，它们是互相联系、互相影响与制约的。
(2)在统一的心理括动中，认识是基础，情绪情感和意志是动力系统。一方面，人的情绪情感和意志受认识活动的影响；另一方面，情绪情感和意志对认识活动又产生巨大的影响作用。89.【答案要点】(1)记忆的敏捷性：记忆的速度和效率特征。(2)记忆的持久性：记忆的保持特征。
(3)记忆的准确性：记忆的正确和精确特征。(4)记忆的准备性；记忆的提取和应用特征。
90.【答案要点】(1)气质受生理影响大，性格受社会影响大。(2)气质的稳定性强，性格的可塑性强。(3)气质特征表现较早，性格特征表现较晚。(4)气质无所谓好坏，性格有优劣之分。
八、案例分析题
91.【答案要点】(1)根据案例所述，学生甲缺乏意志的果断性，学生乙缺乏意志的坚韧性。
意志的果断性是一个人善于迅速地辨明是非，合理地采取决定和执行决定的品质，优柔寡断和草率决定是缺乏果断性的表现；意志的坚韧性是一个人在行动中坚持决定，百折不挠地克服重重困难去达到行动目的的品质，虎头蛇尾、见异思迁等是与坚韧性相反的品质。
(2)在教学中培养学生良好的意志品质应做到：①加强目的性教育，帮助学生树立科
学的世界观，确立崇高的理想。②组织实践活动，从小事做起。③充分发挥班集体和榜样的教育作用。④启发学生加强自我锻炼，在困难中磨炼意志。⑤根据个别差异，采取有针对性的措施。
针对意志品质的差异，采取不同的锻炼内容和重点，对优良意志品质的培养是非常必要的。如对行动盲目和易受暗示的学生，应加强目的动机教育，培养学生的目的性、自觉性、责任心；对优柔寡断、冒险轻率的学生，应培养其大胆果断、执着耐心的品质；对缺乏自信心、萎靡不振和自卑感强的学生，应采用正面诱导法，充分调动学生的积极性，增强自信心，提高自我控制、自我调节的能力；对于软弱和胆怯的学生，应着重胆量、勇气和献身精神的培养；对缺乏毅力、缺乏恒心的学生，应着重激发学生奋发有为和坚韧顽强的精神。
所以，针对学生甲，应培养其大胆果断的品质；对于学生乙要激发其坚韧顽强的精神。
九、论述题
92.【答寨要点】(1)能力发展的影响因素有①遗传与营养。遗传对智力的影响主要表现在身体素质上，如感官的特征、四肢和运动器官的特征、脑的特征等，遗传因素是能力发展的自然前提和基础，它为能力的发展提供了可能性。②早期经验。人的智力发展的速度是不均衡的，在早期阶段所获得的经验，促使能力发展得最快，不少人把学龄前称为智力发展的一个关键期。③教育与教学。教育和教学对智力的发展起着主导作用，学校里的课堂教学的正确组织有利于学生能力的发展。④社会实践。人的智力是按照人如何学会改造自然界而发展起来的，社会实践不仅是学习知识的重要途径，也是智力发展的重要基础。⑤主观能动性。环境和教育的决定作用，机械和被动地影响能力发展，个人的勤奋与主观努力积极能动地促进能力的发展。
(2)在教学中培养学生的能力应做到①转变教师的教学方法：变“灌输式”的教为“启发式”的教，把学生的思维引活、引深，引导学生由表及里、由现象到本质地思考所学知识并突出重点、难点。②转变学生的学习方式：把学生的自主学习和教师有的放矢的辅导相结合，引导学生主动参与、自主探究。③培养学生的创新精神和实践能力，引导学生质疑，改变学生“高分低能”的不良现状。④帮助学生建立完善的知识结构，既有精深的专业知识，又有广博的基础知识。
第五篇：2016河南专升本教育理论真题
2016年普通高等学校
专科毕业生进入本科阶段学习考试试题
教育学、心理学
一、选择题（教育学1—20，心理学21—40。每小题1分，共40分）在每小题的四个备选答案中选出一个正确答案，用铅笔把答题卡上对应题目的答案标号涂黑。
1．教育区别于其他事物现象的根本特征是
()A．教育是传递生活经验的活动
B．教育是一种有目的地培养人的社会活动 C．教育是传递科学文化知识的活动 D．教育是一种培养人才的活动
2．下述属于墨家主张的是
()A．有教无类
B．兼爱
C．复归人的自然本性
D．化民成俗+其必由学
3．在我国，科举制度实行了1300年，停止科举是在()A．1903
B．1905
C．1906
D．1911
4．教育学作为一门学科的建立始于夸美纽斯的研究，他的代表作是
()A．《大教学论》
B．《爱弥儿》 C．《论演说家的教育》
D．《民本主义与教育》
5．20世纪60年代以后提出了课程结构理论的教育家是
()A．凯洛夫
B．赞科夫
C．布鲁纳
D．维果斯基
6．影响受教育者的数量和教育质量的因素是
()A．政治经济制度B．科学技术
C．生产力
D．文化
7．“拔苗助长”“陵节而施”违背了人的身心发展的()A．阶段性
B．顺序性
C．不均衡性
D．差异性
8．促进个体发展从潜在的可能状态转向现实状态的决定性因素是
()A．遗传素质
B．环境
C．个体主观能动性
D．教肓
9．根据各级各类学校任务确定的所培养的人的特殊要求，我们习惯上称为
()A．教育方针
B．教育目的 C．教学目标
D．培养目标
10．教师不得对学生进行谩骂、体罚、变相体罚和其他侮辱学生的行为，这是由学生的()A．人身自由权决定的 B．隐私权决定的 C．人格尊严权决定的 D．荣誉权决定的
11．教师职业的特殊要求是必须具有
()A．管理能力
B．控制能力
C．教育能力
D．研究能力 12．学校教育的基础是
()A．教师
B．学生
C．班级
D．课程
13．指导整个课程编制过程的最为关键的准则是确定
()A．教育目的B．培养目标
C．课程目标
D．教学目标 14．衡量各科教学质量的重要标准是
()A．教学计划
B．教学大纲
C．教育目的 D．教学目标 15．学校进行全面发展教育的基本途径是
()A．课外活动
B．实践活动
C．教学活动
D．班主任工作 16．“学而时习之”“温故而知新”体现了教学的()A．直观性原则
B．启发性原则
C．循序渐进原则
D．巩固性原则 17．一个测验经过多次测量所得的结果的一致性程度，称为测验的()A．信度
B．效度
C．区分度
D．难度
18．小李是一名小学五年级的学生，因为他学习成绩不好影响全班同学的平均成绩。有一次小李跟同年级的另一个班的同学打架，班主任劝退小李。这行为侵犯了小李的
()A．人身权
B．财产权
C．受教育权
D．人人平等权 19．在重复测量的方差分析中，如果各组均值不变，被试间差异增大，那么
()A．F值会变小
B．F值保持不变 C．组间方差会变小
D．误差方差会变小
20．第三次全教会对基础教育课程体系建设的要求是国家课程、地方课程和
()A．活动课程
B．社会课程
C．学校课程
D．特色课程 21．心理的实质是
()A．对事物的间接的概括的认识
B．改造客观世界的意志 C．生理活动
D．客观现实在人脑中的主观映像 22．中枢神经系统是由______组成的。
()A．脑干、间脑、小脑和大脑
B．小脑和大脑 C．脊髓和大脑
D．小脑和大脑皮层
23．心理过程是人脑能动地反映客观事物的过程，它包括
()A．认知、情感、行为
B．感觉、知觉、行为 C．情感、意志、行为
D．认知、情感、意志
24．研究人的心理现象，必须遵循的基本原则是
()A．客观性原则、发展性原则和系统性原则 B．理论性原则、实践性原则和教育性原则 C．直观性原则、量力性原则和循序渐进性原则 D．分析原则、综合原则和抽象概括原则
25．下列情况属于第二信号系统活动的是
()A．触景生情
B．闻过则喜
C．谈虎色变
D．打草惊蛇
26．“入芝兰之室，久而不闻其香”，这是感觉的()A．对比
B．适应
C．相互作用
D．联觉
27．“窥一斑而见全豹”所描述的是人的知觉特征的()A．整体性
B．选择性
C．理解性
D．恒常性
28．记忆过程包括______几个基本环节。
()A．再认和回忆
B．保持和遗忘
C．识记、保持和遗忘
D．识记、保持、再认或回忆
29．长时记忆的编码有
()A．语义编码和形象编码
B．形象编码和抽象编码
C．图像记忆编码和语音编码
D．图像记忆编码和声像记忆编码
30．思维的智力操作过程的基本形式有
()
A．进行形象思维和抽象思维
B．分析与综合、抽象与慨括 C．形成概念和进行问题解决
D．进行辐合思维和发散思维
31．鲁迅在小说《祝福》中创造了祥林嫂的艺术形象，他是把旧中国许多妇女的遭遇集中后创造出来的形象，这种形象的构成方式属于
()A．综合B．夸张
C．拟人化
D．典型化
32．某学生犯了比较严重的错误，想去向老师认错，但怕受批评丢验；又怕被揭发后受更大的处分，这学生此时的动机冲突形式属于
()A．双趋冲突
B．双避冲突
C．趋避冲突
D．分析冲突
33．王芳解开一道数学题后，感到无比的轻松和愉快，这种情感是
()A．美感
B．激情
C．理智感
D．道德感
34．先有一个目标（目的），它与当前的状态之间存在着差异，人们认识到这个差异，就要想出某种办法采取活动（手段）段，来减小这个差异。这种解决问题的方法或策略是
()
A．爬山法
B．逆向工作法
C．手段—目的分析法
D．尝试错误法 35．美国心理学家吉尔福特提出的能力结构理论称为
()A．二因素说
B．智力结构三维模型
C．群因素说
D．能力层次结构理论
36．个性心理倾向性主要包括
()A．感觉、知觉、记忆、想象、思维 B．气质、能力、兴趣 C．气质、能力、性格
D．需要、动机、兴趣、理想、信念和世界观 37．情绪和情感变化的维度包括
()
A．动力性、激动度、强度和紧张度
B．积极性、消极性、强和弱的程度 C．兴奋性、激动性、外显和内隐度
D．增力性、减力性、饱和度和外显度 38．一个人善于控制和支配自己的情绪，约束自己言行的意志品质是
()A．自觉性
B．果断性
C．自制性
D．坚韧性
39．态度特征、意志特征、情绪特征和理智特征是性格的()A．社会道德评价标准
B．社会属性的体现 C．分类标准
D．结构的组成部分
40．智商是119，其等级为
()A．优秀
B．中上
C．中等
D．中下
教育学部分
二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）
41．教师的语言包括口头语言、____________、体态语言三种。42．初等教育又称____________。
43．学校文化由学校的物质文化、精神文化、组织文化和____________构成。44．西方，苏格拉底在教学中重视启发，他善于用问答方式来激发和引导学生自己去寻求正确答案，这种苏格拉底方法被称为____________。
45．美国教育心理学家布卢纳所著的____________一书，体现了美国60年代进行的一次教学改革的指导思想。
46．“亲其师，信其道”，主要表明了____________的作用。47．教育史上提出“有教无类”口号的教育家是____________。48．新生儿与____________是个体身心发展的两个高速发展期。49．我国义务教育的性质是强制性、免费性、____________。50．教学过程的中心环节是____________。
51．教学的基本组织形式是____________，辅助形式有个别辅导、现场教学。52．思想品德教育的最终目的是培养学生良好的____________。
53．在教和学的协同活动中，学生是学习的____________，教师在教学中发挥着主导作用。
54．1956年美国心理学家布鲁姆制定出了《教育目标的分类系统》，他把教育目标分为____________、情感目标、动作技能目标三大类。
55．凡是对受教育者在知识、技能、思想、品德等方面起着教育影响作用的人，都可称之为____________。
56．____________的经典著作四书和五经是我国封建社会教育的主要内容。57．1920年，美国的H.H.帕克赫斯特在马萨诸塞州道尔顿中学创建了一种新的教学组织形式，人们称之为道尔顿制。道尔顿制最显著的特点在于重视学生自学和____________，在良好的条件下，有利于调动学生学习的主动性，培养他们的学习能力和创造才能。
58．因材施教原则，是指教师要从学生的实际隋况、____________出发，有的放矢地进行有差别的教学，使每个学生都能扬长避短，获得最佳的发展。
59．教育目的是一切教育工作的出发点和归宿，对教育工作具有____________、激励作用和评价作用。
60．教学策略的基础特征是综合性、____________和灵活性。
三、简答题（共16分）
61．教育评价有哪些功能?（4分）
62．教育目的对教育工作的指导意义是通过哪些作用实现的？（3分）63．教师的综合能力素养主要包括哪些内容？（4分）
64．教师主导作用与学生能动性相结合规律的基本观点是什么？（5分）
四、案例分析题（9分）65．阅读下列材料并回答问题。
年轻的张老师是某名牌大学的优秀毕业生，现任教于一所中学。工作之初，他刻苦钻研教育教学理论，认真备好每一节课，全身心地投入到班级管理中。由于他平时对学生不苟言笑，在班级管理中要求非常严格，学生对他敬而远之。渐渐的，张老师发现自己与学生之间有了无形的屏障，课堂变得越来越沉闷，学生不愿意主动发言，自己讲课越来越缺乏激情，班级管理越来越困难。
在老校长的启发帮助下，张老师意识到了问题所在，利用课余时间主动找学生谈心，了解他们的兴趣，倾听他们的心声，与他们探讨人生等，不知不觉中，学生有心事愿意向他倾诉，主动参与课堂教学，积极为班级活动出谋划策，班级面貌焕然一新。
（1）试论良好的师生关系在教育过程中的意义。（3分）（2）上述材料启发教师应如何建立良好的师生关系。（6分）
五、论述题（10分）
66．试述思想品德的基本要素知、情、意、行的辩证关系及其对德育工作的要求。
心理学部分
六、填空题（每空1分，共20分）
67．人脑对客观事物的属性及其规律的反映称之为____________过程。
68．20世纪60年代以来，美国出现的被称为心理学第三势力的心理学派别是____________。69．感觉的产生是整个分析器活动的结果，分析器包括三个组成部分：感受器、传导神经和____________。
70．构成神经系统的基本单位叫____________，它由细胞体和突起组成。71．由实验者选择用来引起被试者心理或行为变化的刺激变量叫____________。72．一个刺激被觉察出有差异所需的变化量与原有刺激量成正比例，这个定律被称之为____________。
73．在一定范围内，人不随知觉条件的变化而保持对客观事物相对稳定的映像不变，这是知觉的____________。
74．电影的胶片是一片一片的，但按每秒24片的速度放映，看上去却没有间断感，而是一个连续的整体，这种现象称为____________。
75．个体感知过的事物一旦成为记忆的内容，是以某种具体的形象保存在脑中的，这种形象称为____________。
76．根据识记的材料是否有意义或学习者是否了解其意义，我们又可以把识记分为____________和意义识记两种。
77．按照注意时有无预定目的、是否需要意志努力可将注意分为三种：有意注意、无意注意和____________。
78．概念获得的两种途径是____________和概念同化。
79．根据想象内容新颖性的不同，有意想象可分为____________和创造想象。80．“优柔寡断”“冒失”与意志的____________品质相反。
81．情绪与人的____________相联系，情感与人的社会需要相联系。
82．用奖励性手段强化有机体的某种反应行为使其出现的频率增加的条件反射现象称为____________。
83．把提供的各种信息重新组合，朝着一个方向、寻找出一个正确答案或最佳方案的思维称为____________。
84．遗传素质是能力发展的____________。85．个性特征中最为稳定的特征是____________。
86．意志行动可分为____________的阶段和执行决定的阶段。
七、简答题(共18分)87．人的心理现象包括哪些方面？（5分）88．简要说明短时记忆的特点。（4分）89．注意的心理功能有哪些？（4分）90．能力和知识之间有何关系。（5分）
八、案例分析题(7分)91．王亮和王峰是双胞胎，同年入学，现在已经是某高中二年级的学生了，他们两兄弟个子一样高，相貌也极其相似，但是他俩的性情却大不相同。王亮易激动，性情豪爽，办事果断，敢作敢为，行动迅速，喜欢参加各种争斗性活动，当受到挫折时恕发冲冠，爱打抱不平而不考虑后果。王峰则性情温和、安静、稳定、办事优柔寡断，行动迟缓，即使在经受挫折时仍心平气和，不动神色，而两人的成绩却不相上下，齐头井进。
这一实例说明了什么？试以气质类型学说加以分析。
九、论述题（10分）
92．什么是创造性思维？结合实例说明教师应该怎样培养学生的创造性思维？
参考答案及精析
教育学、心理学
一、选择题
1．【精析】B 教育是一种有目的地培养人的社会活动，这教育区别于其他事物现象的根本将征，是教育的本质属性，也是教育质的规定性。
2．【精析】B “兼爱”属于墨家的主张；“有教无类”是孔子的思想；“复归人的自然本性”属于道家的思想；“化民成俗，其必由学”属于《学记》中的教育思想。
3．【精析】C
1905年，洋务大臣张之洞，奏请停止科举考试，普遍兴办学校。清政府迫于形势，拟定《奏定学堂章程》，建立起新式教育体制，下诏次年起（即1906年），所有的岁科考试、乡试，会试一律述止，正式废除科举制度。
4．【精析】A 夸美纽斯的代表作是《大教学论》；《爱弥儿》是卢梭的代表作；《论演说家的教育》是昆体良的代表作；《民本主义与教育》是杜威的著作。
5．【精析】C
20世纪60年代初，布鲁纳发起课程改革运动，提出了课程结构理论。
6．【精析】B 科学技术能够影响受教育者的数量和教育质量。科学的发展不但揭示了受教育者的身心发展规律，使教育教学活动更加符合这些规律，而且科学的发展及其在教育上的广泛应用，使教育对象得以扩大。
7．【精析】B 个体身心发展的顺序性要求教育工作要循序渐进地促进人的发展，不能拔苗助长，不能陵节而施。
8．【精析】C 个体的主观能动性是人的身心发展的内在动力，也是促进个体发展从潜在的可能状态转向现实状态的决定性因素。
9．[精析】D 根据各级各类学校的任务确定的对所培养人的特殊要求，称为培养目标。
10．【精析】C 《中华人民共和国义务教育法》第二十九条规定，教师应当尊重学生的人格，不得歧视学生，不得对学生实施体罚、变相体罚或者其他侮辱人格尊严的行为，不得侵犯学斗合法权益。因此，教师不得有对学生谩骂、体罚、变相体罚和其他侮辱学生的行为，这是由学生的人格尊严权决定的。11．【精析】C 教师是学校教育工作的主要实施者，根本任务是教书育人。因此，教师职业的特殊要求是必须具有教育能力，才能承担相应的教育教学任务。
12．【精析】D 课程是指学校学生所应学习的学科总和及其进程与安排。广义的课程是指学校为实现培养目标而选择的教育内容及其进程的总和，涉及教学过程中教师教什么和学生学什么。因此，课程是学校教育的基础，也是核心。
13．【精析】C 课程目标是根据教育宗旨和教育规律而提出的具体价值和任务指标，是课程本身要实现的具体目标和意图。它是确定课程内容、教学目标和教学方法的基础，是整个课程编制过程中最为关键的准则。
14．【精析】B 课程标准（即教学大纲）是课程计划中每门学科以纲要的形式编写的、有关学科教学内容的指导性文件，是课程计划的分学科展开。它规定了学科的教学目标、任务，知识的范围、深度和结构，教学进度以及有关教学方法的基本要求，是编写教科书和教师进行教学的直接依据，也是衡量各科教学质量的重要标准。
15．【精析】C 教学是学校的中心工作，学校工作必须坚持“教学为主、全面安排”的原则。教学是学校进行全面发展教育的基本途径，但不是唯一途径，学校还通过课外活动、生产劳动、社会活动等对学生进行教育。
16．【精析】D “学而时习之”“温故而知新”体现了教学的巩固性原则。巩固性原则是指教师在教学中要引导学生在理解的基础上牢固地掌握知识和技能，长久地保持在记忆中，能根据需要迅速再现出来，以利于知识技能的运用。
17．【精析】A
测验的信度，又称测验的可靠度，是指一个测验经过多次测量所得结果的一致性程度。
18．【精析】C 班主任劝退小李的行为侵犯了小李的受教育权。19．【精析】D 略。
20．【精析】C 第三次全教会对基础教育课程体系建设的要求是建设国家课程、地方课程、学校课程的三级课程管理体系。
21．【精析】D 心理的实质体现在：①心理是脑的机能。②心理是对客观现实的反映。a．客观现实决定人的心理。b．心理是人脑对客观现实的主观映像。
22．【精析】C 中枢神经系统包括脊髓和脑。脑又分为脑干、间脑、小脑、大脑两半球等部分。
23．【精析】D 心理过程是指心理活动发生、发展的过程，也就是人脑对客观现实的反映过程它包括认识过程、情绪情感过程、意志过程三个方面。
24．【精析】A 心理学的研究原则包括：①客观性原则（实事求是原则）。②发展性原则。③系统性原则。④教育性原则。
25．【精析】C 条件刺激在本质上可以区分为两大类：一类是现实的具体的物理性刺激，称为第一信号系统的刺激：另一类是抽象刺激，即语言符号，称为第二信号系统的刺激。在生括中，望梅生津、杯弓蛇影属于第一信号系统的活动。谈虎色变、谈梅生津属于第二信号系统的条件作用。
26．【精析】B 由于刺激对感受器的持续作用而使感受性发生变化的现象，叫感觉适应。“入芝兰之室，久而不闻其香”是嗅觉的适应。
27．【精析】C 在知觉过程中，我们总是根据已有的知识经验来解释当前知觉的对象，并用语言来描述它，使它具有一定的意义，这就是知觉的理解性。在对知觉对象理解的过程中，经验是最重要的。“窥一斑而见全豹”，比喻看到的只是一部分或比喻可以从观察的部分推测到全貌，体现知觉的理解性。
28．【精析】D 记忆过程包括识记、保持、再认或回忆三个环节。
29．【精析】A 长时记忆中的信息编码方式以意义编码为主。意义编码有语义编码和形象编码两种形式，它们又被称为信息的双重编码。
30．【精析】B 分析与综合、抽象与概括是思维的智力操作过程的基本形式。31．【精析】D 典型化是指根据一类事物共同的、典型的特征创造新形象的过程。如鲁迅笔下阿Q的形象、祥林嫂的形象等都是典型化的人物角色。
32．【精析】C 趋避冲突又称正负冲突，是心理冲突的一种，指同一目标对于个体同时具有趋近和逃避的心态。这一目标可以满足人的某些需求，但同时又会构成某些威胁，既有吸引力又有排斥力，使人陷入进退两难的心理困境。题干中的学生既想向老师认错，又怕受批评丢脸、处分，是趋避冲突的体现。
33．【精析】C 理智感是在智力活动中，认识和评价事物时所产生的情感体验。王芳在解开数学题后产生的轻松和喻快正是理智感的体现。
34．【精析】A 爬山法是采用一定的方法逐步降低初始状态和目标状态的距离，以达到问题解决的一种方法。而手段—目的分析法，首先要发现当前所处状态与想要达到状态之间的差异，然后把一个问题分解为若干个子问题，设立各种子目标，通过实现一系列种子目标最终达到总目标，即解决问题。
35．【精析】B 美国心理学家吉尔福特提出了智力三维结构论。他认为，智力是一个由不同方式对不同信息进行加工的各种能力的综合系统，是一个包括内容、操作和成果的三维结构。
36．【精析】D 个性倾向性是人的个性心理的动力系统，是个性结构中最活跃的因素。个性倾向性是人从事活动的基本动力，主要包括需要、动机、兴趣爱好、理想、信念、世界观等。
37．【精析】A 情绪情感变化的维度：①情绪情感的动力性有增力和减力的两极。②激动度有激动和平静的两基。③强度有强和弱的两极。④紧张度有紧张和轻松的两极。
38．【精析】C 意志的自制力是指能够完全自觉、灵活地控制自己的情绪，约束自己的言行的意志品质。
39．【精析】D 对性格结构的分析，一般着眼于性格的态度特征、性格的意志特征、性格的情绪特征、性格的理智特征四个方面。40．【精析】B 智力在130以上属于极超常；120—129超常；110～119中上，90～109属中等，80～89中下；70～79边缘；69 以下智力缺陷。
教育学部分
二、填空题
41．书面语言
42．基础教育
43．制度文化
44．问答法 45．《教育过程》
46．良好的师生关系
47．孔子
48．青春期 49．普及性
50．领会知识
51．班级授课制
52．道德行为 53．主体
54．认知目标
55．教育者
56．儒家 57．独立作业
58．个别差异
59．导向作用
60．可操作性
三、简答题
61．【参考答案】（1）导向与激励功能。（2）鉴定功能。（3）改进提高功能。（4）管理功能。（5）研究功能。
62．【参考答案】(l)导向作用。(2)激励作用。(3)调控作用。(4)评价作用。63．【参考答案】(1)语言表达能力。(2)教育教学能力。(3)组织管理能力(4)自我调控和自我反思能力。
64．【参考答案】(1)教师在教学中起主导作用。(2)学生是教学活动的主体。(3)教师主导作用与学生主体作用之间是辩证统一的关系。(4)要防止“教师中心论”和“学生中心论”两种倾向
四、案例分析题
65．【参考答案】（1）①良好的师生关系有利于调动教师教学的积极性。②良好的师生关系有利于调动学生学习的积极性。③良好的师生关系有利于教学“双边”活动的开展和教学效果的提高。④良好的师生关系是学生身心得以健康发展的重要保证。
（2）材料中，刚开始，虽然张老师认真备课，全身心投入班级管理，但是却没有取得很好的效果，后来在老校长的启发帮助下，认真了解学生等等，使班级面貌焕然一新，因此建立良好师生关系的策略有：①教师方面。教师是教育过程的组织者，在全部教育活动中起主导作用。从根本上说，良好的师生关系首先取决于教师。为此教师要了解和研究学生，树立正确的学生观，尊重、理解、热爱学生；提高法制意识，保护学生的合法权利；提高教师自身的道德素养、知识素养和能力素养；发扬教育民主，正确处理师生矛盾。②学生方面。正确认识自己；正确认识老师，学生应该摒弃对老师的固有成见，要学会客观地认识和理解老师的付出，积极主动地和老师沟通。③环境方面。加强校园文化建设，加强学风教育。
五、论述题
66．【参考答案】(1)德育过程是对学生知、情、意、行的培养提高过程。知、情、意、行是构成思想品德的四个基本要素，它们之可的辩证关系如下：①知即道德认识，是人们对是非善恶的认识和评价，以及在此基础上形成的道德观念，包括道德知识和道德判断两个方面。道德认识是学生道德形成的基础。②情即道德情感，是人们对客观事物做出是非、善恶判断时引起的内心体验，表现为人们对客观事物的爱憎、好恶的态度。道德情感是学生产生道德行为的内部动力，是实现转化的催化剂。③意即道德意志，是人们为实现一定的道德行为目的所做出的努力的过程。道德意志是调节道德行为的精神力量。④行即道德行为，它是通过实践或练习形成的，是实现道德认识、情感以及由道德需要产生的道德动机的行为定向及外部表现。道德行为是衡最道德水平的重要标志。
(2)德育过程的一般顺序可以概括为提高道德认识、陶冶道德情感、锻炼道德意志和培养道德行为习惯。知、情、意、行四个基本要素是相互作用的，其中，“知”是基础，“行”是关键；在德育具体实施过程中，具有多种开端，即不一定遵守知、情、意、行的一般德育培养顺序，而可根据学生品德发展的具体情况，或从导之以行开始，或从动之以情开始，或从锻炼品德意志开始，最后达到使学生品德在知、情、意、行等方面的和谐发展。
心理学部分
六、填空题
67．认识
68．人本主义
69．效应器
70．神经元（神经细胞）71．自变量
72．韦伯定律
73．恒常性
74．动景运动 75．表象
76．机械识记
77．有意后注意（随意后注意）78．概念形成 79．再造想象
80．果断性
81．生理需要 82．操作条件反射
83．聚合思维（求同思维、辐合思维）84．生物前提
85．气质
86．采取决定阶段
七、简答题
87．【参考答案】(1)心理学把统一的人的心理现象分为既有联系又有区别的两个部分：心理过程和个性心理。
(2)心理过程包括认识过程、情绪情感过程、意志过程三个方面。(3)个性心理包括个性倾向性和个性心理特征两个方面。
88．【参考答案】(1)时间很短。(2)容量有限。(3)意识清晰。(4)操作性强。(5)易受干扰。
89．【参考答案】(1)选择功能。(2)保持功能。(3)调节和监督功能。
90．【参考答案】(1)联系：①能力是在掌握知识的过程中形成和发展起来的。②知识的掌握又是以一定的能力为前提条件的。
(2)区别：①能力与知识属于不同现象和范畴。②能力与知识的发展程度不同。③能力与知识的发展速度不同。
八、案例分析题 91．【参考答案】(1)气质是人的天性，无好坏之分。它只给人们的言行涂上某种色彩，但不能决定人的社会价值，也不直接具有社会道德评价意义。气质不能决定个人的成就，任何气质类型的人只要努力都可以获得成功。
(2)根据案例可以判断王亮属于胆汁质气质类型，王峰属于黏液质气质类型。①胆汁质气质类型的人，在情绪方面，无论是高兴还是忧愁，体验都非常强烈，也进行得非常迅速，而在情绪爆发之后，很快又平静下来。智力活动县有极大的灵括性，但理解问题有粗枝大叶、不求甚解的倾向。在行动上生机勃勃，顽强有力。概括地说胆汁质以精力旺盛、表里如
一、刚强、易感情用事为特征，整个心理活动笼罩着迅速而突发的色彩。对胆汁质的学生，教师应采取直截了当的方式，但是这些学生不宜轻易激怒，对其批评要有说服力，培养其自制力，坚持到底的精神和豪放、勇于进取的个性品质。
②黏液质气质类型的人，情绪兴奋性比较微弱，心情比较平稳，变化缓慢，他们经常心平气和，很难出现波动的情绪状态，不容易发出强烈的不安和激情。他们喜沉思，在进行任何工作之前都作细致的考虑。能够执行已做出的决定，不慌不忙地去完成工作。往往对已习惯的工作表现出极大热情，而不容易习惯于新工作。概括地说，黏液质是以稳重、但灵活性不足，踏实但有些死扳，沉着冷静、但缺乏生气为特征的。对黏液质的学生，教师要采取耐心教育的方式，让他们有考虑和反应的足够时间，培养其生气勃勃的精神，热情开朗的个性和以诚待人、工作踏实顽强的优点。
九、论述题
92．【参考答案】(1)创造性思维是产生具有社会价值的、新颖而独特的思维成果的过程。它是人类思维的高级形态，是智力的高级表现。其中发散性思维是创造性思维的核心。创造性思维的特征有：①流畅性。②灵活性。③独创性。
(2)创造性思维的培养：
①运用启发式教学，激发学生的求知欲，培养创造性动机，调动学生的学习积极性和主动性。
②培养学生发散性思维和集中性思维相结合。③发展学生的创造性想象能力。
④组织创造性活动，正确评价学生的创造性。
⑤开设具体创造性课程，教授学生创造性思维策略和创造技法。⑥结合各学科特点进行创造性思维训练。
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