专升本写作资料1

第一篇：专升本写作资料1

第一节 英语短文写作方法与套路

一、考场作文写作流程

英语专升本考试作文是命题作文，写作时间为30分钟。这就要求考生必须合理地支配时间，清楚写作步骤。这里，我们简要介绍一下写作的基本流程。其具体步骤和时间安排如下：

第一步：解读题意，确定题型。

根据考试题目以及给出的提纲或段首句，确定作文属于何种命题形式，快速确立自己的观点及论据。考生将确立的论点、罗列的论据及要明确的结论一一罗列出来，并尽可能地罗列出所有能想到的论据和关键词。这一过程对于理顺写作思路、确定文章的主线非常重要。

此过程用时3-5分钟。

第二步：确定框架和模板

在确定命题形式之后，迅速选择合适的写作框架和模板。这一过程需要1分钟左右的时间。

第三步：丰富框架和模板

将树形图中的具体内容有选择地填入模板中。虽然整个作文的框架已经由模板确定，但要拿到16分以上甚至满分，就必须注意具体的写作元素，使文章有”闪光点”。例如：多种句式的运用，使文章更为灵活；长短句的交错出现，使文章富有节奏感；若干长句后出现的一个短句可以明显地突出观点；连接词的运用，可使文章连贯、富有层次；通过举例、对比等，可使文章更为生动易懂；恰如其分地运用一些修辞手法、谚语或名言等，能起到“画龙点睛”的作用，使：文章熠熠生辉。这一步骤需要20-25分钟左右。

第四步：修改文章

在考试作文过程中由于各种原因，难免会出现这样或那样的错误，因此最后的修改工作是必不可少的。由于考试时间的限制，诸如整篇作文是否符合题意这类情形已无法改变，所以我们修改文章时要秉承”只改语言、不改内容”的精神，主要考虑以下几点： 1．语法，如主语和谓语在人称和数上是否保持一致；全篇时态是否保持

致；动词的语态、语气的使用是否正确；词组的搭配是否符合习惯等等。2．标点符号与大小写的运用是否正确。3．有无单词拼写错误等。

这一步骤需要3-5分钟。

二、提高英语表达能力

英语短文的写作方法是学习者语言综合能力的体现，它要求写作者具备扎实的语言基础和书面表达能力。一般来说，专升本考生已经具有一定的词汇量和英语知识，如何在此基础上进一步提高自己的英语写作能力，这是大家非常关心的问题。这里介绍几种提高英语写作能力的方法，仅供参考。1．训练遣词造句的能力

万丈高楼，始于基础。英语写作的基础在于遣词造句。参加考试时大家也许有这种感觉，阅读理解部分并不太难，只要认识足够的单词加上掌握一定的阅读技巧，基本上能抓住文章的大意甚至细节。但写作则不然。作为成人，我们的思想已相当丰富，但书面英语表达能力却往往捉襟见肘，看到写作题目之后，头脑里大多是散乱的单词或词组，很难组合成完整的句子和段落来表达自已的思想。究其原因，这是平时缺乏遣词造句的训练所致。

在英语学习中，无时无刻不遇到地道的词组、句式、习语、短语和词语搭配，我们平时大多只注意认识它们，熟记它们，却忽略了通过使用将其内化成自己的语言这一过程，而运用这些表达法遣词造句恰恰是最好的使用。考生不妨把每天记忆的词组、句式、习语、短语和词语搭配作为造句的素材，先用单个词组造单句，然后再用几个、十几个词组和句型造复合句、并列句，甚至段落。开始时，不必急于用英语去准确表达思想，只要能按照英语的习惯表达成自圆其说的句子或段落就行了。等进行了一段时间的训练之后，再试用语言去更准确地表达自己的思想。

造句时，还要有意识地使用最近学过的词汇和表达方式，这对巩固新知识、提高语言的应用能力大有裨益。2．从阅读中积累语言素材

要提高写作能力，掌握足够的单词、词组和句型是至关重要的。有的考生死记英语考试大纲上的词汇表，以为只要熟记书中所列的五、六千单词，就能下笔成章。这种方法切不可取。

语言离不开语境。在语境中学习语言，不仅有助于学习者记忆语言，更重要的是帮助他们了解、掌握语言的各种变化、惯用法、相互关联、各种修辞和特殊用法。在中国这样的英语学习环境里，阅读是学习者作为熟悉英语语境的办法之一。学习者可以从众多的原汁原味的阅读材料中吸取语言素材，再通过记忆、运用（会话、写作等手段）转化成自己的语言。

如，学习者可以从下面的一篇文章及语境中学到许多有用的词组和表达法：(01)The whole process of summarizing implies an ability to make decisions.(02)You have to decide what the author's plan is.How the material has been organized? What the key ideas are? And what material is used merely as example?(03)You will not find the technique of summarizing easy at first because it requires so many decisions.(04)But your efficiency in making summaries as well as your

general reading effciently, will increase in propotion to the time and effort you spend on performing your not taking technique.(05)Your final summary should renect clearly and accurately what the author has said.(06)An inaccurate summary may be worse than no summary at all.(07)An effective method of testing the quality of your summary is to set it aside for a month or two and then retreat it.(08)If it stiller calls the essential information for you and seems to express the material in a clear and exact manner, you have done a good job.(09)If it does not, make another attempt.(10)This time you will do a better job.(11)This method, incidentally, may well be applied to other types of writing.(12)Many young writers have been advised to put their mate-rial aside for a while.(13)If a piece of writing seems as good a year or two later as the day they finished it.They can begin to feel that it willstand the test of time.(14)The same thing, of course, applies to what someone else has written and you have read-(15)If you think a book you read several years ago was the best you have known, reread it.(16)Don't be surprised if you find yourself sadly disappointed.(17)Good summaries serve any purpose.(18)Everyone from professional to houseperson, needs and uses them.(19)Doctors may have to summarize a report of their findings in a particular case for a medical board.(20）They will have to read the summar-ries of other doctors and summaries of the latest medical research in their field.(21)Lawyers need to prepare a summary,or brief,of their case before they present it in court.(22)Their summary usually takes the form of a sentence outline，and many an early career is hurt by an ina-bility to present a clear and accurate brief.(23)A junior executive may write a summary of a long report for the president of the company.(24)Electrical enjineers will summarize their findings to fomlulate their plans.(25)A student prepares summaries for use in a term paper.这篇文章篇幅短小，语言规范，是吸收语言材料的理想选择。比如，第一句的“to make decision ”和第二句的“to decide“用同源词替换的方法连接句子的典型范例。第二句中由三个“what”和一个“how”引出的从句是平行结构的范例。此外，像第四句中的“in proportion to”, 第七句中的“set it aside”，第十一句中的“may well be supplied to“第十三句中的“stand the test of time”,第十七句“serve any purpose”，第二十二句中的“takes the form of“等都是很好的句型和词组，不仅值得记忆，更应当通过造句等方式学着使用。3．避免汉语的思维方式和表述方式

中国学生用英语作文，往往不知不觉地受汉语的影响，写出的句子和段落总带有汉语的腔调。汉语与英语在思维方式和表达方式上存在很大的差别。汉语注重以情动人，因此在文章的构思、措辞、修饰和意境方面偏重情感效果。许多学生在进行写作时，更多地考虑到题材的情感因素，追求文字的感染力，而较少甚至忽略了文章的主题或实质性的思想内容，或者采取迂回、含蓄的方式加以表达。结果，主题思想反而被放在了次要的位置。例如:

From the picture, we can see that a beautiful American girl is in traditional Chinese costume and is smiling, as if she was asking us, “Am I like a Chinese?” and speaking, “I wish Chinese people happy like me.“It shows that with the faster pace of globalization, cultural differences are shrinking.Over the ages, our Chinese people have been looked down upon by foreigners.But now, they are interested in our culture, wearing our clothes.What a change!It shows that we are getting stronger and more influential.It shows that Chinese people really stand up.In this respect, what reasons do we have to look down upon ourselves, our glorious culture and long tradition?

With the reform, China now is becoming a great country.She is going international.Her culture, both traditional and modern.will exercise an impact on the world.Let us work hard andmake that possible in the nearest future.这篇作文虽然有三段，12句，但差不多都是情绪激昂的口号，没有实质性的内容，更无严密的说理和叙述。这样的短文，虽然语法上还过得去，但因为内容空洞、缺乏逻辑而难得高分。

在接下来的一段中，语句中汉语的痕迹就更加明显了：

As far as I am concerned,i think this phenomenon is good to us.Firstly, we can learn some good cultures from other countries, and also can make our good culture confront the world.The intemational trend of culture can promote our cultures proceed.Secondly, the cultures become international, which can make more people know our country.So many people will come to our country to have a journey.That can raise our travel economy income.该段几乎完全是按照汉语的思维方式写成的，需要修改的地方很多，比如：”As far as I am concerned”和”I think“重复，可任选用其一：

“learn some good cultures can promote our culture proceed” 可改写为”The trend of cultural exchange will be conductive to the promotion of our national culture“;”the cultures become international, people in the world will learn more about China“.“So many people will come to our country to have a journey.That can raise our travel economy income.”可改写为”Therefore, more and more people will come to visit our country, which will boost our tourist industry."

考生如果平时不有意识地培养自己用英语思维的习惯，类似的汉语式英语就在所难免。英语是逻辑性明确的语言，注重文章的实质内容，讲究层层推导、表述透彻，主题或主题句往往处于文章的显要位置，如每一段落的开头或结尾。在主题句之后，总有具体和细致的.举例、说明和阐释来进一步深化主题，丰富内容。

(1)The American economic system is organized around a basically private-enterprise, market-oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most.(2)Private businessmen, striving to make profits, produce these goods and services in competition with other businessmen;and the profit motive, operating under competitive pressures, largely determines how these goods and services are produced.(3)Thus, in the American econormc system it is the demand of individuals consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it.(4)An important factor in a market-oriented economy is the mechanism by which consumer demands can be expressed and responded to by producers.5

(5)In the American economy, this mechanism is provided by a price system,a process in which prices rise and fall in response to relative demands of consumers and supplies offered by seller-producers.(6)If the product is in short supply relative to the demand, the price will be bid up and some consumers will be eliminated from the market.(7)1f, on the other hand, producing more of a commodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in tum will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product.(8)Thus, price is the regulating mechanism in the American economic system.(9)The important factor in a private-enterprise economy is that individuals are allowed to own productive resources(private property), and they are permitted to hire labor, gain control over natural resources, and produce goods and services for sale at a profit.(10)In the Americaneconomy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain right, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make afree contract with another private individual.这篇文章的第一句就开门见山，明确了主题，提出美国经济制度的特点是通过私有企业和市场导向起调节作用。围绕这一主题，文章的三个段落层层展开，环环相扣，每一段落各有侧重。第一段讲私有企业受赢利动机驱使进行生产和服务，这一动杌决定企业的生产和服务方式，但更重要的是，这一动机取决于消费者的需求和愿望，即市场导向。这一段的最末一句是该段的段落主题句，实际上也是全文中心思想的另一种表述方式。第二段开头一句是该段的段落主题句，实际上也是全文中心思想的另一种表述方式，说明市场导向型经济的重要特点之一是它有一个价格机制，价格的上涨和下跌反映并调节消费需求。围绕这个主题句，第(2)、(3)、(4)句进一步阐述产品供需与价格浮动和消费需求的关系。第三段的主题句也是该段的第一句，说明私有制企业的重要特色。该段的第二句是对主题句的进一步阐述。

由此可见，英文的行文注重结构严谨、逻辑分明，表述方式也直接了当，重复较少。学习者在平时的阅读和写作训练时，应当‘留意这些特点，并学着模仿这种思维和表达方式。

三、掌握短文写作的要领

练习写作，考生需要注意的地方很多，归纳起来，可以从以下6个方面人手：

1．使用规范的英语句子

“千里之行，始于足下。”句子是构成文章的基本要素。要写好英语作文，考生应首先提高自己组词成句的能力，训练规范英语句子的写作。那么，什么是规范的英语句子呢？规范的英语句子应达到以下几个基本要求: 1）句子要完整

不仅意思要求完整，结构上也应完整。意思的完整是指一个句子应该表达一个相对完整的思想。在英语学习者的作文中，常常看到意思不完整的病句’如： Bikes are so popular in China．（病句）

此句应修改为：

Bikes are so popular in China that almost every family has at least one.结构的完整性是指句子在语法结构方面没有缺损。中国学生在作文中常写残缺句，例如： It is incredible to many people.Cigarette smokers spend money for illness.（病句）

很显然，第一句中的it指代意思不明确。此两短句可并成一句：

It is incredible to many people that cigarette smokers spend money for illness.修改后的句子以it作形式主语，替代that从句前置，这样句子结构就完整了。

在作文中，还要避免错误的省略。这也是考生在写句子时常犯的毛病。例如：I said I have more respect for him than his wife.（病句）

此句因为错误地省略了介词for，造成了句意不清楚。正确的表达应为： I said I had more respect for him than for his wife.在很多情况下，句子结构的不完整是由考生随意使用标点符号造成的。这主要是受汉语的影响，断句不严格，标点用起来也有些随意。在英语中一定要严格断句。请看一例典型的滥用标点的句子：

We couldn”t decide upon a new car, there were many attractive models.（病句）

英语语法规则要求，只要句子成分完整就应用句号断句，或用连接词将其与后句连接。在此两句间用了一个逗号，这个错误看似微不足道，但实际上却很严重。此句可修改为：We couldn,t decide upon a new car, for there were many attractive models.2)句子要连贯

如果句子中的词或其他成分没有按照一定的语法规则排列，一个成分与其他成分及全句的关系含糊不清，句子就不连贯。例如：

He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not senous.（病句）

句中的it所指不明确，句子缺乏连贯，应修改为：

He was knocked down by a bicycle, but was not seriously hurt.还有一种常见的不连贯现象，那就是不定式短语，分词，动词的逻辑主语与句子主语不一致。如：

To succeed in a scientific research project, persistence is needed.(病句）

此句中不定式逻辑主语与句子主语不相符，应修改为：

To succeed in a scientific research project, one needs to be persistent.连贯性应体现在英语的“平行结构”当中。学习者在造句时要注意使用相同的语法结构来表达两个或两个以上意思并列 的成分。否则，语句就显得不连贯了。比如：Formerly,science was taught by the textbook method, while now the laboratory method is employed.(病句)。此句的毛病在于做主语的名词不平行，应改为： Formerly, science was taught by the textbook method;now it is taught by the laboratory method.在使用关键词语时，两个连词之后要用 1）句子要完整

不仅意思要求完整，结构上也应完整。意思的完整是指一个句子应该表达一个相对完整的思想。在英语学习者的作文中，常常看到意思不完整的病句’如： Bikes are so popular in China．（病句）

此句应修改为：

Bikes are so popular in China that almost every family has at least one.结构的完整性是指句子在语法结构方面没有缺损。中国学生在作文中常写残缺句，例如： It is incredible to many people.Cigarette smokers spend money for illness.（病句）

很显然，第一句中的it指代意思不明确。此两短句可并成一句：

It is incredible to many people that cigarette smokers spend money for illness.修改后的句子以it作形式主语，替代that从句前置，这样句子结构就完整了。

在作文中，还要避免错误的省略。这也是考生在写句子时常犯的毛病。例如：I said I have more respect for him than his wife.（病句）

此句因为错误地省略了介词for，造成了句意不清楚。正确的表达应为： I said I had more respect for him than for his wife.在很多情况下，句子结构的不完整是由考生随意使用标点符号造成的。这主要是受汉语的影响，断句不严格，标点用起来也有些随意。在英语中一定要严格断句。请看一例典型的滥用标点的句子：

We couldn”t decide upon a new car, there were many attractive models.（病句）

英语语法规则要求，只要句子成分完整就应用句号断句，或用连接词将其与后句连接。在此两句间用了一个逗号，这个错误看似微不足道，但实际上却很严重。此句可修改为：

We couldn,t decide upon a new car, for there were many attractive models.2)句子要连贯

如果句子中的词或其他成分没有按照一定的语法规则排列，一个成分与其他成分及全句的关系含糊不清，句子就不连贯。例如： He was knocked down by a bicycle, but it was not senous.（病句）(a)passion for 对„的热爱,热情 2(all)by oneself 独自(没有别人帮助)3(an)impact(on)对„的强烈影响(be)abundant in(be rich in;be well supplied with)富于,富有 5(be)at a loss 不知所措(be)at peace with 与„和睦相处 in peace(=peacefully)安静,平安 7(be)aware of(=be conscious of , having knowledge or consciousness)意识到,知道 8(be)distinct from(= be different from)与„截然不同(be)equivalent to(=equal in value, amount, meaning)相等于, 相当于 10(be)in force 有效 , 实施(be)in order(=acceptable)合适的,恰当的 in order 井井有条,处于良好状态;out of order(=in bad condition)出毛病,发生故障(be)in the nature of 属„性质(be)inferior to(=less good in quality or value)比„差;superior to比„ 好 14(be)intent on 专心致志, 坚决 15(be)keen on 喜爱, 渴望 16(be)on the watch against 不断监视为防范„ 17(be)on the watch for 不断监视看有没有 18(be)particular about 讲究,挑剔(吃,穿)19(be)ready for 准备好做„(be)in sight(=in view, visible)看得见 out of sight 看不见 21 “with+名词+分词”

构成复合结构,作状语 a danger to 对„的危险;be in danger(of)处于„危险中;be out of danger脱离危险 23 a matter of course 理所当然的事 a warning against 告诫„不要 a warning of 警告„存在„ 25 a word in one’s ear 私房话, 秘密话 abide by(=be faithful to;obey)忠于；遵守。above all(=especially, most important of all)尤其是, 最重要的 28 above normal 高于正常(温度)29 absence or mind(=being absent-minded)心不在焉 absorb(=take up the attention of)吸引„的注意力(be absorbed in 全神贯注于„近be engrossed

in;be lost in;be rapt in;be concentrated on;be focused on;be centered on)31 access(to)(不可数名词)能接近,进入,了解

account for(=give an explanation or reason for)解释, 说明

accuse„of„(=charge„with;blame sb for sth;blame sth on sb;complain about)指控,控告 34 act as 扮演 35 act for 代理

act on 奉行,按照„行动

adapt oneself to(=adjust oneself to)使自己适应于

adapt„(for)(=make sth Suitable for a new need)改编, 改写(以适应新的需要)39 adhere to(=abide by, conform to, comply with, cling to, insist on, persist in, observe, opinion, belief)粘附;坚持, 遵循

adjacent(=next to, close to)毗邻的, 临近的 41 adjust(to)(=change slightly)调节;适应;42 admit of(=be capable of, leave room for)„ 的可能，留有„的余地

after all 毕竟,到底;(not)at all 一点也不;all at once(=suddenly)突然;once and for all 只此一次;above all 最重要的;first of all 首先;all in all 大体上说;be all in 累极了;all but 几乎 44 after the fashion(of)依照„

against one’s will 违心地, 违背意愿地 at will 随心所欲;with a will 有决心地 46 agree with 赞同(某人意见)agree to 同意

ahead of 在„之前, 超过„(ahead of time 提前)48 all into the habit(of)养成„习惯

allow for(=take into consideration, take into account)考虑到, 估计到 50 amount to(=to be equal to)总计, 等于

answer for(undertake responsibility for, be liable for, take charge for)对„负责 52 answer to(=conform to)适合,符合 53 apologize to sb for sth 为„向„道歉 54 appeal to sb for sth 为某事向某人呼吁 appeal to sb 对某人有吸引力 55 apply for 申请

apply to 与„有关;适用

apply to sb for sth 为„向„申请

approve of(=consent to, be in favor of, favor, agree to, consider good, right)赞成, approve vt 批准

arise from(=be caused by)由„引起 60 arrange for sbsth to do sth 安排„做„ 61 arrive at 到达某地(小地方);得出,作出 62 arrive in 到达某地(大地方);63 arrive on 到达

as a matter of course 当然地, 自然地 65 as a matter of fact 实际上, 事实是 66 as a whole(=in general)就整体而论, on the whole(=generally, for the most part)大体上说 67 assure sb of sth(=try to cause to believe or trust in sth)向„保证, 使„确信 68 at(one’s)ease(= without worry or nervousness)自在,不拘束 69 at(the)most 最多, 至多

at(the)worst 在最糟的情况下

at all costs 不惜任何代价, at the cost of 以„为代价 72 at all events(=in spite of everything, in any case)不论怎样, 无论如何 73 at any rate(=at all events)无论如何,总之 74 at fault(=in the wrong, blamable)有错 75 at intervals 每隔一会儿, 每隔一段距离 76 at large(=at full length;with details)详细地 77 at large(=at liberty, free)在逃, 逍遥法外

at large(=in general)一般来说, 大体上

at least 至少;at most 至多,(not)in the least 一点(也不), 丝毫(也不)80 at one’s back(=supporting or favoring sb)支持,维护;have sb at one ’s back 有„支持, 有„作后台

at one’s convenience(=where and when it suits one)在方便的时间或地点 be convenient to for 对„方便

at one’s leisure 在„有空的时候

at random(=without aim or purpose)随便地, 任意地, 胡乱地 84 at the back of(=behind)在„后面

at the expense of 在损害„情况下,以„为牺牲

at the head of 在„的前头, head for(=move towards)向„方向前进 87 at the mercy of(=in the power of)任„摆布, 在„支配下

at the moment(=now)此刻,现在 for the moment(=for the time being)暂时 just a moment 稍等片刻 at the last moment 在最后一刻 89 at the risk of(=with danger of)冒的风险 90 at the side of 与„相比 91 at the sight of 一看见„ 92 at the thought of 一想到„

attach(to)(=to fix, fasten;join)缚, 系 ,结

attend on(upon)(=wait upon, serve, look after)侍候,照料 95 attend to(=give one’s attention, care and thought)注意,照顾 96 attitude to toward „ 对„的态度看法

attribute„to„(=to believe sth to be the result of„)把归因于, 认为是的结果

be(feel)at home(=to be comfortable;not feel worried)感觉合适，无拘束，熟悉 99 be(go)on holiday 在(去)度假 go on holiday = go for a holiday 100 be absent from„

缺席，不在

be accustomed to(=be in the habit of, be used to)习惯于

be acquainted with(=to have knowledge of)了解;(=to have met socially)熟悉 103 be anxious about 为„焦急不安;或anxious for 104 be ashamed of(=feel shame, guilt or sorrow because of sth done)以„ 为羞耻 105 be based on upon 基于

be busy doing sth 忙于做某事 107 be busy with sth 忙于做某事 108 be capable of 能够, 有能力

be capable of being(+过去分词)是能够被„的 110 be caught in the rain 被雨淋了 111 be cautious of 谨防

be certain of(=be sure of)有把握, 一定 113 be concerned with(=about)与„有关

be confident of 有信心;confidential 机密的

be confronted with(=be brought face to face with)面对, 面临 116 be conscious of(=be aware of)觉察,知道

be consistent with(=be in agreement with)与„一致(be consistent in一贯的)118 be content with(=be satisfied with)满足于(be content to do sth 愿意做某事)119 be critical of 爱挑毛病的，批评的 120 be dependent on 依靠 121 be due to 是由于

be eager for 想得到, 盼望

be entitled to(=be given the right to do sth)有权„,有资格„ 124 be equal to 等于

be equipped with 装备有,装有

be fed up with(=be unhappy, tired about sth dull)厌烦, 腻了

be feel equal to(=have enough strength, ability etc)(某人)能胜任,能应付 on equal terms(=on and equal footing)平等地 128 be fond of 喜欢 129 be for sale 待售

be fortunate in 幸运,有好运气 131 be freed from 免受, 没有„

be good for 对„有好处;对„有作用 be good at 擅长于;be good to 对„好 133 be grateful to sb for sth 因„感谢某人 134 be guilty of 犯有„罪或过失 135 be honest in 诚实

be identical with(=exactly alike)和完全相同 137 be identified with 被视为与„等同

be ignorant of(= lacking knowledge)对„不了解,不知道

be in a mess 乱七八糟, 处境困难 make a mess of 弄乱, 打乱 140 be in debt to sb 欠„的债

be in duty bound to(do)(=be required by one’s job or esp by conscience)有义务(做)142 be in the right 正确的;in the wrong错误的

be in touch with 与„有接触, 有联系 be out of touch with 与„没有联系或接触 144 be in use(=be used)被使用;be out of use(=be on longer used)不再被使用 145 be indifferent to(=not interested in)对„漠不关心, 冷淡, 不在乎 146 be innocent of 无罪的,无辜的

be involved in(=become connected or concerned)卷入, 参加 148 be jealous of 妒忌

be liable for 对„应负责任的

be liable to(=be subject to)易于的,应受(罚)151 be not much of(=not a good)不是很好的„ be something of 有点„,像„ 152 be of the opinion 持有„的看法 in one’s opinion 按某人的看法 153 be on duty 值班, 值日, 在上班时 154 be on goodbad terms with 关系好(不好)

155 be opposed to„

反对„,be opposite to 与„相反的 156 be patient with 对„耐心 157 be proud of 为„自豪

158 be qualified in 在 某种科目或学科上合格 be qualified for 在某种职业上合格 159 be response for 对„负责, 是造成„原因 160 be satisfied with 满意

161 be schedule for 定在某时(进行)162 be shocked at by 对„感到震惊 163 be shy of 难为情, 不好意思

164 be sorry about for 懊悔的,后悔的,难过的165 be strict with 对„严格要求 166 be suitable for(=fit)合适„的

167 be sure of(=have no doubt;certain)确信的

168 be surprised at 对惊奇;take„by surprise使„惊奇;to one’s surprise使某人惊奇 169 be suspicious of(=not trusting)对„有疑心 170 be through with(=finish with)做好,完成 171 be true of 适合于„的;be true to 忠于„ 172 be typical of 是„的特点

173 be unprepared for 对„无准备的 174 be used to(+名词或动名词)习惯于 used to+动词原形 过去常常(做)175 be valid for 对„有效的

176 be within one’s rights(to do)有权(做)177 be worthy of(=be deserving of)值得,够得上, 配得上

178 bear(or keep)„in mind(=remember)牢记 179 beat„at 在„运动项目上打赢 180 before long(=soon)不久, 过了不久以后

181 begin with 以„开始 to begin with(=first of all)首先, 第一(经常用于开始语)182 go on strike 罢工

183 behind one’s back 背着某人(说坏话)184 believe in(=have faith or trust in;consider sth sb to be true)相信,依赖,信仰 185 benefit(from)受益,得到好处

186 beyond(all)question(=without question)毫无疑问 187 beyond all reason 没有道理的 188 beyond belief 难以相信 189 beyond dispute 不容争议的,无可争议

190 beyond expression(=in a manner that cannot be expressed)无法形容, 说不出的 191 beyond hope 绝望

192 beyond question 毫无疑 问 193 beyond reproach 不受责备的

194 beyond the reach of 无法达到(得到,理解)195 beyond(all)reason 毫无道理

196 blame sb for sth 因„责备某人

blame sth on sb 把„推在某人身上 197 boast of(or about)吹嘘

198 bring(or call)to mind(=remember)使回想起

199 but for(=without)要不是 表示假设 200 buy sth for„money 用多少钱买

201 by accident(=by chance, accidentally)偶然地,意外

(Without accident(=safely)安全地)202 by all means(=at all costs)不惜一切(=certainly)当然行;by means of用„;by no means 完全不, 决不

203 by birth 在出生上,论出身,按血统 at birth 在出生时;give birth to 出生 204 by chance(=accidentally, by accident)偶然 205 by comparison 比较起来

206 by ear(=play music from memory without having seen it printed)凭记忆,不看乐谱 207 by force 靠武力, 强行

208 by itself(=alone, without help)单独地,靠自己 209 by mistake(由于粗心,健忘原因而)错误地 210 by nature 天生的, 生来

in mature 本质上 211 by reason of(=because of)由于,因为

212 by sympathetic totowards 对„同情,赞同, sympathize with sb or sth 对„表示同情, sympathy with 赞同,同情 213 by turns 轮换地

214 byin virtue of(=as a result of, by means of)由于„;依靠„力量 215 call„in question 对„表示怀疑

216 catch(or get)a glimpse of 瞥见(强调结果)take a glance(or look)at看一 眼(强调动作)217 catch the sight of(=see for a moment)瞥见

218 center one’s attention on(=focus one’s attention on)把某人的注意力集中在„上 219 charge sb with „ 控告某人犯有„

220 charge„for 因„索取(费用), charge sb with sth 控告某人犯有„ 221 close(shut)one’s eyes to 不理会,视而不见 222 come into action 开始行动 223 come into blossom 开花 224 come into effect 开始运转

225 come into existence 出现=(be)in existence存在226 come into existence(=begin to exist)开始存在 227 come into fashion 开始时新 228 come into power 开始执政 229 come into sight 进入视野 230 come into use 开始使用 231 come off duty 下班 go on duty 上班 232 come to a halt(=stop)停止;停住 233 comment on 评论

234 commit a matter to a committee 把某事交给委员会讨论 235 commit one’s idea to writing 把某人的想法写下来 236 commit oneself to 使自己承担„

237 commit sb to prison 把某人送进监狱 238 compare„to„

把„比作„ 239 compare„with „ 把„与„比较

240 compensate for(=give sth to make up for)补偿, 赔偿,弥补

be in

241 compensate sb for sth 赔偿,弥补 242 complain about 抱怨某人或事情

243 complain of(or about)抱怨;诉苦;控告,complain(报怨);complement(补充);compliment(恭维)244 complain to sb about sth(or sb)向某人抱怨„

245 comply with(=act in accordance with a demand, order, rule etc)遵守, 依从 246 conceive of(think of, imagine, consider)想象,设想 247 concentrate on(or upon)集中,专心 248 concern oneself about with 关心 249 condemn sb to 判决

250 confess(to)(=admit a fault, crime, or sth wrong)承认, 供认;confess to a crime 承认罪行 251 confide in(=to talk freely to sb about one’s secret)对„讲真心话, 依赖 252 confidence in sb sth 对„的信赖 253 confine„to„

把„限制在某范围内 254 confirm sb in 使某人更坚定(信念等)255 conform to(=be in agreement with, comply with)符合,遵照,遵守;obey 服从;observe;comply with照„办;keep to遵循;abide by服从;stick to按做 256 congratulate sb on 祝贺

257 consent to(=give agreement to permission)同意

258 considerate(=thoughtful of the needs)体贴的, 考虑他人需要的, considerable相当大的,值得考虑的

259 consist in 主要在于

260 consist of(=be composed of)由„组成的 261 consist with 符合,与„一致

262 consult sb on about sth 向„征求„方面的意见, 就„向„请教 263 contrary to(=in opposition to)与„相反 264 contrast„with 把„与„相对(对照)265 contribute to 有助于

266 convince sb of(=cause sb to believe or feel certain;to persuade sb)使某人确信,try to persuade sb to do sth劝说某人做„

267 cope with(=deal with, try to find a solution to)应付, 处理 268 correspond(with)(=exchange letters regularly)通信 269 correspond to 相当于

270 correspond with 符合,一致

271 cure sb of(+某种疾病)治好某人的疾病 272 deal with(=concern)论及

273 delight in(=take great pleasure in doing sth)喜欢, 取乐 274 demand sth from sb 向某人要求(物质的)东西 275 demand sth of sb 向某人要求(非物质的)东西

276 deprive sb of sth 剥夺某人某物 277 derive from(=come from)起源于 278 derive„from(=obtain„from)从„取得,由„来的 279 despair of(=lose all hope of)绝望 in despair 绝望 280 despite(=in spite of)不管, 尽管 281 deviate from 偏离, 不按„办

282 differ from„in 与„的区别在于„

283 discharge sb(from)„for(=dismiss sb from a job for)因„解雇, 开除 284 dispose of(=get rid of ,throw away)处理掉

285 distinguish between(=make or recognize differences)辨别 286 distinguish„from 把„与„区别开

287 do away with(=get rid of;abolish;discard eliminate)除去,废除,取消;do away with(=kill)杀掉, 镇压

288 do sth at short notice 只给很少时间准备

289 economize on(=save sth instead of being wasteful)节省

290 effect 1.have an effect on 对„有影响,2.be in effect(=be in operation)有效, 3.go into effect生效(近come into effect;take effect;be brought into effect), 4.in effect(=in fact, really)实际上, 5.give effect to(=carry out)实行,使„生效, 6.to no effect 不起作用,没有取得任何效果, 7.(be)of no effect(=useless)无效, 8.to the effect that 大意是„,主要内容是„, 9.to that effect是那个意思的„

291 emerge from(=appear, become known)出现, 暴露(问题 意见等)292 encourage 1.encourage sb in 鼓励;2.encourage sb in hisher work 鼓励某人工作;3.encourage sb in hisher idleness 怂恿某人游手好闲, 4.encourage sb in „with sth 用„鼓励某人做某事

293 end 1.on end(=continuously)连续地,2.(be)at an end(=finished)结束了, 3.no end of(=very manymuch)很多,大量, 4.in the end(=finally, eventually)最终,5.at one’s wit’s end(=not knowing what to do or to say)无法可想, 智穷计尽, 6.end up with 以„而结束 7.come to and end(=finish)结束, 8.end in 以„为结束

294 engage in be engaged in 忙于,从事

295 enter for(=put the name on a list for)报名参加 296 enter into(=begin)开始(谈话, 谈判等)297 enter on upon(=begin)开始(一个时代 一种生涯 一段任期等)298 except 除„以外;besides 除„以外还有

299 except(=but)除了.with the exception of(=except, apart from)除去„, 除„以外 300 except for(=apart from)除„以外

(an)exception to „的例外 301 exchange„for 以„交换

302 exclusive of(=not taking into account;without)不包括 303 exert oneself to do sth 努力,使劲 304 exert„on„

对„施加„ 305 expect„of 在„期望„

306 expose„to„ 使暴露于„, 使„受(危险,风险).be exposed to„ 面临„, 受到„ 307 fail in(=be unsuccessful in)失败

308 faith 1.in good faith(=honestly, sincerely)真诚地 309 faith 2.keep faith with 对„守信用 310 faith 3.lose faith in 对„失去信心 311 faith 4.on faith 毫无怀疑地, 依赖地 312 faith 5.faithful to(=loyal to)对„忠诚

313 fall back(=retreat, turn back)撤退;in disorder 慌乱地, 狼狈不堪 314 fall short of(=fail to reach a desired result, standard, etc)没达到, 低于 315 fall to the ground(计划希望等)失败,落空 316 familiar with 熟悉,了解

317 far 1.by far 远, 非常(与比较级或最高级连用), 2.far from 远远不是, 3.far from 非但不„(而

且)318 favour 1.in favour of 赞成,2.be in favour with 受宠, 受偏爱;3.out of favour with 失宠, 不受宠,4.in one’s favour(=to one’s advantage)对有利,5.(be)favourable to(=advantageous)有利的

319 fear 1.fear for(=be afraid for the safety of sb or sth)为„担心, 2.for fear of(=in case of;because of anxiety about)以防, 由于怕, 3.in fear of(=afraid for the safety of)担心 320 feed(sb)on sth 靠吃„, 用„喂养 321 feel like(=have a desire for)想要 322 fill in 填写, fill out(=fill in)填写

323 find fault with(=complain about;criticize)找毛病，对„吹毛求疵 324 first: at first sight(=when first seen)乍一看,一见 325 first: for the first time 第一次(作状语)326 first: in the first place 首先, 第一 327 fit in with(= suit , fall into agreement)合适, 相配, 一致,(be)fit for(=right and suitable for)适合

328 fit into 刚好放入

329 focus on(=concentrate on)集中在„上 focus sth on 把„集中在„上 330 for a change 换换环境(花样等)331 for certain of(=for sure)肯定地,有把握地 332 for good(=for ever)永远地, 长期地 333 for life 终身

334 for long 很久,很长时间(否定句疑问句中)335 for nothing(=free, without payment)免费

336 for sure certain(certainly, definitely)肯定地有把握地说 337 for the benefit of 为了„的利益(好处)338 for the better 好转

339 for the most part 多半,大多数,一般来说

340 for the present(=for the time being, for now)暂且,就现在来说;at present 现在,此刻 341 for the sake of(=for the good or advantage of)为了„起见 342 for use 以便使用

343 force„on 把„强加给„ 344 free of charge 免费

345 from scratch(=from the beginning)从头开始 346 furnish„with(=supply)向„提供 347 get rid of 摆脱, 去掉, 除去

348 get the better of(=defeat sb)打败, 胜过

349 give expression to 表达, 表现 find expression in 表现 350 give one’s regards to sb 向„问候 351 give rise to(=lead to)引起, 导致

352 give sb an account of 说明, 解释(理由)353 go into force 开始生效

354 go to great pains=take pains 下功夫,努力

355 guard against(=defend, keep safe)警惕,防止 guard„against 警卫„防止 356 guess at 猜, 估计, by guess 靠猜

357 habit1.be in the habit of习惯于,2.break off(a habit)改掉(某种习惯),3.break sb of(a habit)使某人

改掉(某习惯),4.get(fall)into the habit of养成了„的习惯

358 hand 1.at hand 在手边, 眼前(附近), 2.by hand 用手工(做), 3.hand in glove(with)狼狈为奸, 密切合作, 4.in hand(在手边)(=under control)控制住, 5.in the hands of 由„掌握, 控制, 负责, 6.live from hand to mouth勉强度日,现挣现吃

359 have a fancy for(=like sth without the help of reason)(没有道理地)喜欢, 想要, take a fancy to(=become fond of)喜欢

360 have an advantage over 胜过

361 have an ear for(=have keen recognition of sounds esp in music and language)对有鉴赏力 362 have the advantage of 由于„处于有利条件 363 have the advantage of sb 知道某人所不知道的事 364 have„to do with 与„有关系

365 hear of(=know about)听人说起, 听说过

366 heart1.at heart(=in reality)内心里, 实际上, 2.in one’s heart(of hearts)内心深处,事实上, 3.by heart(=by memory)熟记, 背(诵), 4.to one’s heart’s content 尽情地, 5.with all one’s heart全心全意地,真心实意

367 hinder„form(=stop„from)阻碍,使不能做 368 hope for 希望(某事发生),希望有 369 impose„on 把„强加给 370 impress„on 给„留下印象 371 improve in(=get better)有改进, 好些

372 improve sth(make sth better)把原物改进 improve on(=produce or be sth better than„)另做一物比原物更好

373 improvement in 表示原物有改进,好转 374 in(during)the course 在„过程中 375 in * of:

in behalf of 为„的利益 376 in * of:

in favor of 为赞成„ 377 in * of:

in honor of 为了表示敬意 378 in * of:

in hopes of 为期待 379 in * of:

in memory of 为纪念 380 in * of:

in pursuit of 为追求 381 in * of:

in search of 寻找 382 in * of:

in support of 为支持„ 383 in a hurry(=hastily)匆忙地 384 in a sense 在某种意义上 385 in accord with 与„ 一致

(out of one’s accord with 同„不一致)386 in accordance with(=in agreement with)依照,根据 387 in addition(=besides)此外, 又, 加之

388 in addition to(=as well as, besides, other than)除„外 389 in advance(before in time)预告, 事先 390 in agreement(with)同意, 一致

391 in all(=counting everyone or everything, altogether)总共, 总计

392 in any case(=for love or money, at any rate, at any price, at any cost , whatever happens;anyhow)无论如何

393 in any event(=whatever happens in the future)无论如何, 不管(将来)怎么样

394 in blossom 开花(指树木)be in blossom开花(强调状态)come into blossom开花(强调动作)395 in brief(=in as few words as possible)简言之 396 in bulk 成批地,不散装的 397 in case(=for fear that)万一

398 in case of(=in the event of)如果发生„万一 in the case of 至于„, 就„而言 399 in charge of(=responsible for)负责(某事)in the charge of „由„管 400 in common(和„)有共同之处,共用 be common to sb 是与某人所共有的 401 in comparison with(=in contrast to)和„比起来

402 in conclusion(=as the last thing)最后一点;at the conclusion of 当„结束时;403 in confidence 推心置腹地;with confidence 满怀信心地;have confidence in 对„有信心 404 in connection with(=with regard to)关于 405 in consequence(=as a result)结果

406 in consequence of(=as a consequence of)由于„的结果

407 in consideration of(=in return for, on account of, because of)由于 408 in contrast towith 和„形成对比 by contrast 对比之下 409 in demand 有需求;on demand受到要求时 410 in detail 详细地

411 in difficulties„ 有困难,处境困难 412 in dispute 在争议中

413 in doubt(=in a condition of uncertainty)对„表示疑惑

414 in due course(=without too much delay)没经过太久, 到一定时候 415 in essence(=in itsone’s nature)本质上 416 in excess of(=more than)超过 417 in excuse of 作为„的借口

418 in fashion(=stylish, most modern)时兴,流行

419 in front of 在„ 前面 in the front of 在„前部 420 in general(=in most cases, usually)通常

421 in good repair(=in good condition)处于良好状态;be under repair 在修理中 422 in good time(=early)早早地(做完到达等)423 in ignorance of 不知道„

424 in itself 本身;of itself 自发,自然 425 in life 一生中

426 in line with(=in agreement with)符合,一致 427 in no case在任何情况下都不(放句首倒装句)428 in one’s face 当着某人的面;face to faced面对面;face up to 大胆面向

429 in one’s honour(or in honour of)祝贺,纪念, on one’s honour 以某人的名誉担保 430 in one’s mind’s eye 在心目中, 在想象中 431 in particular(=especially)特别是,尤其 432 in person 亲自, 当面

433 in place(in right or proper place)放在应放的地方 434 in place of(=instead of)代替

435 in principle(=only in regard to the main idea)原则上 436 in private(=privately)私下, 秘密地 in public 公开地 437 in progress(=in the state of be done)进行中

438 in proportion to 与„成比例 439 in public 公开地, 当众

440 in question(=under discussion)所谈及的;441 in reality(=in fact, really)事实上

442 in response to(=as an answer to)回答,反应 443 in return(for)作为报答;以报答(for)444 in safety 安全地 445 in season 旺季

446 in secret 秘密地;in private 私下 447 in sequence 按顺序, 按先后次序 448 in spite of(=despite)尽管

449 in step 步伐一致;out of step 步伐不齐 450 in stock 有„货

451 in sum 大体上, 总之 452 in support of 以便支持

453 in terms of(=with regard to;respectively)按照, 根据, 在„方面 454 in the air(不肯定, 不具体)在谣传中 455 in the back of 在„后部(里面);on the back of 在„后部(外面);be on one’s back(=be ill in bed)卧病不起

456 in the corner(of)在角落里;on(at)the comer of a street在街道拐弯处;round the comer拐过弯;be in a tight corner陷入困境

457 in the event of(=in case of)万一,即使发生时

458 in the event that(=if)假如, 如果 in the event 结果, 实际情况是(常与but 连用)459 in the extreme(= extremely)极其

460 in the eyes of in one’s eyes(= in the judgment of)在某人看来, 在某人眼里 461 in the face of 面对着(困难等情况)462 in the form of 以„形式

463 in the interests of 符合„的利益 be interested in 对„感兴趣 464 in the light of(=considering;taking into account)考虑到, 根据

465 in the long run(=in the end)从长远来说,最后;in the short term(从短期来说)466 in the mood for 有情绪去做,有心境做 467 in the position of 处在„位置上 468 in the presence of 在„在场的情况下

469 in the red 亏损,负债,赤字(be)get out of red 不再亏损 470 in the twinkling of an eye 一眨眼,转眼间 471 in the vicinity 在附近;in close vicinity to 在靠近„的地方;in the vicinity of 大约 472 in total(=all have been added up)总计 473 in truth 事实上, 实在

474 in turn(=successively;in order)依次 475 in vain(=uselessly)徒劳 476 in view(=in sight)看得见

477 in view of(=considering)考虑到„ in the view of 按„的意思

478 in out of condition(=thoroughly healthy or fit not fit)健康状况好不好

in good(bad)condition处于良好(坏)状态

479 include„in 把„列在„里面 480 inclusive of 把„包括在内

481 independent of 独立的,不受约束的 482 indicative of 表明, 说明 483 inform sb of sth 通知, 告诉

484 insist on(=order sth to happen)坚持要 485 instead of(=in place of)代替，而不是„ 486 instruct„in(=teach)教指导训练某人„ 487 insure„against 保险„以防

488 insure„for 把„保险(多少钱);ensure 使安全;assure„(of)使„确信,保证 489 intend„for 打算把„给

490 interfere in 干涉, interfere with打搅,干扰 491 intervene in 干预 492 invest in 投资

493 inwith relation to 关于, 有关

494 inwith respect to(=concerning)有关,关于 495 it occurs to sb that„

某人想到„ 496 it stands to reason that „ 理所当然 497 jump at(=to be eager to accept)抢着接受 498 jump on(=scold, tell of)叱责

499 junior to sb 年纪较„轻, 职位较„低

500 keep a close watch on(=keep a sharp lookout for)密切注视 501 keep an eye on(=keep a watch on)照看,监视

502 keep company with(=be friendly and go out together)和„要好 503 keep pace with 跟„齐步前进

504 keep„to oneself(=keep secret)不告诉别人 505 know sb by sight 与„只面熟 506 last but one 倒数第二 507 lean against(背)靠着„ 508 lend itself /themselves to 适合于(某用途)509 length: at length(=after a long time, at last)终于

510 length: at length(=in detail, thoroughly)详细地 511 length: go to any length 想一切办法, 尽一切力量 512 lie in 在于

513 long for(=want very much)渴望,希望得到 514 look sb in the eye 正视, 打量(某人)515 made to order 定做的(衣服)516 major in 主修（某课程）

517 make(leave)an impression on sb =give sb an impression 给„留下印象 518 make an attempt at doing sth(to do sth)试图做„ 519 make sure about 弄清, 弄确实 520 make the most of 充分利用

521 mention sth to sb 向某人提起某事 522 name after 用„的名字命名

523 native to 所产的

524 no more„than 和„一样都不„ 525 none other that 不是别人,正是„ 526 nothing but 只有, 不过„而已 527 object to(=be opposed to)反对 528 objection to(接动名词)反对

529 occupy oneself with(in)忙于(某事)530 of one’s own 某人自己的

531 of one’s own accord(=without being asked;willingly;freely)自愿地 ,主 动地 532 on a diet 吃某种特殊饮食, 节食 533 on a large scale 大规模地

534 on account of(=because of)由于,因为

535 on behalf of(=as the representative of)以„名义 536 on board 到船上, 在船上, 上火车或飞机 537 on business 出差办事

538 on condition that(=if)以„为条件, 假如 in that = because因为;now that = since既然 for all that = although 尽管

539 on credit 赊购;with credit以优异成绩;to one’s credit使某人感到光荣;do sb credit 使„感到光荣 540 on display(=being shown publicly)陈列 541 on earth 究竟, 到底, 全然 542 on memory of 为纪念„

543 on no account(=in no case, for no reason)绝不要,无论如何不要(放句首时句 子要倒装)544 on no consideration(in no case)无论如何也不

545 on occasion(=now and then)不时地,必要时, by occasion of(=because of)由于 546 on one’s guard(against)谨防, 警惕(be)on guard 站岗 547 on one’s own(=along, without help)单独

548 on one’s own account 为了某人的缘故, 为了某人自己的利益)(=by oneself)依靠自己(on account 赊账;on account of 因为;on no account不论什么原因也不;of „account 有„..重要性)549 on purpose(=by intention, deliberately)故意 550 on sale(=offered to be sold)出售, 上市 551 on schedule(=at the planned or exacted time)按时,准时;ahead of schedule提前;in advance预先;behind schedule落后于计划进度,晚于规定时间 552 on second thoughts 经再三考虑之后 553 on the average(=on average, on an average)平均 554 on the basis of 根据„, 在„基础上 555 on the contrary 相反 556 on the decline 在衰退中, 在减少中 in decline 下降;on the increase 在增加 557 on the face of it(=judging by what one can see)表面看来 558 on the ground(s)fo(=because of)由于„ 559 on the mend(=in the process of recovering)好转, 在康复中 560 on the outskirts(of)在城郊

561 on the pot(=at the place of the action)在现场, 在出事地点;或(=at once)立即 562 on the sly(=secretly)偷偷地 563 on top of 在„上面

564 once:(just)for once 就这一次

565 once: all at once(=suddenly, now)立即,马上 566 once: once and for all =once and forever 永远地 567 once: once in a while(=occasionally)偶尔 568 operate: operate on sb 给某人做手术

569 operate: operation n come go into operation 开始运转 570 operate: putbring sth into operation 使„投产,运转 571 originate infrom(=begin)起源于,由引起 572 out of breath 喘不过气来

573 out of date 过时的；up to date新式的,时兴的;date back to可追溯到;date from从某时期开始(有)574 out of reach of 无法够到 within reach of(or within one’s reach)够得到 ,能拿到 575 out of the question(=impossible)不可能的 576 owe„to 把„归于„

577 part with(=give up, sell)舍弃,卖掉 578 participate in(=take part in)参加 579 pay for 赔偿, 付款, 报偿, 处罚 580 peculiar to„

特有的, 独具的 581 penalty for 对„的处罚,罚金

582 perform on the piano(=play the piano)演奏钢琴 583 persist in 坚持,固执

584 place(put, have)trust in 依赖

585 place(or put, lay)an emphasis on 强调, 把重点放在„上 586 play with fire(=take great risks)干冒险事

587 point:

be on the point of doing sth(=be about to do sth)刚要去做 588 point:

beside the point 不切正题,无关紧要 589 point:

come to the point 谈主要问题 590 point:

point at(=indicate, direct attention)指着 point out(=indicate, show)指出,指明 591 point:

there is no point in doing sth 没必要做某事 592 point:

to the point 中肯, 切题 593 popular withamong 大众所喜爱的,拥戴

594 pratice 1.in practice 实际上(状语);业务熟练(表语), 2.be(get)out of practice 荒疏,不熟练, 3.bring(put)„into practice使„成为现实

595 prefer„to„(choose rather, like better)宁要, 更喜欢

596 prepare for breakfast 准备吃早饭 prepare breakfast 作早饭 597 preside over at 主持(会议,业务等)598 prevail over 占优势, 压倒, 战胜 599 prevent„from 使„不, 防止„做 600 previous to(=prior to)在„之前 601 pride oneself on upon 以„自豪 602 prior to(=before)在„之前

603 proceed from(=arise from, result from)由„发出, 由„引起(产生)604 proceed with(=begin and continue sth)继续进行 605 prohibit„from(=forbid)禁止, 阻止

606 protect„from 阻止不受,保护不受 607 provide for 为„做准备

608 put sb at his her ease(=free sb from worry or nervousness)使某人感到无拘束 609 range between 范围在与之间不等 610 range over(=cove, include)范围包括 611 react against 作出反抗或反对反应 612 react on upon 对„产生影响 613 react to 对„作出反应 614 reason with(=argue)劝说 615 refer to„as 把„称做„

616 refer„to„(=send, take)送交,呈交

617 regardless of(=without worrying about, despite, in spite of)不顾,不考虑 618 relevant to 与„有关的 619 rely on 依靠, 信赖

620 remark on(upon)对„发表评论

621 remedy for 对„治疗法, 补救, 药物 622 remind sb of 提醒某人„,使某人向想起 623 reply to 答复, 回答

624 resort to 诉诸于, 求助于„ resort to force 诉诸于武力 625 respond to 对„反应, 响应, 对(药)有效 626 rest onupon(=be supported by)依靠,寄托

627 rest with(=be in hand of)在„手中, 是„的责任;由„决定;依靠 628 restrain„from(=hold back from)抑制不 629 restrict„to(=keep within limits)把限制于 630 result in(=cause)导致

631 round the clock(=all day and all night, usually without stopping)昼夜不停地 632 rule out(=exclude, eliminate)排除

633 run(take)risk of(=do sth dangerous)的风险 634 scrape through(in)勉强通过 635 senior to 比„年长;junior to 比„轻;superior to 比„更好;inferior to 比„差 636 sensitive to 对„敏感;sensible(of)觉察到的;sensational耸人听闻的 637 set sth on fire(=set fire to sth)使着火,放火

638 set the world on fire=set the flames on fire(=do sth remarkable)有突出成就 639 share in(=have a share in)分摊, 分担 640 share sth with 与„分享,分担,分摊,共用 641 short: be short of(=lacking enough)缺乏,不够 642 short: fall short of 达不到

643 short: for short(in a short form)为简便,简称 644 short: go short of(=be without enough of)缺乏 645 short: in short(=in a few words, in brief)简称 646 short: in short supply 供应不足 647 smell of 有„的气味

648 speak ill of 说„的坏话;speak well of 说„的好话 649 specialize in 专门研究, 专攻

650 stare at 目不转睛地看, 凝视, 盯着 651 stick at(=continue to work hard at)继续勤奋地致力于„;stick one’s work 坚持工作;stick at one’s books 勤奋读书

652 stick sth on 把„贴在„上 653 stick to 粘着, 坚持

654 stick to(=refuse to leave or change)坚持;stick to one’s promise 比喻食言 stick to one’s friend 忠于朋友

655 subject„to(=cause„to experience)使受到 subject(adj)to 易受到„的 656 submit„to 提交

657 substitute„for 以„代替„ 658 suffer from 患„病;受„苦痛 659 superior to 优于„, 比„好

660 supply sb with sth 向某人提供某物 661 suspect sb of 疑心某犯有„

662 take(a)delight in 喜欢干„, 以„为乐 663 take a stand against 采取某种立场反对

664 take a stand for 采取某种立场支持„

665 take advantage of(=make the best of, utilize, make use of, profit from, harness)利用 666 take charge of(=to be or become responsible for)负责管理(照顾)667 take notice of(=pay attention)注意 668 take pride in(=pride oneself on)以„自豪 669 take the floor 起立发言 670 take the side of 站在„一边 671 take(a)pleasure in 喜欢做某事

672 take„for granted(=assume to be true)把„认为理所当然的 673 take„into account(=consider)把考虑进去

674 take„into consideration(=take account of, take„into account)考虑到, 把 „考虑进去 675 taste:

in good taste 大方,得体;(反意)in bad taste 676 taste:

taste of 有„味道

677 taste:

to(one’s)taste 合„的口味, 中意 678 tell„from(=recognize)辨别认出 679 thank sb for sth 因„感谢某人

680 think of(=have the idea of)想到;(=consider)考虑;(=remember)想起 681 throw light on(= make clear, explain)使„更为清楚, 提供线索, 阐明 682 time:

at a time 一次, 每次;同时 683 time:

at no time 无论何时也不„ in on time(=very quickly)立即,马上 684 time:

at one time 过去一度, 以前曾经

685 time:

at times(=occasionally)间或, 时常 at all times(=always)始终, 总是 686 time:

behind the times(思想,看法)落后于时代 687 time:

behind time(=late)迟到, 晚点

688 time:

for the time being(=temporarily)暂时 689 time:

in time(for)(=early or soon enough)及时 690 time:

on time(=punctually)准时 691 to „extent 在„程度上

692 to advantage 有利的,使优点更加突出地 693 to date(=so far, until now)到目前为止

694 to one’s delight 令某人感到高兴 to one’s regret 遗憾;sorrow悲痛;relief 安心;distress 苦恼;shame羞愧;surprise 惊奇;astonishment 惊奇;695 to one’s heart’s content 尽情地,痛痛快快 696 to one’s horror 令某人感到恐惧的是

697 to one’s relief 令„感到放心的是, relieve„of„ 解除,解脱;帮助拿,辞退 698 to say nothing of(=not to mention)更不用说„

699 to the purpose(=useful for one’s purpose)得要领的, 中肯的 700 to trust „to 把„委托给

701 to(the best of)one’s knowledge 据„所知

702 turn one’s back on sb(=turn away from sb in an impolite way)703 under consideration 在考虑中

704 under control(被)控制住 out of control无法控制 705 under the impression that 有的印象,认为 706 until further notice 在另行通知前

707 way:(be)under way(=moving forward)正进行 708 way: be in the way(=obstructive)碍事, 阻碍 709 way: by the way(=in addition)顺带地(转移话题)710 way: by way of(=by going through)经由,取道 711 way: in a way 从某种程度上说 712 way: in no way 无论怎样也不„ 713 way: in the way 对„方式

714 wish for 渴望某物;hope for 想要某物

715 with a view to(+动名词)(=in order to do sth)以„为目的716 with ease(= easily)容易, 不费力 717 with one accord(=with everybody agreeing)一致地 718 with the result that 其结果是

719 within reference to(=concerning, about)关于 720 within regard to(=concerning)有关,关于 721 without doubt(=undoubtedly)无可置疑地 722 without question 毫无疑问

723 word: have a word with sb 谈一谈 724 word: have the last word 有决定权 725 word: have words with sb 争吵 726 word: in a word 总之

727 word: in other words 换言之

728 word: keep one’s word 遵守诺言 729 word: word for word(=literally)逐字地 730 work out a problem 解决问题 731 work out a puzzle 解谜 732 work out ideas 出主意

733 work out the amount of„ 计算出„的数量 734 yield to 对„屈服,投降,让步,顺从

不理睬(某人),背弃,抛弃

A以下单词出现“搭”表示“搭配”、“辨”表示“辨析”、“例”表示“例句”。able

a.能够，会；能干的；聪明的 【搭】be able to do sth.有能力干某事

【辨】be able to 和 can。be able to 有各种时态变化，can除有过去时变化外，不能有其他时态的变化。如：I have not been able to go to work for three days．我都三天没能去上班了。He could swim very well at that time．他那时游得很好。

［例］I am afraid I won’t be able to visit you on Sunday.恐怕我无法在星期日来拜访你了。abandon

v.放弃；抛弃，离弃

【搭】abandon oneself to 沉溺于；听任……摆布

【辨】abandon和give up。abandon指因为外界的原因(如影响或压力等)而完全放弃。如：Mary had to abandon her trip because of her mother’s illness．由于母亲生病，玛丽不得不放弃旅行。give up指放弃或中止某种习惯、计划、努力等，其后可接宾语也可不接宾语。如：You ought to give up smoking;I gave it up last year.你应该戒烟, 我去年就戒掉了。

［例］The driver abandoned his car in the snow.司机把汽车抛弃在雪地里。

The nextbest solution is to abandon the project altogether.仅次于最佳的解决方法是放弃全部计划。abrupt

a.突然的，意外的；鲁莽的

［例］The meeting came to an abrupt end.会议突然结束了。That young man has an abrupt manner.那个年轻人态度很无礼。abide

v.坚持；遵守；容忍

【搭】abide by 遵守，履行：Everyone must abide by the law.所有的人都必须遵守法律。I abide by what I said.我坚持我所说的话。

［例］He could not abide any rude behaviour．他不能容忍任何无礼的行为。

He cannot abide to stay in one position for long.他无法忍受长久待在同一职位上。abolish

v.废除，取消 ［例］There are many bad customs and laws that ought to be abolished.有许多不良的习俗和法规应予以废除。

Abraham Lincoln abolished slavery in the United States.亚伯拉罕·林肯在美国废除了奴隶制。absencen.没有, 缺乏；缺席

【搭】in the absence of没有, 缺乏

［例］What was the real reason for your absence? 你缺席的真正原因是什么？

We must invent an excuse for our absence.我们必须为缺席编造一个借口。absent

a.缺席的，不在的；缺乏的 【搭】be absent from缺席

［例］Professor Li is absent, I will take the lesson in the place of him.李教授不在, 我替他上课。Many students were absent, especially the monitor.许多学生缺席，特别是连班长也没来。absolute

a.绝对的；完全的；专制的 【搭】absolute既不可以有比较级，也不可以使用强调程度的副词very等来修饰，但是可以使用nearly等副词来修饰。如：The officer had nearly absolute control over his soldiers．该军官几乎可以完全控制他的士兵。

［例］I have absolute trust in the skill of doctors.我绝对相信医生的医术。

The police has found absolute proof of his guilt．警方已经发现他犯罪的确凿证据。absorb

v.吸收；吸引……的注意, 使全神贯注 【搭】be absorbed in 专心于

［例］Plants absorb minerals and other nutrients from the soil.植物从泥土中吸收矿物质和其他养料。

The clever boy absorbed all the knowledge his teacher could give him.那个聪明的男孩把他老师所能教他的所有知识都吸收了。

abstract

a.抽象的；深奥的n.摘要；抽象

v.摘要；转移

［例］We may talk of beautiful things, but beauty itself is abstract.我们尽可谈论美的事物，然而美本身却是抽象的。

Mary abstracted a story for the book review．玛丽为这篇书评写了故事梗概。absurd

a.愚蠢的；荒唐的

［例］What an absurd proposal!多荒谬的提议啊！

It was absurd of you to suggest such a thing.你居然建议这样的事，太可笑了。abundant

a.丰富的；充足的

【搭】be abundant in 有丰富的, 有大量的

［例］The agricultural commodities are abundant this year.今年的农产品很丰富。

Our abundant resources and stable policy provide foreigners with the advantages they invest here.我们丰富的资源和稳定的政策为外商投资提供了有利条件。abuse

v.滥用；谩骂n.滥用；谩骂，毁谤

［例］It’s easy to abuse one’s power.人容易滥用权力。

The government has set up a working party to look into the problem of drug abuse.政府已成立工作组调查滥用毒品的问题。

academic

a.学院的；学术的，教学的

［例］She already has good academic qualifications under her belt.她已获得良好学历。

Computer science is now a fullydeveloped academic subject.计算机科学目前已是一门成熟的学科。accelerate

v.加速；促进

［例］The leader is losing ground as the rest of the runners accelerate.领先者在其余赛跑者加速时就逐渐失去了优势。

The government have made some policies that will accelerate the development of manufacturing industry．政府已经制定了一些加快制造业发展的政策。accentn.腔调，口音；重音

［例］Where are you from? I can’t recognize your accent．你是哪里人?我听不出你的口音。

In the word “today” the accent is on the second syllable.英语“today”一词的重音在第二个音节上。accessn.接近，进入；入口，通路；进入的方法

［例］As her private secretary he has access to all her correspondence.作为她的私人秘书, 他能接触到她所有的信件。

Every senior citizen has free access to the city park.每位老年人都可免费进入市立公园。accidentn.事故；意外事件

【搭】by accident 偶然

［例］Helen had an accident and broke her leg.海伦出了事故，折断了腿。

We got back without accident.我们平安无事地回来了。accidental

a.偶然的，意外的

［例］Our meeting was quite accidental.我们的相遇是很偶然的。accommodate

v.留宿，收容；供应，供给；容纳

［例］The bank is accommodating its customers more than it used to.这家银行现在给客户贷款比以前多了。

The cottage could accommodate up to four people.这间小屋最多能容纳4个人。accommodationn.居住设施

［例］This hotel has accommodation for 500 guests.这家旅馆能接待500位客人。

We offer help in finding accommodations.我们提供代客人预订旅馆住宿的服务。accompany

v.陪伴，陪同；伴奏

［例］Her husband accompanied her to every place of interest.她的丈夫陪伴她到各个旅游胜地旅游。

The pianist accompanied the singer.钢琴家替歌唱者伴奏。accomplish

v.完成，实现

【辨】accomplish, complete, finish和fulfill。这几个词都有“完成”的意思。accomplish有“成功地完成某事”的意思，后常接的宾语有aim，task。complete所完成的事较accomplish的具体，有“补足缺少的部分使之完整或圆满”的含义，尤指建筑工程的竣工、文艺作品的完成等。finish强调“结束”，通常指日常事务的完成。fulfill多指完成制定的目标、任务、理想等，有“实现”的含义。［例］We should not try to accomplish two tasks at once.我们不能指望同时完成两件工作。

The delegation tried to arrange a peace，but accomplished nothing．代表团试图调停以实现和平，但是却未能成功。

accountn.账户；记述，描述，报告

v.说明……的原因

【搭】account for说明……的原因

on account of为了……的缘由；因为，由于 take into account 把……考虑进去

［例］I’d like to open an account.我想开个户头。

The newspaper carries an exciting account of the match．该报纸刊载了这场比赛的精彩报道。accumulate

v.积累，积蓄；堆积

【辨】accumulate, gather和collect。accumulate表示“积累，聚集”，指经过一段时间连续不断收集而使之愈来愈多，但并非有强烈的意图：I’ve accumulated quite a lot of rare books over the years．我多年来收集了相当多的珍贵书籍。gather与collect均表示“收集”，有时可互换。如：gather／collect leaves收集叶子。但collect常指有目的、有计划或按一定的要求进行收集，而gather没有这层含义。如：collect books表示按内容或顺序收集书籍，而gather books则只表示把散着的书收好。

［例］As the evidence began to accumulate, the experts felt obliged to investigate.当证据日趋增多时，专家们感到有必要进行调查。

Dust and dirt soon accumulate if a house is not cleaned regularly.房屋不经常打扫，尘土很快就会越积越多。

accurate

a.精确的，准确的

［例］We might have a free press, but that doesn’t mean all reporting is true and accurate.我们即使有新闻自由，也并不意味着一切报道都真实可信、准确无误。

The manager impressed on his office staff the importance of keeping accurate records.经理让办公室职员认识到做精确记录的重要性。accuse

v.控告，谴责

【搭】accuse sb.of doing sth.指控某人做了某事

【辨】accuse和charge。accuse 所表达的“指控，控告，非难”比较直接和尖锐，但指控对方的事不一定很严重，有时可与charge通用，但accuse通常的搭配为accuse sb.of sth.如：She accused him of theft.她控告他行窃。charge 表示“指控，控告”，一般用于较严重的错误或罪行，常用结构为 charge sb.with sth.，如：He was charged with murder.他被指控犯有谋杀罪。

［例］He accused the man of having committed a crime.他指控那个人有罪。

Man often accuses nature for his own misfortunes.人类常把自身的不幸归罪于天。accustom

v.使习惯

【搭】be accustomed to doing sth.［例］He soon gets accustom to dormitory life and make two or three friends.他不久就逐渐习惯了宿舍的生活并交了两三个朋友。

He had to accustom himself to the cold weather.他不得不使自己习惯于寒冷的天气。You must accustom yourself to getting up early.你必须使自己习惯于早起。actn.行为，做事

v.扮演，行动，起作用

【搭】act as 充当；担任

act on 按照……行事

［例］It is an act of kindness to help a blind man across the street.帮助盲人过马路是一种好事。

He thought for a long time before he acted.他考虑了很久才行动。acidn.酸

a.酸的；酸性的

［例］I am doing an experiment of neutralizing acid.我在做一个中和酸的实验。Acids react with bases to form salts.酸与碱反应生成盐。acquaint

v.使认识，使了解

【搭】acquaint oneself with熟悉，通晓

acquaint sb.with...把……告诉某人

［例］Please acquaint him with my arrival.请通知他我到了。

I am acquainted with her.我认识她。acquaintancen.熟人；相识；熟悉

【搭】make sb.acquaintance 与某人相识

［例］I have never made his acquaintance.我与他素昧平生。

He is my acquaintance.他是我的熟人。

I have a slight acquaintance with Japanese.我略通日文。acquire

v.取得，获得；学到

【辨】acquire, attain, earn, gain, get, obtain和win。这几个词都有“取得，获得”的意思。acquire表示依靠自己的能力、努力或行动而得到技能、知识等较抽象的东西。attain指通过长期的努力达到一定的目的、结果。earn强调所获得的东西是应得的，它可以指赚得钱财等物质利益，也可指因自己的成就、行为等得到非物质性的东西。gain尤指获得有用的或需要的东西，语义比obtain强，表示需付出更大的努力才能获得。get为最普通的用语，可用于各种情况。obtain较为正式，表示经过相当长的时间或通过很大的努力才获得期望已久的东西，含有“成为某物的主人”的意思。win“赢得”，指通过竞争、努力、坚持等得到某物。

［例］How did he acquire his wealth? 他的财富是怎样得来的？

The collector has acquired a fine collection of impressionist paintings.这位收藏家收集到了大量印象派绘画。

actionn.行动，行为；动作，活动；作用

【辨】act和action。act指具体的动作或行为，而action指抽象、概括的动作或行为，如：in the act of learning在学习过程中／take action采取行动；当action被用作单数可数名词时，可与act互换。如：a kind act／action友好的行为。在机械、物理及其他科学领域中一般用action，不用act。［例］ The action lasted three hours.战斗持续了三个小时。

The action took place in a seaside village.这个故事发生在海边的一个渔村里。Actions speak louder than words.行动胜于空谈。adapt

v.适合；改编，改写 【搭】adapt to适应

［例］He tried hard to adapt himself to the new conditions.他努力使自己适应新的情况。The author is going to adapt his play for television.作者将把他的剧本改编成电视剧。

Adapt or perish is Nature’s inexorable imperative.适者生存，不适者灭亡，这是自然界永不变更的规律。

additionn.加，加法；附加物 【搭】in addition 另外；还

in addition to此外

［例］In addition to giving a general introduction to computer, the course also provides practical experience.该课程除了介绍一般电脑知识外，还提供实际操作的机会。additional

a.附加的，另外的

［例］You should know the additional responsibilities that are incidental to the job.你该知道做这项工作要承担额外责任。

He had to pay some additional charges.他不得不付些附加费。adequate

a.足够的，充分的；符合要求的

［例］Our bodies need adequate nutrition.我们的身体需要充足的营养。

And last but not least there is the question of adequate funding.最后同样重要的是要有足够的资金的问题。

adhere

v.黏附；遵守;坚持

［例］There were several pages that adhered to each other.有几页书粘连在一起了。

They adhered to the contract.他们遵守了合同。adjust

v.调节，校正；(使)适应

【搭】adjust oneself to...使自己适应于……

［例］Over the years, we all learned to become more comfortable with each other, and to adapt to our new family arrangement.年复一年，我们都学会了彼此宽容，学会了适应我们新的家庭规则。

This kind of desk can be adjusted to the height you need.这种书桌的高低可以按照你的需要调节。administrationn.管理，经营；行政部门；政府

［例］She has been looking after the daytoday administration.她一直在照管日常的行政工作.The company developed rapidly under his administration.在他的管理下，公司发展得很快。adopt

v.采用，采纳；收养

［例］We should adopt the consumers’ suggestion.我们应该接受用户的建议。

Most countries adopt metric system.大多数国家采用米制。advisern.顾问

［例］He became her senior adviser—her deputy, if you will.他成了她的高级顾问——你要说是她的副手也未尝不可。

Professor Smith served as special adviser to the President.史密斯教授曾做过总统的特别顾问。

affectionn.爱，慈爱

［例］He gave me a necklace as a symbol of his affection.他送给我一条项链作为爱情的象征。

Every mother has affection for her children.每个母亲都爱她的孩子。afterwardsad.后来，以后

［例］His heart stopped beating and he died soon afterwards.他心脏停止了跳动, 随即就死亡了。We saw the play separately and compared notes afterwards.我们各自看了那出戏, 后来交换了意见。

agencyn.经办；媒介；代理处

［例］He enrolled with an employment agency for a secretary.他在职业介绍所登记要当秘书。

Do you mean to say that if we entrust you with the agency, you will sell ＄1,000,000 each year? 你的意思是说如果我们指定你们代理，你们将每年销售100万美元？

agentn.代理人，代表

［例］For further information, contact your local agent.要进一步了解情况，请与本地代理商联系。

The agent spoke on behalf of his principal.代理人代表他的委托人说话。agonyn.苦恼；极大痛苦

【辨】pain, ache和agony。这三个词都有“苦恼；痛苦”的意思。pain是一般用词，可指短暂的或长期的，局部的或全身的疼痛，程度比ache重，还可指内心的痛苦。如：His bad behaviour caused his parents a great deal of pain.他的不良行为使他的父母感到非常痛苦。ache常指局部持续不断的隐痛，常和身体某部位的名称组成复合词，如：He has an ache in the back.他的背痛。agony指肉体的疼痛，也可指精神上的几乎无法忍受的痛苦，如：His soul was wrung with agony.他的心灵深受痛苦的折磨。

［例］I was in agony with tooth ache.我的牙疼极了。

She is in an agony of grief, because her husband has just died.她因丈夫刚去世而极为悲伤。

aid

v.辅助，援助，救助n.辅助，援助，救助

【辨】aid, assist和help。这三个词都有“帮助”的意思，但aid较为正式，强调使受助者摆脱困难或危险或强者援助弱者，也可指用金钱援助；如：They immediately gave him first aid.他们立即对他进行了急救。assist协助，帮助，强调提供帮助的一方居次要地位，起助手的作用，如：The nurses assisted the surgeon in the operation．护士协助外科医生手术。help为最普通的词，可用来替换aid或assist。［例］Aid to the Third World is at present little more than a drop in the ocean.目前对第三世界的援助不过是杯水车薪。

A dictionary is an invaluable aid in learning a new language.在学习一种新语言时，词典是非常有用的工具。

airlinen.航线；航空公司

［例］That was the worst airline disaster in history.那是历史上最严重的空难。

The timetable is obtainable post—free from the airline office.航班时刻表可以向航空公司免费索取。

alcoholn.酒精，乙醇

［例］Alcohol has a very bad effect on drivers.酒精对司机的影响很大。alert

a.警惕的；机灵的n.警报；警戒状态；警戒期间

v.使警觉

［例］ Although he’s over eighty his mind is still remarkably alert.他虽已年过八十，但头脑仍然十分机敏。

An alert listener will have noticed the error.耳朵尖的人能听出这个错。alike

a.相同的；相像的ad.相同地，一样地

［例］I always confuse the sisters: they look so alike.我总是分不出这对姐妹, 她们看上去简直一模一样。

No two people think alike.没有两个人的想法是一样的。allied

a.联合的；同盟的

［例］The allied warplanes bombed the country by the hundred.盟军数以百计的飞机轰炸了那个国家。The English language is allied to the German language.英语和德语属于同一语系。allyn.同盟国，同盟者；支持者

v.使结盟，结成同盟 ［例］British soldiers had been transported across the English Channel to fight beside their French allies.英军横渡英吉利海峡去和法国盟军并肩作战。

Great Britain was allied with the United States in both world wars.在两次世界大战中，英国都是与美国联盟。

alongsideprep.在……旁边，横靠 ad.并排地，并肩地

［例］The dog ran alongside his mistress.狗在女主人的身边奔跑。The car drew up alongside the road.小汽车在路边停下来。alter

v.改变，变样

［例］I’ll have to alter the diagram.I’ve made a mistake.我得修改图表，我出了点儿错。Circumstances alter cases.具体情况具体分析。alternate

a.交替的；预备的 v.交替，轮流

［例］Meetings are held on alternate Thursdays.每隔一个星期的星期四举行一次会议。We alternate in doing the housework.我们轮流做家务。amaze

v.使惊奇，使惊愕，使惊叹

［例］We were amazed at the sight.我们对这种景象感到惊异。

She was amazed at her birthday presents.看到她的生日礼物，她很惊奇。I am amazed to see you here.在这儿看见你我感到惊奇。ambiguous

a.模棱两可的

［例］This is an ambiguous sentence.这是一个含意不清的句子。He gave us an ambiguous answer.他给了我们一个模棱两可的答复。ambitionn.雄心，野心

［例］Until all is over ambition never dies.不到黄河心不死。

Ambition is a characteristic of all successful businessmen.雄心勃勃是所有成功生意人的共同特点。ambitious

a.有雄心的，野心勃勃的；劲头十足的

［例］She is ambitious of success in life.她渴望在人生中能成大业。

He is ambitious to get the position.他渴望能得到这个位子。amountn.数量

v.合计，共计

［例］The amount of unemployed capital is very large.未被利用的资金数量很大。

A large amount of money is spent on advertisements every year.每年都要花费大量金钱在广告上。

His debts amount to five thousand dollars.他欠的债共达五千美元。

ample

a.充分的，富裕的；宽敞的，宽大的

【辨】adequate, ample和sufficient。这三个词都含有“足够的”的意思。adequate指在数量或质量上达到了令人满足的程度，如：The supply is not adequate to the demand.供不应求。ample指不仅足够且超过所需的数量，如：We have ample money for the journey．我们有足够的钱去旅行。sufficient与enough同义，但更正式，且多表示数量或数目上达到需求。如：Though she has sufficient money, she never feels enough.虽然她有足够的钱，但她永远不满足。［例］We have ample time.我们有充足的时间。

Ample sunshine and rainfall are bringing the crops on nicely.充足的阳光和雨水正使庄稼茁壮地生长。amuse

v.逗乐，逗笑；给……以娱乐

［例］The new toys amused the children.新玩具使孩子很高兴。

The teacher amused the children with a story.老师讲故事取悦孩子们。

He amused himself by reading mysteries.他阅读侦探小说消遣。analysisn.分析，分解 ［例］We agreed with his acute analysis of the political situation.我们都同意他对政治形势的深刻分析。His analysis of the problem showed great perception.他对该问题的分析显示出敏锐的洞察力。analyze

v.分析；分解；解析

［例］Can you analyze the structure of the sentence for me? 你能给我分析一下这个句子的结构吗？

He analyzed the food and found that it contained poison.他对这种食物做了化验，发现有毒。anglen.角；角度，观点

［例］The rising sun is especially beautiful to look at from this angle.旭日从这个角度看起来特别美。

Try looking at the affair from a different angle.试从不同的角度来看这件事。anniversaryn.周年纪念日

a.周年的

［例］How did you celebrate your wedding anniversary? 你是怎样庆祝结婚周年纪念日的？

He gave me a necklace as an anniversary gift.他送给我一条项链作为周年纪念礼物。annual

a.每年的，年度的n.年报，年刊

［例］A wage rise of 5% represents an annual increase of 250 for the lowestpaid workers.工资提高5%对收入最低的工人来说相当于全年收入增加250英镑。

How much is his annual salary? 他的年薪是多少？ anxietyn.挂念；焦虑；渴望

［例］The doctor’s report removed all their anxieties.医生的报告消除了他们的一切忧虑。

We waited for news with a growing sense of anxiety.我们等待着消息，越来越着急。apologyn.道歉，认错

［例］Please accept our apologies for any inconvenience we have caused.若有不便，敬请原谅。

The Finance Director sends her apology and is unable to attend the meeting.财务董事派人带话说，她因不能出席会议而向大家道歉。

apparent

a.明显的，显而易见的；表面的，貌似的

［例］If she had inner doubts, it was not apparent to anyone else.她若心中生疑亦不形之于色。

She had many good qualities despite her apparent rudeness.她粗鲁是粗鲁, 但还是有许多优秀品质的。appeal

v.呼吁，请求；上诉，申诉；求助于 n.呼吁，请求；上诉

［例］She appealed to the high court against her sentence.她不服判决而向高等法院上诉。

The new fashion soon lost its appeal.那种新式样不久就失去了吸引力。appendixn.附录；附属物；阑尾

［例］The details are clearly set out in an appendix.详细情况在一个附录里清楚列出。

The doctor said the appendix is not important for us.那个大夫说阑尾对我们来说并不重要。

appetiten.食欲，胃口；欲望，爱好

［例］There’s nothing to touch mountain air for giving you an appetite.再也没有比山间清新的空气更能促进食欲的了。

Why don’t you go for a walk? It’ll give you an appetite for your lunch.你怎么不出去散散步呢? 散散步午饭时就有食欲了。

applaud

v.喝彩，鼓掌；称赞

［例］He was loudly applauded.他受到热烈的掌声欢迎。

We all applaud you for your decision.我们一致赞成你的决定。applicationn.请求；申请(书，表)； 应用，运用

［例］The manager received ten applications for the position.经理收到十位求职者的申请书。“Freedom” is a word of wide application.“自由”一词可用于多种场合。apply

v.申请；应用，实施； 运用，使用 【搭】apply to sb.for sth.申请，请求 apply to 适用

【辨】apply，employ和use。这三个词都有“使用，应用”的意思。apply多指实际的应用，如将研究成果应用于生产中等。如：They are applying new findings in the work．他们正把新的发现应用于工作中。employ较为正式，指发挥作用地运用，如：I often employ my leisure time in reading.我常常利用闲暇时间看书。use为普通用语，后可跟人或物，使用的对象一般较为具体，如用手段或工具时常用 34

use，如：I often use a dictionary.我常常使用词典。

［例］This rule cannot be applied to every case.这项规则不是所有情况都使用。

In this way they can better apply theory to practice.这样他们就能更好地把理论运用到实践中去。appoint

v.任命，委任；约定（时间，地点）

［例］They appointed him chairman.他们任命他为主席。

He wasn’t there at the appointed time.他没有在指定的时间在那里。appointmentn.约会，预约；任命，选派

［例］Mr.Smith has to cancel all his appointments because he’s got something urgent to attend to.史密斯先生因为有要事处理不得不取消所有的约会。

I have an appointment with my dentist this afternoon.我已约好今天下午去看牙医。appreciate

v.感谢，感激；正确评价；欣赏，赏识

［例］We all appreciate a holiday after a year of hard working.经过一年的辛苦工作之后，大家都能领略假期的乐趣。

We appreciate your helping us.我们感谢你们的帮助。approach

v.靠近，接近，临近n.方法，途径；探讨

［例］The time is approaching when we must think about buying a new house.我们要想一想买新房子的事了，时机即将来临。

There are several ways of approaching the problem.处理这个问题有好几个方法。approvaln.赞成，同意；认可，批准

［例］If your rates meet with our approval, we will sign a contract with your company.如果贵公司的费率能得到敝公司的认可，我们将与贵公司签订一项合同。

We can’t start building without the council’s approval.未经委员会批准，我们不能动工。approve

v.赞成；批准，通过

［例］The city council approved the building plan.市议会批准了这项建筑计划。

The equipment must be bought from a supplier approved by the company.设备必须从公司认可的供应商那里购买。

apt

a.恰当的，适宜的；易于……的，有……倾向的

【搭】be apt at 善于, 巧于be apt for 适合be apt to do sth.易于, 有可能做某事

［例］She has an apt turn of phrase for summing up a situation.她很善于总结情况。

Iron is apt to rust.铁容易生锈。

It’s apt to rain this afternoon.今天下午可能下雨。architectn.建筑师；设计师

［例］The boy made up his mind to become an excellent architect.这个男孩下定决心成为一位优秀的建筑师。

Everyone is the architect of his own fortune.每个人都是自己命运的创造者。architecturen.建筑；建筑学

［例］This church is a classic example of medieval architecture.这座教堂是中世纪建筑风格的典型实例。

He obtained a diploma in architecture.他获得了建筑学的学位证书。argumentn.争论，争吵

［例］There are strong arguments against these measures.有一些有力的论据反对这些措施。

We accepted the agreement without argument.我们毫无异议地接受了这一协议。arouse

v.唤醒；激起

［例］His sufferings aroused our sympathy.他的痛苦引起了我们的同情。

I am sorry to tell you that your offer failed to arouse any interest among our enduser.很遗憾您的提议引不起用户的兴趣。

arrange

v.整理，排列；安排

［例］I have arranged with him to meet at the restaurant.我和他约好在饭馆见面。

I have arranged that one of my staff will meet you at the airport.我已经安排好派一个职员到飞机场接你。arrest

v.逮捕；扣留；阻止；吸引n.逮捕；扣留

［例］The police arrested the thief.警察逮捕了小偷。

The treatment arrested the growth of the disease.治疗抑制了病情的发展。The police made several arrests.警察逮捕了好几个人。artificial

a.人工的，人造的；矫揉造作的

［例］I was fitted an artificial tooth by the dentist.牙医给我镶了颗假牙。

This dress is made of artificial fibers.这件衣服是由人造纤维制成的。ashoread.在岸上；上岸

［例］They have been ashore for two hours.他们已经上岸两个小时了。

He managed to swim ashore.他设法向岸边游过去。asidead.在旁边；到旁边

［例］I laid my book aside, turned off the light and went to sleep.我把书放在一边, 关了灯睡觉。

Why don’t you lay that problem aside for a while and work at it later? 你为什么不先把问题放在一边过会儿再说? aspectn.样子，外表，面貌；方面

［例］I am a beginner in this aspect.在这方面，我是一个生手。

On the course she received a thorough training in every aspect of the job.在训练班上，她接受了有关这个工作各方面的全面训练。

assemble

v.集合，集会；装配，组装

［例］If the firealarm goes, staff should assemble outside the building.火警警报响时全体人员应到楼外集合。

The processing and assemble business is a component part of our foreign trade.加工和装配贸易是我国对外贸易的一个组成部分。assemblyn.集会，会议；装配

［例］People have the rights of assembly and expression.人们有集会和发表言论的权利。

The production is greatly increased due to a new assembly line installed.由于安装了新装配线, 生产量大大提高。

assert

v.断言，宣称；维护

［例］We encouraged him to assert his view of the matter.我们鼓励他坚持自己对此事的看法。

She asserted that he was innocent.她断言，他是无罪的。assignmentn.分配，任务；课外作业

［例］He is the best man who can finish the assignment.他是能完成这项任务的最佳人选。

Fast as you do, you can’t finish the assignment in two hours.尽管你做得快，但也不能在两小时内将功课做完。

associate

v.使联系；交往，结合 n.合作人，伙伴，同事

【搭】associate with 同……联系在一起 associate oneself with 加入;与……发生联系

［例］She associated happiness with having money.她把幸福和有钱联系到一起。

I got a new job and a new set of work associations.我有了新工作和一班新同事。

Mr.Miller is a business associate of our company.米勒先生是我们公司的生意伙伴。associationn.协会，团体；联合，交往

［例］He is a member of the Association of University Teachers.他是大学教师联合会的一名成员。

I benefited a lot from my association with him.我与他交往获益良多。assume

v.假装；假定，设想；采取，承担

［例］I assumed you can speak French fluently.我以为你能讲流利的法语。

I made a mistake and I will assume responsibility for it.我错了，我愿为此承担责任。

assure

v.使确信，使放心；保证，担保

［例］We book early to assure ourselves of seats.我们及早订票以确保有座。

I can assure you that your son will be happy here.我可以向你保证，你儿子在这里会很快乐的。

atmospheren.大气，空气；气氛，环境

［例］The peoples are in a festal atmosphere.各族人民都沉浸在节日的气氛之中。

There is an atmosphere of peace and calm in the country, quite different from the atmosphere of a big city.在乡间有一种和平宁静的气氛，和大城市的气氛截然不同。attach

v.缚上，系上，贴上

［例］This middle school is attached to a teachers’ college.这所中学附属于一所师范院校。

He attached a label to his baggage.他往行李上贴了一个标签。

attentive

a.注意的，留神的

［例］He is attentive to his little brother.他很关心他的小弟弟。

You should be attentive to what your parents have said.你应该注意倾听父母所说的话。attendantn.服务员，值班员；护理人员

a.在场的；伴随的

［例］Please ring for the attendant if you need anything.如果需要什么，请按铃找服务员。

The president gave the Prince and his attendants a farewell banquet.总统为王子和他的随员举行了告别宴会。

attractive

a.有吸引力的；引起注意的

［例］Ice cream is attractive to children.冰淇淋对孩子们非常有吸引力。

I think she is a very attractive girl.我认为她是个很有魅力的女孩。

attribute

v.把……归因于，把……归咎于 n.属性，特征

［例］They attribute their success to their teacher’s encouragement.他们把成功归因于老师的鼓励。

Politeness is an attribute of a gentleman.彬彬有礼是绅士的本色。aural

a.听觉的

［例］You can use these tapes as aural material.你可以把这些磁带当做听力材料。attorneyn.律师；代理人

［例］Peter’s father is an attorney.He has his own practice.彼得的父亲是律师。他自己开业。

The attorney argue that the decision involve prejudice to his client.律师论辩说这一裁决侵害了他的委托人。

authorityn.权力，权威；权威者；(pl.)当局

［例］The government is the highest authority in the country.政府是国家的最高权力机构。

My parents think that the contemporary young people have no respect for authority.我父母认为现在的年轻人不尊重权威。

available

a.可用的，可得到的；可以见到的，随时可来的

［例］Do you have a room available? 你们有空房间吗？

You will be informed when the book becomes available.那本书一到就通知你。

Several cars are available within this price range.在这个价格范围内，有好几种汽车可供选购。avoid

v.避免；回避，躲开

【辨】avoid和escape。二者都有“逃避”的意思，后面都跟doing sth.。但avoid doing sth．指在“做某事”之前有意避寻，强调“有意识地躲避不愉快的或可能发生危险的事物或情况”。如: We shall avoid making mistake.我们应避免犯错误。而escape doing sth．指在“做某事”过程中逃脱或逃离，指“脱离或避开即将来临或近在眼前的伤害、危险、灾祸等事物”常作借喻用, 如：He escaped being punished.他逃脱了惩罚。

［例］If we are to avoid defeat we need a change of leadership.我们要避免失败的话，就要换掉领导人。To avoid the city center, turn right here.如果要避开市中心，请从这里向右转弯。She tried to avoid answering my questions.她试图避而不答我的问题。await

v.等候；期待

［例］I am awaiting their reply.我正在等待他们的答复。

It was completely hopeless.They had to await their doom.已经完全没有希望, 他们只能坐以待毙了。awkward

a.笨拙的，不灵活的；棘手的，尴尬的

［例］The heavy axe was awkward to use.这把重斧头不好用。

At the formal party I felt very awkward and out of place.在正式的舞会上，我感到局促不安，很不自在。aware

a.知道的，意识到的

［例］He was aware of the danger.他知道危险。

I was aware of what he was aiming at.我知道他在打什么主意。

We are fully aware of the gravity of the situation.我们十分清楚形势的严峻性。

awful

a.令人恐惧的；威严的；可怕的；极坏的； 糟糕的

［例］It would be awful if he found out the truth.如果他发现了真相，那就糟了。

An awful accident has happened.一件可怕的事故发生了。Bbackwardsad.向后地, 相反地

a.向后的, 相反的

【搭】backwards and forwards 来回地

［例］Life can only be understood backwards, but it must be lived forwards.只有向后看才能理解生活；但要生活好，则必须向前看。

Instead of making progress, my work actually seems to be going backwards.我的工作不但没有进步，实际上像是在倒退。

balancen.平衡；余额

v.使平衡，使均衡 【搭】in the balance（结果）未定的 off balance不平衡

［例］The girl lost her balance and fell off the balance beam.小女孩失去了平衡，从平衡木上摔了下来。

All the parts of the building are in perfect balance.建筑物的各部分都显得非常匀称。

You have to balance the advantages of living in a big city against the disadvantages.你必须权衡住在大城市的利与弊。

Be sure that the income and the expenditure balance．务必要使收支平衡。bandagen.绷带

v.用绷带扎缚

［例］The nurse eased the bandage off from the wound.护士轻轻地把绷带从伤口上取下来。Do you know how to bandage an injured arm? 你知道如何包扎受伤的胳膊吗？

bangn.砰砰的声音；猛击

v.砰地关上；猛撞

［例］The door shut with a bang.门砰地一声关上了。

He fell and banged his knee.他跌倒了，膝盖重重地撞了一下。bankrupt

a.破产的 v.使破产 n.破产者 ［例］Our business is at the crossing.If this deal does not succeed, we shall be bankrupt.我们的商行正处在十字路口，倘若此番交易不能成功，我们将会破产。

That company made him bankrupt.是那家公司让他破产的。

I was bankrupt and unable to pay his debts.我破产了，不能偿还他的债务。bare

a.光的，秃的

［例］The soil was washed away by the flood, exposing bare rock.泥土被洪水冲走, 露出光秃秃的岩石。

The trees are bare in the winter.冬天的时候，树上的叶子全掉光了，光秃秃的。barelyad.赤裸裸地，无遮蔽地；仅仅，勉强 ［例］She was barely recognizable as the girl I had known at school.我几乎认不出她就是我上学时认识的那个女孩儿。

We had barely enough money to last through the weekend.我们的钱只能勉强维持到周末。basementn.地下室，地窖

［例］In the basement water streams down the walls.在地下室里，水顺着墙不断地流下来。basisn.基础，根据；主干

【搭】on the basis of 以……为基础 【辨】base和basis。这两个词都可指“基础”。base一般指较为形象、具体的“基础”，如：These are nation’s industrial base.这些是国家的工业基础。而basis一般指抽象意义上的“基础”，如：Don’t evaluate a person on the basis of appearance.不要以相貌取人。

［例］We drew this conclusion on the basis of experiments.我们是在试验的基础上得出这个结论的。On the basis of our sales forecasts, we may begin to make a profit next year.基于我们销售情况的预测，我们明年将开始赚钱。

bark

v.吠叫；咆哮n.吠声，狗叫声

［例］The dog barked when the stranger came near.当陌生人走近时，狗叫了起来。

The bark of a dog sounded in the night.在夜间听到狗叫声。barnn.谷仓，仓库；草料房

［例］The soldiers bedded down in a barn.士兵们在谷仓里打铺过夜。

The cows were feeding on hay in the barn.母牛正在牲口棚里吃干草呢。beamn.横梁，桁条；光线的束，柱

v.微笑；发光

［例］Hold the flashlight so that the beam shines straight down on a sheet of white paper.手握电筒让光线直射在一张白纸上。

We enjoy seeing the glorious beams of the rising sun.我们喜欢观赏初升太阳的灿烂光辉。beann.豆，菜豆，蚕豆

［例］Did you make bean milk yourself? 你自己亲自做豆奶？

Bean curd is a highprotein food.豆腐是一种高蛋白食品。beforehandad.提前地，超前地

a.预先准备好的；提前的

［例］Get everything ready beforehand.事先准备好一切。

He was informed beforehand.他预先得到了通知。behalfn.利益，支持

【搭】on behalf of 为了，代表

［例］I made all these troubles in your behalf.我是为了你才找这么多麻烦的。I put up the proposal on your behalf.我是为你的利益才提出这个建议的。behave

v.举止，表现；运转

［例］It’s hard to train children to behave well at the table.培养儿童用餐时举止得体是很困难的。

Behave yourself;don’t make a fool of yourself.注意你的举止, 别闹出笑话来。behaviourn.行为，举止(=behavior)【辨】behavior和conduct。这两个词都可表示“行为”。behavior一般指在他人面前表现自己个性特征的行为举止，或在特殊场合的行为，尤指交际上的细节行为。如：These days our children were on their behaviour．这些天我们的孩子举止非常规矩。conduct则指在社会道德方面或关于社会道德的行为，多为理性的行为。如：The reporter was accused of unprofessional conduct.那位记者被控有违反职业道德的行为。

［例］I could not endure the insolence of his behaviour.我不能再忍受他那傲慢无礼的行为了。

What comments have you about my son’s behaviour? 你对我儿子的行为有什么意见？ beingn.生命；存在，生存

【搭】bring into being使出现，使存在come into being出现，形成

【辨】life, existence, being。这三词都有“生命，生存，生活”的意思。life是最普通用语, existence和being在指实际存在的条件或事物时很相似，在断定某一事实的存在时是可以互换的,在表示“生活”时，existence多指艰苦、无聊的生活。being表示“生命、生物”时，仅指动物，特别指人类。［例］What is the purpose of our being? 我们生存的目的是什么？

I don’t know the meaning of my being．我不知道我生存的意义。beliefn.信仰；相信，信念 【搭】beyond belief难以置信

［例］There was a happy chime of belief and practice in everything she said.她所说的每一件事都体现了信仰和行动的完美和谐。

His firmness on his belief supported him in difficulties.困境中，他坚定的信仰支撑着他。beloved

a.受爱戴的，敬爱的 n.爱人，心爱的人

［例］The man endeavored to please his beloved wife.那人尽量使他深爱的妻子快乐。

Wherefore are you, my beloved? 你怎么啦，我的宝贝？ beneathprep.在……下边，在……之下 ad.在下方，低于

［例］The sun is now beneath the horizon.太阳此刻落到地平线之下了。He is beneath me in education.他所受的教育在我之下。

We looked down from the plane at the fields spread out beneath.我们从飞机上俯瞰下面一片片的土地。

benefitn.利益，好处；恩惠

v.有益于； 受益

［例］This project is of great benefit to everyone.这项工程对每个人都大有好处。

I have benefited a lot from extensive reading.广泛的阅读使我受益匪浅。bent

a.弯曲的；下决心的n.嗜好；倾向

【搭】be bent on doing sth.下定决心要做

［例］She is bent on becoming a film star when she grows up.她一心想长大后当一名影星。He has a bent for art.他生性爱好艺术。bet

v.赌，打赌；相信n.打赌，赌注

［例］I bet it will rain tomorrow.我相信明天一定会下雨。

My bet is they’ve got held up in the traffic.我想他们一定是在路上因交通拥挤而受阻了。

Let’s make a bet on the next election.我们就下次的选举打个赌吧。betray

v.背叛，出卖；暴露，泄露；辜负

［例］As long as you don’t betray me, I’ll do whatever you ask me to(do).只要你不出卖我，要我做什么我都愿意。

The smoke from cooking betrayed the presence of the enemy.炊烟暴露了敌人的存在。bid

v.祝愿；命令，吩咐；报价；投标 n.出价，投标 ［例］The little girl bid her grannie good morning as she gets up in the morning.小孙女一早起来就向外祖母道早安。

Have they put in a bid for the contract? 他们有没有投标争取承包合同？ bind

v.捆，绑，包扎；束缚；凝固

［例］She bound up her hair with a handkerchief.她用手绢把头发扎了起来。

I am bound by my promise.我必须遵守自己的诺言。

blastn.一阵风，一股气流； 管乐器或汽笛声；爆炸

v.爆炸，爆破

［例］A trumpeter sent out a warning blast.号兵吹出告警的号声。

The bomb blast killed several harmless passersby.炸弹爆炸使几个无辜行人受伤。

Rock music blasted full from the parlor.摇滚乐声震屋宇，从客厅传来。blazen.火焰；火光；闪光，光亮

v.燃烧，冒火焰；照耀，发光

［例］The firemen were unable to control the blaze.消防队员无法控制这场大火。

Lights were blazing in every room.每个房间都灯火通明。

They fled from the blazing house.他们从燃烧的房子里逃了出来。bleed

v.流血；榨取；渗出

［例］All the young soldiers are ready to bleed for the country.所有的年轻战士都愿意为祖国洒热血。

Your arm is bleeding;put a bandage on it.你的手臂在流血，用绷带包扎一下。bless

v.祝福，保佑；对上帝感恩

［例］May this country always be blessed with prosperity.愿上帝保佑这个国家永远繁荣昌盛。The priest blessed the ship before it left port.牧师在船离港之前为其祝福。bloody

a.流血的；血腥的；残忍的

［例］He came home with a bloody nose.他满鼻子是血地回到家。

Hundreds of soldiers died in this battle.成百上千的战士在这场血战中牺牲。blossomn.(果树上开的)花朵；开花期 【搭】in blossom 开花

［例］The sunshine will bring out the blossom.阳光将使花朵开放。

The beauty of the peach blossom is beyond description.桃花的美丽难以形容。blush

v.脸红，羞愧n.脸红，羞愧

［例］She blushed when he scolded her.他责备她时，她脸红了。

The student murmured the answer with a blush.那个学生红着脸小声说出了答案。

boast

v.自夸，夸耀

n.自夸的话，大话；夸耀的事

［例］Don’t believe him;he is just boasting.别相信他，他只是在吹嘘罢了。

He boasted that there was nobody he could not defeat.他发豪语他能击败任何人。

It was his proud boast that he had never missed a day’s work because of illness.他从未请过一天病假，这是他引以为豪的事。

bold

a.大胆的，勇敢的；冒失的；黑体的；清晰的 ［例］You are so bold that you never do something on second thought.你太鲁莽, 从来不知道深思熟虑后做事。

He is a bold thinker, with lots of original ideas.他是个敢于思考的人，富有创新观点。May I be so bold as to ask how old you are? 可否冒昧问一下您多大年纪？

bondn.结合物，黏结剂，联结；证券，债券

［例］A bond of sympathy developed between members of the group.该组织成员间产生了志同道合的凝聚力。

Common tastes form a bond between the two men.共同的爱好使两人结交为朋友。

boothn.电话亭；货摊

［例］I’ll give him a call from the phone booth on the corner.我到街角的电话亭给他打个电话。

Would you please watch over my booth? 请您照料一下我的摊位好吗? bordern.边界，国界；边沿

v.交界，接壤

［例］The two armies clashed near the border.两军在边界附近发生了冲突。

France borders Germany along parts of the Rhine.法国沿莱茵河部分河段与德国接壤。

bosomn.心胸；内心

［例］He exchanged intimacies with his bosom friend at the party.在晚会上，他和他的密友亲密交谈。

The girl was fortunate enough to have her mother as a bosom friend.这个女孩非常幸运，她的妈妈是她的知心朋友。

bound

v.跳跃；限制n.跳跃；界限

a.被束缚的；密切关联的 【搭】be bound to 一定，必定

［例］The dog bounded down the hill.狗跳跃着朝山下跑去。

With one bound, Bob was over the fence.鲍勃一跳，就跳过了篱笆。

You are not legally bound to answer these questions.在法律上，你没有义务非回答这些问题不可。

boundaryn.分界线，边界，国界

［例］They marked the boundaries of the football fields.他们画出了足球场地的边界。brandn.商标，标记；烙印

v.使铭记；打烙印

［例］How well do you think this washing powder stacks up against your usual brand? 这种洗衣粉跟你常用的那种比怎么样?

The war has branded an unforgettable lesson on our minds.战争在我们心上烙下了永生难忘的教训。brassn.黄铜；铜器

a.黄铜制的

［例］Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.黄铜是铜和锌的合金。

The brass instrument is too loud.铜管乐器的声音太响了。

braveryn.勇敢，大胆

［例］His bravery was seen by everyone when he saved the child from the burning house.他从失火的房子里救出小孩时的那种勇敢，是人人都见到的。

His bravery should be an example to all of us.他的勇敢应作为我们大家学习的榜样。

breed

v.使繁殖；产生，引起；抚养，饲养 n.品种，种类

［例］These farmers try to breed bigger sheep.这些农夫在设法繁殖较大品种的绵羊。

He was bred up in poverty.他是在贫苦的生活环境中长大的。

His horse is of the best breed.他的马是最好的品种。brief

a.简洁的；短暂的v.简短介绍，简要汇报

【搭】in brief 简言之，简短地说

［例］Please be brief because I am in a hurry.我有急事，请长话短说。

In conclusion, inquiries should be brief, specific, courteous and reasonable.总之，询价应当简短、具体、礼貌、合情合理。

I would like to brief you on the current investment environment in Chin

a.我向你们介绍一下中国目前的投资环境。

brilliant

a.光辉的，灿烂的；卓越的，才华横溢的

［例］She is brilliant but her work lacks organization.她很有才华,但工作缺乏条理。

He has got brilliant achievements in the field of physics.他在物理学方面已经取得了巨大成就。brisk

a.轻快的；生气勃勃的；兴隆的；清新的

［例］Trading was brisk on the Stock Exchange today.今日证券交易所交易活跃。Business is always brisk before Christmas.圣诞节前生意总是很兴隆。brittle

a.易碎的；脆弱的；冷淡的

［例］He has a brittle temper.他脾气急。

Constant stress has made our nerves brittle.我们长期处于紧张状态，神经已经吃不消了。bubblen.泡，水泡，气泡

v.冒泡，起泡

［例］A bubble will burst at the slightest touch.气泡稍微一碰就破。The gas bubbled to the surface of the water.气体变成气泡升上水面。bud

v.发芽，含苞待放n.芽，花苞

［例］Some flowers bud their leaves very early in spring.有些花在春季里很早就发出叶来。

The roses are in bud.玫瑰花正含苞待放。budgetn.预算

v.做预算，安排

［例］They’ll very likely ask for an increase in the budget.他们很可能会要求增加预算。He budgeted for buying a house．他为买房子作预算。

The company has budgeted one million dollars for advertising．公司已将一百万美元作为广告费用编入预算。

buffet

v.打击，奋斗n.自助餐

［例］The ship buffeted through the big waves.这艘船在波涛中奋勇前进。

We had a buffet supper last evening.昨天晚上，我们吃了一次自助晚餐。bulbn.灯泡，球状物；球茎

［例］We will have to change the bulb;it’s gone.电灯泡爆了，我们需要换一个。Onions and lilies grow from bulbs.洋葱和百合是从球茎中长出的。bulletn.子弹

［例］A bullet whistled past his head.一颗子弹从他头顶上呼啸而过。bunchn.一簇，一束，一捆，一串 【搭】a bunch of 一束，一捆，一串

［例］I received a bunch of red roses on my birthday.生日那天，我收到一束红玫瑰。

From the drawer Mr.Mach took out a chain, with a bunch of keys dangling at its end.马赫先生从抽屉里拿出一条链子，链子一头挂着一串钥匙。bundlen.捆，包，束

［例］He sold a bundle of old magazines to the second hand bookstore.他把一捆旧杂志卖给了二手书店。

burdenn.担子，负担；装载量

v.使负担；给予麻烦

【搭】burden sb.with 使某人负重担；给人添麻烦 ［例］Hope is like the sun, which, as we journey towards it, casts the shadow of our burden behind us.希望像太阳，我们向它走去时，它在我们身后投下我们负担的影子。

The burden on his back seemed to be crushing him to the earth.他背上的重负似乎要把他压倒在地。bureaun.署，局，司，处

［例］He worked in a travel bureau.他在一家旅行社工作。

The goods were inspected by the China Commodity Inspection Bureau before shipment.这批货在装船前由中国商品检验局进行过检验。

butterflyn.蝴蝶；轻浮的人

［例］A butterfly is flying up and down among the flowers.有一只蝴蝶正在花丛里忽上忽下地飞着。

I don’t like this young woman;she seems a social butterfly.我不喜欢这个年轻女子，她像个交际花。Ccabinn.客舱，机舱；小木屋

【辨】cabin, cottage和hut。cabin指设备简陋、样子粗糙的小木屋，也可指船上供住宿的船舱。cottage指农夫、渔夫等穷苦人住的“小屋，村舍”，现在也可指乡间或避暑胜地的别墅。hut指供居住或遮风避雨的小木屋、茅舍。

［例］The family lives in a cabin in the mountains．那家人住在山中的小木屋里。cabinetn.橱柜；内阁

［例］The Prime Minister’s cabinet colleague refused to accept the proposal.首相的内阁同僚拒绝接受这个建议。

We thank you for your order of Sept.9th for ten kitchen cabinets.we have these cabinet in stock and be ready to ship promptly.谢谢你9月9日发出的10套厨具订单，因有库存货，所以我们可立即装运。cablen.电缆

［例］They are building a submarine cable tunnel.他们正在建设一条海底电缆隧道。A number of cables are needed in this project.这项工程需要大量电缆。calculate

v.计算，推算，核算；计划，打算

［例］The scientists calculated when the spacecraft would reach the moon.科学家推算出宇宙飞船抵达月球的时间。

The government has to calculate the likely effects on revenues of a big drop in the oil price.政府必须估算出油价大幅度下降对财政收入可能产生的影响。campaignn.战役；运动

［例］Obama won the presidential election campaign and became the President.奥巴马赢得了总统选举，成为美国总统。

The terrorists have intensified their bombing campaign.恐怖分子增加了炸弹爆炸活动。campusn.校园

［例］The news soon went round the campus.消息很快传遍校园。

A new gymnasium has been built on our campus.我们大学的校园里新建了一座体育馆。canaln.运河；沟渠

［例］The Panama Canal has played a very important role in transportation.巴拿马运河在运输上起到了非常重要的作用。

The canal is navigable all the year.这条运河全年可通航。cancel

v.取消，作废；删去

［例］The heavy workload forced me to cancel the camping trip.繁重的工作量迫使我取消了露营。The match had to be cancelled because of bad weather.比赛因天气不好只得取消。candidaten.候选人，候补者；报考者；申请者 【搭】a candidate for ……的候选人或申请者

［例］He made several favorable comments about their candidate.他对他们的候选人发表了一些有利的评论。

We judge that he is the best candidate.我们认为他是最佳人选。cannonn.大炮，火炮

v.开炮；碰撞

［例］The cannon shot the town to pieces.大炮的轰炸击毁了这座城市。

The destroyer’s armament consist of several small cannon and a number of anticraft gun.驱逐舰上的武器装备包括几门小口径大炮与数门高射炮。capable

a.能干的，有能力的

【搭】be capable of 有……能力的；有……可能的

［例］Only human beings are capable of speech.只有人类才具有说话的能力。

He’s a capable businessman, isn’t he? 他是一位很有能力的业务员，不是吗？ capacity

v.容量，容积；才能，能力；身份，职位 【搭】have a capacity for 有……能力

【辨】capacity和ability。这两个词都可指“能力，才能”。capacity指人接受、容纳、吸收、理解方面的能力，亦可表示无生命事物的承受、容纳、装载能力。ability则一般指人办事等实际应用上的能力，或智力和体力方面的才能或本领。

［例］What’s the cubic capacity of this engine? 这台发动机的立体容积是多少？

He has a great capacity of learning．他的学习能力很强。

Mr．White is speaking in his capacity as minister of education．怀特先生是以教育部部长的身份发表演说的。

capturen.捕获，俘获

v.夺得，占领；捕获，俘虏

［例］The easiest way to capture a fortress is from within.堡垒最容易从内部攻破。

The novel captured the imagination of thousands of readers.这部小说引起了千万读者的想象。cargon.船货，货物

［例］How long will the discharge of the cargo take? 卸货需要多久？

This port handles 100 million tons of cargo each year.这个港口每年货物吞吐量达1亿吨.carriagen.四轮马车；火车的客车厢

［例］The carriage that he had ordered duly arrived, and we drove off.他叫的马车按时到，我们就坐上去走了。

I’ll be sitting in the 3rd carriage from the front of the train.我将坐在第三节车厢。cartoonn.漫画，幽默画；动画片

v.画漫画

［例］A newspaper cartoon is an amusing drawing, usually about some event in the news.报纸上的漫画是一种风趣的图画，通常是针对新闻中的某一件时事的。

The kids glued their eyes to the TV set, watching a cartoon.孩子们目不转睛地盯着电视机看卡通片。carve

v.雕刻；切

［例］The statue was carved out of marble.这座雕像是用大理石雕刻的。

He carved us some very nice pieces of chicken.他为我们切了几块很好的鸡肉。cast

v.投, 掷，抛；铸造；计算 n.演员表；一掷；模型；性格

［例］She cast her eyes down to avoid direct eye contact.她垂下双目以避免对视。

I can’t bear young people casting away their youth.我无法忍受年轻人虚度青春。casual

a.偶然的，碰巧的；临时的，非正式的；不拘礼的，随便的

［例］Such casual dress would not be correct for a formal occasion.这样的便服不宜在正式的场合穿。He likes casual attires.他喜欢休闲服装。

casualtyn.伤亡人员；受害人；重大伤亡事故

［例］The cottage was a casualty of the forest fire.那小屋被森林大火烧毁了。Heavy casualties were reported in the fighting.据报道战斗中伤亡惨重。cataloguen.目录(=catalog)［例］Please fax me the layout for the new catalogue.请用传真机把新目录的版面编排图样传送给我。

You can look for the book in the library catalogue.你可以在图书馆的图书目录上查找这本书。categoryn.种类，类别；范畴

［例］A category created for purposes of competition, as in boxing.分类项目为比赛目的而分等级，如在拳击比赛中那样。

cautionn.小心，谨慎；警告，告诫

v.警告

［例］Always he sought someone to whom he could talk without caution.他一直在找一个能够随便谈谈的人。

I must caution you against the danger.我必须告诫你应谨防危险。cautious

a.小心的，谨慎的

［例］She is cautious of telling secrets.她很谨慎，不会泄露秘密。

He is cautious in his choice of words.他措辞很谨慎。cease

v.停止，中止n.停止，中止

【辨】cease和stop。这两个词都是“停止，终止”的意思，但搭配不同。cease doing或cease to do都表示“停止干某事”，但指过程的结束或停止时一般跟动名词形式，如：The company has ceased trading in this district．该公司在这一地区已经停止贸易。stop doing sth．指“停止干(正在干的事)”，如：He stopped working.他停止工作。而stop to do sth．表示“停止(正在干的事)去干(另外的事)”，如：They stopped to talk when they met on the street.他们在街上相遇时，停下来聊了几句。［例］Cease to struggle and you cease to live.生命不止，奋斗不息。The newspaper had ceased publication.报纸已停刊。

The old man ceased breathing the night before.老人前一天晚上停止了呼吸。celln.细胞；小囚房；蜂房；电池

［例］All animals and plants are made of cells.一切动植物都是由细胞构成的。

I have to buy a new dry cell.我必须买一节新的干电池了。cellarn.地窖，地下室

［例］This wine cellar stays at an even temperature all year round.这个酒窖常年保持恒温。

The plumber went down to the cellar to fix the leaky pipe.管道工到地下室去修漏水的管子。cementn.水泥；胶泥，胶接剂

v.胶合；巩固，加强

［例］Don’t walk on the wet cement.水泥未干时不要在上面行走。

Our object is to further cement trade relations.我们的目标是进一步加强贸易关系。

The floor has been cemented over.地板上铺了一层水泥。ceremonyn.典礼，仪式；礼节，礼仪

［例］They will attend a graduation ceremony which is performed on April 5.他们将参加4月5日举行的毕业典礼。

certificaten.证书；证明；执照

［例］She’s going in for the Cambridge First Certificate.她将参加剑桥初级证书考试。

The driver’s certificate was suspended by the police.这个司机的驾驶执照被警察吊销了。challengen.挑战书；艰巨任务

v.挑战；要求比试

［例］The time was ripe for a challenge to the power of the government.时机已经成熟，可以向政府权力提出挑战了。

Nowadays no one will challenge the fact that the earth is round.现在没有人会对地球是圆的这一事实提出异议。

chaosn.混乱，无序，混沌

［例］After the failure of the electricity supplies the city was in chaos.电力供应中断，城市陷于混乱之中。chaptern.章, 回, 篇

［例］The opening chapter gives a general overview of the subject.开篇第一章是对主题的概述。

Halfway through the chapter I realized I hadn’t taken anything in.这一章看到一半我才意识到我根本没看懂。

charactern.性格；人物

［例］Habit changes into character.习惯成自然。

Sports help to train a person’s character.运动有助于锻炼人们的性格。

Dr.Watson is a character in the Sherlock Holmes stories.华生医生是福尔摩斯侦探故事中的一个人物。

characteristic

a.特有的，独特的 n.特性，特征

【搭】be characteristic of 有……的特点或性格；为……所特有

【辨】characteristic, feature和quality。这三个词都含有“特点，特性”的意思。characteristic指特殊的、易于辨认的特性或特征。如：A characteristic of the camel is its ability to live for a long time without water.骆驼的特点是不喝水也能活很长时间。feature指引人注意的显著特征或细节，如：Her mouth is her best feature.她的嘴是她容貌上最好看的部分。quality是常用词，指表现某人或事物与其他人或事物不同的特质或特点，如：He shows quality of leadership.他显示出领导才能。

［例］Sympathy is the feeling characteristic of mankind.同情心是人类特有的感情。Her most common characteristic is honesty.她最为突出的特点是诚实。characterize

v.表示……的特性；刻画……的性格(=characterise)［例］We often characterize people by their appearances.我们常常以外表来区分别人。

Your work is characterized by lack of attention to details.你的工作特点是缺乏对细节的注意。charmn.吸引力，魅力；美貌，风韵

v.迷人，使陶醉

【辨】attract, charm和fascinate：这三个词都含有“吸引；给人以喜悦之感”的意思。attract指以悦人的姿态使人喜欢、羡慕或注目。如：The flower show attracted large crowds this year.今年的花展吸引了大批观众。charm指吸引人的注意和爱慕，使迷醉。如：He had great charm, everyone liked him.他极有魅力，人人都喜欢他。fascinate指使人非常感兴趣，以至于要继续看下去或做下去等，如：The students were fascinated by his ideas.学生们都被他的思想吸引住了。

［例］Linda’s charm of manner made her very popular.琳达风度优雅，备受欢迎。

Her graciousness charmed everyone at the party.她的风姿令社交聚会上的每一个人倾倒。charming

a.迷人的，可爱的

［例］We didn’t trust him at first, but his charming manner completely disarmed us.我们开始时并不信任他，但他令人愉快的举止完全消除了我们的疑虑。

She is not so beautiful as charming.(=She is charming rather than beautiful.)与其说她美丽倒不如说她迷人。

chartn.图，图表；最畅销品目录(常用复数)［例］Can you read the weather chart? 你能看懂气象图吗？ The pilot charted the plane’s course.飞行员制定了飞机的航线。chase

v.追逐，追求；寻觅 n.追逐，追求；寻觅

［例］Why do modern people chase material possessions? 为什么现在的人们追求物质财富？

They caught the puppy after a long chase.他们追了很久才把小狗逮住。cheat

v.欺骗；作弊n.骗子；欺骗行为

【辨】cheat 和deceive。cheat着重指用正当的手段从别人那里得到好处或占人家的便宜，常用骗取钱财或考试、赌博作弊等。deceive则主要指隐瞒真相、以假的东西使人相信是真实的或者以次充好来使人上当等。

［例］I would rather fail than cheat in the examination.我宁愿考试不及格，也不愿意作弊。You can cheat in no circumstances.在任何情况下你都不能欺骗。cherish

v.珍爱；怀有

［例］One of our cherished privileges is the right of free speech.我们所珍视的权利之一是言论自由。Every minute I have spent here impressed me with the friendship your people cherish for our people.我在这里度过的每一分钟都使我感到贵国人民对我国人民所怀的友情。chew

v.咀嚼；思量

［例］You must chew your food well before you swallow it.食物吞下去之前先要细细咀嚼。Babies like to chew something when they’re teething.幼儿长牙时爱咬东西。childish

a.孩子气的，幼稚的

［例］I make mistakes, and sometimes I do childish things.我会犯错误，有时还会做一些非常幼稚的事情。

When we had a talk, George’s brother tossed some childish questions into our conversation.我们谈话时，乔治的弟弟插进一些孩子气的问题。chilln.寒冷，寒战；寒心

v.使寒冷

［例］There was a chill in the air this morning.今天早上有点冷冰冰的。

The night air chilled his bones.夜间的寒气使他感到冰冷彻骨。chipn.碎屑，碎片； 薄片；集成电路块

v.碎裂；削下碎片

［例］The entire content of a book will be located on a single silicon chip.整本书的内容只用一片硅芯片就可以装下。

The paint has chipped off where the table touches the wall.桌子接触墙壁的地方漆皮已剥落。chorusn.合唱队；合唱

v.异口同声地说，随声附和

［例］We continued to rehearse the chorus after the break.休息之后我们继续排练合唱节目。The papers all chorused the praises of the President.各报都异口同声地对总统表示赞扬。circular

a.圆形的，环形的；循环的

n.传单，通报

［例］We can compute the circular area with radius.我们能用半径计算出圆的面积。

Stop giving me circular explanations and tell me what really happened.别拐弯抹角地解释了，告诉我究竟发生了什么。

circulate

v.使循环；流通

［例］Blood circulates through the body.血液在体内循环。

Please open a window to allow the air to circulate.打开窗子让空气流通。circumstancen.情况，形势，环境；经济情况，境遇

［例］He was forced by the circumstances to do this.他做此事是为环境所迫。

Due to circumstances beyond our control the lecture was cancelled.由于无法控制的情况，讲座取消了。circusn.马戏团，杂技团；马戏场，杂技场；马戏表演

［例］The children watched entranced as the circus animals performed.马戏团的动物们表演时，孩子们都看得入神。

The children are trying to persuade their mother to allow them to go to the circus.孩子们试图说服妈妈让他们去看马戏。

cite

v.引用，引证，举例

［例］The lawyer cite a previous case to support his argument.律师引用了以前的案例来支持他的论点。It’s no use citing the Bible to somebody who doesn’t believe in God.对不信上帝的人引用圣经上的话是没用的。

civil

a.公民的，市民的；国内的，民间的；有礼貌的

［例］The America Civil War was broken out during the presidency of Lincoln.在林肯就职期间，美国爆发了内战。

It was a civil case so there was no question of him being sent to prison.这是一桩民事案件，因此他没有被送进监狱的可能。

civilize

v.使文明，开化；开导(=civilise)［例］Those facilities are intended to civilize people.那些设施的目的在于教化民众。

This developing country is moving forward into civilized life.这个发展中国家正朝着文明的生活方式迈进。

Punctuality is a necessary habit in all public affairs of a civilized society.准时是文明社会各项公共事务中一个必不可少的习惯。claim

v.要求；声称，主张

n.主张，断言；索赔要求；所有权 ［例］Did you claim on the insurance after your car accident? 出了车祸后，你向保险公司要求赔偿了吗？ The government would not even consider his claim for money.政府甚至不考虑他的赔款要求。classicn.经典作品，名著

a.一流的，不朽的；古典的

［例］Dickens’ A Tale of Two Cities is a literary classic.狄更斯的《双城记》是文学名著。

This church is a classic example of medieval architecture.这座教堂是中世纪建筑风格的典型实例。classical

a.古典的

［例］Beethoven is regarded as one of the immortals of classical music.贝多芬被认为是不朽的古典音乐大师。

Some young people like pop music, while still others like classical music.一些年轻人喜欢流行音乐, 但仍有其他人喜欢古典音乐。classify

v.分类法，分等级

［例］Would you classify her novels as serious literature or other? 你认为她的小说属于文学类，还是其他类? The books in the library are classified by subject.图书馆的书是按科目分类的。clientn.顾客； 委托人；病人

［例］The manager said he believed the client would come next week.经理说他相信客户下周会来的。

The lawyer explained the legal technicalities to his client.律师给委托人解释法律上的要点.cliffn.悬崖；峭壁

［例］From our perch up there on top of the cliff we can see the whole town.我们从悬崖顶上的高处能看到城市的全景。climaten.气候；风气

【辨】climate和weather。climate指某地区长时间的天气特征，特别是气温、降雨、刮风等总的“气候”状况。如：Britain has a temperate climate.英国气候温和。而weather则指一个地区短时间内的天气情况，指的是特殊的气候变化，即雨、雪、晴等。如：The weather is sunny．今天是晴天。

［例］I hope you will recover soon under this healthful climate.我希望在这种有益健康的气候下，你会很快地康复起来。

She adapted herself quickly to the new climate.她很快就适应了这种新气候。climaxn.顶点，高潮

【辨】climax和peak。这两个词都可指“顶点”。climax主要用于抽象义，指兴趣、情绪、重要性等的“顶点”，或戏剧、小说等的情节或某一事件发生过程中的“高潮”，如：The election campaign reached its climax last night．竞选活动在昨晚达到了高潮。peak可用于指具体的“山顶”或“最高峰”，亦可用来指抽象的程度、数量等的“最高点”，如：The mountain peaks are covered with snow all year.山顶上终年积雪。

［例］The climax of the celebration was a firework display.庆祝会的高潮是燃放烟火。cling

v.粘住；依附；坚持

［例］Little children always cling to their mothers.小孩子总是紧依着母亲。cluen.线索，提示

【辨】clue, hint和implication。clue意为“线索，提示”，指有助于发现真相的事，与介词to连用，如：Police have still found no clues as to whereabouts of the missing boy．警方仍没有发现失踪男孩在何处的线索。hint意为“暗示”，指间接的或隐蔽的启示，如：Well, I can’t just not give her a hint.噢，我不能不给她一个暗示。implication指“隐含的意义”，即没有直接表明的意义，一般与of连用，如：She said very little directly, but a great deal by implication.她直接的话说了很少，但言外之意却很多。［例］There is no clue to the identity of the thief.没有确定窃贼身份的线索。

Can you clue me up on the arrangement? 你能详细告诉我是怎样安排的吗？ clutch

v.抓住，攫住；掌握 n.爪子；毒手

［例］I engaged the clutch and the car moved forwards.我踩下离合器，汽车便朝前开了。

The boy clutched the marbles and ran away.那男孩一把抢去弹珠便逃之夭夭。coachn.铁路客车，长途汽车；辅导员，教练

v.辅导，训练

［例］They went to Tianjin by coach.他们乘长途公共汽车去天津。

The football coach was criticized by the local paper.这位足球教练受到了当地报纸的批评。

I coach people for English exams.我为准备英语考试的人做辅导。coarse

a.粗糙的，粗劣的；粗鲁的，粗俗的

［例］His coarse manners shocked everyone.他粗鲁的举止使每个人震惊。

第二篇：专升本英语写作

专升本英语作文模板

I.对比观点题型（A和B）

Topic 1 有人认为。。。Topic 2 另一些人认为。。。Topic 3 我的看法

模板1 Many people like _______________.Among them there are two types of attitude.Some of them think A.They hold the view that _______________.There are several reasons explaining it.(There are several reasons responsible for it./ The reasons for it are as follows.)In the first place, _______________.In the second place, _______________.The last but not least, _____________.Other people, on the contrary, don't think so.They feel that B.They argue that _______________.Why it so? The reasons for it are as follows.Firstly, _______________.Secondly, ______________.As far as I am concerned, I am in favor of the former view.Because _______________.By A, I can _______________.I prefer A to B.模板2 Some people are inclined to A for the following reasons.To begin with, _______________.Secondly, as we can often observe, _______________.Other people, however, prefer to B.They think _______________.Because _______________.To me, A is more attractive in that B has the following items that cannot be compared with A.Clearly, B _______________, which is an advantage of A.And, my personal experience certainly drives me to choose A.II.阐述主题题型 Topic 1 阐述名言或主题所蕴含的意义 Topic 2 分析并举例使其更充实

模板

The good old saying(proverb)_______________ reminds us that _______________.Indeed, we can learn many things from it.First of all, _______________.For example, _______________.Secondly, _______________.Another case is that _______________.Further more, _______________.In my opinion, _____________________________________.III.解决问题方法题型 Topic 1 问题现状

Topic 2 怎样解决（解决方案的优缺点）

模板1 Nowadays, A has become a problem we have to face.Though it's easier said than done, with the help of modern technology.We now have many means to solve it.By using __________, we can not only __________, but also _______________________.In addition, we can __________________________.Third, what is the most important is that _______________.Only when we _______________ can we ________________.模板2 In recent days, we have to face many problems, among which _______________ is the most serious one.People have figured out many ways to deal with the problem.Firstly, _______________.Though this method has its good sides, for example, _______________, one of its bad sides it brings about is that it can _______________.Secondly, _______________ is another means.But it also has its advantages and disadvantages.One the one hand, _______________.On the other hand, _______________.All in all, the solutions may not bring the perfect result, but as long as we do it with our brins and hands, we will one day resolve the problem.IV.说明利弊题型 Topic 1 说明事物现状

Topic 2 事物本身的优缺点（或一方面）Topic 3 你对现状的看法

模板1 Nowadays many people prefer A because it has a significant role in our daily life.Generally, its advantages can be seen as follows.First , _______________.Besides, _______________.But every coin has two sides.The negative aspects are apparent.One of the important disadvantages is that _______________.To make matter worse, _______________.Through the above analysis, I believe that the positive aspects overweigh the negative ones.Therefore, I would like to _______________.模板2 In recent years A has become _______________.However, there are both positive and negative points associated with it.The most important advantage of A is _______________： you can _______________.Further more, _______________.You will _______________.Another point in favor of A is _______________.You can ______________.On the other hand, A has its disadvantages.Perhaps the most obvious is _______________.Undoubtedly, _______________;obviously _______________.In addition to these points, _______________.To conclude, although _______________, I would say that the advantages outlined above outweigh the disadvantages.V.图表说明题型 Topic 1 说明图表 Topic 2 引起变化的原因

模板

From the graph, we know the statistics of _______________.It can be seen easily that _______________.There are many reasons responsible for this situation, and the following are the typical ones.For one thing, _______________.In addition, _______________.The main reason is that _______________.However, the graph may not indicate the future case, but in the opinion of mine, the more we understand the situation, the better we can do to improve it in the future.

第三篇：专升本应用文写作练习题

应用写作练习题

一、单项选择题

（；每小题1分，共10分）

1、国务院要将自己制定的《国家行政机关公文处理办法》发给各省、自治区、直辖市人民政府、国务院各部委、各直属机关施行，应该用的公文是（）A指示性通知

B发布型通知C批转性通知

D转发性通知

2、下列的文书中不属于计划范畴的是（）A规定

B规划

C设想

D方案

3、具有编年性、记事性、简明性特点的文书是 A调查报告

B启事

C大事记

D会议记录

4、具有行文关系多样性、作用多样性和效力的灵活性的特点的公文是（）A函

B意见

C会议记录

D通知

5、简报属于

（）A法定公文

B事务文书

C专用文书

D公关礼仪文书

6、下列各项中不属于议案的特点的一项是

（）A调查的真实性

B制作主体的法定性

C提交的时限性

D内容的特定性

7、各方当事人共同发生权利义务所指的对象是

（）A数量

B质量

C价款

D标的

8、下面各项中不属于通告的特点的一项是（）

A庄重性

B广泛性

C专业性

D强制性

9、下列各项中不属于简报的结构格式的一项是

（）A由报头

B正文

C报身

D报尾

10、省政府的劳动厅向本省的X市劳动局行文，他们之间的关系是

（）A直接隶属关系

B间接的隶属关系

C业务指导关系

D不相隶属关系

二、多项选择题

1、根据《中华人民共和国合同法》规定，产品质量标准包括

（）

A验收标准

B国家标准

C部颁标准

D企业标准

E协商标准

2、会议纪要的特点有

（）

A纪实性

B经常性

C概括性

D指导性

3、法定公文的特点有（）

A作者的法定性

B鲜明的政治性

C 明确的工具性

D体式的规范性

E功能的权威性

4、下列各项中属于简报范畴的有

（）

A情况反映

BXX研究

C工作动态

D内部参考

E情况调查

5、总结的特点有（）

A规律性

B 客观性

C个体性

D叙事性

E结论性

三、判断题

1、买卖合同中卖方的履行期限是指交货的日期、买方的履行期限是指交款的日期（2、会议记录与会议纪要都是会议的产物，它们的制作的时间是相同的（）

3、述职报告的标题由任职时间、职务和文种组成（）

4、函可以用于请求批准和答复审批事项（）

5、南山市金牛县人民政府向该市供电局请求，增加枯水期用电指标，行文该用请示（6、国家机关、企事业单位、社会团体都可以使用公告（）））

7、批转型通知所转的公文置于成文日期之后，版记之前，不作附件处理（）

8、法定公文的撰稿人不是公文的作者、只是机关或机关负责人的代笔人（）

9、每份公文都必须标注份号

（）

10、文件的印制日期就是成文日期

（）

11、通知具有运用范围广和使用频率高的特点

（）

11、按行文方向，通知可分为平行通知和下行通知

（）

12、合同的违约责任由当事人双方根据情况决定是否签定

（）

12、公关礼仪文书应追求行文的亲和力

（）

13、演讲稿具有语言通俗，口语化的特点

（）

13、“启事”也可以写作“启示”

（）

四、名词术语解释

1、简报

2、公告

3、议案

4、述职报告

五、简答题

1、表彰通报的正文内容有哪几个层次？

2、简述订立合同的原则有哪些？

3、简述工作报告的正文的主要内容。

4、通知与通报的区别是什么？

5、法定公文有哪些特点？

6、简述会议纪要与会议记录的异同。

六、修改题

（一）列条指出下边的这份合同存在什么问题

合 同 XXX化工厂X生产车间（甲方）XX市建筑公司业务科（乙方）

为扩建XX化工厂厂房，经双方协商，订立本合同。

1、甲方委托乙方扩建厂房一座，由乙方全面建造。

2、全部建筑费（包括材料、人工）壹拾贰万柒千元。XX化工厂在订立合同后先交一部分建筑费，其余在厂房扩建后抓紧归还所欠部分，3、工期待乙方筹备就绪后立即开始，力争三月中旬开工，争取十一月左右交活。

4、建筑材料由乙方全面负责筹备。

5、本合同一式二份，双方各执一份。

X化工厂（公章）

法人代表：章名全（私章）X市建筑工程公司业务科

科长：XX

2004年6月8日

（二）指出下面这份起诉状存在的问题（什么地方错、是什么错）

民事起诉书

南江市X区人民法院：

被告：刘天赐，男，32岁，住X区X街X号

原告：罗开华，女，65岁，X区大东乡农民。事实与理由

被告乃原告的儿子。被告8岁时父亲去世，母亲一个人把他抚养大，送他上了大学。大学毕业后，工资收入不薄，未婚前曾向其母支付过两年的抚养费。结婚后再也不管母亲的死活。现在原告重病在床，生活不能自理，无人照顾。俗话说，养儿防老。特要求被告承担原告的一切生活费用。

此致

敬礼

具状人：罗开华2002、12、3、（三）阅读下文，按后面要求答题

某某县地税局

重建税务所办公楼的请示报告

某某市地税局、城建局、国土局：

我局所属某某镇、某某镇、某某镇三个税务所，因受灾被洪水冲毁。现决定重建三个税务所办公楼3幢，建筑面积1200平方米，用作办公室和职工宿舍。共需资金150万元，扩征土地3亩。

特此报告。

（印章）

2005年11月10

（四）请指出下边这份启事存在的问题。

寻找伯父启示

我的伯父叫张全金，是从河南乡下老家来的。3月27日我带他到市人民医院看病。走到大街上，由于人多而走丢失。我很着急，我们全家都很着急。我想请大家帮忙，有谁看见我伯父，请打电话到我家。请大家一定帮忙。我家住在河西区胜利街，我叫张明才。

此致 敬礼

04年6月30日日

（五）修改下列标题

1、XX县关于贪污腐化的请示报告

2、中国石化总公司关于同意增加定员的批复函

3、X县税务局关于通知征收2001私人机动车使用牌照税

4、X省药材公司关于解决犀牛角问题的请示报告

5、X市工业局关于职工高等学校教师职称审批问题的报告

6、X职业学校关于建立实验商场申请营业执照的请示

7、中国人民银行北碚区分行关于调整储蓄利率的公告

七、写作题

根据下边提供的材料写一份符合要求的公文（标题：完全式标题）

1、X市公安局和工商行政管理局根据国家公安部《关于严禁非法传销的通知》制定了相关措施制止本市的非法传销活动。并规定非法传销活动由该市工商行政管理局依法查处。违反治安管理的，由公安机关依法查处。因为最近本市的非法传销活动十分猖獗，严重影响了社会治安。有的机关干部挪用公款搞传销；有的全日制大学生因参与传销活动荒废了学业；有的甚至被骗而无法回校上课。有的老大妈将一生的积蓄投入传销，血本无归而自杀。有的搞非法传销血本无归铤而走险，走上抢劫、杀人的犯罪道路；有的黑中介机构以介绍工作为由骗人入伙搞传销，从中谋取暴利；有人专门为搞非法传销提供场所，从中获利。

2、根据要求作文

XX年8月齐家县遭受了严重的洪灾，该县的老年活动中心被冲垮了，现该县民政局拟重建老年活动中心。但资金缺乏，请求县政府支援。A请以县民政局的名义向上级行文。

B请以县政府的名义行文，对县民政局的请求给予答复。

3、根据所给材料写一份公文。

20004年10月中央军委授予中国人民解放军空军X部杨利伟同志“航天英雄”的光荣称号。请以中央军委的名义行文

4、经四川省国家安全厅党组研究拟录的大中专毕业生到四川省国家安全厅工作，并将有关录用审批材料报给四川省人事厅。四川省国家安全厅向四川省人事厅行文，请求批准招录24名大中专毕业生。四川省国家安全厅已对拟录的大中专毕业生按照规定程序进行了统一考试、面试、体检、政审。四川省国家安全厅录用毕业生的根据是2003年的《中共四川省委组织部、四川省人事厅关于录用应届高校、中专校优秀毕业生的通知》。

第四篇：2006专升本复习写作(英语)

2006专升本复习写作(英语)

福建招考网整理自:fjsedu.com 2005-10-28 14:53:08 在线报名

1．假如你叫李华，你的澳大利亚朋友来信想了解有关北京为迎接2008年奥运会而进行的城市美化工作的情况。请你根据下表内容用英语写一封短信，并欢迎他届时能来北京。口号：“绿色奥运”

计划投资：122亿美元

美化内容：环境：大面积植树，种草，栽花

环保：使用清洁能源；处理和再利用污水

目标：花园城市；天再蓝些，水再清些

Dear David,How nice to hear from you again.Now let me tell you something about the beautifying work on Beijing for the 2008 Olympic Games.Our slogan is ―Green Olympic‖.12.2 billion dollars will be spent on this project.A lot more trees, flowers and grass will be planted in many places to make Beijing more beautiful.We will use clean energy and try out best to make waste water clean and reuse it.In 2008, you will see Beijing as beautiful as a garden, with cleaner water and a clearer sky.I look forward to meeting you in Beijing in 2008.Li Hua

2.你叫李红，一周前去香港度假时在一家商店买了一件女上衣，现有质量问题。请结合下面提示向该店外籍经理写一封英文信。

所购衣物：绿色女上衣，价格268元

问题：洗涤时退色，并说明理由。

要求：退款或换衣，并说明理由。

就此事发表看法或提出建议。

Dear Sir,While I was on holiday in Hong Kong about a week ago, I bought a green blouse for 268 dollars in your shop, but there seems to be something wrong with it.When it is washed, the color runs.Now I can‘t possibly wear it.It‘s not my fault, so I‘d like you to solve the problem for me.I insist you change it for another one for me or give me my money back.I think it‘s better for you to make sure that everything in your shop is good.Then you will have more customers.I‘m looking forward to your early reply.Sincerely,Li Hong

3.假定你是李明，你收到了下面这封美国的笔有写来的信。请根据来信的内容写一封回信。May 28,2003

Dear Li Ming,I hop you are very well.I‘m glad to tell you that my parents have agreed to let me go to your country this summer.The first city I plan to visit is Beijing, where I will stay for a week, and then I will go to your city by train to see you and your parents.As we haven‘t met before, I‘m afraid there will be some difficulty in meeting each other, and I‘m also afraid that it will not be easy for me to find your house.So please tell me how to get in touch with you while I stay in Beijing and how to meet or find you when I arrive in your city.Please give my regards to your parents.Best wishes

Jack

June 6th, 2003

Dear Jack,I‘m so happy to learn that you will come to my country and to my home.Let me express my warmest welcome to you.My parents insist that I should write back to you as soon as possible to invite you to our home.You don‘t have to worry about our meeting each other in my city.Now let me tell you what to do.When you have got the train ticket for my city in Beijing, please telephone me.My phone number is 0731-8847543.I will go to the station to meet you.When you get out of the station, you will see me holding up a little board, on which is written ―Welcome, Jack!‖ We will surely meet there.I look forward to seeing you soon.With kind regards to your parents,Li Ming

4.在日常生活中，因特网起着越来越重要的作用。请根据下表所给提示英文为某英文报纸写一篇题为On the Internet 的征文稿。

因特网的主要用途：

信息：看国内外新闻、获取其他信息

通讯：发e-mail、打电话

学习：上网上学校、阅读各种书籍、自学外语

娱乐：欣赏音乐、观看体育比赛、晚期排游戏

生活：购物、聊天

On the Internet

The internet is playing a more and more important part in our daily life.On the net, we can learn news both at home and abroad and all kinds of other information as well.We can also send messages by E-mail, make phone calls, go to net school, read various kinds of books and learn foreign languages by ourselves.Besides, we can enjoy music, watch sports or matches and play chess or cards.On the net, we can even do shopping, have a chat with others and make friends

with them.In a word, the Internet has made our life more colorful.5.假设你叫王红，于5月7日星期五在学校门口看到两则海报后，决定邀你的好友Harry一起参加其中的一项活动。你赶到Harry住处时，发现他不在。请根据海报内容给Harry 写一张留言条，要他选择其中的一项活动并尽快通知你。

Movie –Gone with the Wind

In the School Hall

Sat.Mayp.m.Lecture—Women ‗s Liberation

Speaker: Prof.Power---writer of

The Other Half of the Sky

Date: Sat., 8 May 27, 200

5Time: 7 p.m.Place: Room 10

1Dear Harry,It‘s a pity that you are not in, so have to leave you a note.There are two posters at the school gate.One is about the movie ― Gone with the Wind‖, which is to be shown at 7 Saturday evening in the school hall.The other is about a lecture on women‘s liberation, which is to be given by Prof.Betty Power, writer of the book ― The Other Half of the Sky‖, at 7 on Saturday evening in Room 101.I‘d like to invite you to either the movie or the lecture, but I wonder which you would prefer.Please let me know your decision as soon as possible.Wang Hong

6.假如你是李华，你澳大利亚的朋友Johnson来信告知将来北京工作，他打算买一套合适的住房。碰巧你在报纸上看到了一则售房广告。该房位于市中心，交通十分便利。给Johnson写一封信，介绍住房的情况，以征求意见。

Dear Johnson,Thanks for your letter.I‘m very glad to learn that you‘re coming to Beijing.You say you want to by an apartment in Beijing, and here is one for you.The apartment building lies in the center of the city.It is very convenient for you to travel anywhere from here.The apartment is

made up of six rooms—a living room, a dining room, two bedrooms, a kitchen and a bathroom.A newly built parking lot lies in front of the apartment building.A lawn and many trees are around it, which makes the air here very fresh.I‘d like to know your opinion about the apartment.If you‘re satisfied with it, just telephone me.My telephone number is 010-64308389.I‘m looking forward to your reply.Best wishes to you,Yours truly,Li hua

7．假设你是李平，将赴美学习，并已拿到去纽约的机票。请你根据下面你将乘坐的班机起落时间表，写信告所将到纽约机场接你的美国朋友John.SCHEDULE

FromToFlightDateTimeArrival

BeijingShanghaiCA981June2510:20 AM12:20 PM

ShanghaiLos AngelesCA981June 2513:40 PM10:50 AM

Los AngelesNew YorkCA981June 2514:45 PM19:45 PM

Dear John,I‘ve got my plane ticket to New York, I will take Flight CA981 to New York on June 25th.My plane takes off at 10:20 AM from Beijing Airport.It arrives at Shanghai at 12:20 PM and stops for one hour and twenty minutes.Then it continue its flight and lands at Los Angles at 10:50 AM on June 25th.I will have to stay about four hours at Los Angles Airport.Then my plane leaves Los Angles at 14:45 PM.The flight takes five hours and I will finally get to New York at 7:45 in the evening.I‘m looking forward to meeting you soon.Yours

Li Ping

8.下面是一家电子公司刊登在2002年2月6日的China Daily 上的一则招聘广告。假如你是李平，符合该公司的招聘条件，并对其待遇感到满意，请写一封自荐信。

Part-timeLab Assistant Wanted

Required by busy electronics company to help with the development of computer.Should have an electronics degree andpractical experience of working in an electronics lab.Should be good at physics and English.Should be in good health.Hours 3:30 pm—5:00pm.Mon.–Fri.Salary: 3520.Letter of application to: Mrs.Chan NOVA

LECTRONICS, 45 GORDON Rd, Hung Hom, Kowloon.NOVA EECTRONICS

Gordon Rd

HungHom, Kowloon

February 8th, 2003

Dear Mrs.Chan,Having seen your advertisement for a part-time lab assistant to help with development of computer in China Daily, I beg to offer myself for the position.I graduated from the Physics Department of Beijing University with an electronics degree and I have been working in the electronics lab in Honda Electronics Company in Guangdong for five years.I‘m good at physics and both my spoken English and written English are very good.Besides, I‘m in good health because I like sports very much.I work in my company from 8:00 am to 12:00 am.From Monday to Friday, so I‘m quite able to work in your company from 3:30 pm to 5:00pm.And I‘m quite pleased with the salary your company offers.Yours sincerely

Li Ping

9.张华在有一个外宾参观团居住的宾馆丢失了一个方形的棕色手提箱，箱内有收音机、照相机个一台、三卷胶卷、两件衬衣、一张从深圳去纽约的飞机票和一本电影杂志。请你为他用英语协议则寻物启示，并写明：如有拾到者，请马上与他联系，他的电话号码时0755-3319582，他将不胜感激。

Lost

I wonder if I can get some help from you.I left my case in this hotel today.My case is square and brown in color.Inside the case, there is a radio, a camera, three rolls of film and two shirts.I also have a movie magazine and a plane ticket from Shenzhen to New York in it.Will the finder please get in touch with me at once? My telephone number is 0755-3319582.I will be very thankful.Zhang Hua

10.你是黎明。请以为题，向英文报纸写一封信，批评子女虐待老人，老人死后却又花钱大操大办丧事的不良社会风气。信的开头部分已经写好，要求根据下面的要点提示将信补全

1．二自虐待老人的事例：在住、吃、治病方面各举一例；

2．老人死后儿子花钱大办丧事的事例：2-3例。

Big Funeral Is Too Late

Dear editor:

Grandma Li was my neighbor, who died last month.The old lady had three sons.All of them had grown up and got married, but none of them wanted to take care of her.They let her live in a small dark room.They gave her little food.When she got ill, they refused to take her to hospital.But to my surprise, the old lady‘s sons spent a lot of money on her funeral.The funeral lasted several days, and scores of cars and trucks were used on the day when the old lady was buried.What is the use of such a big funeral for the old lady? It is too late for her.We should take care of old parent s while they are alive instead of spending so much money on them when they are dead.Li Ming

第五篇：专升本应用文写作 计划

专升本考试复习计划

怀着继续学习深造的梦想，我选择了参加2012年专升本考试。在结束了培训班基础班和冲刺班两个阶段的学习之后，我感觉到个人学习能力和知识储备都得到了大幅度提升。在接下来的一个月的时间里，我将继续努力备考，力争考出优异成绩。下面我将制定总复习计划，为新一轮的复习树立目标。

一、目标

由于专升本考试是选拔性的考试，录取分数较高，难度较大，同时我又是跨校升本，难度就更大了。参考历年来的录取规律和上一录取分数线，预计2012年录取分数将达到280分，为了保证能够录取，我的目标是总成绩不低于290分。力争计算机总分不低于110分，英语总分不低于85分，语文（含大学语文和应用文两部分）总分不低于110分。

二、措施

（一）加强基础知识点的复习。专升本考试大多是基础知识的考核，基础知识扎实，也是总体能力升华提高的有力保证。

1、计算机基础知识复习。根据计算机的学科特殊性，基础知识复习要多做习题。保证每天做一套模拟题，争取得满分。同时要多上机操作，以便更加直观的理解和吸收理论知识。达到理论和实践的统一。

2、英语基础知识复习。根据英语的学科特点，结合自己词汇量不足，语法掌握不扎实的现实问题，要加大词汇量的储备和掌握必考的语法点。每天必须识记100个新单词。每天背新单词前要复习前一天的旧单词，以便加强复习，确保记忆质量。同时还要多做语法选择题，以保证学以致用。

3、大学语文基础知识复习。由于自身语文基础较好，这部分的复习重点在于查漏补缺，结合以前做过的习题，填补知识漏洞，以夯实基础。

4、应用文基础知识复习。应用文主要是通过《导学手册》进行系统复习，用一周时间，切实掌握必考文种的基本知识，为第二阶段的写作打下坚实基础。

（二）保证重点题型解题能力的提高。

1、计算机程序部分。计算机程序部分满分50分，是计算机的高分的关键，所以每周必须保证所有程序写5遍，做到熟能生巧，举一反三。

2、英语阅读部分。英语阅读共四篇，总分40分，可以说“得阅读者得天下”。为了保证阅读分数，复习阶段要以全国英语四级真题为工具，加强练习，保证不丢分。

3、大学语文主观题部分。大学语文重点考核精读文章的理解，在总复习阶段，要多参考复习资料后面的课后习题主观题部分，达到熟练记忆和灵活运用的有机统一。

4、应用文写作部分。应用文写作分一大一小，两篇文章，总分40分。为保证写作部分成绩，必须对必考文种的写作多加练习，保证每个必考文种的写作熟练掌握。

三、步骤

总复习阶段计划历时一个月，以每周为一个单位，复习分三各阶段。

（一）第一个阶段为前两周，切实落实各学科基础部分基础知识点的掌握和查漏补缺；

（二）第二个阶段是第三周，对各学科重点题型做到逐一击破，熟练解答；

（三）第三个阶段是第四周，主要是做模拟题，以检验基础部分和重点题型的掌握情况和熟悉考试模式。

计划者：***

二〇一二年二月二十三日