第一篇：英语论文开题报告的例文
英语论文开题报告范文例文
论文题目the Application and Innovation of Gothicism in Wuthering eights
一、选题的意义和研究现状
1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义
长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。
本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•
勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。
2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况
各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统(Gothic tradition)。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。
二、研究方案
1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲）
研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉• 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。
预期的结果（大纲）: 1．A Survey of Gothic 1.1 Definition of Gothic 1.2 the Origin of Gothic Novels 1.2.1 Historical Reasons 1.2.1.1 Folklore in Germantic Nationality 1.2.1.2 Drama in the Renaissance 1.2.1.3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity 1.2.2 Development of the Novel Itself 1.2.2.1 Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism 1.2.2.2 Sublime and Beautiful 2.Emily’s Gothic Heritage
2.1 Theme 2.1.1 Good and Evil 2.1.2 Revenge 2.2 Characters Description 2.2.1 Villain-hero 2.2.2 Delicate Young Girl 2.3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot 2.3.1 Terror 2.3.2 Mystery 2.3.3 Supernatural 3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation
3.1 Combination of romanticism and Realism 3.1.1 Change of the Background 3.1.2 Use of Symbolism 3.1.3 Stream of Consciousness 3.1.4 Illusion and Subconsciousness 3.2.Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference 2．拟采用的研究方法
主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法
3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题
研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料； 可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足;(2)由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。
三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见 1．研究进度安排
（1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。
（2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。（3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。
（4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。
（5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿
（6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。
（7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。（8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。
2.应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条）
[1] Bronte, Charlotte.1907.Charlotte Bronte’s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights.London: J.M.Dent Sons Ltd.p.20.[2] Gerin, Winifred.1971.Emily Bronte [M].New York: Oxford University Press.[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts.ed.1998.The handbook to gothic literature [A].New York: New York University Press.p.83.[4] Punter, David.1980.The Literature of Terror [M].London: Longman.p.6.[5] 方平.1993.希望在人间?论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序)[M].上海译文出版社.第24页.[6] 盖斯凯尔夫人.2000.夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M].张淑荣等译.北京: 团结出版社.第11?12页.[7] 肖明翰.2001.英美文学中的哥特传统[J].外国文学评论第3期.[8] 鲜于静.2003.神秘和怪诞的魅力??福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA].中国学位论文全文库.Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science.From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence.Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies(DTS).DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective.Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community.Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation.The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.The method of DTS is basically descriptive.The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned.Translation phenomena are noted down.With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice.I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS.“Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation.Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions.Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.Outline
2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product.I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.2.2 Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria.Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.2.4 Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions(also translated as The Story of The Stone)will be under investigation in light of DTS.Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.2.5 Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation.Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
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附录2-引文范例(仅供参考)
“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods.Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)
‘“噢，这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰，1990：59-60)
附录3-参考文献范例(仅供参考)
Wilss, Wolfram.The Science of Translation – Problems and Methods.Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.Newmark, Peter.A Textbook of Translation.New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.Delabastita, Dirk.Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies.Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.张南峰(译).王尔德戏剧选.福州：海峡文艺出版社，1990.戴炜栋.构建具有中国特色的英语教学“一条龙”体系，外语教学与研究，2001(5).附录4-封面范例(仅供参考)(中文)
对外经济贸易大学硕士学位论文
论品牌名称翻译的特殊性
专 业：
研究方向：
作 者：
导 师：
写作时间： —
对外经济贸易大学
英语学院
(英文)
School of International Studies
University of International Business and Economics
Pragmatic Strategies
in Advertising: Implicatures
Wang Ying
A thesis submitted to School of International Studies of
University of International Business and Economics
In partial fulfillment of the requirement
For the degree of Master of Arts
April 2002
Beijing, China 系别：外语系 专业：英 语 学生姓名
陈 婷 婷
学号
02091502
毕业论文（设计）题目：
English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function 英语习语及其衔接功能
毕业论文（设计）内容：
习语是英语中非常重要的组成部分，对英语习语进行研究具有重要的理论和现实意义，它可以帮助我们更好的学习和应用英语习语。传统的英语习语研究主要关注习语的分类、用法、句法特征和语义等层面，对其功能尤其是衔接功能的探讨为数不多。文章可以依据韩礼德（1976，1985）提出的语言三大功能理论，着力探讨英语习语的衔接功能，包括语法结构的衔接功能、语义衔接功能和语用衔接功能等。
毕业论文（设计）要求及应完成的工作：
1、广泛查阅相关文献，了解本领域研究现状；
2、要有鲜明的观点，立论有据，并运用一定的逻辑方法分析论证；
3、在老师指导下按时独立开题和撰写初稿，不断修改完善直至定稿，严禁抄袭剽窃；
4、论文必须用英文书写，字数不少于5000英语单词；
5、行文必须符合学术论文规范，定稿须按院系统一要求打印和装订；
6、按照规定完成论文答辩。
进度安排
毕业论文（设计）各阶段名称
起 止 日 期 1 指导教师根据选题向学生下达任务书；学生根据任务书查阅相关文献，收集资料并拟定写作提纲 1月22日---3月10日 进一步分析整理资料，完成开题报告,开始论文写作 3月11日---3月25日 写作并完成初稿，接受中期检查 3月26日---4月30日 根据导师的修改和建议，进一步补充和润色，直至定稿；论文评阅 5月1日---6月 10日 完成答辩后规范打印并装订成册；综合评定成绩 6月11日---6月22日
应收集的资料、主要参考文献及实习地点：
[1] Fernando, C.Idioms and Idiomaticity.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000 [2] Halliday, M.A.K.& R.Hason.Cohesion in English.Longman Press, 1985 [3] Makkai, A.Idiom Structure in English.The Hague Press,1972 [4] 林承璋.英语词汇学引论[M].武汉大学出版社，1987 [5] 陆国强.现代英语词汇学[M].上海外语教育出版社, 1999
指导教师签字: 年 月 日
系主任签字： 年 月 日
系别：外语系 专业：英 语 学生姓名
陈婷婷
学号
02091502
指导教师
高瑞阔
职称
讲 师
所选题目名称：
English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function 英语习语及其衔接功能
课题研究现状：
English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary.The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages.Halliday and Hason(1976)pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms(ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function).Another scholar, Fernando C.(1996), also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin(1994, 1996), Zhu Yongsheng(1995, 1996, 1997)and Zhang Delu(1994)mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.课题研究目的：
This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them.It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.课题研究内容：
As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken.This dissertation includes the following five aspects: 1.Introduction 2.A General Study of English Idioms 2.1 The Definition of English Idioms 2.2 Features of English Idioms 3.Cohesive Function of English Idioms 3.1 Cohesion 3.2 Functional Categories 3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms 4.The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics 4.1 Syntactic Cohesion 4.2 Pragmatic Function 5.Conclusion
课题研究计划：
January 22-March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11-March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline March 26-April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence 主要参考文献：
[1] Fernando, C.Idioms and Idiomaticity.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000 [2] Halliday, M.A.K.and R.Hason.Cohesion in English.Longman Press, 1985 [3] Lakoff, G.and M.Johnson.Metaphors We Live By.University of Chicago Press, 1980 [4] Makkai, A.Idiom Structure in English.The Hague Press,1972 [5] 林承璋.英语词汇学引论[M].武汉大学出版社，1987 [6] 陆国强.现代英语词汇学[M].上海外语教育出版社, 1999 [7] 汪榕培, 卢晓娟.英语词汇学教程[M].上海外语教育出版社, 1999 指导教师意见： 签字： 年 月 日
领导小组意见： 签字： 年 月 日
备注：
选题的目的和意义
欧?亨利（O.Henry, 1862-1910）, 原名威廉?西德尼?波特（William Sydney Porter），是美国最著名的短篇小说家之一，曾被评论界誉为曼哈顿桂冠散文作家和美国现代短篇小说之父。他出身于美国北卡罗来纳州格林斯波罗镇一个医师家庭。他的一生富于传奇性，当过药房学徒、牧牛人、会计员、土地局办事员、新闻记者、银行出纳员。当银行出纳员时，因银行短缺了一笔现金，为避免审讯，离家流亡中美的洪都拉斯。后因回家探视病危的妻子被捕入狱，并在监狱医务室任药剂师。他在银行工作时，曾有过写作的经历，担任监狱医务室的药剂师后开始认真写作。1901年提前获释后，迁居纽约，专门从事写作。欧?亨利善于描写美国社会尤其是纽约百姓的生活。他的作品构思新颖，语言诙谐，结局常常出人意外；又因描写了众多的人物，富于生活情趣，被誉为“美国生活的幽默百科全书”。代表作有小说集《白菜与国王》、《四百万》、《命运之路》等。其中一些名篇如《爱的牺牲》、《警察与赞美诗》、《带家具出租的房间》、《麦琪的礼物》、《最后一片藤叶》等使他获得了世界声誉。这些小说诞生于同一时期，且所描写的主人公遭受的悲剧又极其的相似，那么这些作品是想向我们表达什么呢？它表达了什么样的社会现实呢？通过文章的分析，我们可以了解到这些主人公的悲剧是由那个时代造成的，也就是资本主义生产关系造成的。在资本主义兴盛发展时期，最得利还是资本家，人民大众还是受苦者。
国内外研究的现状
Many scholars have studied O.Henry’s works from different perspectives, such as the theme, the characteristics and also the personal background.By analyzing the theme of O.Henry’s fiction, i.e., “smile with tears” and “tears with smile”, Zhao Shuying gave us a unique impression of O.Henry’s works.What’s more, Ruan Wenlin thinks highly of the humanity after commenting on O.Henry’s works.As for The Gift of the Magi, Liu Wencui carefully analyzed the characters of this short story.Wei Rongcheng studied the numbers, the allusion of the Holy Bible and also the theme of his works.What’s more, many over-sea scholars have also done some research on O.Henry’s works.For example, in 1986, Trueman E.O’Quinn and Jenny Linder Porter published an article on the Eakin Magazine Press, entitled “How William Sydney Porter Became O.Henry”.要解决的问题
通过对作者写作的艺术手法的研究进一步掌握作者的现实主义概念
研究思路
主人公悲剧是由那个时代造成的，同时他们的悲剧命运也反映了那个时代特征。通过研究反讽，包括字面反讽，结构反讽和命运反讽在他作品中的具体体现来揭示反讽这一修辞手法的功用及其产生的种种根源。这对我们研究欧?亨利现实主义，进一步认识他的创作成就和文学地位，学习与借鉴他的语言艺术和创作风格有着积极的作用。
参考文献目录
BIBLYOGRAPHY E.Hudson, Long.O.Henry, The Man and His Work,Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1949.Donald F.A, Peel.Critical Stories of O.Henry, Northwest Missouri State College Studies 25:4,1961.E.O’Quinn, Trueman, and Porter, Jenny Lind.How William Sydney Porter Became O.Henry, Austin, Eakin Press, 1986.Arthur, Voss.The American Short Story: A Critical Survey, Norman: Oklahoma University Press, 1973.陈华，何晓曦.《四百万》[M].外语教学与研究出版社，1988.6.郭燕华.从《警察与赞美诗》看“欧•亨利笔法”[J].武汉教育学院外语系高等函授学报(哲学社会科学版), 2000.10 13（5）.胡晓梅, 郭雪华.纽约的镜子?谈欧•亨利的《四百万》[J].浙江工商职业技术学院学报, 2003.3 2(1).金文丽.绕梁余音三日不绝?《最后一片叶子》的结构特色及其必然性[J].丽水师范专科学校学报, 1999.8 21(4).康明强.欧•亨利短篇小说选[M].译林出版社, 1998.5(1).刘文翠.从《麦琪的礼物》看欧•亨利的写作手法[J].东疆学刊，2001.3 18（1）.任诚刚, 王玉敏.杰作里的真正杰作?欧•亨利短篇小说《最后一片叶子》赏析[J].山东师范大学外国语学院学报, 2001(2).阮温林.高扬人性美的主旋律?欧•亨利爱情小说艺术论[J].皖西学院学报，2004.4 18（2）.韦荣臣.《麦琪的礼物》新探-数字，《圣经》典故和作品主题[J].四川大学外语学院学刊，2001.5 17（3）.赵莉，黄春妮.欧•亨利作品导读[M].武汉：武汉大学出版社，2003.8.赵书颖.“含泪的笑”与“含笑的泪”?浅析欧•亨利小说的主题[J].黑龙江教育学院学报，2004.3 23（2）.Introduction
1.Irony and Its Classification in O.Henry's Fiction 1.1 Definition 1.2 Classification 1.2.1 Verbal Irony 1.2.2 Structural Irony 1.2.3 Cosmic Irony 2.Function of Irony
2.1 Critical Exposure of The Theme
2.2 Distinctive Portrait of The Characters 2.3 Perfect Construction of The Plot
2.4 Adequate Impression of The Temperament 3.The Underlying Causes of the Recurrence of Irony in O.Henry's Fiction 3.1 Life of O.Henry
3.2 The Democratic Mind of O.Henry 3.3The Influence of Others Conclusion Bibliography 作品如下：
The Gift of the Magi and A Service of Love
The Cop and the Anthem The Cop and the Anthem The Last Leaf
The Romance of a Busy Broker
An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of Color Words between English and Chinese
试析颜色词的中英文化内涵差异 课题来源
Self-Selected and Approved by the Tutor
一、课题背景及意义（课题的立题依据及研究意义）
Research Background: A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc.People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world.Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside.In a word, language is a mirror of culture.When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself.Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences.In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use.In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life.Research Significance: As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same.Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings.If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words.The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures.二、课题研究现状及发展趋势（课题研究领域的发展现状及可能的发展方向）
Research Status: Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention.The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words.This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions.Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences.The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance..Research Tendency: 21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad.The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality.三、研究内容及研究目标（对研究的内容进行说明，并阐明要达到的目标）Research Contents: A.Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms 1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified 1.2 Black Is Associated With Profit 1.3 Black Is Associated With the Black People 2.Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 2.1 Black Is Associated With the Death
2.2 Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate 2.3 Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful 2.4 Black Is Associated With Anger B.Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms 1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky 1.2 White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty 2.Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms 2.1 White Is Associated With Death and Poor 2.2 White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid C.Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms 1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 Red Is Associated With Honor and Love 2.Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 2.1 Red is Associated with the Obscenity
2.2 Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism.2.3 Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss D.Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms 1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 1.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Noble
1.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing 2.Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms 2.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative 2.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease Research Objectives: I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture.四、预计的研究难点（课题研究过程中可能遇到的理论难题或技术难点）With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem;how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem.As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult.Possible problems also contain:(1)Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles written by the native scholars;(2)Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related.五、创新点（选题、观点、理论、材料、方法等创新点）
The English language is developing constantly, keeping absorbing more color words.What is new in my thesis is that I try to focus my study on color words in modern English, making the research keep pace with the times, with the latest development in loanwords.六、进度计划（根据研究内容及研究目标所预计的进度安排）
1.Nov.16th —
Nov.22nd , 2008 Subject selecting & topic narrowing 2.Nov.23rd —
Dec.20th , 2008
Data gathering 3.Dec.21st —
Jan.10th , 2009
Opening report & detailed outline 4.Jan.11th
—
Feb.8th, 2009
Literature review 5.Feb.9th
—
Mar.14th, 2009
First draft 6.Mar.15th —
Apr.10th, 2009
Second draft 7.Apr.11th —
Apr.20th, 2009
Final version 8.Apr.27th —
May 14th, 2009
Printing 9.May 17th —
May 25th, 2009
Thesis debate
七、资料来源（指能够支持“课题背景”、“课题研究现状及发展趋势”所论述内容的主要文献资料）
[1] Baugh, A.C.& Thomas Cable.A History of the English Language [M].Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.[2] Eckersley, C.E.Brighter English [M].London: Longman, 1979.[3] Gill, R.Mastering English Literature [M].London: Mac Millan Education, 1985.[4] Hornby, A.S.Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z].London: Oxford University, 1974.[5] Knowles, G.A Cultural History of the English Language [M].U.S.A.: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997.[6] Lott, B.A Course in English Language and Literature [M].U.S.A.: Edward Arnold, 1989.[7] Lyons, J.Language and Linguistics [M].London: Longman, 1981.[8] Wales, K.Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M].London: Cambridge University Press, 2006.[9] Wu Weizen.History and Anthology of English Literature [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.[10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan.Modern English Lexicology [M].Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007.[11] 陈永烨．“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J]．《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7)．
[12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊《新编简明英语语言学教程》.[A].上海：上海外语出版社,2002.[13] 邓炎昌，刘润清．《语言与文化》[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1991． [14] 蒋栋元．“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]． 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3)．
[15] 唐振华．“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J]．《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2).
第二篇：英语论文开题报告
英语论文开题报告范文例文大全6篇
论文题目the Application and Innovation
of Gothicism in Wuthering Heights
一、选题的意义和研究现状
1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义
长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉•勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。
本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•
勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。
2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况
各民族的文学中都有许多惊险、恐怖的故事, 但似乎没有哪一种文学像英美文学那样不仅创作出数量众多、质量优秀的恐怖文学作品, 而且还形成了一个持续发展、影响广泛的哥特传统(Gothic tradition)。哥特文学现在已经成为英美文学研究中的一个重要领域。对哥特文学的认真研究开始于20 世纪二三十年代, 到70 年代以后, 由于新的学术思潮和文学批评观念的影响, 该研究出现了前所未有而且日趋高涨的热潮。根据在国际互联网上的搜索, 到2000 年9月为止, 英美等国的学者除发表了大量关于哥特文学的论文外, 还至少出版专著达184部, 其中1970 年以后为126 部, 仅90 年代就达59 部, 几乎占总数的三分之一。当然,近年来哥特文学研究的状况不仅在于研究成果迅速增加, 更重要的是它在深度和广度方面都大为拓展, 并且把哥特传统同英美乃至欧洲的历史、社会、文化和文学的总体发展结合起来。
二、研究方案
1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲）
研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉•
勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。
预期的结果（大纲）: 1．A Survey of Gothic
1.1 Definition of Gothic
1.2 the Origin of Gothic Novels
1.2.1 Historical Reasons
1.2.1.1 Folklore in Germantic Nationality
1.2.1.2 Drama in the Renaissance
1.2.1.3 the Bible and Legends in Christianity
1.2.2 Development of the Novel Itself
1.2.2.1 Challenge of Romanticism to Rationalism
1.2.2.2 Sublime and Beautiful 2.Emily‟s Gothic Heritage
2.1 Theme
2.1.1 Good and Evil
2.1.2 Revenge
2.2 Characters Description
2.2.1 Villain-hero
2.2.2 Delicate Young Girl
2.3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot
2.3.1 Terror
2.3.2 Mystery
2.3.3 Supernatural 3.Emily‟s Gothic Innovation
3.1 Combination of romanticism and Realism
3.1.1 Change of the Background
3.1.2 Use of Symbolism
3.1.3 Stream of Consciousness
3.1.4 Illusion and Subconsciousness
3.2.Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology Reference 2．拟采用的研究方法
主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法 3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题
研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料；
可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足;
(2)由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。
三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见 1．研究进度安排
（1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。
（2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。
（3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。（4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。（5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿
（6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。（7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。
（8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。
2.应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条）
[1] Bronte, Charlotte.1907.Charlotte Bronte‟s preface to the second edition, Wuthering Heights.London: J.M.Dent Sons Ltd.p.20.[2] Gerin, Winifred.1971.Emily Bronte [M].New York: Oxford University Press.[3] Marie, Mulvey-Roberts.ed.1998.The handbook to gothic literature [A].New York: New York University Press.p.83.[4] Punter, David.1980.The Literature of Terror [M].London: Longman.p.6.[5] 方平.1993.希望在人间?论〈呼啸山庄〉(《呼啸山庄》译序)[M].上海译文出版社.第24页.[6] 盖斯凯尔夫人.2000.夏洛蒂•勃朗特传[M].张淑荣等译.北京: 团结出版社.第11?12页.[7] 肖明翰.2001.英美文学中的哥特传统[J].外国文学评论第3期.[8] 鲜于静.2003.神秘和怪诞的魅力??福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA].中国学位论文全文库.Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science.From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence.Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies(DTS).DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective.Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community.Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation.The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator‟s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.The method of DTS is basically descriptive.The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned.Translation phenomena are noted down.With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice.I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS.“Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation.Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies.Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions.Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.2 Outline 2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS In this part I will describe Holms‟ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product.I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.2.2 Methodolgy I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria.Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.2.4 Case study In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions(also translated as The Story of The Stone)will be under investigation in light of DTS.Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.2.5 Conclusion Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation.Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)附录2-引文范例(仅供参考)“It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods.Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(Wilss, 1982: 217)
„“噢，这就是恐水病吧？你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦？真够呛的！费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧！”‟（张南峰，1990：59-60）附录3-参考文献范例(仅供参考)Wilss, Wolfram.The Science of Translation ? Problems and Methods.Gunter Narr Verlag Tubingen,1982.Newmark, Peter.A Textbook of Translation.New York: Prentice Hall, 1988.Delabastita, Dirk.Translating Puns: A false Opposition in Translation Studies.Target, 1991(3:2):137-152.张南峰（译）.王尔德戏剧选.福州：海峡文艺出版社，1990.戴炜栋.构建具有中国特色的英语教学“一条龙”体系，外语教学与研究，2001（5）
附录4-封面范例(仅供参考)（中文）对外经济贸易大学硕士学位论文 论品牌名称翻译的特殊性 专 业： 研究方向： 作 者： 导 师： 写作时间： ? 对外经济贸易大学 英语学院（英文）
School of International Studies University of International Business and Economics Pragmatic Strategies in Advertising: Implicatures Wang Ying A thesis submitted to School of International Studies of University of International Business and Economics In partial fulfillment of the requirement For the degree of Master of Arts April 2002 Beijing, China
第三篇：英语论文开题报告
在当下这个社会中，报告不再是罕见的东西，我们在写报告的时候要注意涵盖报告的基本要素。一起来参考报告是怎么写的吧，下面是小编帮大家整理的英语论文开题报告范文，仅供参考，大家一起来看看吧。
英语论文开题报告范文篇1论文题目：the Application and Innovation
一、选题的意义和研究现状
1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义
长时期以来，人们视艾米莉·勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜，许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究，得出了不同的结论，因而往往是旧谜刚解，新谜又出，解谜热潮似永无休止。
本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉，指出艾米莉勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统，同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力，将现实与超现实融为一体，给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力，达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一，使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”，又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”，从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。
2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况
二、研究方案
1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲）
研究的基本内容：本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉，指出艾米莉勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统，同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力，将现实与超现实融为一体，给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力，达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一，使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”，又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”，从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。
预期的结果（大纲）：
1.A Survey of Gothic
1.1Definition of Gothic
2Emily’s Gothic Heritage
2.1Theme
2.1.1Good and Evil
2.2Characters Description
2.2.1Villainhero
2.2.2Delicate Young Girl
2.3Atmosphere，Environment and Plot
2.3.1Terror
2.3.2Mystery
2.3.3Supernatural
3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation
3.1Combination of romanticism and Realism
3.1.1Change of the Background
3.1.3Stream of Consciousness
3.1.4Illusion and Subconsciousness
3.2.Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology
2.拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法
3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题
研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料；可能存在的问题：
(1)文献不足。
(2)由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。
三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见
1.研究进度安排
（1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。
（2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。
（3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。
（4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。
（5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿
（6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。
（7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。
（8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。
英语论文开题报告范文篇2课题研究现状：
English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary.The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages.Halliday and Hason(1976)pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms(ideational function，interpersonal function and textual function).Another scholar，Fernando C.(1996)，also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text，and in the creation of stylistic effects.Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin(1994，1996)，Zhu Yongsheng(1995，1996，1997)and Zhang Delu(1994)mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.课题研究目的：
This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them.It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion，attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically，thus more effectively.课题研究内容：
As English idioms are much alive in everyday English，a close look at the function of idioms must be taken.This dissertation includes the following five aspects：
1.Introduction
2.A General Study of English Idioms
2.1The Definition of English Idioms
2.2Features of English Idioms
3.Cohesive Function of English Idioms
3.1Cohesion
3.2Functional Categories
3.3Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms
3.4Cohesive Function of Other Idioms
4.The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics
4.1Syntactic Cohesion
4.2Pragmatic Function
5.Conclusion
课题研究计划：
January 22-March 10： question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11-March 25： analysis of the materials and writing of an outline
March 26-April 30： completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10： refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion
June 11—June 22： finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence
主要参考文献：
[1]Fernando，C.Idioms and Idiomaticity.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2000
[2]Halliday，M.A.K.and R.Hason.Cohesion in English.Longman Press，1985
[3]Lakoff，G.and M.Johnson.Metaphors We Live By.University of Chicago Press，1980
[4]Makkai，A.Idiom Structure in English.The Hague Press,1972
一、选题来源、目的和意义：
本选题重在研究中西文化之间的差异以及这些差异对商务谈判的影响，最后得出商务谈判应该采用的'策略。
随着我国加入WTO，国际贸易和对外交往将日益频繁，国家与国家之间、企业与企业之间、个人与个人之间，由于存在经济利益的协调，无时无处不需要谈判。出口商和进口商要消除分歧，达成一项公平的相互之间满意的交易，大多是通过商务谈判才能做到的。因此与外界交往合作的主要方式——跨文化商务谈判在社会、政治、经济生活中的地位越来越重要。因此，和外商谈判打交道的时候，不要忽略一些看似微不足道的细节，那些都有可能是成败的关键。只有正确探悉、学习和熟悉不同国家的文化差异，意识到他们的重要性，才能更好地探讨商务谈判的策略，为最后谈判的成功奠定基础和提供理论依据。
二、课题的主要内容(项目概要)：
1.谈判与文化的综述
2.文化差异因素对国际商务谈判的影响
2.1语言和非语言差异的影响
2.2思维方式差异的影响
2.3价值观念差异的影响
3.应对商务谈判文化差异问题的对策
3.1树立跨文化的谈判意识
3.2谈判前做好充足的准备
3.3懂得谈判对方的语言
3.4对待文化问题应持有的态度
4.结尾
三、实施计划(设计工作的主要阶段、进度和完成时间等)：
11月11日毕业论文动员大会
11月12日—12月1日下达任务书
12月2日—12月31日确定论文题目
1月1日—1月31日进行文献资料的收集、筛选、做读书笔记。
2月1日—2月28日完成论文详细提纲，交指导老师修改，补充。
3月1日—3月30日进行毕业论文初稿写作。
4月1日—5月19日毕业论文修改。
5月20日—6月5日毕业论文定稿、装订、答辩。
四、参考文献：
<1>李信，《中西方文化比较概论》，航空工业出版社，2003.6
<2>李郁、张泳，浅谈国际商务谈判中的跨文化问题及对策[J]，商业研究，2004.7
<3>廖瑛，《外贸谈判英语》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，2004.2
<4>肖云南，《国际商务谈判》，清华大学和北方交通大学出版社，2003.5
<5>杨晶，《商务谈判》，清华大学出版社，2005.1
<6>姚立，《商务谈判—理论、实务、风格》，中国城市出版社，2003.3
<7>袁其刚，《国际商务谈判》，山东人民出版社，2003.2
【英语论文开题报告范文】相关文章：
1.英语论文开题报告
2.开题报告范文
3.教师开题报告范文
4.色彩论文开题报告
5.小课题开题报告
6.课题开题报告格式
7.关于护理专业的开题报告范文
8.有关物流专业论文开题报告范文
第四篇：英语论文开题报告
英语论文开题报告范文
我们眼下的社会，报告十分的.重要，其在写作上有一定的技巧。你还在对写报告感到一筹莫展吗？下面是小编收集整理的英语论文开题报告范文，希望对大家有所帮助。
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
第五篇：英语论文开题报告
英语论文开题报告
在日常生活和工作中，大家逐渐认识到报告的重要性，我们在写报告的时候要注意语言要准确、简洁。那么什么样的报告才是有效的呢？以下是小编收集整理的英语论文开题报告，欢迎阅读与收藏。
英语论文开题报告1一、论文题目：classroom interaction and oral english teaching
通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。
本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。
英语论文开题报告2the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
英语论文开题报告3摘要
中国一向是礼仪之邦，礼仪对每个中国人来说是非常重要的，无论是会见亲朋好友或者是在人与人的打交道上，都离不开礼仪。礼仪被认为是一个人道德修养的表现，一个人若毫无礼仪可言，那么他在学习或工作时都将不会很顺利，因为没有人愿意和这样一个人相处。 由于社交礼仪在我们的生活中扮演了越来越重要的角色，我在选课的时候就选修了社交礼仪这门课程。通过这一个学期的学习，我从老师那里学到了许多有关社交礼仪方面的知识，不仅拓宽了知识面，而且许多东西在我的日常生活和以后的工作中都有很大用处，比如商务礼仪。
如今随着世界经济的发展，特别是全球经济一体化的不断形成，各国间的联系加强，商务往来增多，如何才能在众多企业中脱颖而出，除了需要卓越的能力外，还要掌握有效沟通及妥善人际关系，建立良好优雅的企业形象，此时，商务礼仪便起到了一个十分重要的作用。商务礼仪顾名思义就是商务活动中对人的仪容仪表和言谈举止的普遍要求，体现了人与人之间的相互尊重，同时也约束了商务活动中的某些方面。而在商务往来中，任何一个表现都可能会导致意想不到的结果，也许是一块手表，也许是一顿晚餐。
学习了商务礼仪之后更加让我意识到了这一点。学习商务礼仪最主要的是可以提高个人的素养。比尔盖茨曾讲过，企业竞争，是员工素质的竞争，进而到企业，就是企业形象的竞争，教养体现细节，细节展示素质，可见一个人的素养高低对企业的发展是多么重要啊！其次是为了交际应酬，因为商务活动中毕竟是离不开这个的，在不同的交往活动中我们会遇到不同的人，而面对不同的人怎样进行交往也是一门艺术，如何让人感到舒服，却又没有拍马屁的嫌疑是非常关键的。最后便是有助于维护企业形象。在商务交往中，个人便代表了整体，个人的所作所为，一举一动，一言一行，就是企业的典型活体广告。
下面将从以下几点来对我所学习的知识进行总结：
1交际与礼仪产生的历史背景
人类最早的礼仪活动也就是礼仪萌芽时期，可以追朔到原始社会， 当时的礼仪较为简单和虔诚且不具备阶级性，礼仪的内容包括；制定了明确血缘关系的婚嫁礼仪；区别部族内部尊卑等级的礼制；为祭天敬神的制定的一些祭奠仪式；制定一些人们在相互交往时表示礼节表示恭敬的动作。
礼仪形成的具体时期则是；夏、商、西周（公元前21世纪公元前771年）人类逐步进入奴隶社会，阶级开始形成，统治阶级为了巩固自己的统治地位把原始宗教礼仪发展成为符合奴隶社会政治需要的礼制。在这个阶段中国第一次形成了比较完整的国家礼仪与制度，随着生产力的发展，商业逐步开始出现，直到春秋战国时期，礼仪制度开始变革，礼仪范围扩大，商业在社会中逐步被认可，人们因为商务活动而进行的往来也逐步增多，并在商务活动中的交际中另外形成了一套礼仪制度商务礼仪。
到欧洲中世纪，工业革命的出现 使得生产力空前的发展，欧洲各国开始逐步入资本主义，商业占据了社会经济的主导地位，资本家大量聚集了社会财富，新贵由此族诞生，资本家之间的商务往来与交际范围开始扩大，贵族之间定期的聚会则成为了重要的交际方式之一，在交际中所产生的礼仪日渐完善，由此，商务礼仪也正式形成。部分内容沿用至今。 2礼仪的含义及种类
礼仪是规范自己、尊重他人的一种行为规范，是表现对他人尊重和理解的过程和手段。。礼仪中的礼字指的是尊重，尊重自己，尊重他人，而礼仪中的仪就是仪式，是一种尊重自己，尊重他人的表现形式。它是人际交往中必不可少的一种手过程，是塑造形像的手段，是人们生
活和社会交往中逐渐形成的行为规范和礼仪规范。
礼仪的种类分有多种，主要有以下大类：
1.古代礼仪。中国自古以来就是礼仪之邦，礼仪文明作为中国传统文化的一个重要组成部分，对中国社会历史发展起了广泛深远的影响，其内容是十分丰富的，很多古代礼仪文化到今天仍然有积极、普片意义的文明礼仪，如：尊老敬贤，仪尚适宜，礼貌待人，容仪有整。尊老敬贤，我国自原始社会就已经逐渐形成的礼仪，在古代社会，人际的政治伦理关系均以氏族、家庭的血缘关系为纽带，故此在家庭里面遵从祖上，在社会尊敬长辈，是古代礼仪的典型例子。而由于中国古代社会推崇礼治和仁政，敬贤已经成为一种历史的要求。孟子说：养老尊贤，俊杰在位，则有庆古代这种传统礼仪，对于形成有序和谐的伦理关系，不管过去和现代，都起着重要作用。仪尚适宜，，是指一些中国传统节日的各种特定的.礼俗和规定。每个诸如春节，元宵，中秋都有其各自的礼俗和讲究。在今天我们依然保持着这些优良传统，并且贵在适宜，如《二程集》中所说奢自文生，文过则奢，不足为俭，可见，仪式的规模在于得当，避免奢侈浪费。礼貌待人，是任何一个文明社会，任何一个文明民族都十分重视的。因为礼貌是人类社会构建起与他人和睦相处的桥梁，它标志这一个社会的文明程序，是中华民族文化的优良传统。容仪有整，是其修养、文明程度的表现。古人认为，容仪有整不仅是能够保持个人的尊严，还有助于进德修业。它反映出一个人的修养和生活态度。
2.礼仪的第二大类是社交礼仪。社交礼仪，顾名思义，就是指现代人际交往中流行的各种礼仪，如服务礼仪，商务礼仪，学校礼仪，职场工作礼仪等，它概括了在现代社交场合中各种礼仪行为。社交礼仪是指人们在人际交往过程中所具备的基本素质，交际能力等。社交在当今社会人际交往中发挥的作用愈显重要。通过社交，人们可以沟通心灵，建立深厚友谊，取得支持与帮助；通过社交，人们可以互通信息，共享资源，对取得事业成功大有获益。社交礼仪是指在人际交往和国际交往活动中，用于表示尊重、亲善和友好的首选行为规范和惯用形式。这一定义包含了以下几层意思：第一，社交礼仪是一种道德行为规范。规范就是规矩、章法、条条框框，也就是说社交礼仪是对人的行为进行约束的条条框框，告诉你要怎么做，不要怎么做。如你到老师办公室办事，进门前要先敲门，若不敲门就直接闯进去是失礼的。社交礼仪比起法律、纪律，其约束力要弱得多，违反社交礼仪规范，只能让别人产生厌恶[2]，别人不能对你进行制裁，为此，社交礼仪的约束要靠道德修养的自律。 第二，社交礼仪的直接目的是表示对他人的尊重。尊重是社交礼仪的本质。人都有被尊重的高级精神需要，当在社会交往活动过程中，按照社交礼仪的要求去做，就会使人获得尊重的满足，从而获得愉悦，由此达到人与人之间关系的和谐。 第三，社交礼仪的根本目的是为了维护社会正常的生活秩序。没有它，社会正常的生活秩序就会遭到破坏，在这方面，它和法律、纪律共同起作用，也正是因为这一目的，无论是资本主义社会还是社会主义社会都非常重视社交礼仪规范建设。 第四，社交礼仪要求在人际交往、社会交往活动中遵守。这是它的范围，超出这个范围，社交礼仪规范就不一定适用了
商务礼仪能展示企业的文明程度、管理风格和道德水准，塑造企业形象。良好的企业形象是企业的无形资产，无疑可以为企业带来直接的经济效益。一个人讲究礼仪，就会在众人面前树立良好的个人形象；一个组织的成员讲究礼仪，就会为自己的组织树立良好的形象，赢得公众的赞誉。现代市场竞争除了产品竞争外，更体现在形象竞争。一个良好信誉和形象的公司或企业，就容易获得社会各方的信任和支持，就可在激烈的市场竞争中处于不败之地。
英语论文开题报告4一、选题来源、目的和意义：
本选题重在研究中西文化之间的差异以及这些差异对商务谈判的影响，最后得出商务谈判应该采用的策略。
随着我国加入WTO，国际贸易和对外交往将日益频繁，国家与国家之间、企业与企业之间、个人与个人之间，由于存在经济利益的协调，无时无处不需要谈判。出口商和进口商要消除分歧，达成一项公平的相互之间满意的交易，大多是通过商务谈判才能做到的。因此与外界交往合作的主要方式 —— 跨文化商务谈判在社会、政治、经济生活中的地位越来越重要。因此，和外商谈判打交道的时候，不要忽略一些看似微不足道的细节，那些都有可能是成败的关键。只有正确探悉、学习和熟悉不同国家的文化差异，意识到他们的重要性，才能更好地探讨商务谈判的策略，为最后谈判的成功奠定基础和提供理论依据。
二、课题的主要内容(项目概要)：
1.谈判与文化的综述
2.文化差异因素对国际商务谈判的影响
2.1 语言和非语言差异的影响
2.2 思维方式差异的影响
2.3 价值观念差异的影响
3.应对商务谈判文化差异问题的对策
3.1 树立跨文化的谈判意识
3.2 谈判前做好充足的准备
3.3 懂得谈判对方的语言
3.4 对待文化问题应持有的态度
4.结尾
三、实施计划(设计工作的主要阶段、进度和完成时间等)：
11月11日 毕业论文动员大会
11月12日-12月1日 下达任务书
12月 2日-12月31日 确定论文题目
1月1日—1月31日 进行文献资料的收集、筛选、做读书笔记。
2月1日—2月28日 完成论文详细提纲，交指导老师修改，补充。
3月1日—3月30日 进行毕业论文初稿写作。
4月1日—5月19日 毕业论文修改。
5月20日—6月5日 毕业论文定稿、装订、答辩。
四、参考文献：
<1>李信，《中西方文化比较概论》，航空工业出版社，20xx.6
<2>李郁、张泳，浅谈国际商务谈判中的跨文化问题及对策[J]，商业研究，20xx.7
<3>廖瑛，《外贸谈判英语》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，20xx.2
<4>肖云南，《国际商务谈判》，清华大学和北方交通大学出版社，20xx.5
<5>杨晶，《商务谈判》，清华大学出版社，20xx.1
<6>姚立，《商务谈判—理论、实务、风格》，中国城市出版社，20xx.3
<7>袁其刚，《国际商务谈判》，山东人民出版社，20xx.2
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