英语论文《苔丝悲剧成因》开题报告

第一篇：英语论文《苔丝悲剧成因》开题报告

1.Research Intention

Tess of the D’urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy(1840-1928), describes the misfortune of a poor peasant girl Tess.In this novel, we can see Tess resist her unjust fate again and again, suffer setbacks again and again, till to be destroyed.We can not help but feel the intense emotions of pity and fear.At the same time we deeply feel that her tragedy is inevitable.The cause of her tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin.What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? This paper will try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of the heroine’s tragedy.2.Literary Review

From the later nineteenth century until now,Thomas Hardy and his works have been the important topics of the criticism for a long time.After the Second World War, with the development of modern literary criticism, different critics interpret Tess of the D’urbervilles and Thomas Hardy’s other novels from various perspectives.For instance, Professor Webster begins with a discussion of Hardy’s intentions in writing Tess.According to his views, Tess of the D’urbervilles is a contribution to Hardy’s war against man’s inhumanity.Arnold Kettle takes a different point of view.For him the subject of Tess of the D’urbervilles is not the tragedy of a “pure woman”, but rather the destruction of the English peasantry.Mr.Kettle sees it as complete as a social novel.In China, Prof.Zhang and Wu have published their own books on Hardy’s novels and other works.There are

3.Research Process

This paper comprises three parts dealing respectively with several main factors that lead to Tess’s final tragedy, including the background, the social environment, two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate and finally the weakness of the central character’s personalities.Besides, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious and incidental factors.The following is the outline of the paper.Part 1.Introduction

This part is a brief introduction to the author and his masterpiece.1.1Thomas Hardy and his works

1.2Tess of the D’urbervilles

Part 2.Causes for the tragedy of Tess

The cause of Tess’s tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin.What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? In this paper, I try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of heroine’s tragedy.2.1 The impoverishment and decay of small farmers

This novel has for its setting the agricultural region of the southern countries of England.The writer truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers who become hired field hands and roam the country in search of seasonal job.These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners.In this novel, we can see clearly that one of the real reasons that lead to her extermination is her impoverishment.2.2Alec and Clare

In this novel, Hardy describes how Tess was killed by the times she lived in clearly.There are two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate.She, a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer, so Alec---the vicious capitalist power of the Victorian Times and Clare---the representative of liberal bourgeoisie killed her cruelly and without mercy.It seemed that Alec was the prime culprit of Tess, but in fact, it was Clare who killed Tees more cruelly.2.3 The weakness of her character

Apart from fierce Alec and hypocritical Clare, it is the weakness of her character that leads to her sad fate.Tess was able to fight against the unfairness of the society.She could face various difficulties in life bravely, yet she couldn’t extricate herself from traditional moral principles.She was aware that she was the victim of social violence and moral principles.On the other hand, though she dared to beat back the unjustness, she couldn’t break with traditional morality completely.2.4 Some mysterious and incidental factors

The last but not the least, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious

and incidental factors.Examples of the fateful incidents abound in the novel.Part 3.Conclusion

It is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation.Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly.Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice.The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.4.Conclusion

Through studying the representative workTess of the D’urbervilles, we will be able to have a better appreciation of the great achievements of Thomas Hardy.It seemed that if there were no unexpected happenings, she might have a happy life;maybe she would finish her life peacefully.It appeared there were unexpected factors in her every important life stage, those factors lead to her tragedy.But in fact, just as we infer from our previous discussion, it is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation.Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly.Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice.The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.Bibliography

［1］Chen Jia.Selected Readings in English Literature(Volume 2)［M］.The Commercial Press, 2004

［2］Chenxia.Analysis of the Tragic Mood in “Tess of the D’Urbervilles”

［J］.Journal of Renmin University of China(social societies), 1998(2):100-102

［3］Huangjing.On the causes of the tragedy of Tess［J］.Journal of Northwest

Minorities University(social science), 2002,(3):95-98

［4］Li Jian, Yuanjing.The Reasons of the Tragedy of Tess［J］.Journal of Daqing

Teachers’ College, 2005,(2):65-66

［5］Liu Yafei.Doomed from the start ［6］Thomas Hardy.Tess of the D’Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation

& Translation Press, 2004

［7］Wang Lili.Comments on the Tragedy of Tessa［J］.Journal of Chengde

Vocational College, 2005(4)：26-27

［8］Zhang Xiaodong.Talk about tongue silk tragic certainty and meaning［J］.Journal of Chaohu College, 2004,(6):74-77

第二篇：英语论文开题报告

Research Proposal

An Analysis of the Different Cultural Connotations of

Color Words Between English and Chinese By Tian Min

Research Background:

A language not only expresses facts, ideas, or events which represent similar world knowledge by its people, but also reflects the people’s attitudes, beliefs, and world outlooks etc.People of different cultures structure the world around them differently, at least in the language they use to describe that world.Languages differ enormously from one another, and these differences are related to important differences in the customs and behaviors and other aspects of the cultures in which those language reside.In a word, language is a mirror of culture.When we learn a new word we tend to look for its meaning in the word itself.Yet in addition to its dictionary meanings, the same word may stir up different associations in people, because of cultural differences.In our daily life, color words are the common illustrations of the cultural differences in language use.In Chinese and English cultures, color words are in the same way influenced by cultures, and used widely in people’s daily life.Research Significance:

As the differences between Eastern and Western cultures led to the understanding of the color words are not the same.Color words contain a lot of deep meaning, implies a different ethnic feelings.If we do not take into account the impact of cultural differences, we are difficult to understand the implicit meaning of color words.The significance of this thesis is to enable a better understanding of color words, in order to enhance communication skills, avoid conflict of cultures.Research Status:

Study of color words has long attracted linguists’ attention.The bright lights of the objective world and for humankind as a whole are the same, but the national language or in different books of different ages or different geographical dialects often be found to have different understanding about color words.This concentrated and fully prove that language is the result of human cognition to understand and express the objective world, different groups of people in cognitive understanding and expression of the world, due to the different natural environment, social life, cultural traditions.Study of color words in different languages between the similarities and differences.The same object can look at how the differences in cognitive terms showing similarities

and differences between how the social and cultural differences and further expansion of the semantic differences, which for the cognitive linguistics, comparative linguistics and culture, linguistics, and on second language teaching of applied linguistics has an important significance..Research Tendency:

21st century’s color words study should stress the originality on research based on the achievements of the previous scholars, domestic or abroad.The study should keep track of the latest development of color words, making breakthrough, upgrading the research quality.Research Significance and Objectives:

I write this thesis in order to make English learners have a better understanding of the cultural meaning of color words and enhance communication skills, avoid conflict in Western culture.Outline

A.Cultural Connotations of Black and Reflections in Idioms

1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms

1.1 Black Is Associated With the Solemn and the Dignified

1.2 Black Is Associated With Profit

1.3 Black Is Associated With the Black People

2.Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms

2.1 Black Is Associated With the Death

2.2 Black Is Associated With the Evil and Unfortunate

2.3 Black Is Associated With the Shame and Disgraceful

2.4 Black Is Associated With Anger

B.Cultural Connotations of White and Reflections in Idioms

1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms

1.1 White Is Associated With the Pure and Lucky

1.2 White Is Associated With Integrity and Honesty

2.Negative Connotations and Reflections in Idioms

2.1 White Is Associated With Death and Poor

2.2 White Is Associated With Worthless and Timid

C.Cultural Connotations of Red and Reflections in Idioms

1.Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms

1.1 Red Is Associated With Honor and Love

2.Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms

2.1 Red is Associated with the Obscenity

2.2 Red Is Associated With Revolution and Socialism.2.3 Red Is Associated With Danger and Loss

D.Cultural Connotations of Yellow and Reflections in Idioms

1．Positive Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms

1.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Noble

1.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Joy and Missing

2.Negative Connotations and Their Reflections in Idioms

2.1 Yellow Is Associated With the Vulgar and Exaggerative

2.2 Yellow Is Associated With the Coward and Disease

Difficult Points

With the changing society, people have a view of things may have diametrically

opposite point of view, how is the color of the word has become more authoritative to be a problem;how to get people to attach importance to the implied meaning of color words which may lead to cultural conflict is also a problem.As the color words in real life, the widely used, it is difficult in a paper summarizing, so how to form the color words of the formation of an effective system is a difficult.Possible problems also contain:(1)Limited availability of helpful data, especially the books or articles

written by the native scholars;(2)Difficulty in the presentation of insightful ideas and the attainment in originality due to lack of the knowledge related.Bibliographies

[1] Baugh, A.C.& Thomas Cable.A History of the English Language [M].Peking: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.[2] Eckersley, C.E.Brighter English [M].London: Longman, 1979.[3] Gill, R.Mastering English Literature [M].London: Mac Millan Education, 1985.[4] Hornby, A.S.Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English [Z].London: Oxford University, 1974.[5] Knowles, G.A Cultural History of the English Language [M].U.S.A.: A Hodder Arnold Publication, 1997.[6] Lott, B.A Course in English Language and Literature [M].U.S.A.: Edward Arnold, 1989.[7] Lyons, J.Language and Linguistics [M].London: Longman, 1981.[8] Wales, K.Northern English: A Social and Cultural History [M].London: Cambridge University Press, 2006.[9] Wu Weizen.History and Anthology of English Literature [M].Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2001.[10] Yang Yanhua & Zhang Shufan.Modern English Lexicology [M].Peking: Metallurgical Industry Press, 2007.[11] 陈永烨．“英汉颜色词所表现的中西文化差异” [J]．《辽宁工程技术大学学报》，2005，(7)．

[12] 戴炜栋,何兆熊《新编简明英语语言学教程》.[A].上海：上海外语出版社,2002.[13] 邓炎昌，刘润清．《语言与文化》[M]．北京：外语教学与研究出版社，1991．

[14] 蒋栋元．“论颜色及颜色词的文化差异” [J]． 《四川外语学院学报》，2002，(3)．

[15] 唐振华．“英汉颜色词的翻译” [J]．《中国科技翻译》，1997，(2).n

姓名：田敏

:200940210109论 文 开 题 报 告学号

班级：阜阳师范学院外国语学院2009级英语一班

第三篇：英语论文开题报告

英语论文开题报告

英语论文开题报告1

一、选题来源、目的和意义：

本选题重在研究中西文化之间的差异以及这些差异对商务谈判的影响，最后得出商务谈判应该采用的策略。

随着我国加入WTO，国际贸易和对外交往将日益频繁，国家与国家之间、企业与企业之间、个人与个人之间，由于存在经济利益的协调，无时无处不需要谈判。出口商和进口商要消除分歧，达成一项公平的相互之间满意的交易，大多是通过商务谈判才能做到的。因此与外界交往合作的主要方式 —— 跨文化商务谈判在社会、政治、经济生活中的地位越来越重要。因此，和外商谈判打交道的时候，不要忽略一些看似微不足道的细节，那些都有可能是成败的关键。只有正确探悉、学习和熟悉不同国家的文化差异，意识到他们的重要性，才能更好地探讨商务谈判的策略，为最后谈判的成功奠定基础和提供理论依据。

二、课题的主要内容(项目概要)：

1.谈判与文化的综述

2.文化差异因素对国际商务谈判的影响

2.1 语言和非语言差异的影响

2.2 思维方式差异的影响

2.3 价值观念差异的影响

3.应对商务谈判文化差异问题的对策

3.1 树立跨文化的谈判意识

3.2 谈判前做好充足的准备

3.3 懂得谈判对方的语言

3.4 对待文化问题应持有的态度

4.结尾

三、实施计划(设计工作的主要阶段、进度和完成时间等)：

11月11日 毕业论文动员大会

11月12日-12月1日 下达任务书

12月 2日-12月31日 确定论文题目

1月1日—1月31日 进行文献资料的收集、筛选、做读书笔记。

2月1日—2月28日 完成论文详细提纲，交指导老师修改，补充。

3月1日—3月30日 进行毕业论文初稿写作。

4月1日—5月19日 毕业论文修改。

5月20日—6月5日 毕业论文定稿、装订、答辩。

四、参考文献：

<1>李信，《中西方文化比较概论》，航空工业出版社，20xx.6

<2>李郁、张泳，浅谈国际商务谈判中的跨文化问题及对策[J]，商业研究，20xx.7

<3>廖瑛，《外贸谈判英语》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，20xx.2

<4>肖云南，《国际商务谈判》，清华大学和北方交通大学出版社，20xx.5

<5>杨晶，《商务谈判》，清华大学出版社，20xx.1

<6>姚立，《商务谈判—理论、实务、风格》，中国城市出版社，20xx.3

<7>袁其刚，《国际商务谈判》，山东人民出版社，20xx.2

英语论文开题报告2

一、论文题目：classroom interaction and oral english teaching

二、研究现状：

三、研究的目的及意义：

通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。

四、研究的理论依据和研究方法：

本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。

英语论文开题报告3

the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.

英语论文开题报告4

摘要

中国一向是礼仪之邦，礼仪对每个中国人来说是非常重要的，无论是会见亲朋好友或者是在人与人的打交道上，都离不开礼仪。礼仪被认为是一个人道德修养的表现，一个人若毫无礼仪可言，那么他在学习或工作时都将不会很顺利，因为没有人愿意和这样一个人相处。 由于社交礼仪在我们的生活中扮演了越来越重要的角色，我在选课的时候就选修了社交礼仪这门课程。通过这一个学期的学习，我从老师那里学到了许多有关社交礼仪方面的知识，不仅拓宽了知识面，而且许多东西在我的日常生活和以后的工作中都有很大用处，比如商务礼仪。

如今随着世界经济的发展，特别是全球经济一体化的不断形成，各国间的联系加强，商务往来增多，如何才能在众多企业中脱颖而出，除了需要卓越的能力外，还要掌握有效沟通及妥善人际关系，建立良好优雅的企业形象，此时，商务礼仪便起到了一个十分重要的作用。商务礼仪顾名思义就是商务活动中对人的仪容仪表和言谈举止的普遍要求，体现了人与人之间的相互尊重，同时也约束了商务活动中的某些方面。而在商务往来中，任何一个表现都可能会导致意想不到的结果，也许是一块手表，也许是一顿晚餐。

学习了商务礼仪之后更加让我意识到了这一点。学习商务礼仪最主要的是可以提高个人的素养。比尔盖茨曾讲过，企业竞争，是员工素质的竞争，进而到企业，就是企业形象的竞争，教养体现细节，细节展示素质，可见一个人的素养高低对企业的发展是多么重要啊！其次是为了交际应酬，因为商务活动中毕竟是离不开这个的，在不同的交往活动中我们会遇到不同的人，而面对不同的人怎样进行交往也是一门艺术，如何让人感到舒服，却又没有拍马屁的嫌疑是非常关键的。最后便是有助于维护企业形象。在商务交往中，个人便代表了整体，个人的所作所为，一举一动，一言一行，就是企业的典型活体广告。

下面将从以下几点来对我所学习的知识进行总结：

一、礼仪概述

1交际与礼仪产生的历史背景

人类最早的礼仪活动也就是礼仪萌芽时期，可以追朔到原始社会， 当时的礼仪较为简单和虔诚且不具备阶级性，礼仪的内容包括；制定了明确血缘关系的婚嫁礼仪；区别部族内部尊卑等级的礼制；为祭天敬神的制定的一些祭奠仪式；制定一些人们在相互交往时表示礼节表示恭敬的动作。

礼仪形成的具体时期则是；夏、商、西周（公元前21世纪公元前771年）人类逐步进入奴隶社会，阶级开始形成，统治阶级为了巩固自己的统治地位把原始宗教礼仪发展成为符合奴隶社会政治需要的礼制。在这个阶段中国第一次形成了比较完整的国家礼仪与制度，随着生产力的'发展，商业逐步开始出现，直到春秋战国时期，礼仪制度开始变革，礼仪范围扩大，商业在社会中逐步被认可，人们因为商务活动而进行的往来也逐步增多，并在商务活动中的交际中另外形成了一套礼仪制度商务礼仪。

到欧洲中世纪，工业革命的出现 使得生产力空前的发展，欧洲各国开始逐步入资本主义，商业占据了社会经济的主导地位，资本家大量聚集了社会财富，新贵由此族诞生，资本家之间的商务往来与交际范围开始扩大，贵族之间定期的聚会则成为了重要的交际方式之一，在交际中所产生的礼仪日渐完善，由此，商务礼仪也正式形成。部分内容沿用至今。 2礼仪的含义及种类

礼仪是规范自己、尊重他人的一种行为规范，是表现对他人尊重和理解的过程和手段。。礼仪中的礼字指的是尊重，尊重自己，尊重他人，而礼仪中的仪就是仪式，是一种尊重自己，尊重他人的表现形式。它是人际交往中必不可少的一种手过程，是塑造形像的手段，是人们生

活和社会交往中逐渐形成的行为规范和礼仪规范。

礼仪的种类分有多种，主要有以下大类：

1.古代礼仪。中国自古以来就是礼仪之邦，礼仪文明作为中国传统文化的一个重要组成部分，对中国社会历史发展起了广泛深远的影响，其内容是十分丰富的，很多古代礼仪文化到今天仍然有积极、普片意义的文明礼仪，如：尊老敬贤，仪尚适宜，礼貌待人，容仪有整。尊老敬贤，我国自原始社会就已经逐渐形成的礼仪，在古代社会，人际的政治伦理关系均以氏族、家庭的血缘关系为纽带，故此在家庭里面遵从祖上，在社会尊敬长辈，是古代礼仪的典型例子。而由于中国古代社会推崇礼治和仁政，敬贤已经成为一种历史的要求。孟子说：养老尊贤，俊杰在位，则有庆古代这种传统礼仪，对于形成有序和谐的伦理关系，不管过去和现代，都起着重要作用。仪尚适宜，，是指一些中国传统节日的各种特定的礼俗和规定。每个诸如春节，元宵，中秋都有其各自的礼俗和讲究。在今天我们依然保持着这些优良传统，并且贵在适宜，如《二程集》中所说奢自文生，文过则奢，不足为俭，可见，仪式的规模在于得当，避免奢侈浪费。礼貌待人，是任何一个文明社会，任何一个文明民族都十分重视的。因为礼貌是人类社会构建起与他人和睦相处的桥梁，它标志这一个社会的文明程序，是中华民族文化的优良传统。容仪有整，是其修养、文明程度的表现。古人认为，容仪有整不仅是能够保持个人的尊严，还有助于进德修业。它反映出一个人的修养和生活态度。

2.礼仪的第二大类是社交礼仪。社交礼仪，顾名思义，就是指现代人际交往中流行的各种礼仪，如服务礼仪，商务礼仪，学校礼仪，职场工作礼仪等，它概括了在现代社交场合中各种礼仪行为。社交礼仪是指人们在人际交往过程中所具备的基本素质，交际能力等。社交在当今社会人际交往中发挥的作用愈显重要。通过社交，人们可以沟通心灵，建立深厚友谊，取得支持与帮助；通过社交，人们可以互通信息，共享资源，对取得事业成功大有获益。社交礼仪是指在人际交往和国际交往活动中，用于表示尊重、亲善和友好的首选行为规范和惯用形式。这一定义包含了以下几层意思：第一，社交礼仪是一种道德行为规范。规范就是规矩、章法、条条框框，也就是说社交礼仪是对人的行为进行约束的条条框框，告诉你要怎么做，不要怎么做。如你到老师办公室办事，进门前要先敲门，若不敲门就直接闯进去是失礼的。社交礼仪比起法律、纪律，其约束力要弱得多，违反社交礼仪规范，只能让别人产生厌恶[2]，别人不能对你进行制裁，为此，社交礼仪的约束要靠道德修养的自律。 第二，社交礼仪的直接目的是表示对他人的尊重。尊重是社交礼仪的本质。人都有被尊重的高级精神需要，当在社会交往活动过程中，按照社交礼仪的要求去做，就会使人获得尊重的满足，从而获得愉悦，由此达到人与人之间关系的和谐。 第三，社交礼仪的根本目的是为了维护社会正常的生活秩序。没有它，社会正常的生活秩序就会遭到破坏，在这方面，它和法律、纪律共同起作用，也正是因为这一目的，无论是资本主义社会还是社会主义社会都非常重视社交礼仪规范建设。 第四，社交礼仪要求在人际交往、社会交往活动中遵守。这是它的范围，超出这个范围，社交礼仪规范就不一定适用了

二、礼仪对未来职业生涯的影响分析

商务礼仪能展示企业的文明程度、管理风格和道德水准，塑造企业形象。良好的企业形象是企业的无形资产，无疑可以为企业带来直接的经济效益。一个人讲究礼仪，就会在众人面前树立良好的个人形象；一个组织的成员讲究礼仪，就会为自己的组织树立良好的形象，赢得公众的赞誉。现代市场竞争除了产品竞争外，更体现在形象竞争。一个良好信誉和形象的公司或企业，就容易获得社会各方的信任和支持，就可在激烈的市场竞争中处于不败之地。

第四篇：英语论文开题报告

一、论文题目：classroom interaction and oral english teaching

二、研究现状：

对于课堂互动与英语口语教学之间的关系，国内的研究主要集中在：(1)构建主义模式 它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式，司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的“反思”入手，探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。卢艳春和路雅琴在《构建主义与大学英语口语课堂教学》中则分别“从构建知识观”“构建学习观”“构建教学观”入手，强调以学生为中心的主动性、构建性。(2)角色扮演模式 徐志敏、王瑛在《大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究》中着重探讨了在角色扮演的互动教学中教师的作用，对指导教学实践具有重要的意义。而黄玉兰在《角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学中》从角色扮演是“多为互动英语口语教学模式的应用”探讨了角色扮演这一教学方法的目的、步骤和利弊等方面。(3)以学生为中心模式 这一模式被单独研究的较少，黄影秋在《以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂教学效果的探索中》通过对学生口语课堂学习存在的问题的分析，提倡“以学生为中心”，实现教与学的“双边互动”。并提出阐述如何运用其他“教学策略提高口语的教学效果”，促进学生交际能力的提高。而刘蓉在《谈英语口语课堂互动》中则提出了互动可以创造“以学生为中心的口语课堂和整体小组作业模式”，提高口语交际能力。(4)合作性学习模式 这种模式的研究较为普遍和盛行，它兴起于美国，在后来取得实质性的进展的一种教学理论与策略。黄艳在《合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用》中提出了以下几种合作模式，从而的出该模式的优势所在。顾晓乐在《合作性学习与情景剧表演》中从情剧表演的角度来证明合作性学习的有效性。肖巧玲在《大学英语口语教学中的合作学习》中则通过合作学习在口语教学中的实践探究合作学习应注意的原则。而慕东文在《合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略》一文中，他用“人文精神和平等民主合作”原则，对待新的理念，指导英语口语教学。(5)情景设置模式 它主要是根据gillian brown & george yuled的语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张、焦虑的研究表明口语情景设置不适当，会影响学生用目标语进行交流，进而强调进行口语教学情景设置的重要性。张舍茹、孙边旗在《英语口语教学的情景设置>>中就论述我们应注意“情景互动教学中应遵循的原则”，及如何设置“英语口语教学中情景设置的形式”两个小方面局部性的探讨了情景设置这种互动模式。孙久荣在《论英语口语课的情景教学》中对情景设置这个模式从宏观上进行了分类，进而得出“开放式情景”和“封闭式情景”，为情景设置互动模式研究开辟了一个小领域。

三、研究的目的及意义：

通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。

四、研究的理论依据和研究方法：

本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。

五、提纲：

introduction

chapter one definition and theoretical basis of interaction

1.1 definition of interaction

1.2 theoretical basis of interaction

1.3 some main interactive modes in the present classroom

chapter two the necessity and the principles of following interaction-teaching mode

2.1 the disadvantage of traditional oral english teaching mode

2.2 the necessity and merit of taking interaction-teaching mode

2.3 oral english interaction-teaching mode should follow the principles

chapter three personal interaction in the oral english teaching

3.1 the relationship between the teacher and students

3.2 two types of personal interaction

3.3 classroom climate

3.4 classroom size

chapter four the evaluation of the interactive oral english teaching mode

4.1 some principles should follow when evaluating

4.2 the concept of evaluating

4.3 the technology of evaluating

conclusion

六、参考文献

jonssen, dh..thinking technology: toward a constructivist design model [j].educational technolgy.3(1994): 34-35.littlewood, william.communicative language teaching [m].cambridge: cambridge university press.1981.卢艳春, 路雅琴.“构建主义与大学英语口语教学.” 前沿杂志.11(XX):98-100.司洪海.“构建主义理论与英语口语教学.” 基础英语教育.4(XX):8-9.吴蕾.“构建主义在英语口语教学中的应用.” 东华大学学报(社科版).7(XX年):23-24.范雄飞, 黄玉兰.“把角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学之中.”读与写杂志.9(XX):35-37.徐志敏, 王瑛.“大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究.” 外语研究.8(XX):56-57.黄影秋.“以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂效果.” 济南职业学院学报.3(XX年): 81-88.何亚娟.“中学英语课堂互动教学的探索与实践.” 渭南师院学报.12(XX): 72-73.顾晓乐, 黄芙蓉.“合作学习与情景剧表演.” 国外外语教学.2(XX):55-56.黄艳.“合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用.” 长沙大学学报.10(XX年):145-146.慕东文.“合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略.” 甘肃农业.6(XX):304-305.孙边旗,张舍茹.“英语口语教学的情景设置.” 教育理论与实践 8(XX):37-39.孙久荣.“论英语口语课的情景教学.” 辽阳师专学报 21(XX):87-89.

第五篇：英语论文开题报告

英语论文开题报告

英语论文开题报告1

一、选题来源、目的和意义：

本选题重在研究中西文化之间的差异以及这些差异对商务谈判的影响，最后得出商务谈判应该采用的策略。

随着我国加入WTO，国际贸易和对外交往将日益频繁，国家与国家之间、企业与企业之间、个人与个人之间，由于存在经济利益的协调，无时无处不需要谈判。出口商和进口商要消除分歧，达成一项公平的相互之间满意的交易，大多是通过商务谈判才能做到的。因此与外界交往合作的主要方式 —— 跨文化商务谈判在社会、政治、经济生活中的地位越来越重要。因此，和外商谈判打交道的时候，不要忽略一些看似微不足道的细节，那些都有可能是成败的关键。只有正确探悉、学习和熟悉不同国家的文化差异，意识到他们的重要性，才能更好地探讨商务谈判的策略，为最后谈判的成功奠定基础和提供理论依据。

二、课题的主要内容(项目概要)：

1.谈判与文化的综述

2.文化差异因素对国际商务谈判的影响

2.1 语言和非语言差异的影响

2.2 思维方式差异的影响

2.3 价值观念差异的影响

3.应对商务谈判文化差异问题的对策

3.1 树立跨文化的谈判意识

3.2 谈判前做好充足的准备

3.3 懂得谈判对方的语言

3.4 对待文化问题应持有的态度

4.结尾

三、实施计划(设计工作的主要阶段、进度和完成时间等)：

11月11日 毕业论文动员大会

11月12日-12月1日 下达任务书

12月 2日-12月31日 确定论文题目

1月1日—1月31日 进行文献资料的收集、筛选、做读书笔记。

2月1日—2月28日 完成论文详细提纲，交指导老师修改，补充。

3月1日—3月30日 进行毕业论文初稿写作。

4月1日—5月19日 毕业论文修改。

5月20日—6月5日 毕业论文定稿、装订、答辩。

四、参考文献：

<1>李信，《中西方文化比较概论》，航空工业出版社，20xx.6

<2>李郁、张泳，浅谈国际商务谈判中的跨文化问题及对策[J]，商业研究，20xx.7

<3>廖瑛，《外贸谈判英语》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，20xx.2

<4>肖云南，《国际商务谈判》，清华大学和北方交通大学出版社，20xx.5

<5>杨晶，《商务谈判》，清华大学出版社，20xx.1

<6>姚立，《商务谈判—理论、实务、风格》，中国城市出版社，20xx.3

<7>袁其刚，《国际商务谈判》，山东人民出版社，20xx.2

英语论文开题报告2

系别:外语系 专业:英 语 所选题目名称:

English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function

一、课题研究现状:

English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary、The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages、Halliday and Hason (1976) pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms (ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function)、Another scholar, Fernando C、, also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.

Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin (1994, 1996), Zhu Yongsheng (1995, 1996, ) and Zhang Delu (1994) mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.

二、课题研究目的:

This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them、It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.

三、课题研究内容:

As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken、This dissertation includes the following five aspects: 1、Introduction

2、A General Study of English Idioms 2.1 The Definition of English Idioms 2.2 Features of English Idioms

3、Cohesive Function of English Idioms 3.1 Cohesion

3.2 Functional Categories

3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms

4、The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics 4.1 Syntactic Cohesion 4.2 Pragmatic Function 5、Conclusion

四、课题研究计划:

January 22-March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11-March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline

March 26-April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion

June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence

五、主要参考文献:

[1] Fernando, C、Idioms and Idiomaticity、Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 20xx

[2] Halliday, M.A.K、and R、Hason、Cohesion in English、Longman Press, 1985

[3] Lakoff, G、and M、Johnson、Metaphors We Live By、University of Chicago Press, 1980

[4] Makkai, A、Idiom Structure in English、The Hague Press,1972

[5] 林承璋、英语词汇学引论[M]、武汉大学出版社，1987

[6] 陆国强、现代英语词汇学[M]、上海外语教育出版社,

[7] 汪榕培, 卢晓娟、英语词汇学教程[M]、上海外语教育出版社, 1999

英语论文开题报告3

1. Research Intention

Tess of the D’urbervilles, the greatest novel of British famous writer Thomas Hardy (1840-1928), describes the misfortune of a poor peasant girl Tess. In this novel, we can see Tess resist her unjust fate again and again, suffer setbacks again and again, till to be destroyed. We can not help but feel the intense emotions of pity and fear. At the same time we deeply feel that her tragedy is inevitable. The cause of her tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin. What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? This paper will try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of the heroine’s tragedy.

2. Literary Review

From the later nineteenth century until now,Thomas Hardy and his works have been the important topics of the criticism for a long time. After the Second World War, with the development of modern literary criticism, different critics interpret Tess of the D’urbervilles and Thomas Hardy’s other novels from various perspectives. For instance, Professor Webster begins with a discussion of Hardy’s intentions in writing Tess. According to his views, Tess of the D’urbervilles is a contribution to Hardy’s war against man’s inhumanity. Arnold Kettle takes a different point of view. For him the subject of Tess of the D’urbervilles is not the tragedy of a “pure woman”, but rather the destruction of the English peasantry. Mr. Kettle sees it as complete as a social novel. In China, Prof. Zhang and Wu have published their own books on Hardy’s novels and other works. There are

3. Research Process

This paper comprises three parts dealing respectively with several main factors that lead to Tess’s final tragedy, including the background, the social environment, two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate and finally the weakness of the central character’s personaliti

es. Besides, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious and incidental factors. The following is the outline of the paper. Part 1. Introduction

This part is a brief introduction to the author and his masterpiece.

1.1Thomas Hardy and his works

1.2Tess of the D’urbervilles

Part 2. Causes for the tragedy of Tess

The cause of Tess’s tragedy has always been the concern of people, such a beautiful, noble and pure woman as Tess should suffer inevitable ruin. What leads to her tragic destiny? What killed her? In this paper, I try to make a detailed analysis on the novel, to show the various causes of heroine’s tragedy.

2.1 The impoverishment and decay of small farmers

This novel has for its setting the agricultural region of the southern countries of England. The writer truthfully depicts the impoverishment and decay of small farmers who become hired field hands and roam the country in search of seasonal job. These laborers are mercilessly exploited by the rich landowners. In this novel, we can see clearly that one of the real reasons that lead to her extermination is her impoverishment.

2.2Alec and Clare

In this novel, Hardy describes how Tess was killed by the times she lived in clearly. There are two persons who are very closely related to Tess’s fate. She, a daughter of poor peasants had been reduced to a wage laborer, so Alec--- the vicious capitalist power of the Victorian Times and Clare --- the representative of liberal bourgeoisie killed her cruelly and without mercy. It seemed that Alec was the prime culprit of Tess, but in fact, it was Clare who killed Tees more cruelly.

2.3 The weakness of her character

Apart from fierce Alec and hypocritical Clare, it is the weakness of her character that leads to her sad fate. Tess was able to fight against the unfairness of the society. She could face various difficulties in life bravely, yet she couldn’t extricate herself from traditional moral principles. She was aware that she was the victim of social violence and moral principles.On the other hand, though she dared to beat back the unjustness, she couldn’t break with traditional morality completely.

2.4 Some mysterious and incidental factors

The last but not the least, Tess’s sufferings were the result of some mysterious

and incidental factors. Examples of the fateful incidents abound in the novel. Part 3. Conclusion

It is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation. Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly. Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice. The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.

4. Conclusion

Through studying the representative workTess of the D’urbervilles, we will be able to have a better appreciation of the great achievements of Thomas Hardy.It seemed that if there were no unexpected happenings, she might have a happy life; maybe she would finish her life peacefully. It appeared there were unexpected factors in her every important life stage, those factors lead to her tragedy. But in fact, just as we infer from our previous discussion, it is the times she lived in and the weakness of her nature put her in such a poor situation. Cruel Alec and his peers are the direct reason for her death, but it is Angel who killed her indirectly but more cruelly. Facing such a serious situation, the weakness of her character became the accomplice. The tragic fate is not only that of Tess herself, but also the tragedy of the times she lived in.

Bibliography

［1］Chen Jia. Selected Readings in English Literature(Volume 2)［M］.The Commercial Press, 20xx

［2］Chenxia. Analysis of the Tragic Mood in “Tess of the D’Urbervilles”

［J］.Journal of Renmin University of China (social societies), (2):100-102

［3］Huangjing. On the causes of the tragedy of Tess［J］. Journal of Northwest

Minorities University (social science), 20xx, (3):95-98

［4］Li Jian, Yuanjing. The Reasons of the Tragedy of Tess［J］. Journal of Daqing

Teachers’ College, 20xx, (2):65-66

［5］Liu Yafei. Doomed from the start ［6］Thomas Hardy. Tess of the D’Urbervilles［M］.Beijing: Central Compilation

& Translation Press, 20xx

［7］Wang Lili.Comments on the Tragedy of Tessa［J］.Journal of Chengde

Vocational College, 20xx(4)：26-27

［8］Zhang Xiaodong. Talk about tongue silk tragic certainty and meaning［J］.

Journal of Chaohu College, 20xx, (6):74-77

英语论文开题报告4

function and application of descriptive translation studies

1introduction

the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

since early20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).

dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.「1」 「2」

2outline

development and major concepts of dts

in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.

methodolgy

i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.

dts in contrast to other theories

a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.

case study

in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be

under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.

conclusion

based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.

(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)

it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”

英语论文开题报告5

英语论文的写作，主要用于参加国际学术研讨会，促进中外学术文化交流，同学们可以围绕着这个点开展论文。

英语论文开题报告范例

一、论文题目：Classroom Interaction And Oral English Teaching

二、研究现状：

对于课堂互动与英语口语教学之间的关系，国内的研究主要集中在：

(1)构建主义模式 它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式，司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的反思入手，探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。卢艳春和路雅琴在《构建主义与大学英语口语课堂教学》中则分别从构建知识观构建学习观构建教学观入手，强调以学生为中心的主动性、构建性。

(2)角色扮演模式 徐志敏、王瑛在《大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究》中着重探讨了在角色扮演的互动教学中教师的作用，对指导教学实践具有重要的意义。而黄玉兰在《角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学中》从角色扮演是多为互动英语口语教学模式的应用探讨了角色扮演这一教学方法的目的、步骤和利弊等方面。

(3)以学生为中心模式 这一模式被单独研究的较少，黄影秋在《以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂教学效果的探索中》通过对学生口语课堂学习存在的问题的分析，提倡以学生为中心，实现教与学的双边互动。并提出阐述如何运用其他教学策略提高口语的教学效果，促进学生交际能力的提高。而刘蓉在《谈英语口语课堂互动》中则提出了互动可以创造以学生为中心的口语课堂和整体小组作业模式，提高口语交际能力。

(4)合作性学习模式 这种模式的研究较为普遍和盛行，它兴起于美国，在后来取得实质性的进展的一种教学理论与策略。黄艳在《合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用》中提出了以下几种合作模式，从而的出该模式的优势所在。顾晓乐在《合作性学习与情景剧表演》中从情剧表演的角度来证明合作性学习的有效性。肖巧玲在《大学英语口语教学中的合作学习》中则通过合作学习在口语教学中的实践探究合作学习应注意的原则。而慕东文在《合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略》一文中，他用人文精神和平等民主合作原则，对待新的理念，指导英语口语教学。

(5)情景设置模式 它主要是根据Gillian BrownGeorge Yuled的语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张、焦虑的研究表明口语情景设置不适当，会影响学生用目标语进行交流，进而强调进行口语教学情景设置的重要性。张舍茹、孙边旗在《英语口语教学的情景设置》中就论述我们应注意情景互动教学中应遵循的原则，及如何设置英语口语教学中情景设置的形式两个小方面局部性的探讨了情景设置这种互动模式。孙久荣在《论英语口语课的情景教学》中对情景设置这个模式从宏观上进行了分类，进而得出开放式情景和封闭式情景，为情景设置互动模式研究开辟了一个小领域。

三、研究的目的及意义：

通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。

四、研究的理论依据和研究方法：

本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。

五、提纲：

Introduction

Chapter One Definition and Theoretical Basis of Interaction

1.1 Definition of Interaction

1.2 Theoretical Basis of Interaction

1.3 Some Main Interactive Modes in the Present Classroom

Chapter Two The Necessity And The Principles of Following InteractionTeaching Mode

2.1 The Disadvantage of Traditional Oral English Teaching Mode

2.2 The Necessity and Merit of Taking InteractionTeaching Mode

2.3 Oral English InteractionTeaching Mode Should Follow the Principles

Chapter Three Personal Interaction in the Oral English Teaching

3.1 The Relationship Between the Teacher and Students

3.2 Two Types of Personal Interaction

3.3 Classroom Climate

3.4 Classroom Size

Chapter Four The Evaluation of the Interactive Oral English Teaching Mode

4.1 Some Principles Should Follow When Evaluating

4.2 The Concept of Evaluating

4.3 The Technology of Evaluating

Conclusion

六、参考文献

Jonssen, DHThinking Technology: Toward a Constructivist Design Model .Educational Technolgy. 3 (1994)： 3435.

Littlewood, William. Communicative Language Teaching .Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .1981.

卢艳春， 路雅琴。构建主义与大学英语口语教学。 前沿杂志。 11 (20xx)：98100.

司洪海。构建主义理论与英语口语教学。 基础英语教育。 4 (20xx)：89.

吴蕾。构建主义在英语口语教学中的应用。 东华大学学报(社科版)。7 (20xx)：2324.

范雄飞， 黄玉兰。把角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学之中。读与写杂志。 9 (20xx)：3537.

徐志敏， 王瑛。大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究。 外语研究。 8 (20xx)：5657.

黄影秋。以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂效果。 济南职业学院学报。 3 (20xx)： 8188.

何亚娟。中学英语课堂互动教学的探索与实践。 渭南师院学报。 12 (20xx)： 7273.

顾晓乐， 黄芙蓉。合作学习与情景剧表演。 国外外语教学。 2 (20xx)：5556.

黄艳。合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用。 长沙大学学报。 10 (20xx)：145146.

慕东文。合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略。 甘肃农业。 6 (20xx)：304305.

孙边旗，张舍茹。英语口语教学的情景设置。 教育理论与实践 8 (20xx)：3739.

孙久荣。论英语口语课的情景教学。 辽阳师专学报 21 (20xx)：8789.

英语论文开题报告6

系别：外语系 专业：英 语 所选题目名称：

English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function

课题研究现状：

English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary. The general tendencies of presentday English are towards more idiomatic usages. Halliday and Hason （1976） pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms （ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function）。 Another scholar, Fernando C. ， also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.

Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin （1994, 1996）， Zhu Yongsheng （1995, 1996, ） and Zhang Delu （1994） mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.

课题研究目的：

This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them. It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.

课题研究内容：

As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken. This dissertation includes the following five aspects: 1. Introduction.

2. A General Study of English Idioms 2.1 The Definition of English Idioms 2.2 Features of English Idioms.

3. Cohesive Function of English Idioms 3.1 Cohesion.

3.2 Functional Categories.

3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms.

4. The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics 4.1 Syntactic Cohesion 4.2 Pragmatic Function 5. Conclusion.

课题研究计划：

January 22March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline.

March 26April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion.

June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence.

主要参考文献：

[1] Fernando, C. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 20xx

[2] Halliday, M.A.K. and R. Hason. Cohesion in English. Longman Press, 1985

[3] Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, 1980

[4] Makkai, A. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague Press,1972

[5] 林承璋。 英语词汇学引论[M]. 武汉大学出版社，1987

[6] 陆国强。 现代英语词汇学[M]. 上海外语教育出版社，

[7] 汪榕培， 卢晓娟。 英语词汇学教程[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 1999

指导教师意见：

签字：xx年xx月xx日

领导小组意见：xxx

英语论文开题报告7

Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 Introduction

The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.

Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science、From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence、Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).

DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective、Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community、Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.

My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation、The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.

The method of DTS is basically descriptive、The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned、Translation phenomena are noted down、With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice、I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.

A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS、“Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation、Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies、Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.

The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions、Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.

In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.

英语论文开题报告8

题目：

A Brief Analysis of the Significance of Optimism in Pollyanna

研究目的和意义：

拉伯雷曾经说过：生活是一面镜子，你对它笑，它就对你笑；你对它哭，它就对你哭。生活在于快乐，然而，现实是我们越来越富有，而大多数人却越来越过的不快乐。本论文将通过对乐观主义的定义，缘由及影响的阐述说明保持乐观主义对自己，对家庭，对社会的重要性及其重要作用。说明随着生活质量的提高，生活态度也应随之转变，也应从悲观主义向乐观主义转换。

国内外研究现状和发展趋势：

长久以来，大多数研究都是针对沮丧抑郁等心理疾病，很少研究乐观心理。据哈佛大学公开课讲师泰勒、本—沙哈尔说，研究沮丧抑郁与研究乐观心理的比例占28：1。在最近几十年的研究中，乐观主义已经成为西方积极心理学的核心概念和研究热点。但研究的都主要集中在个体身心健康，主观幸福感上，对于如何在生活中培养人们的乐观主义精神，更好地提高生活质量尚为缺乏。

国内外大量研究都证实了保持乐观与身心健康密切相关，Schweizer等人研究结果表明，乐观是心理健康最重要的预测变量，因为个人乐观与生活满意度呈正相关。我国学者袁莉敏，张日异，陶莎在探讨大学里的乐观主义倾向时也证实了这些结论。

今后，人们将会越来越意识到乐观主义的重要性，越来越注意培养自己的乐观主义精神。

主要研究内容：

本文旨在分析《波利安娜》所反映的乐观主义价值观。首先介绍美国乐观主义的定义，缘由，历史文化背景及其发展。然后叙述小说主要内容，对当时社会生活文化所产生的影响及不同时期人们对小说的不同看法。再次通过对主人公的乐观主义性格分析，从自身，家庭，社会三个方面通过列举，分析，比较等写作方法说明保持乐观主义对个人生活，家庭生活，社会整体的重要意义。主人公的经历也正证实了这一点，因此我们应该时时刻刻保持乐观主义精神。

拟采用的研究思路（方法、技术路线、可行性论证等）：

A、研究方法：

1、比较法。

2、分析法。

3、列举法。

B、技术路线：大体分为3个阶段：前期准备，实施阶段，后期阶段。

前期阶段：主要是阅读一些与乐观主义及关于其意义相关的书籍和报刊，观看一些讲述心理及社会生活相关的视频，收集资料，为论文的写作作准备。实施阶段：利用搜集的相关资料及数据，撰写毕业论文。后期阶段：将论文进行多次修订。

C、可行性论证：

1、相关资料丰富，有充实的理论依据支撑；

2、经验丰富的指导老师指导；

3、研究线路清晰。

英语论文开题报告9

1 Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

China plays a much more important role in world economic system along with thedevelopment of economic globalization. Economic globalization not only accelerates our country'seconomic growth, but also promotes the speed of international trade all over the world. Thereforeexcellent business communication competence becomes increasingly important as well. As one ofthe language media business English correspondence aims to link overseas and domestic economicentities, exchange information, communicate with each other and deal with business. It plays anextremely important role in the frequent international trade. It is no exaggeration to say, businessEnglish correspondence is used in every step of business activities.

The course of business English writing has almost expanded into every university curriculum.Both foreign and domestic scholars have done researches on business English correspondencefrom the perspective of lexicon, semantic fields, especially based on corpus. There are two majorlarge-scale corpora on business English. One is Nelson's Business English Corpus (BEC for short)accounting for one million words. The other one is Poly U Business Corpora constructed by HongKong Polytechnic University. The Poly U Business Corpora are made up of three comparablecorpora of Chinese, English and Japanese business texts, the majority of which originate from thebusiness and finance sections of newspapers written in those languages, covering news and reportsfrom auditing and accounting to insurance and investments. Each of the corpora has more than onemillion words. It is accessible on line for searching key words to see a concordance taken fromPoly U Business English corpus, which is helpful to students and teachers. It is thus obviously thatbusiness English is quite important so that attracts much attention from linguistic researchers. Ithas been an overriding aim of this project to create a resource for researchers to help furtherknowledge of an area which so far has been the research topic of many scholars.

1.2 Significance of the Study

This thesis makes a relatively complete study of business English correspondence from theperspective of lexical grammar theory and syntactic theory. It takes up business Englishcorrespondence as its research topic and aims to propose some feasible strategies in businessEnglish correspondence writing and teaching. The study expected to achieve both theoretical andpractical significance as follows:

First of all, this study will introduce a new research method. Corpus provides a brand newway for the study of language. It breaks through the traditional method of intuitive experiencemethod and turns to the original analysis of natural language in order to provide a firm foundationand data support for language research in various fields. Traditional intuitive experience methodfocuses on personal experience and intuition, manual methods or introspective method whichcould acquire linguistic knowledge only from limited data of language materials. This method ofacquiring linguistic knowledge is not only inefficiency but also more subjective which inevitablyleads a effect on the accuracy of final result. However, corpus-based approach is totally different.Corpus can find the target data quickly by using computer software for scientific analysis, andovercome the limitation of traditional research on the subjectivity and one-sidedness. Thismacroscopic method can carry on a multi-level and all-rounded research on the basis of a largenumber of real data, and effectively promote the new theoretical model and research paradigm. Italso relies on computer science to achieve its powerful function in language searching, andprovides a new method in linguistic research for the majority of language researchers.

Secondly, a clear understanding of lexical grammar theory could be achieved. Language is atool for human communication which inevitably cannot do without meaning expression andunderstanding. Sinclair broke the previous rules of describing vocabulary and grammar in aseparate way. Therefore, a new point of view has been proposed. That is language should bedescribed by using the way combining vocabulary and grammar which opened up a new path forlanguage description based on a corpus. Then he proposed lexical grammar, and believed thatvocabulary and grammar are equally important, in which vocabulary is the starting point forbuilding the language model. The key aspects about the origin of lexical grammar and thewholeness of lexis and grammar will be discussed in detail in next chapter and this study is basedon the theory of lexical grammar to explore the features of business English correspondence fromlexical and syntactic levels.

Thirdly, after a relatively complete study on the business English correspondence, typicallexical and syntactic features could be worked out.

Fourthly, feasible strategies could be proposed to business English correspondence writingand teaching.

1.3 Layout of the Thesis

In this thesis, the study will do some research on business English correspondence andmanage to summarize some common syntactic features of business English correspondence basedon lexical-grammar theory and syntactic theory. This thesis is divided into the following six parts:

Chapter 1, the introduction part is an introduction concerning the theme of the thesis,including a general introduction of the background and significance of the study and theorganization of the whole thesis.

Chapter 2, a literature review is provided in this chapter, which gives out an overview of thecorpus linguistics and business English correspondence. It first introduces business Englishcorrespondence and corpus linguistics briefly, and then gives a comprehensive introduction tothem which are also discussed here for better understanding to the field that the theory will beapplied to. Relevant studies both on Corpus linguistics and business English correspondence arealso presented at the end of each part.

Chapter 3 introduces the theoretical framework which contains four main parts: principles ofbusiness English correspondence, the application in corpus linguistics, lexical grammar andsyntactic theory. Then Sinclair's lexical grammar theory and syntactic theory will be discussed indetail. In the end of this chapter, the writer will talk about the paper's feasibility.

Chapter 4 addresses the research methodology of the study which includes the corpus-basedquantitative and qualitative method, the corpus and instruments used in the study, the proceduresof the study both in relation to data collection and data processing and concordance.

Chapter 5 is the main part of the thesis of which lexical and syntactic features will bediscussed and analyzed in this part. Word length, sentence length, wordlist and some other wordfrequency will be listed and analyzed in detail.

Chapter 6 draws a conclusion of the thesis, which gives a summary to the whole paper.Besides the major findings of the study, it also points out the limitations and difficulties of thepresent study.

2 CONTENTS

Abstract in Chinese

Abstract in English

1 Introduction

1.1 Background of the Study

1.2 Significance of the Study

1.3 Layout of the Thesis

2 Literature Review

2.1 Studies on Business English Correspondence Abroad and at Home

2.2 Studies based on Corpus Linguistics Abroad and at Home

2.3 Summary

3 Theoretical Framework

3.1 Writing Principles of Business English Correspondence

3.2 Lexical Grammar

3.3 Syntactic Theory

4 Methodology

4.1 Corpus-Based Approach

4.2 Research Instruments

4.3 Research Procedures

4.3.1 Data Collection

4.3.2 Data Clean-up

4.3.3 Tokenization

4.3.4 Lemmatization

4.3.5 Part-of-speech Tagging

5 Results and Discussions

5.1 Syntactic Complexity Analysis

5.1.1 Analysis of Word Length and Sentence Length

5.1.2 Contrastive Analysis between Content Words and Function Words

5.1.3 Contrastive Analysis between Simple Sentence and Complex Sentence

5.2 Syntactic Pattern Analysis

5.2.1 Passive Voice

5.2.2 Interrogative Sentence

5.2.3 Subjunctive Mood

5.3 Syntactic Feature Analysis

5.3.1 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Request and Comfirmation

5.3.2 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Acceptance and Refusal

5.3.3 Syntactic Feature of Letters of Appreciation and Apology

6 Conclusion

6.1 Major Findings

6.2 Implications for the Study

6.3 Limitations

Acknowledgement

References

Appendix

Papers published in the period of Ph. M. education

进度安排

1.Collecting the related materials and designing theresearch, data analysis: Sep.1st-Dec.31st,20xx

2.Writing the first draft: Jan.1st- Feb.31st, 20xx

3.Writing the second draft:Mar. 1st- Apr. 31st,20xx

4.Writing the final draft: May. 1st- May.31st,20xx

5.Preparing for defense of the thesis: June.1st- June31st,20xx

References

[1] Dudley-Evans,T. and St John,M.J. 。 Developments in English for Specific Purposes: AMulti-Disciplinary Approach[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge University Press:1.

[2] Corbluth,J.D. (1975)。 English or 'Special English'[J]. English Language Teaching Journal24/4:277-286.

[3] Strevens,Peter. (1977)。 New Orientations in the Teaching of English[M]. Oxford:OxfordUniversity Press:72.

[4] Nelson,M. (20xx)。 A corpus-based study of Business English and Business English TeachingMaterials[D]. Unpublished Ph D Thesis. University of Manchester.

[5]胡春雨。语料库与商务英语词汇研究[J].广东外语外贸大学学报， 20xx(2)：55-58.

[6]胡春雨。基于商务英语语料库的RATE搭配特征研究[J].北京第二外国语学院学报20xx(02)：6-12.

[7]陈建平。外贸函电中缩略词的构词特征及使用要求[J].河海大学学报(哲学社会科学版)，20xx(02)：78-80.

[8]江进林，许家金。基于语料库的商务英语语域特征多维分析[J].外语教学与研究，20xx(02)：225-236+320.

[9] Pickett,D(1986b)Business English: Falling Between Two Styles[J]. COMLON 26:16-21.

[10] Johnson. C.(1993)。 Business English State-of-the-Art Article[J]. Language Teaching 26:201-209.

[11] Brieger,N. () Teaching Business English Handbook[M]. York:York Associates.

[12]吴朋，秦家慧。构建商务英语学科教学知识的研究框架[J].外语界，20xx(02)：18-24+48.

[13]陈坚林，赵学旻。关于编制商务英语立体教材的探讨[J].外语电化教学，20xx(03)：44-47.

[14]陈准民，王立非。解读《高等学校商务英语专业本科教学要求》(试行)[J].中国外语，20xx(04)：4-11+21.

[15] Francis,W. N. (1992) Language Corpora B.C. In Svartvik, J. (ed) Directions in CorpusLinguistics, Proceedings of Nobel Symposium 82 Stockholm, 4-8 August 1991. Berlin,NewYork:Mouton de Gruyter:17.

[16] Kennedy,G. An Introduction to Corpus Linguistics [M]. Beijing: Foreign Language Teachingand Research Press,20xx:1.

[17]杨惠中。语料库语言学导论[M].上海，上海外语教育出版社，20xx:33.

[18]曹合建，朱建忠，陈满生。基于语料库的商务英语研究[M].上海，上外外语教育出版社，20xx:40.

[19] Sinclair, J. Corpus, Concordance, Collocation[M]. (1991) Oxford: Oxford University Press.

[20]胡显耀，曾佳。对翻译小说语法标记显化的语料库研究[J].外语研究，20xx(05)：72-79.

[21]胡显耀。用语料库研究翻译普遍性[J].解放军外国语学院学报，20xx(03)：45-48+81.

[22]严明。商务英语语料库开发与应用研究[M].北京，中国商务出版社，20xx:8.

[23]张军，李文中。 COLEC中动名搭配模式及失误分析[J].外语教学，20xx(4)：30-32.

[24]张继东，刘萍。中国大学生英语写作中的使役结构及相应的词化现象调查与分析[J].外语研究，20xx(3)：35-39.

[25]梁茂成，中国大学生英语笔语中的情态序列研究[J].外语教学与研究(1)：51-58.

[26]肖忠华，曹雁。中外作者科技论文英文摘要多维度语步对比研究[J].外语教学与研究，20xx(02)：260-272+321.

[27]王惠。 “精加工”平行语料库在翻译教学中的应用[J].中国翻译， 20xx(01)：50-54.

[28] David,C. Putting 'Putting Verbs' to the Test of Corpora [A]. K. Aijmer, B. Altenberg,Advances in Corpus Linguistics [C]. Beijing: World Publishing Corporation,20xx.

[29] Grant,L. A Corpus Comparison of the Use of I don't know by British and New ZealandSpeakers[J]. Journal of Pragmatics,20xx(vol. 42)。

[30] Cheng,W. 20xx. Exploring Corpus Linguistics: Language in Action[M]. London/ New York:Routledge:101.

[31] Sinclair,J. 20xx. Trust the Text: Language, Corpus and Discourse [M]. London/ New York:Routledge: 165-169.

[32] Chomsky,N. (1981)。 Lectures on Government and Binding[M]. Dordrecht:Foris:5.

[33] Chomsky,N.(20xxc)。 The architecture of language[M]. Nirmalangshu Mukherji,Bibudhendra Naraya Patnaik & Rama Kant Agihotri(ed)。 Oxford: Oxford University Press:54.

[34] Douglas Biber,Susan Conrad and Randi Reppen,Corpus Linguistics: Investigating LanguageStructure and Use[M]. Cambridge University Press,1998:4.

[35] Hunston,Susan. (20xx)。 Corpora in Allied Linguistics[M]. Cambridge:Cambridge UniversityPress,5.

[36] Carter,R,Mc Carthy,M. Grammar and Spoken Language[J]. Applied Linguistics,1995(vol.16)。

[37] Leech,G.(1991)The State-of-the-Art in Corpus Linguistics in Aijmer,K. & Altenberg, B.(eds) English Corpus Linguistics, Studies in Honour of Jan Svartvik. London and New York:Longman:10.

[38]梁茂成，李文中，许家金。语料库应用教程[M].北京，外语教学与研究出版社，20xx:10.

[39] Tribble,C. (1998)。 Genres, Keywords, Teaching: Towards a Pedagogic Account of theLanguage of Project Proposals.Talk given at the Teaching and Learning with Corpora(TALC)Conference,June 1998. Oxford UK. Published in Burnrard,L.(ed)Teachingand Language Corpora 98. Proceedings of the 1998 TALC Conference,Oxford:7.

[40] Halliday,M. A. K. (1994)。 Introduction to Functional Grammar[M]. London,Arnold,352.[41]向明友。试论英语虚拟语气的语法化[J].外语学刊，20xx(6)：84-89.

英语论文开题报告10

论文题目：the Application and Innovation

一、选题的意义和研究现状

1．选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义

长时期以来, 人们视艾米莉?勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜, 许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究, 得出了不同的结论, 因而往往是旧谜刚解, 新谜又出, 解谜热潮似永无休止。

本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉 勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。

2．与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况

二、研究方案

1．研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲）

研究的基本内容:本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉, 指出艾米莉勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统, 同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力, 将现实与超现实融为一体, 给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力, 达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一, 使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”, 又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”, 从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。

预期的结果（大纲）:

1．A Survey of Gothic

1.1 Definition of Gothic

2. Emily’s Gothic Heritage

2.1 Theme

2.1.1 Good and Evil

2.2 Characters Description

2.2.1 Villainhero

2.2.2 Delicate Young Girl

2.3 Atmosphere, Environment and Plot

2.3.1 Terror

2.3.2 Mystery

2.3.3 Supernatural

3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation

3.1 Combination of romanticism and Realism

3.1.1 Change of the Background

3.1.3 Stream of Consciousness

3.1.4 Illusion and Subconsciousness

3.2. Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology

2．拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法

3.研究所需条件和可能存在的问题

研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料；可能存在的问题：(1)文献不足; 。

(2) 由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。

三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见

1．研究进度安排

（1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。

（2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。

（3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。

（4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。

（5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿

（6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。

（7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。

（8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。

2. 应收集资料及主要参考文献（不少于8条）

[2] Gerin, Winifred. 1971. Emily Bronte [M]. New York: Oxford University Press.

[3] Marie, MulveyRoberts. ed. 1998.The handbook to gothic literature [A]. New York: New York University Press. p. 83.

[4] Punter, David. 1980. The Literature of Terror [M]. London: Longman. p. 6.

[7] 肖明翰. 20xx. 英美文学中的哥特传统[J]. 外国文学评论第3期.

[8] 鲜于静. 20xx. 神秘和怪诞的魅力??福克纳小说《八月之光》的哥特艺术研究[MA]. 中国学位论文全文库.

英语论文开题报告11

摘要

中国一向是礼仪之邦，礼仪对每个中国人来说是非常重要的，无论是会见亲朋好友或者是在人与人的打交道上，都离不开礼仪。礼仪被认为是一个人道德修养的表现，一个人若毫无礼仪可言，那么他在学习或工作时都将不会很顺利，因为没有人愿意和这样一个人相处。 由于社交礼仪在我们的生活中扮演了越来越重要的角色，我在选课的时候就选修了社交礼仪这门课程。通过这一个学期的学习，我从老师那里学到了许多有关社交礼仪方面的知识，不仅拓宽了知识面，而且许多东西在我的日常生活和以后的工作中都有很大用处，比如商务礼仪。

如今随着世界经济的发展，特别是全球经济一体化的不断形成，各国间的联系加强，商务往来增多，如何才能在众多企业中脱颖而出，除了需要卓越的能力外，还要掌握有效沟通及妥善人际关系，建立良好优雅的企业形象，此时，商务礼仪便起到了一个十分重要的作用。商务礼仪顾名思义就是商务活动中对人的仪容仪表和言谈举止的普遍要求，体现了人与人之间的相互尊重，同时也约束了商务活动中的某些方面。而在商务往来中，任何一个表现都可能会导致意想不到的结果，也许是一块手表，也许是一顿晚餐。

学习了商务礼仪之后更加让我意识到了这一点。学习商务礼仪最主要的是可以提高个人的素养。比尔盖茨曾讲过，企业竞争，是员工素质的竞争，进而到企业，就是企业形象的竞争，教养体现细节，细节展示素质，可见一个人的素养高低对企业的发展是多么重要啊！其次是为了交际应酬，因为商务活动中毕竟是离不开这个的，在不同的交往活动中我们会遇到不同的人，而面对不同的人怎样进行交往也是一门艺术，如何让人感到舒服，却又没有拍马屁的嫌疑是非常关键的。最后便是有助于维护企业形象。在商务交往中，个人便代表了整体，个人的所作所为，一举一动，一言一行，就是企业的典型活体广告。

下面将从以下几点来对我所学习的知识进行总结：

一、礼仪概述

1交际与礼仪产生的历史背景

人类最早的礼仪活动也就是礼仪萌芽时期，可以追朔到原始社会， 当时的礼仪较为简单和虔诚且不具备阶级性，礼仪的内容包括；制定了明确血缘关系的`婚嫁礼仪；区别部族内部尊卑等级的礼制；为祭天敬神的制定的一些祭奠仪式；制定一些人们在相互交往时表示礼节表示恭敬的动作。

礼仪形成的具体时期则是；夏、商、西周（公元前21世纪公元前771年）人类逐步进入奴隶社会，阶级开始形成，统治阶级为了巩固自己的统治地位把原始宗教礼仪发展成为符合奴隶社会政治需要的礼制。在这个阶段中国第一次形成了比较完整的国家礼仪与制度，随着生产力的发展，商业逐步开始出现，直到春秋战国时期，礼仪制度开始变革，礼仪范围扩大，商业在社会中逐步被认可，人们因为商务活动而进行的往来也逐步增多，并在商务活动中的交际中另外形成了一套礼仪制度商务礼仪。

到欧洲中世纪，工业革命的出现 使得生产力空前的发展，欧洲各国开始逐步入资本主义，商业占据了社会经济的主导地位，资本家大量聚集了社会财富，新贵由此族诞生，资本家之间的商务往来与交际范围开始扩大，贵族之间定期的聚会则成为了重要的交际方式之一，在交际中所产生的礼仪日渐完善，由此，商务礼仪也正式形成。部分内容沿用至今。 2礼仪的含义及种类

礼仪是规范自己、尊重他人的一种行为规范，是表现对他人尊重和理解的过程和手段。。礼仪中的礼字指的是尊重，尊重自己，尊重他人，而礼仪中的仪就是仪式，是一种尊重自己，尊重他人的表现形式。它是人际交往中必不可少的一种手过程，是塑造形像的手段，是人们生

活和社会交往中逐渐形成的行为规范和礼仪规范。

礼仪的种类分有多种，主要有以下大类：

1.古代礼仪。中国自古以来就是礼仪之邦，礼仪文明作为中国传统文化的一个重要组成部分，对中国社会历史发展起了广泛深远的影响，其内容是十分丰富的，很多古代礼仪文化到今天仍然有积极、普片意义的文明礼仪，如：尊老敬贤，仪尚适宜，礼貌待人，容仪有整。尊老敬贤，我国自原始社会就已经逐渐形成的礼仪，在古代社会，人际的政治伦理关系均以氏族、家庭的血缘关系为纽带，故此在家庭里面遵从祖上，在社会尊敬长辈，是古代礼仪的典型例子。而由于中国古代社会推崇礼治和仁政，敬贤已经成为一种历史的要求。孟子说：养老尊贤，俊杰在位，则有庆古代这种传统礼仪，对于形成有序和谐的伦理关系，不管过去和现代，都起着重要作用。仪尚适宜，，是指一些中国传统节日的各种特定的礼俗和规定。每个诸如春节，元宵，中秋都有其各自的礼俗和讲究。在今天我们依然保持着这些优良传统，并且贵在适宜，如《二程集》中所说奢自文生，文过则奢，不足为俭，可见，仪式的规模在于得当，避免奢侈浪费。礼貌待人，是任何一个文明社会，任何一个文明民族都十分重视的。因为礼貌是人类社会构建起与他人和睦相处的桥梁，它标志这一个社会的文明程序，是中华民族文化的优良传统。容仪有整，是其修养、文明程度的表现。古人认为，容仪有整不仅是能够保持个人的尊严，还有助于进德修业。它反映出一个人的修养和生活态度。

2.礼仪的第二大类是社交礼仪。社交礼仪，顾名思义，就是指现代人际交往中流行的各种礼仪，如服务礼仪，商务礼仪，学校礼仪，职场工作礼仪等，它概括了在现代社交场合中各种礼仪行为。社交礼仪是指人们在人际交往过程中所具备的基本素质，交际能力等。社交在当今社会人际交往中发挥的作用愈显重要。通过社交，人们可以沟通心灵，建立深厚友谊，取得支持与帮助；通过社交，人们可以互通信息，共享资源，对取得事业成功大有获益。社交礼仪是指在人际交往和国际交往活动中，用于表示尊重、亲善和友好的首选行为规范和惯用形式。这一定义包含了以下几层意思：第一，社交礼仪是一种道德行为规范。规范就是规矩、章法、条条框框，也就是说社交礼仪是对人的行为进行约束的条条框框，告诉你要怎么做，不要怎么做。如你到老师办公室办事，进门前要先敲门，若不敲门就直接闯进去是失礼的。社交礼仪比起法律、纪律，其约束力要弱得多，违反社交礼仪规范，只能让别人产生厌恶[2]，别人不能对你进行制裁，为此，社交礼仪的约束要靠道德修养的自律。 第二，社交礼仪的直接目的是表示对他人的尊重。尊重是社交礼仪的本质。人都有被尊重的高级精神需要，当在社会交往活动过程中，按照社交礼仪的要求去做，就会使人获得尊重的满足，从而获得愉悦，由此达到人与人之间关系的和谐。 第三，社交礼仪的根本目的是为了维护社会正常的生活秩序。没有它，社会正常的生活秩序就会遭到破坏，在这方面，它和法律、纪律共同起作用，也正是因为这一目的，无论是资本主义社会还是社会主义社会都非常重视社交礼仪规范建设。 第四，社交礼仪要求在人际交往、社会交往活动中遵守。这是它的范围，超出这个范围，社交礼仪规范就不一定适用了

二、礼仪对未来职业生涯的影响分析

商务礼仪能展示企业的文明程度、管理风格和道德水准，塑造企业形象。良好的企业形象是企业的无形资产，无疑可以为企业带来直接的经济效益。一个人讲究礼仪，就会在众人面前树立良好的个人形象；一个组织的成员讲究礼仪，就会为自己的组织树立良好的形象，赢得公众的赞誉。现代市场竞争除了产品竞争外，更体现在形象竞争。一个良好信誉和形象的公司或企业，就容易获得社会各方的信任和支持，就可在激烈的市场竞争中处于不败之地。