篇1：英语论文开题报告
课题研究现状：
English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary. The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages. Halliday and Hason (1976) pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms (ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function). Another scholar, Fernando C. (1996), also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.
Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin (1994, 1996), Zhu Yongsheng (1995, 1996, 1997) and Zhang Delu (1994) mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.
课题研究目的：
This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them. It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.
课题研究内容：
As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken. This dissertation includes the following five aspects:
1. Introduction.
2. A General Study of English Idioms
2.1 The Definition of English Idioms
2.2 Features of English Idioms.
3. Cohesive Function of English Idioms
3.1 Cohesion.
3.2 Functional Categories.
3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms.
4. The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics
4.1 Syntactic Cohesion
4.2 Pragmatic Function
5. Conclusion.
课题研究计划：
January 22-March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11-March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline.
March 26-April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisors advice May 1 June 10: refinement of the paper according to teachers suggestion.
June 11 June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence.
主要参考文献：
[1] Fernando, C. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000
[2] Halliday, M.A.K. and R. Hason. Cohesion in English. Longman Press, 1985
[3] Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, 1980
[4] Makkai, A. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague Press,1972
[5] 林承璋. 英语词汇学引论[M]. 武汉大学出版社，1987
[6] 陆国强. 现代英语词汇学[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1999
[7] 汪榕培, 卢晓娟. 英语词汇学教程[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1999
篇2：英语论文开题报告
On the Relationship between Money and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice
《傲慢与偏见》中金钱与婚姻的关系
I. Literature Review
Pride and Prejudice is a very popular novel written by Jane Austen and it is read widely all over the world. It was written in 1813. That specific history time decided that people at that time took money much more seriously, even on their marriage. From the ancient times to the present, there are many studies about Jane Austen and her major works.
In 1813, Oxford World's Classics for the first time recorded and published the work Pride and Prejudice and aroused great repercussion around the world. Then, in 1826 after the work has been widely read, Sir Walter Scott analyzed Pride and Prejudice from an overall perspective. In his article “The Journal of Sir Walter Scott”, he summarized the features of Jane Austen, he said that “Jane Austen has a talent for describing the involvements and feelings and characters of ordinary life which is to me the most wonderful that I ever met with.”The background of Pride and Prejudice was reflected in his points that Pride and Prejudice was the description about the descent life and communication in her familiar country. The author Jane was born in a country clergyman’s family, she had six novels published all her life and six novels share a general writing style and show her viewpoints on love and marriage. Having a talent for describing trivial things of ordinary people, she was the first to write novels of realism in the 19th century.
Nowadays, we would like to pay more attention to the marriages in Pride and Prejudice. The first Chinese study on the marriage in Pride and Prejudice would be Zhu Aiping, and in her article “Attitude Toward Marriage in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice”, she expressed her point that“By the stories we can see, It mainly tells of the love story between a rich, proud young man Darcy and the beautiful and intelligent woman Elizabeth Bennet.” So we know that Pride and Prejudice is a story about the five Bennet sisters and their search for suitable husband, of which Darcy and Elizabeth only depend on the help of Lady de Burgh became a happy pair. Just before the conversation between Elizabeth and Lady de Burgh, both Darcy and Elizabeth dare not to have the wild wish of their love. Though they have cleaned up the misunderstanding between them and understood each other further, there are no earnest feeling, no loath to pant each other, no strong desire of living together between them. Instead of that, there is a little diffidence and a little caution. Only the Lady de Burgh’s tempting to break them up encourages them and helps to bring about their marriage. How passive of the pair youth to pursue love and happiness.
The author made a further analysis, “it is the inevitable result of the marriage concept, which in that time was based on the economic condition and affected by the family status.”Besides the main story of this happy pair, also told are the minor ones about the union between the rich bachelor Bingley and the beautiful mild Jane, another happy pair; about the servile clergyman Collins, who firs propose to Elizabeth and when refused, marries the plain 27-year-old Charlotte Lucas, through which we see the reality of marriage, not because of love, but a necessary step if a woman is to avoid the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood; and about the elopement of the thoughtless couple Lydia and Wickham, from which we are shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money.
At the same time, another scholar Huang Rong published a paper called “Thought of Marriage in Jane Austen’ Pride and prejudice”. The paper agreed that in the opening sentence of Pride and Prejudice, there are two important words “fortune” and “want”. “Fortune” is the basis of marriage, while “want” provides the marriage chance for those unmarried women. We can read “fortune” everywhere in the novel, and “money” played an important role in marriage. Because women had no economic ability and status, they usually got married conventionally when they were old enough, no other than they became one’s wife, just had their own status, and be acknowledged by society only after getting married. The seeming preoccupation with money in connection with marriage in Jane Austen’s work may mislead modern readers. While there is no lack of greed and shallow materialism on the part of some characters, even sensible people must devote serious thought to this topic, since it is rather foolhardy to marry without having a more-or-less guaranteed income in advance―not only was marriage for life, but there was no social security, old age pensions, unemployment compensation, health insurance, etc.
Latter, a scholar called Xin Shulan from Langfang Teachers College raised an article from a totally new perspective on woman’s situation in Jane Austen’s age. The title of the article called “Women’s Happiness Secret―On Elizabeth’s Marriage Choice in Pride and Prejudice”. We can guess what the author wants to say in her article. The author said “a woman who did not marry could generally only look forward to living with her relatives as a “dependant” (more or less Jane Austen’s situation), so that marriage is pretty much the only way of ever getting out from under the parental roof―unless, of course, her family could not support her, in which case she could face the unpleasant necessity of going to live with employers as a dependant governess or teacher, or hired lady’s companion.” A woman with no relations or employer was in danger of slipping off the scale of gentility altogether and in general, becoming an “old maid” was not considered a desirable fate (so when Charlotte Lucas, at age 27, marries Mr. Collins, her brothers are “relieved from their apprehension of Charlotte’s dying an old maid”, and Lydia says “Jane will be quite an old maid soon, I declare. She is almost three and twenty!”). Given all this, some women were willing to marry just because marriage was the only allowed route to financial security, or to escape an uncongenial family situation. In Pride and Prejudice, the dilemma is expressed most clearly by the character Charlotte Lucas, whose pragmatic views on marrying are voiced several times in the novel: “Without thinking highly either of men or of matrimony, marriage had always been her object; it was the only honorable provision for well-educated young women of small fortune, and however uncertain of giving happiness, must be their pleasantest preservative from want.” She is 27, not especially beautiful (according to both she herself and Mrs. Bennet), and without an especially large “portion”, and so decides to marry Mr. Collins “from the pure and disinterested desire of an establishment”.
Marriage and marriage-related activities in the Pride and Prejudice were a series of humorous descriptions; how man picks up his wife and how the young women and their mothers choose their future husband constitute many wonderful scenes of the novel. In this marital relationship study work the writer strives to portray several different marriage and love relationships. Although they have entered the marriage under siege, the degree of happiness of marriage is different. This is because in Jane Austen’s work, love is not the only reason for marriage, money is also closely related. For me I want to make a further study on this famous work; I want to make a study on the four marriages happened in the novel: Elizabeth and Darcy, Jane and Bingley, Lucas and Collins, and Lydia and Wickham. The different reasons, purposes and backgrounds make every marriage unique; how important money or economic status is in the marriage at that time; the women’s pursuit of marriage freedom and the future development of marriage.
II. Significance and Emphasis
In Pride and Prejudice Jane Austen created a realistic family image, by introducing some of the imperfections that many families encounter. The Bennet family, consisting of five daughters, a marriage obsessed mother, and an unhappily married father, contain many of these difficulties. Throughout the love, joy, heartache and pain, which evolved from the series of events the Bennet family encountered, one character in particular, Miss Elizabeth Bennet, viewed her family from another perspective. Elizabeth Bennet, though a very loving and respectable woman, had developed a rather poor opinion of her family: Had Elizabeth's opinion been all drawn from her own family, she could not have formed a very pleasing picture of conjugal felicity or domestic comfort.
As the second daughter of her family, Elizabeth had to deal with the many discomforts of being a daughter of five. Though Elizabeth loved her sisters dearly, she found it difficult not to see the differences between them, and in turn, each of their actions contributed to her perspective of her family. One sister in particular, Miss Lydia Bennet, caused Elizabeth the greatest concern. Lydia was a self-willed and careless individual that cared only about men and marriage. As one of the youngest sisters, Lydia felt neglected from the opportunities her eldest sisters received. In turn, Lydia became the flirt of the family, causing embarrassment not only to herself, but as well to her family. When Lydia eloped to London, Elizabeth feared that the source of her behavior was derived from the negative behavior of her parents.
Not only did Elizabeth fear for Lydia’s sake, she feared as well for her other sister, Catherine, who was under the direct influence of Lydia: Catherine, weak-spirited, irritable, and completely under Lydia’s guidance. While supported by their mother’s indulgence, the two ignorant, idle, and vain sisters, was a subject that Jane and Elizabeth often united to check the imprudence of Catherine and Lydia. Besides the poorly thought out actions of Catherine and Lydia, Elizabeth had no problems with her other sister Mary, who mainly kept to herself, and Jane, the eldest sister, whom she shared a very close friendship with. Besides the faults of some of Elizabeth's sisters, one of the biggest faults of their family was the relationship between her father, Mr. Bennet, and her mother, Mrs. Bennet: she had never felt as strongly as now, the disadvantages which must attend the children of so unsuitable a marriage. Though Elizabeth loved her father dearly, she was unable to be blind to the impropriety of her father's behavior as a husband.
Though made up of an odd mixture of quick parts, sarcastic humor, reserve, and caprice, he was a man of few words and was clearly unable to make his wife understand his character. In the decade of the Bennets, marriage was clearly seen through beauty and fortune. It became evident, after resentment had settled in, that Mr. Bennet had married for other reasons besides love: Her father captivated by youth and beauty/ had married a woman whose weak understandings and illiberal mind, had very early in their marriage put an end to all real affection for her. Mr. Bonnet's poor decision making had indeed hurt Elizabeth and impacted her opinion of her family, but by respecting his abilities, and being grateful for his affectionate treatment of herself, Elizabeth knew that her father was a man of good intentions. Besides the impression Mr. Bonnet’s faults had on Elizabeth, her mother’s faults as well, contributed much to Elizabeth’s poor opinion. Mrs. Bennet had not made marriage between her and Mr. Bennet any easier as her ignorance and folly had contributed to his amusement. She was a woman of mean understanding, little information, and uncertain temper. Elizabeth found it difficult to deal with her mother's improper judgment and nervous behavior. Mrs. Bennet often over exaggerated small incidents and was very demanding in her ways. As a mother of five daughters, it was acceptable for her to be concerned for her daughters’ future. But Mrs. Bonnet’s entire business of her life was to get her daughters married. Elizabeth loved her mother and was appreciative of her mother’s concerns, but Elizabeth was also not blind to her mother’s intentions. After Mrs. Bonnet’s desperate attempt to get her to marry Mr. Collins, Elizabeth became fully aware of her mother’s self indulgent intentions, fore Mrs. Bennet was seeking a man who would either allow her to remain at Longbourn or would bring fortune into the Bennet family. Elizabeth on the other hand was nothing like her mother; fore Elizabeth sought love and romance as her basis of marriage. Therefore, through her and her mother’s differences, Elizabeth was left with disappointment. Through the series of events the Bennet family encountered, Elizabeth began to perceive each member of her family from a different angle, and in turn, began to accept her family’s faults. After this realization, she was not only able to start accepting the faults of her family, but she was able to start accepting her own faults as well.
III. Brief Statement
Jane Austen (1775--1817) is a famous English novelist. In 18th century England, an important concern of conventional marriage is property, which is closely related to the social conditions. Another concern is status, which is decided by the social traditional values. She has her personal view on marriage: Though a considerable fortune is necessary for a happy marriage, love is the most fundamental condition. In addition, in choosing a suitable spouse, class hierarchy or social lineage should be taken into consideration. Among her works, Pride and Prejudice is the most outstanding one representing her view toward love and marriage.
This thesis intends to probe into the four couple’s love and marriages in Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice through analyzing Maslow’s theory of Hierarchy of Needs in Humanistic Psychology: The combination of Wickham and Lydia is absolute an impulse of “Physiological Needs”. Marriage of Collins and Charlotte mainly meets “Physiological Needs” and “Safety Needs” while embodies little “Love Needs”. The process of the love and marriage of Darcy and Elizabeth is an integration of “Love Needs” and “Esteem Needs”. Furthermore, it reflects “Self-actualization Needs”.
This thesis falls into five parts. Through introducing the background of Jane Austen and using Maslow’s theory of Hierarchy of Needs, the thesis analyzes the four couples’ love and marriages in the novel Pride and Prejudice. In a word, a marriage for love is a happy one; a marriage either for money or lust is an unhappy one; property and social status play an important role in marriage; it is opposed to be married simply for money.
IV. Outline
1. Introduction
1.1 The Background of Jane Austin
1.2 The Background of Pride and Prejudice
2. The Four Marriages in Pride and Prejudice
2.1 Charlotte and Collins
2.2 Lydia and Wickham
2.3 Jane and Mr. Bingley
2.4 Darcy and Elizabeth
3. The Different Understandings about Love and Marriage in Pride and Prejudice
3.1 The Marriage Based on Feelings of Love
3.2 The Marriage Based on Vanity and Carelessness
3.3 The Marriage Based on Money or Benefit
Biography
[1]Annette, Rubinstein. 1967. Great Tradition in English Literature from Shakespeare to Austen, New York: Monthly Review Press.
[2]Austin, Jane. 1991. Pride and Prejudice. Beijing: Beijing Foreign language Study Association.
[3]Bu Yayun. 2001. Irony In Pride and Prejudice. HuZhou: Journal of HuZhou Teachers Collage.
[4]He Shenying. 2001. A Perfect Marriage Wants True love as well as Money. Yuxi: Journal of YuXi Teacher Collage.
[5]Huang Rong. 2007. Thoughts of Marriage in Pride and Prejudice. Wuhan: Wu Han University of science and technology.
[6]London, Duranna. 2007. Marriage in Jane Austen’s Pride and prejudice. Oxford: Pergamon.
[7]Penn, Merlin. 2007. Money and marriage in Pride and Prejudice. London: Longman.
[8]Sampson, George. 1988. The Concise Cambridge History of English Literature. London: Cambridge Universit.
[9]Thornley G. 1984. An Outline of English Literature. Hong Kong: Longman World Publishing Corporation.
[10]奥斯汀(Austen, J)，雷立美 译，2003，《傲慢与偏见》，海口：南方出版社。
[11]常耀信，2000，《英国文学简史》， 天津：南开大学出版社。
[12]傅俊，2002，《试论简奥斯汀的现实主义和女性视角》，镇江：镇江高专学报04期。
[13]王守仁，2003，《英国文学选读》，北京：高等教育出版社。
[14]辛淑兰，2006，《超越傲慢和偏见》，天津：天津师范大学出版社。
[15]辛淑兰，2009，《浅谈傲慢与偏见中伊丽莎白的婚姻选择》，廊坊：廊坊师范学院报。
[16]朱虹，1985，《奥斯汀研究》，北京:中国文联出版公司。
篇3：英语论文开题报告
下面是一篇英语论文的开题报告范例，反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be
under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”
篇4：英语论文开题报告
一、论文题目：classroom interaction and oral english teaching
二、研究现状：
三、研究的目的及意义：
通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。
四、研究的理论依据和研究方法：
本论题将以教育心理学的`理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。
五、提纲：
introduction
chapter one definition and theoretical basis of interaction
1.1 definition of interaction
1.3 some main interactive modes in the present classroom
chapter two the necessity and the principles of following interaction-teaching mode
2.1 the disadvantage of traditional oral english teaching mode
2.2 the necessity and merit of taking interaction-teaching mode
2.3 oral english interaction-teaching mode should follow the principles
chapter three personal interaction in the oral english teaching
3.1 the relationship between the teacher and students
3.2 two types of personal interaction
3.3 classroom climate
3.4 classroom size
chapter four the evaluation of the interactive oral english teaching mode
4.1 some principles should follow when evaluating
4.2 the concept of evaluating
4.3 the technology of evaluating
conclusion
六、参考文献
jonssen, dh..thinking technology: toward a constructivist design model [j].educational technolgy. 3 (1994): 34-35.
littlewood, william. communicative language teaching [m].cambridge: cambridge university press .1981.
卢艳春, 路雅琴.“构建主义与大学英语口语教学.” 前沿杂志. 11 (xx):98-100.
司洪海.“构建主义理论与英语口语教学.” 基础英语教育. 4 (xx):8-9.
吴蕾.“构建主义在英语口语教学中的应用.” 东华大学学报(社科版).7 (xx年):23-24.
篇5：英语论文开题报告
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be
under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”
篇6：英语论文开题报告
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to eXPlore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and eXPlanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and eXPlanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and eXPlanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline
2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
It is therefore pointless to try to make TC more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. Translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”2
篇7：英语论文开题报告
系别：外语系 专业：英 语 所选题目名称：
English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function
课题研究现状：
English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary. The general tendencies of presentday English are towards more idiomatic usages. Halliday and Hason （1976） pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms （ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function）。 Another scholar, Fernando C. （1996）， also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.
Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin （1994, 1996）， Zhu Yongsheng （1995, 1996, 1997） and Zhang Delu （1994） mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.
课题研究目的：
This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them. It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.
课题研究内容：
As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken. This dissertation includes the following five aspects: 1. Introduction.
2. A General Study of English Idioms 2.1 The Definition of English Idioms 2.2 Features of English Idioms.
3. Cohesive Function of English Idioms 3.1 Cohesion.
3.2 Functional Categories.
3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms.
4. The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics 4.1 Syntactic Cohesion 4.2 Pragmatic Function 5. Conclusion.
课题研究计划：
January 22March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline.
March 26April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion.
June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence.
主要参考文献：
[1] Fernando, C. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000
[2] Halliday, M.A.K. and R. Hason. Cohesion in English. Longman Press, 1985
[3] Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, 1980
[4] Makkai, A. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague Press,1972
[5] 林承璋。 英语词汇学引论[M]. 武汉大学出版社，1987
[6] 陆国强。 现代英语词汇学[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 1999
[7] 汪榕培， 卢晓娟。 英语词汇学教程[M]. 上海外语教育出版社， 1999
指导教师意见：
签字：**年**月**日
领导小组意见：***
篇8：英语论文开题报告
为进一步严格学术规范，加强指导教师对学生论文写作的有效指导以及减少学生在写作过程的盲目性，外语系特要求学生在论文选题和论文写作前期与指导教师保持联系，认真撰写开题报告。外语系特对本届毕业论文开题报告作以下规定:
I、英语专业学生开题报告写作语言为英文(填写毕业论文登记表中“开题报告”用中文)。
II、开题报告写作步骤为:
1、Title (论文题目)
2、Thesis Statement (中心论点)
3、Purpose and Significance of Study (研究目的和意义)
4、Situation of Study (研究现状)
5、Difficulty of Study (研究难点)
6、Detailed Outline (详细提纲)
7、References (参考文献)。
III、学生按规定时间完成开题报告后，指导教师组织小组开题并填写审核意见。
IV、指导教师同意后，学生方可进行论文写作。
V、本期末学生离校前须与指导教师见面，商讨下一步写作计划等事宜。
VI、下期开学报到后小组长召集全组成员与指导教师见面，汇报论文资料收集或写作中存在的问题。
VII、参考文献要求用APA格式或MLA格式。
VIII、页面设置
纸型:A4(210 X 297毫米)即宽度:21厘米，高度29.7厘米。
页边距:上1.8厘米、下1.35厘米;左2.2厘米、右1.8厘米。装订线位置:左侧，装订线:0厘米，距边界:页眉1.6，页脚1.6。每页:32行，跨度23.5磅。
篇9：英语论文开题报告
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies 1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science、From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence、Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective、Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community、Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation、The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive、The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned、Translation phenomena are noted down、With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice、I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS、“Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation、Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies、Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions、Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
篇10：英语论文开题报告
系别:外语系 专业:英 语 所选题目名称:
English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function
一、课题研究现状:
English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary、The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages、Halliday and Hason (1976) pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms (ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function)、Another scholar, Fernando C、(1996), also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.
Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin (1994, 1996), Zhu Yongsheng (1995, 1996, 1997) and Zhang Delu (1994) mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.
二、课题研究目的:
This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them、It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.
三、课题研究内容:
As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken、This dissertation includes the following five aspects: 1、Introduction
2、A General Study of English Idioms 2.1 The Definition of English Idioms 2.2 Features of English Idioms
3、Cohesive Function of English Idioms 3.1 Cohesion
3.2 Functional Categories
3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms
4、The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics 4.1 Syntactic Cohesion 4.2 Pragmatic Function 5、Conclusion
四、课题研究计划:
January 22-March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11-March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline
March 26-April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion
June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence
五、主要参考文献:
[1] Fernando, C、Idioms and Idiomaticity、Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000
[2] Halliday, M.A.K、and R、Hason、Cohesion in English、Longman Press, 1985
[3] Lakoff, G、and M、Johnson、Metaphors We Live By、University of Chicago Press, 1980
[4] Makkai, A、Idiom Structure in English、The Hague Press,1972
[5] 林承璋、英语词汇学引论[M]、武汉大学出版社，1987
[6] 陆国强、现代英语词汇学[M]、上海外语教育出版社, 1999
[7] 汪榕培, 卢晓娟、英语词汇学教程[M]、上海外语教育出版社, 1999
篇11：英语论文开题报告
一、论文题目:classroom interaction and oral english teaching
二、研究现状:
对于课堂互动与英语口语教学之间的关系，国内的研究主要集中在:
(1)构建主义模式 它是以构建主义理论为基础的互动模式，司洪海在《构建主义理论与英语口语教学》中从对现有教学模式的“反思”入手，探讨将构建主义引入英语课堂教学的必要性、可行性及其意义和作用。卢艳春和路雅琴在《构建主义与大学英语口语课堂教学》中则分别“从构建知识观”“构建学习观”“构建教学观”入手，强调以学生为中心的主动性、构建性。
(2)角色扮演模式 徐志敏、王瑛在《大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究》中着重探讨了在角色扮演的互动教学中教师的作用，对指导教学实践具有重要的意义。而黄玉兰在《角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学中》从角色扮演是“多为互动英语口语教学模式的应用”探讨了角色扮演这一教学方法的目的、步骤和利弊等方面。
(3)以学生为中心模式 这一模式被单独研究的较少，黄影秋在《以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂教学效果的探索中》通过对学生口语课堂学习存在的`问题的分析，提倡“以学生为中心”，实现教与学的“双边互动”。并提出阐述如何运用其他“教学策略提高口语的教学效果”，促进学生交际能力的提高。而刘蓉在《谈英语口语课堂互动》中则提出了互动可以创造“以学生为中心的口语课堂和整体小组作业模式”，提高口语交际能力。
(4)合作性学习模式 这种模式的研究较为普遍和盛行，它兴起于美国，在后来取得实质性的进展的一种教学理论与策略。黄艳在《合作性学习在大学英语课堂的应用》中提出了以下几种合作模式，从而的出该模式的优势所在。顾晓乐在《合作性学习与情景剧表演》中从情剧表演的角度来证明合作性学习的有效性。肖巧玲在《大学英语口语教学中的合作学习》中则通过合作学习在口语教学中的实践探究合作学习应注意的原则。而慕东文在《合作性学习的特点、目标、内容和实践策略》一文中，他用“人文精神和平等民主合作”原则，对待新的理念，指导英语口语教学。
(5)情景设置模式 它主要是根据gillian brown & george yuled的语言情景对第二语言习得者的交际紧张、焦虑的研究表明口语情景设置不适当，会影响学生用目标语进行交流，进而强调进行口语教学情景设置的重要性。
张舍茹、孙边旗在《英语口语教学的情景设置>>中就论述我们应注意“情景互动教学中应遵循的原则”，及如何设置“英语口语教学中情景设置的形式”两个小方面局部性的探讨了情景设置这种互动模式。孙久荣在《论英语口语课的情景教学》中对情景设置这个模式从宏观上进行了分类，进而得出“开放式情景”和“封闭式情景”，为情景设置互动模式研究开辟了一个小领域。
三、研究的目的及意义:
通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看:关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。
四、研究的理论依据和研究方法:
本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。
篇12：英语论文开题报告
一、研究现状：
本课题拟在外语教学法的范畴内，通过探讨如何运用课堂提问技巧，一方面为学生能够根据问题更快，更准确地把握对文章的综合理解，更好地获取文章的内在信息起到了积极的促进作用，另一方面，由于本课题的内容在目前的英语阅读教学中出现很少，而本课题的研究将弥补这一方面的不足，也为广大教师在阅读教学中所采用的教学技巧提供了一项参考。它的理论意义和实践意义将会十分显著。
研究目标:针对课文内容的不同，在阅读课堂教学的各环节中精心设计问题，为引导学生能够积极参与阅读教学，使其能够带着疑问对文章进行阅读，并向学生提供尽可能多的直接使用语言的机会，让学生回答问题，分析问题或就某一问题进行讨论，帮助学生在有限的课堂中最大限度地获取文章的内在信息，提高其阅读速度，分析问题和解决问题的能力，从而改善阅读课堂教学的质量。
二、研究的目的及意义：
通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。
三、研究的理论依据和研究方法：
本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。
四、研究内容：
function and application of descriptive translation studies
introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. norm is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
五、参考文献
Jonssen, DH..Thinking Technology: Toward a Constructivist Design Model [J].Educational Technolgy. 3 (1994): 34-35.
Littlewood, William. Communicative Language Teaching [M].Cambridge: Cambridge University Press .1981.
卢艳春, 路雅琴. 构建主义与大学英语口语教学. 前沿杂志. 11 (2015):98-100.
司洪海. 构建主义理论与英语口语教学. 基础英语教育. 4 (2015):8-9.
吴蕾. 构建主义在英语口语教学中的应用. 东华大学学报(社科版).7 (2015):23-24.
范雄飞, 黄玉兰. 把角色扮演引入英语专业口语教学之中. 读与写杂志. 9 (2015):35-37.
徐志敏, 王瑛. 大学英语课堂互动教学中角色扮演探究. 外语研究. 8 (2015):56-57.
黄影秋. 以学生为中心提高英语口语课堂效果. 济南职业学院学报. 3 (2015): 81-88.
何亚娟. 中学英语课堂互动教学的探索与实践. 渭南师院学报. 12 (2015): 72-73.
顾晓乐, 黄芙蓉. 合作学习与情景剧表演. 国外外语教学. 2 (2015):55-56.
篇13：英语论文开题报告
function and application of descriptive translation studies
introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. norm is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
outline
development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
篇14：英语论文开题报告
英语论文开题报告
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis. since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts). dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
篇15：英语论文开题报告
系别：外语系专业：英 语 所选题目名称：
English Idioms and Their Cohesive Function
课题研究现状：
English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary. The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages. Halliday and Hason (1976) pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms (ideational function, interpersonal function and textual function). Another scholar, Fernando C. (1996), also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text, and in the creation of stylistic effects.
Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin (1994, 1996), Zhu Yongsheng (1995, 1996, 1997) and Zhang Delu (1994) mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.
课题研究目的：
This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them. It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion, attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically, thus more effectively.
课题研究内容：
As English idioms are much alive in everyday English, a close look at the function of idioms must be taken. This dissertation includes the following five aspects: 1. Introduction
2. A General Study of English Idioms 2.1 The Definition of English Idioms 2.2 Features of English Idioms
3. Cohesive Function of English Idioms 3.1 Cohesion
3.2 Functional Categories
3.3 Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms 3.4 Cohesive Function of Other Idioms
4. The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics 4.1 Syntactic Cohesion 4.2 Pragmatic Function 5. Conclusion
课题研究计划：
January 22-March 10: question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11-March 25: analysis of the materials and writing of an outline
March 26-April 30: completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10: refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion
June 11?June 22: finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence
主要参考文献：
[1] Fernando, C. Idioms and Idiomaticity. Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000
[2] Halliday, M.A.K. and R. Hason. Cohesion in English. Longman Press, 1985
[3] Lakoff, G. and M. Johnson. Metaphors We Live By. University of Chicago Press, 1980
[4] Makkai, A. Idiom Structure in English. The Hague Press,1972
[5] 林承璋. 英语词汇学引论[M]. 武汉大学出版社，1987
[6] 陆国强. 现代英语词汇学[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1999
[7] 汪榕培, 卢晓娟. 英语词汇学教程[M]. 上海外语教育出版社, 1999
指导教师意见：
签字： 年 月 日 领导小组意见：
签字： 年 月 日
篇16：英语论文开题报告
专 业：
研究方向：
作 者：
导 师：
写作时间： —
对外经济贸易大学
英语学院
(英文)
school of international studies
university of international business and economics
pragmatic strategies
in advertising: implicatures
wang ying
a thesis submitted to school of international studies of
university of international business and economics
in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the degree of master of arts
april 2002
beijing, china
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
0
000
- 引文范例(仅供参考)
“it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(wilss, 1982: 217)
‘“噢，这就是恐水病吧?你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦?真够呛的!费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧!”’(张南峰，1990：59-60)
附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)
wilss, wolfram. the science of translation – problems and methods. gunter narr verlag tubingen,1982.
newmark, peter. a textbook of translation. new york: prentice hall, 1988.
delabastita, dirk. translating puns: a false opposition in translation studies. target, 1991(3:2):137-152.
篇17：英语论文开题报告
论 文 题 目:On Teaching English to Minority Students in Junior
Middle Schools in YiLi
浅谈伊犁地区初中少数民族学生的英语教学
Abstract: Recently, the number of minority students who have been educated by Chinese is increasing year by year. Compared with the students of Han nationality, English learning of minority students has their own distinct character. This article will focus on English learning of Uygur nationality and Kazak nationality, in order to analyze characteristics which exist in the process of English learning of minority students. Finally, this paper will put forward the way to over coming these factors and improving the English ability.
Key words: the students of minority nationality, English learning, characteristics
1.摘要：
近年来，伊犁地区接受汉语言授课的少数民族学生，逐年增加，但与汉族学生相比，少数民族学生的英语学习具有鲜明的.个性。本文主要以维吾尔族和哈萨克族学生为例，分析了少数民族学生英语学习过程中所具有的特殊性因素，进而提出了克服这些因素，以提高少数民族英语水平的应有对策。
关键词：少数民族学生， 英语学习， 特殊性
2.0 Background Information
2.1 Demands of the 21st century for qualified intellectuals.
The world in the 21st century is a world in which different countries depend on each other. English has become widely used in the world. Knowledge of English is necessary for scientific and technological development and to contribute to the development of international trade and cultural exchange. Knowledge of technological innovation is based on learning foreign languages well, especially learning English well.
2.2 Demands of the Information Age
Nowadays, science technological are developing rapidly and information is changed in the rapidly speech. Computers make access to information changed. Intellectuals should have ability to get information from internet. It is inevitable for English to become an important communication to tool in the era of internet. Only when having the ability to get information by means of English, intellectuals may develop continuously and have life-long education. Therefore, it is important for minority students to learning a foreign language in order to meet the demands of the information era in the period of found a mental education.
2.3 Learning English can help students cultivate their potential and from good quality as well as good will
Children have language learning unparalleled advantages over adults. For the one hand, they are eager to learning English and have the ability to imitate and memorize what they learned. For the other hand, they are many differences between Chinese and English in the respects of pronunciation, vocabulary and literature. So students in China must do more oral exercises without fear of mistakes and fight against the tendency to forget. Therefore, in the process of learning we aim at cultivate the spirit of fearing no difficulties in order to create good psychological quality. Besides, learning to due with cultural differences can help students cultivate the open mined quality and the spirit of commutate and cooperate with others.
3. Introduction
With entrance into WTO, we open the door to the world gradually. The cooperation with other countries in the politics, economy and culture are frequent. The important of learning English are becoming more and more foregrounding. Besides, the large scale development of west China makes the Weston regions more active. In The Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region minority nationality plays an important role in the development of people’s cultural quality and society. In order to improve the people’s cultural quality and make the aims of western development come true, we really need to improve the English learning efficiently. However, minority nationality’ students have some difficulties in learning English due to the negative impacts of history, economy, culture, environment and psychology. It is necessarily to analyze the current situation and put flowered the improve English ability.
4.0 Problems existing in the process of English teaching of minority students
4.1 Starting to learn late and weak foundation
Due to the undeveloped economy、lack of teachers and poor condition of facilities, minority students were educated late. Compared with students of Han nationality .As a result, there intellectual development lags behind. They started to learn English very late .Before entering into junior middle school, they just learned Chinese with out education in the kindergarten .But students of Han nationality are different, English learning has been paid special attention for many years .Owing to good condition of teachers and excellent facilities .Many students of Han nationality started to learn English when they went to primary school even kindergarten.
篇18：英语论文开题报告
论文题目：计算机英语构词特点
On the Characteristics of the English Computer Lexis
Introduction
Owing to changes in global politics, economy, and development of science and technologies, English vocabulary enlarges faster than ever before.This is especially true when the computer appeared. Since the world entered the 21st century, computer develops rapidly and tremendously. It comes into our daily life in different aspects. To face the computer age, it is important to understand the characteristics of the English Computer lexis.
The paper has an aim to analyze the characteristics and situation of the computer lexis.and to show its translation style and professional attribute and usage characteristics of computer English.
In this thesis I will describe the development and situation of the computer lexis first, and then expatiates the characteristics of these terms, which consist of shortening words, compounding words, affixed words and old words obtaining new meanings, based on some English lexical theories from word-formation perspective. In the last part some development tendencies of the lexis are summed up: more colloquial, less borrowing and analogy being used frequently. The study method of this thesis fills a gap in the achievements of computer lexical study and also helps learners to command these words efficiently. At the end of the thesis, some inclusive development tendencies of these terms and the main purpose of this thesis are illustrated.
Research Questions
Question 1:What is English Computer Lexis and what characteristics does it have?
Question 2:What are the ways of word-formation about computer vocabulary and what is the difference compared with traditional word-formation?
Question 3:What is the application fields of computer lexis and how can we understand the characteristics of cmputer lexis efficiently?
Literature Review
The advent of computer was in the 1940s. Its development was only in its embryonic phrase, but already many now-familiar elements of computational terminology were falling into place, analogue and digital; bit, data and memory; language and program; punchcard and imput. In the 1950s, computers were starting to move out of university laboratories into commercial establishments. Yuan Hongjie(2005) has argued that artificial intelligence, information technology, and data processing had their beginnings and terms like bootstrap and modem, on line and real time, print-out and RAM and FORTRAN entered English. The 1960s saw the greatest lexical advances in computer science. Yang Lin(2002) has held that as computeracy spread and one by one various aspects of our lives became computerized, we would learn the significance of bytes, chips, cursors, databases, mice and software. We could format and access to computers, fluent in ASCII, BASIC, and Cobol. And for our leisure moments, there were computer games. In 1970s, the computer continued its march towards the center of our lives, bringing amounts of new terminology: floppy disk and hard disk, microprocessors and window and the dreaded virus. We acquired personal computers or word processors and to print results of our labors, the dot matrix, the daisy wheel, and later the laser printer. We could communicate via the Ethernet and have barely heard of hacking and the need of data protection. In the 1980s, cyberspace infiltrated the interstices of the everyday world. Computer technology leaped ahead, enriching the English language. Only an ageing minority were not, it seemed, computerate, and able to cope with booting, down loading, and dragging. It was the decade which saw the beginning of the Internet and information highway, of e-mail，of domains and newsgroups.。In 1990s cybernauts and netties surfed the WWW, to be in the swim you had to have your own website or homepage , you would hope to avoid the spam and mail bombs , but the main fear is millennium bug. From the historical review we can see how computer changes our lives and our language.
As Zhang Minfang(2004) analysed: First, the introduction consists of three parts. The first briefly reviews the theory of language and language study, pointing out the aim of this study.The second give the definition of computer English words in three aspects: strings of letters and words used in programming and processing, technical terms, and casual expressions used by computer enthusiasts.The third describes the language change under the effect of computer technology. The computer technology has swept into the English vocabulary and given birth to a wide array of new words and phrases – computer English words.Second,Word Formation of Computer English Words Computer English employs different word formation devices to form large amount of computer English words. By studying these morphological rules of word formation, the characteristics of computer English words can be realized. The major methods of word formation in computer English words include compounding, affixation, conversion, blending, acronyms, clipping and eponyms.Third, Characteristics Analysis of Computer English Words The Computer English words surely should belong to the category of EST (English for Science and Technology) words. While keeping some general features of EST words they still maintain some striking features, which distinguish themselves from EST words. Brevity, popularity, and vividness are their characteristics. Shortened words take a large proportion of computer English words, and enormous floods of shorted words are used in computer English. So computer English words possess features of brevity. Three motivations for the use of shortening are social and historical motivation, psychological motivation and technological motivation.Computer English words, which differ from general EST words, do not use many highly technical words but a large member of sub-technical words. Computer English borrows from general English a great amount of everyday words.
Expected results
With an researching focus on the characteristics of English computer lexis, the paper is expected to be helpful in understanding development and situation of the computer lexis as well as characteristics and ways of word-formation about computer lexis.
Annotated Bibliography
Sun Fang, Chang Yuli. On the Analysis of Word Formation of English Vocabulary of Computer Science. Shanghai Medical Instrumentation College, 2000.
The author of this paper said that with the development of computer application and popularization, English language used in computer science has displayed distinct features. Formation of words in different ways of English language is not only the source of English vocabulary,but also contributes to the emergence of lots of English terms of computer science. The paper focus on some ways of word formation like derivation, compounding, abbreviation, blending and so on, to analyze the formation of English vocabulary of computer science which has resulted in a great number of new English words in computer science will be in this article so as to be some help to those in Computer science English learning.
Works Cited
Craiger, J. Philip. Computer Forensics Procedures and Methods,1999. Farmer, Dan; Venema, Wietse. Forensic Discovery. Addison-Wesley Professional, 2005. Nelson, Bill. Guide to Computer Forensics and Investigations. Boston, MA: Thomson Course Technology, 2004. Freedman, Alan. The Computer Glossary: The Complete Illustrated Dictionary, 2001. Long, Larry, and Long, Nancy. Computers: Information Technology in Perspective, 2005. Strathern, Paul. Turing and the Computer, 1999. Davis, Martin. The Universal Computer: The Road from Leibniz to Turing, 2001.
郑国政, 软件本地化过程中的流程优化, 电脑应用技术，2001,(1): 35-37.
马*新, 计算机英语词汇, 外语教学, 1999,(20).
贾晓云, 科技英语的句法特点及其翻译方法, 太原理工大学学报, 2003,(1),67-69.
张政, 计算机英语词汇特征, 大连外国语学院学报, 1999,(6).
赵翠莲, 中英文计算机词汇的问体差异, 解放军外语学院学报, 1998,(3).
陆国强, 现代英语词汇学, 上海外语教学出版社, 1999.
篇19：英语论文开题报告
2015英语论文开题报告模板
How to Stimulate Students’ Interest in English Learning
Abstract
There is no doubt that English plays increasingly important roles in educational system since coming a surge in English language learning, but not every English Language Learner (ELL) must be fluent in English, just as not everyone is “fluent” in statistics. That comes from different reasons, I couldn’t say the reason must be subjective--someone likes to learn it and someone not, but I agree with a Famous saying: Hobby is the first step to get the knowledge, when you adopt the knowledge and have interest in it, and you will remember it, just like Goethe said “Where there is no interest, where there is no memory”, Interest is the motivation of learning a thing, nonetheless, how could we stimulate learners interest in English learning? When we attempt to motivate the learners, what methods are right or wrong? That is really a big nagging issue and worth researching for me a college student, in the following paper I will state my mind on it.
Key words: English learning, interest, differentiated instruction, rewarding system, environment
如何激发中学生学习英语的兴趣
摘 要
自从学习英语的'浪潮席卷而来，学习英语的人越来越多，英语教育在教育系统的地位越发重要了，但并不是每个学习英语的人都可以学好英语。原因有很多方面，以我之浅见，不能完全说是主观因素，但也可以部分归结为对于这种语言的爱好程度，一个学习者本着对知识的兴趣才会进而去研究记忆，就像歌德所说“哪里没有兴趣，哪里就没有记忆”，兴趣是一种驱动力。但是如何激发英语学习者的兴趣?当我们尝试培养兴趣之同时，什么方法是正确的?什么方法是错误的?对于我一个大学生来说，这是一个值得研究又令人困扰的大课题，在下文中我将陈述我的观点。当然不是社会所有阶层的学习者我都要去谈，我会集中于对中学学生的研究。
关键字：英语学习;兴趣;差异教学法;奖励系统;环境
Table of Content
Acknowledgement i
Abstract ii
摘 要 iii
Table of Content iv
I.Introduction 1
II. Using Differentiated Instruction to Stimulate Interest 2
A.Definition of Differentiated Instruction 2
B.The Reason for Using Differentiated Instruction 2
1.Students with Different Interest 2
2.Arousing Interest of Different Students 3
a. Advocating “Students First” 3
b. Meeting Students’ Specific Needs 3
c. Adjusting the Curriculum to Students’ Needs 4
d. Arousing Interest of Every Student 5
III. Stimulating Interest of Students by Creating Rewarding Program 6
IV. Stimulating Interest by Creating English Learning Environment 7
A.Content of Environment 7
1.Changing Structures 7
a. Definition of Structures 7
b. How to Change a Structure 7
2.Making Full Use of Instructional Time 8
a. Importance of Instructional Time 8
b. How to Use Instructional Time 8
3.Using Tools 9
a. Definition of Tools 9
b. Choosing a Good Tool 9
c. Using Tool —“Vision Learning” 9
d. Advantage of “Vision Learning” 9
4. Community 11
a. Definition of Community 11
b. Advantages of Community 11
B.Importance of Creating Learning Environment 12
V. Conclusion 12
Bibliography 13
篇20：英语论文开题报告
2017英语论文开题报告模板
广告作为一种特殊言语交际形式，同过它的特殊语言对某种观念或者产品进行宣传或者推销，向受众传递相关信息(新信息)，受众借助常识等认知语境(旧信息) 进行思辩、推理，从而理解广告商的真正意图，最终促销产品的效果。广告需要在广告语言中遵循一定原则， 但是在更多情况下， 为了使广告具备注意价值、可读性和记忆价值，广告总是运用各种技巧， 使见者或听者能推导出其中的会话含意，从而达到推销功能。也有时候为达到宣传产品的目的，广告利用各种修辞格对其商品进行“失真”地宣传， 违反了质的准则， 往往可以收到出其不意的效果。
作为一种特殊形式的言语交际行为，广告的内容包括：广告商、广告词和广告受众(消费者)。 一则成功的广告往往会利用各种手段来达到宣传产品、促进销售的目的。
广告,作为信息的载体,已渗透到现实生活的各个领域。广告英语,作为语言艺术和商业推销的有机结合体,已逐渐发展为一种重要的实用文体,形成了自己鲜明的文体特征。要推销出一种产品，广告就必定要有它独特的地方，要有它的语言特色，通过它的各种独特的语言特色更好的`为自己广告的东西做推销，达到广告的目的。 在现在外资企业大的社会中，商务英语广告也就逐渐重要，作为一中促销手段，必须要对人们产生影响，也就是要有推销功能，能够让见者或听者产生购买欲，从而对整个社市场甚至社会一定的影响;其次，也必须要有记忆价值，让人们对产品和服务留下深刻的印象;另外，还要能够引起注意，要有一定的信息价值，又要有移情作用，它要在短小的篇幅里，在较短的时间里说服人们去购买，激发人们的购买欲。所有这些都是为了一个目的，那就是推销产品，让人们接受广告中的产品，这样才是成功的。
篇21：英语论文开题报告
课题研究现状：
English idioms are an important part of the English vocabulary. The general tendencies of present-day English are towards more idiomatic usages. Halliday and Hason (1976) pointed out that there are three functions of English idioms (ideational function，interpersonal function and textual function). Another scholar，Fernando C. (1996)，also made valuable contributions to the understanding of idiomatic expression_r of coherent text，and in the creation of stylistic effects.
Chinese linguists like Hu Zhuanglin (1994，1996)，Zhu Yongsheng (1995，1996，1997) and Zhang Delu (1994) mainly made contributions to the study of textual cohesion.
课题研究目的：
This paper is firstly intended to define English idioms and analyze the features of them. It then explores the cohesive function after careful analysis and discussion，attempting to arouse the concern of using idioms appropriately and help readers make full use of the cohesive function for communicating more concisely and idiomatically，thus more effectively.
课题研究内容：
As English idioms are much alive in everyday English，a close look at the function of idioms must be taken. This dissertation includes the following five aspects：
1.Introduction
2.A General Study of English Idioms
2.1The Definition of English Idioms
2.2Features of English Idioms
3.Cohesive Function of English Idioms
3.1Cohesion
3.2Functional Categories
3.3Cohesive Function of Relational Idioms
3.4Cohesive Function of Other Idioms
4.The Cohesive Function in Terms of Syntax And Pragmatics
4.1Syntactic Cohesion
4.2Pragmatic Function
5.Conclusion
课题研究计划：
January 22-March 10： question posing of the research and collection of materials March 11-March 25： analysis of the materials and writing of an outline
March 26-April 30： completion of the first draft and seeking supervisor’s advice May 1?June 10： refinement of the paper according to teacher’s suggestion
June 11—June 22： finalization of the thesis based on the set requirements after the defence
主要参考文献：
[1]Fernando，C. Idioms and Idiomaticity.Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press，2000
[2]Halliday，M.A.K. and R.Hason.Cohesion in English.Longman Press，1985
[3]Lakoff，G. and M. Johnson.Metaphors We Live By.University of Chicago Press，1980
[4]Makkai，A. Idiom Structure in English.The Hague Press,1972
一、选题来源、目的和意义：
本选题重在研究中西文化之间的差异以及这些差异对商务谈判的影响，最后得出商务谈判应该采用的策略。
随着我国加入WTO，国际贸易和对外交往将日益频繁，国家与国家之间、企业与企业之间、个人与个人之间，由于存在经济利益的协调，无时无处不需要谈判。出口商和进口商要消除分歧，达成一项公平的相互之间满意的交易，大多是通过商务谈判才能做到的。因此与外界交往合作的主要方式——跨文化商务谈判在社会、政治、经济生活中的地位越来越重要。因此，和外商谈判打交道的时候，不要忽略一些看似微不足道的细节，那些都有可能是成败的关键。只有正确探悉、学习和熟悉不同国家的文化差异，意识到他们的重要性，才能更好地探讨商务谈判的策略，为最后谈判的成功奠定基础和提供理论依据。
二、课题的主要内容(项目概要)：
1.谈判与文化的综述
2.文化差异因素对国际商务谈判的影响
2.1语言和非语言差异的影响
2.2思维方式差异的影响
2.3价值观念差异的影响
3.应对商务谈判文化差异问题的对策
3.1树立跨文化的谈判意识
3.2谈判前做好充足的准备
3.3懂得谈判对方的语言
3.4对待文化问题应持有的态度
4.结尾
三、实施计划(设计工作的主要阶段、进度和完成时间等)：
11月11日毕业论文动员大会
11月12日—12月1日下达任务书
12月2日—12月31日确定论文题目
1月1日—1月31日进行文献资料的收集、筛选、做读书笔记。
2月1日—2月28日完成论文详细提纲，交指导老师修改，补充。
3月1日—3月30日进行毕业论文初稿写作。
4月1日—5月19日毕业论文修改。
5月20日—6月5日毕业论文定稿、装订、答辩。
四、参考文献：
<1>李信，《中西方文化比较概论》，航空工业出版社，2003.6
<2>李郁、张泳，浅谈国际商务谈判中的跨文化问题及对策[J]，商业研究，2004.7
<3>廖瑛，《外贸谈判英语》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，2004.2
<4>肖云南，《国际商务谈判》，清华大学和北方交通大学出版社，2003.5
<5>杨晶，《商务谈判》，清华大学出版社，2005.1
<6>姚立，《商务谈判—理论、实务、风格》，中国城市出版社，2003.3
<7>袁其刚，《国际商务谈判》，山东人民出版社，2003.2
篇22：英语论文开题报告
论文题目：the Application and Innovation
一、选题的意义和研究现状
1.选题的目的、理论意义和现实意义
长时期以来，人们视艾米莉·勃朗特为英国文学中的“斯芬克斯”。关于她本人和她的作品都有很多难解之谜，许多评论家从不同的角度、采用不同的方法去研究，得出了不同的结论，因而往往是旧谜刚解，新谜又出，解谜热潮似永无休止。
本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉，指出艾米莉勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统，同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力，将现实与超现实融为一体，给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力，达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一，使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”，又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”，从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。
2.与选题相关的国内外研究和发展概况
二、研究方案
1.研究的基本内容及预期的结果（大纲）
研究的基本内容：本文立足于欧美文学中的哥特传统研究《呼啸山庄》的创作源泉，指出艾米莉勃朗特在主题、人物形象、环境刻画、意象及情节构造等方面都借鉴了哥特传统，同时凭借其超乎寻常的想象力，将现实与超现实融为一体，给陈旧的形式注入了激烈情感、心理深度和新鲜活力，达到了哥特形式与激情内容的完美统一，使《呼啸山庄》既超越了哥特体裁的“黑色浪漫主义”，又超越了维多利亚时代的“现实主义”，从而展现出独具一格、经久不衰的艺术魅力。
预期的结果（大纲）：
1.A Survey of Gothic
1.1Definition of Gothic
2Emily’s Gothic Heritage
2.1Theme
2.1.1Good and Evil
2.2Characters Description
2.2.1Villainhero
2.2.2Delicate Young Girl
2.3Atmosphere，Environment and Plot
2.3.1Terror
2.3.2Mystery
2.3.3Supernatural
3.Emily’s Gothic Innovation
3.1Combination of romanticism and Realism
3.1.1Change of the Background
3.1.3Stream of Consciousness
3.1.4Illusion and Subconsciousness
3.2.Description of Figure Emotion and Psychology
2.拟采用的研究方法 主要有资料查找、理论探讨研究、阅读法
3.研究所需条件和可能存在的`问题
研究所需条件：纸张、打印设备、图书馆、互联网上获取国内外文献资料；可能存在的问题：
(1)文献不足。
(2)由于个人的观点和能力，使对研究对象分析不够全面和深入。
三、研究进度安排、参考文献及审查意见
1.研究进度安排
（1）论文指导第一周（学期第八周）：学生完成初稿。
（2）论文指导第二周（学期第九周）：指导教师审阅论文初稿后发回修改。
（3）论文指导第三周（学期第十周）：学生交论文第二稿。
（4）论文指导第四周（学期第十一周）：指导教师审阅第二稿并发回给学生进一步修改。
（5）论文指导第五周（学期第十二周）：定稿
（6）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：交定稿的打印稿和电子文本。
（7）论文指导第六周（学期第十三周）：本周星期五至论文指导第七周（学期第周）星期五，指导教师和评阅教师写评语，学生做好答辩准备。
（8）论文指导第七周（学期第十四周）：星期三至论文指导第八周（学期第十五周）开展答辩工作。
篇23：英语论文开题报告
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
篇24：英语论文开题报告
一、论文题目：classroom interaction and oral english teaching
二、研究现状：
三、研究的目的及意义：
通过对目前已经发展起来并比较成熟的几种互动模式的归纳来看：关于人际互动这种互动模式在目前的互动性研究中被单独研究还比较少，没有被当作一种独立的模式应用到英语口语课堂教学中，它更多的是被贯穿到其他几种互动模式当中。因此，本论题认为它还有进一步研究的空间。
四、研究的理论依据和研究方法：
本论题将以教育心理学的理论为基础，以互动理论和构建主义理论为依据，运用归纳总结的方法对已有的研究进行宏观上的概述，从而引出本文论题，通过例证分析、验证人际互动模式对课堂英语口语教学效果的提高所具有的重要意义。
篇25：英语论文开题报告
一、选题来源、目的和意义：
本选题重在研究中西文化之间的差异以及这些差异对商务谈判的影响，最后得出商务谈判应该采用的策略。
随着我国加入WTO，国际贸易和对外交往将日益频繁，国家与国家之间、企业与企业之间、个人与个人之间，由于存在经济利益的协调，无时无处不需要谈判。出口商和进口商要消除分歧，达成一项公平的相互之间满意的交易，大多是通过商务谈判才能做到的。因此与外界交往合作的主要方式 —— 跨文化商务谈判在社会、政治、经济生活中的地位越来越重要。因此，和外商谈判打交道的时候，不要忽略一些看似微不足道的细节，那些都有可能是成败的关键。只有正确探悉、学习和熟悉不同国家的文化差异，意识到他们的重要性，才能更好地探讨商务谈判的策略，为最后谈判的成功奠定基础和提供理论依据。
二、课题的主要内容(项目概要)：
1.谈判与文化的综述
2.文化差异因素对国际商务谈判的影响
2.1 语言和非语言差异的影响
2.2 思维方式差异的影响
2.3 价值观念差异的影响
3.应对商务谈判文化差异问题的对策
3.1 树立跨文化的谈判意识
3.2 谈判前做好充足的准备
3.3 懂得谈判对方的语言
3.4 对待文化问题应持有的态度
4.结尾
三、实施计划(设计工作的主要阶段、进度和完成时间等)：
11月11日 毕业论文动员大会
11月12日-12月1日 下达任务书
12月 2日-12月31日 确定论文题目
1月1日—1月31日 进行文献资料的收集、筛选、做读书笔记。
2月1日—2月28日 完成论文详细提纲，交指导老师修改，补充。
3月1日—3月30日 进行毕业论文初稿写作。
4月1日—5月19日 毕业论文修改。
5月20日—6月5日 毕业论文定稿、装订、答辩。
四、参考文献：
<1>李信，《中西方文化比较概论》，航空工业出版社，20xx.6
<2>李郁、张泳，浅谈国际商务谈判中的跨文化问题及对策[J]，商业研究，20xx.7
<3>廖瑛，《外贸谈判英语》，对外经济贸易大学出版社，20xx.2
<4>肖云南，《国际商务谈判》，清华大学和北方交通大学出版社，20xx.5
<5>杨晶，《商务谈判》，清华大学出版社，20xx.1
<6>姚立，《商务谈判—理论、实务、风格》，中国城市出版社，20xx.3
<7>袁其刚，《国际商务谈判》，山东人民出版社，20xx.2
篇26：英语论文的开题报告
>下面是一篇英语论文的`开题报告范文，虽然不是特别好，但也反应了开题报告的格式和写法，有一定的借鉴价值。
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(note: while the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
0
000
附录2- 引文范例(仅供参考)
“it is therefore pointless to try to make tc more scientific than is sensible in view of its complex subject-matter and available methods. translating is a mental, multi-factorial activity which cannot exhaustively be investigated within a linguistic framework ignoring the person of the translator.”(wilss, 1982: 217)
‘“噢，这就是恐水病吧？你们贵族圈子怎么流行起这种病来啦？真够呛的！费芬斯小姐，您喝点茶大概没关系吧！”’（张南峰，1990：59-60）
附录3- 参考文献范例(仅供参考)
wilss, wolfram. the science of translation �C problems and methods. gunter narr verlag tubingen,1982.
newmark, peter. a textbook of translation. new york: prentice hall, 1988.
delabastita, dirk. translating puns: a false opposition in translation studies. target, 1991(3:2):137-152.
张南峰（译）. 王尔德戏剧选. 福州：海峡文艺出版社，1990.
戴炜栋. 构建具有中国特色的英语教学“一条龙”体系，外语教学与研究，2001（5）.
附录4- 封面范例(仅供参考)（中文）
对外经济贸易大学硕士学位论文
论品牌名称翻译的特殊性
专 业：
研究方向：
作 者：
导 师：
写作时间： ―
对外经济贸易大学
英语学院
（英文）
school of international studies
university of international business and economics
pragmatic strategies
in advertising: implicatures
wang ying
a thesis submitted to school of international studies of
university of international business and economics
in partial fulfillment of the requirement
for the degree of master of arts
april 2002
beijing, china
篇27：英语论文的开题报告
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
1 Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century， translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on， schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies （DTS）。
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore， translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison， and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation， description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice， from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies， brainstorming and the revision， to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data， some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. “Norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function， process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
The case taken in this thesis is the Chinese classic The Dream of Red Mansions. Two English versions translated respectively by Yang Hsien-yi and David Hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
In this regard， my observations are limited to several aspects， I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
2 Outline
2.1 Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms’ basic map of DTS and the relationship between function， process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation， multiple translation， translationese， norm etc.
2.2 Methodolgy
2.3 DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 Case study
In this part， translation of The Dream of Red Mansions （also translated as The Story of The Stone） will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study， possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
（Note： While the topic will remain the same， the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.）
篇28：英语论文的开题报告
function and application of descriptive translation studies
1 introduction
the intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of descriptive translation studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. from then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. among these schools is descriptive translation studies (dts).
dts approaches translation from an empirical perspective. translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
my attention was first directed to dts by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. the subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator’s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
the method of dts is basically descriptive. the prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. translation phenomena are noted down. with accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. i will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
a convenient tool has been set up to conduct dts. “norm” is operative at every stage of description and explanation. function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
the case taken in this thesis is the chinese classic the dream of red mansions. two english versions translated respectively by yang hsien-yi and david hawks are compared and observations are made in regard to their translation approaches.
in this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, i hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of dts.
2 outline
2.1 development and major concepts of dts
in this part i will describe holms’ basic map of dts and the relationship between function, process and product. i will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
2.2 methodolgy
i will in this part discuss the methodology of dts before i apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
2.3 dts in contrast to other theories
a contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of dts from other theories such as equivalence theory and the chinese xin da ya criteria. some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
2.4 case study
in this part, translation of the dream of red mansions (also translated as the story of the stone) will be under investigation in light of dts. translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
2.5 conclusion
based on the above elaboration of dts and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of dts in specific study of translation. suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
篇29：英语论文的开题报告
Function and Application of Descriptive Translation Studies
Introduction
The intention of this study is to explore possible advantages of Descriptive Translation Studies as in its application in translation practice and translation analysis.
Since early 20th century, translation studies gradually broke away from the marginal status within other related disciplines and established itself as an empirical science. From then on, schools of thought have kept coming out and each claims its legitimacy for existence. Among these schools is Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS).
DTS approaches translation from an empirical perspective. Translation is viewed to be a social activity having significant importance in the receiving culture and for the target community. Therefore, translation is dealt with beyond the linguistic realization and language comparison, and is incorporated in social and cultural context.
My attention was first directed to DTS by its peculiar characteristic of observation, description and explanation. The subject is whatever happens in translation practice, from the determination of prospective function of translation to the process of translator s choice of strategies, brainstorming and the revision, to the final product making appearance in the target community.
The method of DTS is basically descriptive. The prescriptive tendency and the problem-solution pattern is abandoned. Translation phenomena are noted down. With accumulated data, some underlying truths about translation will come out which will prove to be instructive not only for theoretical probe but also for applied translation practice. I will apply this descriptive method in the case study of this thesis.
A convenient tool has been set up to conduct DTS. Norm is operative at every stage of description and explanation. Function, process and product and their relationship as well are skeletal structure of what constitute descriptive studies. Translation phenomena are accounted for with the help of norm.
In this regard, my observations are limited to several aspects, I hope in-depth observation and explanation will done in light of DTS.
Outline
Development and major concepts of DTS
In this part I will describe Holms basic map of DTS and the relationship between function, process and product. I will also discuss some important concepts such as pseudo-translation, multiple translation, translationese, norm etc.
Methodolgy
I will in this part discuss the methodology of DTS before I apply the same to the case study in this thesis with emphasis to be placed on semiotic approach and the concept norm.
DTS in contrast to other theories
A contrast study will be conducted here with the objective to find the difference of DTS from other theories such as equivalence theory and the Chinese Xin Da Ya criteria. Some advantage will possibly be shown in this study.
Case study
In this part, translation of The Dream of Red Mansions (also translated as The Story of The Stone) will be under investigation in light of DTS. Translation samples to be quoted here will be selected at random.
Conclusion
Based on the above elaboration of DTS and the case study, possible conclusion will be on the advantage of DTS in specific study of translation. Suggestions on further research efforts will be made also.
(Note: While the topic will remain the same, the above arrangement of contents is subject to change in the process of writing.)
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