概括练习

第一篇：概括练习

一、概括下面一段材料的主要内容。（不超过48字）

①钛合金强度大，重量轻，耐热性能好，适用于船只、汽车、航空航天工业，被人们视为未来材料。②然而，钛合金的加工难度极大，如加工一个钛合金船用涡轮压缩机轮需要50个小时，而加工一个铝合金的同样部件仅需5个小时。③德国布伦瑞克大学的科学家采用了一种专门热处理方法，将氢原子渗入材料，掺氢的钛合金相对软化。④对软化的钛合金进行切削加工，加工设备所承受的机械和热负载明显降低，切削力仅需过去的50%，大大降低了加工成本。⑤加工完毕后，再经专门的热处理工序，材料的特性则回到原先状态。⑥科学家称，该方法非常适用于大批量的钛合金铸件加工。

二、依据下面这则报道的信息要点，概括主要内容。（不超过20个字）

为防止一些质量低劣的国外大学和跨国皮包公司招摇撞骗侵害我国自费留学生的利益，教育部考试中心近日决定，今后将定期向社会公布信誉良好，并经所在国政府机构批准的国外院校名单。

据了解，该中心已公布了澳大利亚、加拿大、新西兰、新加坡等国符合要求的高等院校名单，近期还将公布英国、法国、德国和日本等国的高校名单。这些院校都经过所在国政 府机构批准，具有学位教育资格。由这些院校颁发的学士、硕士和博士学位证书，所在国政府和中国教育部都认可。另外，教育部留学服务中心近期还将公布经各国教育机构批准、具有办学资格的语言学校、职业学校以及技术学院的名单。由于我国政府不鼓励中小学生出国留学，因此，有关部门将不提供国外中小学学校名单。

三、用一句话概括以下一则新闻的要点。（不超过30个字）

据英国广播公司报道，德国汉堡大学的天文学家在银河系中发现了一颗已有140亿年历史的恒星，它的形成能够追溯到宇宙形成的初期。这颗恒星被编号为HE0107--5240，其罕见之处在于：与其他历史稍短的恒星不同，它完全是由宇宙大爆炸时产生的几种简单元素组成的，是迄今为止发现的第一颗不含金属元素的恒星。

四、根据信息产业部在新闻发布会上所传出信息的要点（包括价格变动状况），概括其主要内容。（不超过22个字）

今年2月28日上午，信息产业部召开的新闻发布会上传出信息：从3月 1日起，在基本不增加用户负担的前提下，电话通话费每三分钟低于0．1 6元的，调整到0．16元；高于0．22元的，降到0．22元。固定电话初装费指导性标准降为500元至1000元，移动电话入网费指导性标准降为500元至 1500元；住宅用户同址安装两部以上电话，从第二部起不再收取初装费。与电信收费标准进行结构性调整的同时，邮资也进行了调整：平信、印刷品今后按本埠与外埠区别收费，不超重的本埠平信由每20克0．50元提高到0．60元，外埠由每20克0．50元提高到0．80元。

五、用一句话概括以下一则新闻的要点。

据报道，我国国家图书馆浩瀚的馆藏古籍中，仅卷“敦煌遗书”就有5000余米长卷需要修复，而国图从事古籍修复的专业人员不过10人；各地图书馆、博物馆收藏的古籍文献共计3000万册，残损情况也相当严重，亟待抢救性修复，但全国的古 籍修复人才总共还不到百人，以这样少的人数去完成如此浩大的修复工程，即使也夜以继日地工作也需要近千年。

练习：

1、请用一句话概括下列新闻的主要内容。（字数在15个字之内）

央行的统计数据表明，到2月份我国粮食价格已连续4个月小幅回升。分析师估计，今年国内主要粮食的价格水平可能会持续走高。据国内媒体对全国832个县7万多农户3月初种植意向的调查，今年全国稻谷、小麦和玉米等谷物品播种面积继续减少，只有豆类品种播种面积增加，这将对今年的粮价水平有一定影响。《扬子晚报》

2、请用一句话概括下列新闻的主要内容。（不超过20字）

新华网北京3月7日电（记者汪涌）北京奥组委将向参加“北京2008”中小学生奥林匹克教育计划的中小学提供5至10元的低价位门票，让来自全国各地的学生代表亲临奥运盛会，分享奥运欢乐。

新华社记者7日从北京奥组委获悉，奥林匹克教育计划门票由奥组委门票销售部门根据奥组委执委会的决定，从奥运会比赛整体门票销售中划出一定场次和比例的门票作为奥林匹克教育计划门票。

这类门票是面向参加“北京2008”中小学生奥林匹克教育计划的中小学有组织销售的低价位门票。门票价格统一为：预赛阶段比赛每张5元，决赛阶段比赛每张10元。决赛阶段比赛是指决赛和半决赛比赛场次，其余为预赛场次。

3、请用一句话概括下列新闻的主要内容。（不超过20字）

教育部日前透露，从今春开始，将在农村中小学建立部分科目免费教科书的循环使用制度。

教育部有关负责人介绍，对从2008年春季学期起循环使用的教科书，只对学校进行配备，由学生在本学期使用，学期结束时归还学校，供下一级学生使用。为保证循环科目教材的质量，按循环周期3年计算，中央财政每年安排这些科目教科书款的1/3左右，用于循环教科书的补充更新。同时鼓励地方课程免费教材也实行循环使用。

纳入循环使用的教科书包括：小学的《科学》、《音乐》、《美术》(或《艺术》)、《信息技术》；初中的《音乐》、《美术》(或《艺术》)、《体育与健康》、《信息技术》。

4、用一句话概括下面这则新闻的内容，且不超过25个字。

AOL、Earth Link、微软和雅虎四家公司联合举行了一次记者招待会。AOL执行副总裁兰德尔在会上指出：“我们要宣布一个史无前例的决定，这次大规模起诉是我们各家公司发现和跟踪垃圾邮件制造者的成果展示，下一步就是让他们彻底失去发送垃圾邮件的能力。”

Earth Link副总裁莱斯也在记者招待会上说：‘我们联合起来的目的只有一个，就是消灭垃圾邮件，垃圾邮件正在毁灭我们最为重要的通信工具。”

微软发言人则认为对所有的被告进行处罚实行起来有些困难，这其中存在一些技术上的难题。在对有的垃圾邮件跟踪后发现，它们甚至来自阿根廷、印度、立陶宛、俄罗斯和南非等国家。不过，雅虎所起诉的几个被告都是非常确定的，公司律师马特称他们将为自己的行为付出代价。

专家表示，随着反垃圾邮件工具普及，进入用户邮箱内的垃圾数量将逐渐下降，一些垃圾邮件发送者将因为压力沉重、回报减少而不得不罢手。

5、请将下面一段文字的主要内容概括出来（不超过25字）。

新华网上海12月３１日电 上海市农委和市统计部门预测，2005年上海农村居民家庭人均可支配收入可达8100元，与上年相比增长10%左右。

据《劳动报》报道，上海市政府新闻发言人焦扬在日前举行的例行发布会上公布了这一消息。明年上海农村居民可支配收入目标已确定，要求增幅继续保持在8%以上，人均达到8750元左右。

焦扬说，今年以来，上海各有关方面积极贯彻落实惠农政策，收到了明显效果。为了实现农村居民明年增收的目标，上海有关部门将大力推进新农村建设，进一步完善惠农政策，深化农村改革，推进城乡统筹。

6、请用一句话概括下面这则新闻所报道的核心内容。（不超过25字）。

新华网北京2005年11月26日电 在26日北京人民大会堂举行的庆祝神舟六号载人航天飞行圆满成功大会上，温家宝宣读《中共中央国务院中央军委关于授予费俊龙、聂海胜同志“英雄航天员”荣誉称号并颁发“航天功勋奖章”的决定》，称赞费俊龙、聂海胜是航天科技战线的杰出代表。

决定说，神舟六号载人航天飞行的圆满成功，凝聚着所有参加工程研制、试验、建设的科学家、工程技术人员和航天员的指挥、心血和汗水。费俊龙、聂海胜作为执行神舟六号航天飞行任务的航天员，不畏艰险、坚毅果敢，胜利完成了党和人民赋予的神圣使命，为表彰他们为中国航天事业作出的卓越贡献，中共中央、国务院、中央军委决定，授予费俊龙、聂海胜“英雄航天员”荣誉称号，并颁发“航天功勋奖章”。

第二篇：消息概括练习

[教学要点]：掌握压缩语段的知识点，明确解题思路，做一定量的巩回练习。

[教学过程]

一、知识点解说

1、压缩语段复习的关键点：一是明确标准，二是辨析信息，三是恰当表达。

2、压缩语段的解题思路：一是审题干，明要求；二是审语段，析义理；三是审话题，立主体；四是审语体，定表达。

二、巩固练习

1、请用一句话概括下面一段话的内容。（不超过10个字）瑟瑟秋风从高挑的枝头剥落我（秋叶），为祖国而死，这也是最美的命运；落叶归根，落叶归土，我会面向土地而飘荡自己的灵魂。我的面孔枯黄憔悴了，甚至我的茎项也开始霉烂，但我终身不悔，也不哀伤，因为我的青春已化为同伴的光泽，即使我在寒风中离开枝头，也决不离开大树生长的土地。

答：。

2、将下面一则消息改为一句话新闻。（不超过22字）

最近，在安徽枞阳县汤沟镇出了桩新鲜事，全镇有九成农户在建造新房时，还建了专用的书房，添置了书柜、写字台等，为孩子们创造了良好的学习环境。该镇农民深深懂得：医治贫穷先要医治愚昧，医治愚昧必须重视文化。过去，许多农民种庄稼、养鱼虾，吃尽了缺少文化、不懂科学的苦头。他们读不懂书报，掌握不了新技术和市场信息，无法提高产量和经济效益。因此，他们逐渐注重智力投资，决心把子女培养成有文化、有道德、适应市场经济发展的一代新人。

答：

3、用一句话概括下面一则新闻（不超过30个字）。

（新华社多哈11月10日电）卡塔尔首都多哈当地时间10日18时30分，在喜来登酒店萨尔瓦会议大厅，世贸组织第四届部长级会议主席、卡塔尔财政、经济和贸易大臣卡迈勒宣布：大会开始讨论下一个重要议题——中国加入世贸组织问题。世贸组织中国工作组主席吉拉德向大会报告工作组的工作，并向大会提交了部长级会议《关于中国加入世贸组织的决定》草案，请大会审议和通过。

在没有任何反对意见的情况下，会议主席卡迈勒手中击槌轻落，标志着中国长达15年复关和加入世贸组织进程的结束，宣告了一个历史性时刻的诞生。坐在主席台上的世贸组织总干事穆尔等首先起立鼓掌表示祝贺；接着，中国代表团全体成员起立鼓掌，全场700多名与会代表也纷纷站起来，热烈鼓掌。

在中国政府代表签署中国加入世贸组织议定书，并向世贸组织秘书处递交中国加入世贸组织批准书30天后，中国将正式成为世贸组织成员。概括：。

4、阅读下面材料，请将洗邮票的具体过程进行压缩，不超过25个字。

（1）邮票，这个小小的方寸之地，包罗万象，无奇不有，爱好集邮的人更是不计其数。（2）少年朋友们，在我们的集邮册里，虽然有一部分是新邮票，可大多数还是盖戳邮票——用过的邮票吧！（3）在你把邮票从信封上揭下，直到放到集邮册里的中间，还有不少讲究呢！（4）首先要看看邮票的品相，有没有污点，有没有皱褶。（5）剪的时候，要把四边留出半厘米的边，不然的话，揭时就容易撕坏。（6）然后把剪好的邮票放进盛有清水的脸盆里，浸泡15分钟左右，就可以揭了。（7）如果有的邮票粘得比较牢固，就用温水浇一下，千万不能用热水，因为用热水一烫，邮票就会掉色，弄脏票面。（8）把揭下的邮票贴在脸盆壁上控一控水，要是邮票的背胶太多了，要用指甲刮掉，粘在盆壁上就不好办了。（9）待水分稍稍控干之后，再把邮票一一放到吸水纸上。（10）吸水不能用报纸，因为报纸上有油墨，会把邮票弄脏。（11）最好用柔软、吸水力强的白纸。（12）邮票里的水分完全干了，就算洗好了。（13）这时你就可以用镊子把邮票放到集邮册里去了。

答：。

5、为下面这则报告，写一条“一句话新闻”（20字以内）。

王建章在外经贸部和信息产业部联合举办的“移动通信行业配套合作与发展国际研讨会”上发表讲话。在谈到移动通信产品国产化配套问题时，他表示，目前国内尤其是元器件生产具备一定基础，今后的主要工作是对整机配套急需的元器件进行重点部署。王建章透露，国家将从今年600亿元债券中拿出4亿元支持此配套工程的完成，希望国内外厂家建立关系，可通过技术引进方式，也可合资合作，强强联合，在中国本土生产，使移动通信产品国产化配套率在2005年超过50%。

答：。

6、用一句话概括下段消息中的主要意思。（不超过30字）

近几年来，关于中国文化，主要是中国传统文化，或者说是以中国文化为基础的东方文化，将成为21世纪的主导文化及21世纪将成为中国文化或东方文化的世纪的观点，十分流行。西方一些学者也持有此类观点。对此我则持怀疑态度。答：。

7、用一句话表述下面语段的主要意思（不超过25个字）。

在轻轻荡漾着的溪流的两岸，满是高过马头的野花，红、黄、蓝、白、紫，五彩缤纷，像绵延的织绵那么华丽，像天边的彩霞那么耀眼，像高空的长虹那么绚烂。答：。

8、将下面这段文字压缩到25个字以下。

酝酿已久的个人存款账户实名制终于颁布实施，这标志着我国个人存款管理制度日趋向国际惯例靠拢。个人存款实名制是指居民个人到金融机构办理储蓄存款时，必须使用真名，并出示个人法定身份证件。此项制度的实施，是我国个人存款账户管理制度的一项重要变革，涉及千家万户的利益。从全省各地传来的信息看，个人存款账户实名制在我省受到普遍欢迎，绝大多数储户对这一制度的实施表示支持和拥护。

答：。

9、阅读下面两段文字，概括成30字以内的一句话。

塞内加尔近四十年来经济增长达到了5.6%，通货膨胀率下降到了3%以下。反对派指责说，这些数字掩盖了900万塞内加尔人生活困难的现实。现在经济上的好转还没有给老百姓带来好处，所以在社会生活方面出现了紧张气氛。总统说塞内加尔的生活质量“有了明显的改善”，并说已成功地给塞内加尔的经济结构“重新注入了活力”，反对派指责国家经济后退到了世界排名第156位，人民的生活水平在贫困线以下，特别是在农村地区以及大城市郊区的人更是贫困，人民普遍反对政府。答：。

参考答案：

1、落叶归根，回报大地。

2、安徽枞阳县汤沟镇农民重视智力投资。

3、萨尔瓦会议上，卡迈勒宣布中国加入世贸组织。

4、温水浸泡后揭下，刮胶后在盆壁上控水，用净纸吸干。

5、国家将拨款四亿元支持移动通信配套。

6、我对中国传统文化将成为21世纪主导性文化的观点持怀疑态度。

7、溪流的两岸高过马头的野花，缤纷华丽，绚烂耀眼。

8、个人存款实名制颁布实施，在我省受到普遍欢迎。

9、赛内加尔经济虽然好转，但反对派与政府依然对立，社会关系紧张。

三、课堂总结

压缩语段的备考，功夫在课外。平时，要加强阅读中信息筛选、要点提取、主题概括等训练。看一则报道，想一想标题是怎样统摄全篇的，想一想导语是怎样领起主体的，或者试着写一句话新闻，试着拟一个标题，试着写一个导语等。

解此类题要抓核、分层、明度、懂法。压缩语段首先要确认语段内聚的核，这是关键；然后分层，就是将语段分成若干个层次，用层意的“交集”合成；接着明度，明确字数的限制；最后是懂法，依据法则压缩（留：保留或摘录能表明中心内容的词句；删：删除冗余信息；简：简化句子或句意；改：改换简洁说法）。

阅读下列通讯，思考并回答问题。

（一）鏖战最前线

①冰灾最严重的地方几乎都是高高的山梁，雪冻山川，满山的松针上都凝满了树挂，这是南方人难得一见的奇观。但此时凝冻的冰雪也覆上了电力线路。按照承受覆冰3厘米厚度设计的线路，现已经承受着近10倍的压力。倒杆、断线、倾塔，山上的电力设施一片狼藉。

②在抗冰抢险一线，近凌晨两点，公司抗冰抢险主要负责人手机上还收到总经理姜洪东的两条短信：“明天雾大，注意行车安全。” “近期电网恢复任务艰巨，要靠前主动协调，关心、关注工作动态、员工思想、生活情况。创造一切条件全力做好生产、生活、后勤保障。”此时正是公司电网抗冰抢险任务最艰巨的日子。而此刻总经理姜洪东的脑子里还在思考抢修工作的整体部署，安全是重点、质量是重点、进度是重点。但是物资调运、人员配备、政府协调„„每一项的疏忽都有可能影响到整体工作，考虑再细致点，真正让一线工作不因协调不到位而耽误。他已经不再是电力企业的领导，而是千千万万奋战在抗冰抢险一线的战士中的一员。

③在抗冰抢险一线，抢险指挥部里的年味早已被战斗的硝烟驱散。自抗冰救灾保供电的仗打响以来，指挥部的同志已经连续半个月鏖战在此。这里，每天有几十个故障′点的抢修任务要部署要落实，各条“战线”的故障抢修进展要统筹要协调。

④在抗冰抢险一线，随处都能看见一队队抢险队员迎冰而上的感人身影。抢险队员们在深山中趟着深雪，在没膝的泥浆中艰难地前进。即使身上已经穿上了厚厚的冰衣，即使手脚已经完全麻木，他们仍夜以继日地前进，白天巡线、除冰，尽快查出故障点，防止没有受损的线路再因冰冻遭受损害。夜晚他们在点点灯火下统计抢险所需物资，与时间争分夺秒。

⑤在抗冰抢险一线，轻伤不下火线成为大家的共识，输电所王斌因病流血不止，但是怎么也劝不下一线。他说：“我是队长，如果这时我下了会寒了弟兄们的心。”东山供电所杨永坤在抢险路上不慎摔伤，严重挫伤软组织，但才把他送回家，他又自己跑回所里请战。他说：“多一个人多一份力量，我年轻，没事。”还有挂伤、碰伤、拉肚子、感冒、发烧的，这一群默默奉献的勇士，他们的伤，我们甚至都不了解。他们不向组织请假，一直坚守在抗冰的第一线。

⑥在抗冰抢险一线。变电站里充满了严肃的气氛，修试所变电检修人员和变电站值班人员一起维护着变电站各设备的运行。冰凌灾害的近半个月，变电站人员共完成976次操作，无一差错。修试所共处理缺陷9个，行程近千公里。

⑦在抗冰抢险一线，处处都能看见带着红色袖套安全员的身影。他们常是迎着寒风，扯着嗓子提醒各地施工人员，他们常是冒着风雪，不断地在各个工作点来回穿梭，每天他们翻过无数个深沟，爬上无数的陡坡，穿过无数荆棘丛。施工完成时，他们走的路已近⒛公里。耳朵上的冻疮、脚上的水疱、嗓子失声成了安全员的标志。他们说“我们要让大家成为抗冰的英雄，而不是抢险的烈士。”

⑧在抗冰抢险一线，随时都能听见抢险队员说“让我上吧”。年轻的解释说，天气冷，我年轻耐冻，我年轻力气大。年纪长点的解释说，我经验丰富点，安全些。大家都想把苦活累活往自己身上扛。在一线随时都能听见队长大声骂喊：“你给我下来。”大家都想多做点，让队友们轻松点。输电所三队队长翟雄的抱怨里充满着深深的疼爱，“那些臭小子会冻坏的。”

⑨在抗冰抢险一线，我们还有一群默默无闻的线路守护卫士，他们盘立在寒冷的风雪中，他们顶住冰凌的侵袭，24小时坚守在公司线路与贵昆铁路交界点。如果说那一基基电杆铁塔上的队员是一线的冲锋战士，那么他们就是寒风中坚强的卫士。

⑩他们坚守在风雪肆虐的山间，坚守在漆黑无垠的深夜，坚守在每一个需要他们的地方。寒风、雨水、冰凌轮流夹击，铁人变成了冰人，但冰人依然是铁人。尽管他们的脸被冻得发紫，手脚也不听使唤，但还是一次次爬上高高的杆塔，一次次伸出冻僵的双手。他们艰难地把自己绑扎在电杆铁塔上，敲击冰凌、更换受损横担、安装瓷瓶，他们在高空电杆上工作的身影，永远定格在渴望光明的人们心间。——摘自网络通讯报道，有删改

1、本篇通讯描画了一组抗冰抢险英雄的群像，请简要概述英雄们的主要事迹。（4分）

答案：①公司总经理姜洪东整体部署，细致考虑，把握全局；②抢险指挥部里的同志落实部署，统筹、协调；③抢险队员迎冰而上，与时间争分夺秒；④一线队员轻伤不下火线，坚守在抗冰第一线；⑤一线队员苦活累活抢着干；⑥各条战线人员坚守岗位，认真履行职责。

（每点1分，任答出其中四点给满分4分）

2、点面结合是通讯常用的表现手法，试举例简析其在本文中的作用。（5分）赏析方法： 概括点、面材料，说明结合方式，分析作用好处 点面结合的作用：

①有点有面，全面而深入地反映事物，突出特征，更具感染力；②材料多样，富于变化，增强可读性；③便于读者形成全面完整印象，增强说服力

3、结合本文，探究电力系统取得抗冰抢险战斗胜利的原因。（6分）

答案：①单位主要领导运筹帷幄，统一协调，周密部署，细致考虑；②基层干部以身作则，作出表率，与一线队员打成一片；

③一线队员勇敢拼搏、迎难而上，坚守岗位，认真履行职责。

（一点2分，共6分）

（二）擦鞋者说

《人民日报》记者 龚永泉

南京有一个“郭师傅擦鞋店”，别人擦鞋1元一双，这里却要2 元，可生意依然红火。

来到位于莫愁新寓的这家小店，可见门口醒目的牌子上写着五六个服务项目和价格，还有两句话，一句是广告：“足下生辉，走出风采”；一句是店规：“以诚信立基，做良心事业”。店里鞋架上放满了擦过或待擦的皮鞋。

郭师傅名叫郭兆松，41岁，一家三口都在这儿擦鞋，去年毛收入10万元。他一边擦鞋一边与我交谈：

有人问我，别人擦鞋都只要1块钱，你为什么要两块？我说，这叫优质优价！同是皮鞋，有几十元的，还有上千元的不是？

我是安徽固镇人，1991年举家来南京打工，搬运工、收破烂都干过，活不轻，钱不多。有一天，在闹市区看到一字排开的擦鞋摊，生意还不错，便悄悄在旁边看，一连看了5天，一位好心的师傅收我当了徒弟。我也成了“擦鞋游击队”的一员。

2001年，在一位城管队员的帮助下，我租了间7平方米的门面，月租800元，做起了定点生意。刚开始，擦一双鞋1块钱，没有多少生意，急得直上火。暗下决心：凡事要用心，虽说是擦鞋，也要擦出点名堂来！以我的经验，鞋油都是一样的，差别就在鞋蜡上。我就琢磨自己配，成份有蛋清、鞋乳、白醋等。那些日子，我是白天试，晚上想，觉睡不实，饭吃不香。经过近百次试验，终于达到了满意的效果。我清楚地记得，那是2003年11月6日，晚上我一人喝了8两白酒，尽兴地醉了一回：咱也有“独门秘方”了！自从用了自配的鞋蜡，生意一天比一天好。有一天，我在理发店理发，看到染发的要用电吹风吹，灵机一动：擦鞋也可用电吹风呀！现在，我擦鞋都加一道吹干程序。刚擦过的鞋，你端一盆水往上浇，一滴不沾！这样的效果，收2元钱不多吧？

你问我下一步的打算？我这店也算有了点小名气，我想让妻子和儿子留在这里干，我找个地方再开新店。现在城里人有钱没时间，穿皮鞋的越来越多，自己擦鞋的越来越少，市场大得很！编后

生意有大小，创新无分别。与多数企业比起来，一家擦鞋店微不足道，更谈不上有什么“国家扶持”。但郭师傅在擦鞋中肯动脑筋，小革新照样出效益。从这个事例中，我们是不是可以悟出一点创新的道理呢？（选自《人民日报》2006年3月19日 第一版）

1、这篇短短的通讯用了许多数字。请举例说说作者为什么要这样写。（4分）本题考查考生分析文本的文体基本特征和主要表现手法的能力。

⑪本文使用许多数字，如“别人擦鞋1元一双，这里却要2元”“毛收入10万元”“7平方米的门面，月租800元”“经过近百次试验”，（仅举一例即可）使事件表述十分具体，事实显得确凿可信，体现了新闻“真实性”的特点。

⑫用数字表现人物非常形象，如“那是2003年11月6日晚上，我一 人喝了8两白酒”，具体的时间、酒量，凸现了郭兆松兴奋的心情，以及研制成功鞋蜡对他的重要意义

2、文章从第五段开始，就改用第一人称由郭兆松自述。用这种手法来写通讯，有什么好处？（6分）本题考查考生对文本的某种特色作深度的思考和判断的能力。

⑪用第一人称自述，人物语言个性化，其口气、用语与人物身份十分吻合，读通讯如闻其声，如见其人，生动形象。

⑫第五段开始用第一人称自述，让郭师傅自我表现、现身说法，这种结构安排使通讯更具有现场感、亲切感，显得其内容真实可信，更具有说服力。⑬用第一人称自述，节省了许多穿插串联的语句，行文更加凝练。

3、《人民日报》发表本文时，加上边框排在第一版，还加上“编后”语；2006年本文又被评为十七届中国新闻奖二等奖。这篇短短的通讯得到如此的重视，你认为它具有哪些新闻价值？（5分）

⑪郭兆松生意虽小，但是他肯动脑筋，配鞋蜡，用电吹风吹干鞋，通过这些不起眼的小革新出效益，这种创新精神具有新闻宣传价值。

⑫尽管郭兆松不具备高学历，原来也没有什么技艺，但是他自强不息，敢于创业，擦鞋“也要擦出点名堂来”，还要“再开新店”，这种自立自强的精神十分可贵，具有榜样的作用。⑬关注民生，扶持弱势群体，是当前构建和谐社会的重要工作，报道郭兆松的小小擦鞋店，鼓励普通劳动民众自力更生，努力改善自己的生活，改变自己的命运，创造自己美好的未来，具有社会教育价值。（本题要求答“具有哪些新闻价值”。只答1点可得2分，答对2点可得5分。如果答“这篇通讯短小精炼，形式新颖，语言鲜明生动”可得1分。其他答案只要言之有理，可酌情给分。）

第三篇：高中历史材料概括主观题练习

1．（25分）阅读材料，回答问题。

材料 户籍制度萌芽于商朝，据殷商墟卜辞中记载商朝已经有了征派民力共耕公田的籍田之制。战国时期，商鞅将户籍制度发展为“什伍连坐”法。两汉时期，口赋和算赋（人头税）是国家财政收入的一项主要来源，兵役与徭役则是国家要求每个丁男承担的重负，为此，两汉政权一直实行编户齐民制度。编户齐民制度的形成与完善，使大量的人丁民户时时处在封建国家政权的直接控制之下……唐安史之乱后，土地兼并风行，政府的财政收入与徭役来源日枯竭，为了解决危机，唐政府改革征税制度，不以户籍及其登记内容而以土地和财产的多寡为征税依据。明洪武年间，政府进行了全国范围的土地清丈和地籍整理运动，编制鱼鳞图册，地籍与户籍彼此独立。万历年间，张居正推行一条鞭法，使身丁税与户籍相分离。从此，地籍便成为统治者征收赋税的主要依据，而户籍的作用则退居其次了。清政府下令彻底废除人丁编审，户籍管理制度正式退出历史舞台。

——节选自《中国户籍制度的历史考》

（1）据材料概括中国古代户籍制度的主要功能。（6分）

（2）据材料和所学知识概括中国古代户籍制度演变的特点并分析其演变原因。（10分）（3）谈谈你对中国古代户籍制度的认识。（9分）

1．（25分）（1）（6分）

功能：征发民力；控制人民；征收赋税；统计人丁。（6分，任答三点即可）（2）（10分）特点：户籍逐渐成为控制人口的重要手段：历史悠久，南复杂到简单；与土地和赋税制度紧密结合；户籍制度逐渐被废除。（4分，任答两点即可）

原因：中央集权制度的不断强化；商品经济的发展；土地兼并；财政危机；统治者的改革；农民的反抗斗争（任答三点，每点2分，共6分）

（3）（9分）

认识：一方面，中国古代户籍制度有利于加强中央集权，稳定社会秩序，为我国封建社会经济发展提供了安定的社会环境。客观上促进了社会经济的发展，是我国古代政治制度中的重要组成部分。（5分）另一方面，户籍制度束缚了人口的自由流动，不利于古代商业经济的发展，对我国古代形成统一的国内市场产生了阻碍作用，从根本上讲，是统治者维护统治的重要工具。（4分）

2、材料一

明朝嘉靖癸卯进士阎绳芳《镇河楼记》中记载：山西祁县东南诸山，明正德(1506-1521)前“树木丛茂，民寡薪采，山之诸泉，汇而盘沱水„„虽六七月大雨时行，为木石户斤蕴，放流故道。终岁未见其徙且竭焉。以故由来远镇迄县北诸村，成浚支渠，溉田数千顷。祁以此丰富。嘉靖(1522-1566)初元，民风渐侈，竞为居室，南山之木采无虚岁，而土人且利，山之濯濯，垦以为田”，以致“天若暴雨，水为所碍，朝落于南山，而夕即达于平壤，延涨冲决，流无定所，屡徙于贾令(镇)南北，坏民田者不知其几千顷，淹庐舍者不知其几百区。沿河诸乡甚苦之。是以有秋者常少，而祁人之丰富减于前之什七矣”。

(1)根据材料一并结合所学知识，说明嘉靖前后祁县地区自然环境发生的重大变化及原因。(10分)

第四篇：高中英语归纳概括主题阅读专项练习

Reading Training Course 1

归纳概括主题(Title and Main Idea)

归纳概括中心主旨的题目是高考必考题目，考查考生通过阅读理解, 总结归纳，找出文章中心意思的能力。

要做好这类题考生必须区分主要信息和次要信息；既看到树木, 更看到森林；要跳出一词一句，而俯瞰全文；要通读全文，通篇理解。

找出主题句(topic sentence)是一个有用的方法。

中心意思(main idea)通常是一个完整的句子，它应能全面准确地概括文章的中心主旨；最佳题目(the best title)可以是一个短语词组，它除能概括文章的中心主旨外，还有吸引读者，引发阅读兴趣的任务。

除常见的提问以外，这种题型的提问方式还有：

The main point of the passage is...The passage deals mainly with...The passage is about...What does the passage mainly discuss? What is the author's main purpose ? Paragraph 1

Wouldn't it be terrible if, we didn't have grass? We would have to walk on bare soil.Can you guess what our playgrounds would look like? On a rainy day we would get all muddy.On a dry day we would breathe clouds of dust.1.The story mainly tells _________.A.why we need rain B.how grass is kept green C.how grass helps us D.without grass we would have to walk on bare soil

Paragraph 2

Rats are still almost as big a danger to people as they were long ago.They still spread disease and eat crops.Much of the hunger we have today is caused by rats.They eat half of the grain harvested in the world.2.From the passage we know _________.A.why rats are an enemy of people B.how rats destroy our food C.why rats cause disease D.why rats were dangerous to people long ago

Paragraph 3

Some supermarkets have a special way of getting people to come to the bakery counters.Sometimes they spray a “cake smell” into the air.At other times they spray the fresh smell of baking bread.These smells are enough to make people' s mouths water.The customers then race madly to the counter to buy cake, bread, rolls , and other baked goods!3.The main idea of the paragraph is __________.A.what cake smells like B.why bakeries make money C.how people are attracted to bakery counters D.what bakery counters in supermarkets sell

Paragraph 4

The Manhattan(New York City)telephone book is one of the largest of its kind in the nation.About 1,500, 000 copies of this book are printed each-year.To make the paper of the books, 43, 000 trees are cut down.There are twenty-six columns of Smiths and twenty-three of Browns.If all the copies of this book were stacked on top of each other, they would make a pile forty miles high.4.The subject of the paragraph is _________.A.what the Manhattan phone book is like B.where the Manhattan book is printed C.how many telephones are there in New York D.who printed the first phone book

Paragraph 5 The word Waterloo has become a synonym for defeat-total defeat and complete disaster.Waterloo, a town in Belgium, was the scene of a battle in 1851 that brought overwhelming defeat to Napoleon Bonaparte ' s French Army.At stake were the whole continent of Europe and Napoleon' s dream of an empire.In a few days over forty thousand French soldiers died.With their deaths a new word for disaster was born — Waterloo.5.The subject of the paragraph is __________.A.where Waterloo is B.who named Waterloo C.why Napoleon and the French Army were defeated at Waterloo D.how the word Waterloo came to mean defeat

Paragraph 1

What are the tallest plants in the world? Many people would say that giant redwood trees of California.Actually, the tallest plants are in the oceans.These are seaweeds that grow almost seven hundred feet tall.Compared to this height, the giant redwoods are pygmies of only four hundred feet.To get some idea of these heights, consider the Statue of Liberty.This huge figure rises only three hundred feet.1.The passage can be entitled __________.A.Redwoods in California B.The Statue of Liberty

C.Seaweed

D.The Tallest Plants

Paragraph 2 We think of a flood or an earthquake as a natural disaster.To many of nature' s animals, however, the greatest disaster is the coming of large numbers of humans.When settlers came from the East to America' s great western plains, they killed millions of bison, poisoned the prairie dogs, and shot the coyotes.All this upset the area's balance of nature.For the animals, it was worse than a flood or earthquake.2.Which of the following is the best title for the passage? A.Nature Balance Itself

B.Floods and Earthquakes C.American Settlers

D.Humans--a Disaster to Nature

Paragraph 3 At this time the state of South Carolina was having hard times.Year after year the soil had been planted to the same crop.It was farmed by uneducated and careless slaves, and the planters knew little about soil conservation.Because the soil was beginning to wear out, crops were smaller.The younger people were not satisfied to raise cotton on the poor soil of the old South.Many of them moved westward and started cotton plantations(种植园)in Alabama and Mississippi.What was more, so much cotton had been shipped to factories in England and New England that they had as much cotton as they could use.This brought the price of cotton down.More and more slaves were needed to work on the new and large plantations, and higher and higher prices were demanded for them.Planters found their expenses rising and their incomes from the sale of cotton reduced.Hard times had come to South Carolina.3.The subject of this passage is __________.A.economic(经济的)difficulties of South Carolina B.that the planters knew nothing about farming C.that the soil in South Carolina was not good D.the causes of hard times in South Carolina 4.Which of the following sentences can summarize(概括)the main idea of the passage? A.Hard times had come to South Carolina.B.Planters found their expenses rising and their incomes from the sale of cotton reduced.C.The soil was farmed by uneducated and careless slaves.D.More and more slaves were needed to work on the new and large plantations.Paragraph 4

When a piece of paper burns, it is completely changed.The ash that is left behind does not look like the original piece of paper.When dull-red rust appears on a piece of tinware(锡制品), it is quite different from the gleaming tin.The tarnish that forms on silverware is a new substance unlike the silver itself.Animal tissue(组织)is unlike the vegetable substance from which it is made.A change in which the original substance is turned into a different substance is called a chemical change.5.The author writes this passage to tell us _________.A.how paper burns

B.that dull-red on tinware is unlike tin itself C.that animal tissue is different from plant's

D.what a chemical change is Paragraph 1

One of the most important weapons used during the Second World War was not a weapon used against people, but rather a drug used against disease.The wartime use of penicillin saved thousands of lives.In the First World War, for example, pneumonia was responsible for eighteen percent of all the deaths in the United States army.In the Second World War, the rate went down to less than one percent.In addition, penicillin was instrumental in keeping wounds from getting infected and in helping to speed the healing process of those wounds that did become infected.1.which of the following would be the best title for the passage? A.A Dangerous Weapon

B.Guns in the Second World War C.A Terrible Pneumonia

D.An Important Drug

Paragraph 2 Mr.Brown, a shopkeeper, was going to count the day' s cash takings.There was more than £300 in notes.He was about to put them in a bag.He heard a sound.A door at the back of the room was opening.A voice shouted “Don't shout.Don't look round.I have a gun.” Mr.Brown stood still.The voice went on, “Drop that bag and the notes.Go and stand in the corner beside the safe.Keep quite still.Remember, I have a gun.” Mr.Brown was frightened.He obeyed all the robber' s orders.The robber picked up the notes and was about to go out by the door at the back of the room.It was a quarter past six.John Taylor arrived outside that very same back door.He raised his hand and was about to knock.At that very moment the robber opened the door.He was frightened to see John there.He lost his head.He became panic-stricken.He tried to push his way past John.But John was suspicious.He blocked the robber' s way.There was a fight.Mr.Brown heard the fight.He forgot his fear, turned round and rushed from his corner.He threw both his arms round the robber.This pinned the robber' s arms to his sides so he could not use his gun.At the same moment John struck the robber hard in the stomach and knocked all the breath out of his body.The robber fell to the ground in a pile.He still held the notes but his gun fell on the floor and John quickly picked it up.All was now over.Soon the police arrived 2.The main idea of this passage is _________.A.a robber robbed a shop

B.Mr.Brown and Mr.Taylor fought against a robber C.None but the brave can win victory

D.John Taylor was a brave man

Paragraph 3 Sometimes people call each other “scared-cat”, but have you ever thought about this expression? When a cat is frightened, its heart starts beating faster, its muscles get tense, and there are changes in the chemicals in its bloodstream.Although the cat doesn't realize this, its body is getting ready for action.If the danger continues, the animal will do one of two things.It will defend itself, or it will run away as fast as it can.Something like this also happens to people.When we are excited, angry, scared, or aroused by other emotions(feelings), our bodies go through many physical changes.Our hearts beat faster, and our muscles get tense.All of these changes make us more alert and ready to react.We, too, get ready to defend ourselves or run.Human beings, however, have a problem that animals never face.If we give way to our feelings and let them take over, we can get into trouble.Have you ever said something in anger—or hit somebody—and regretted it later? Have you ever shouted at a teacher, told somebody you were lonely, or said you were in love, and then wished later you had kept your mouth shut? It isn't always wise to express your feelings freely.Does this mean that it's smarter always to hide our feelings? No!If you keep feelings of anger, sadness, and bitterness hidden away or bottled up inside, your body stays tense.Physical illness can develop, and you can feel churned up inside.It can actually be bad for your health.(It isn't good to keep pleasant feelings inside either;all feelings need to be expressed.)Feeling that you keep all bottled up inside, don't just go away.It's as if bought some bananas and stuck them in a cupboard.You might not be able to see them, but before long you'd smell them, if you opened the cupboard, chances are you'd see little fruit flies hovering all over them.They'd be rotten.You can try to treat emotions as if they were bananas in the cupboard.You can hide them and you can pretend they don't exist, but they'll still be around.And at last you'll have to deal with them, just like those bananas.3.The best title for this article is __________.A.Emotions Affect Our Bodies B.What Happens to A Frightened Cat C.What Happens to An Excited Person D.Feelings That People Have

4.The author wrote this article in order to __________.A.tell us that it isn't good to keep feelings inside B.give us some advice on how to express our feelings C.make us face the problem that we have to deal with feelings D.make us know that it isn't always wise to express our feelings freely

Paragraph 4

It is possible to do many simple tricks with numbers.Here is one trick.It has several separate steps.First, write down your house number.For example, if your address is 73 Lemon Street, you would write down 73.After you write down your house address, next double it.Then add five to this doubled number.For example, if your address was 73 and you doubled it, you would get 146.Then, if you added five, you'd get 151.Then multiply this number by 50.In our example here, you'll get 7550.The next step is to add your age to this total.For example, if you're 26 years old, you should add 26 to this total.In our example here, the result would be 7576.After that you have to add the number of days in a year, which is 365.In our example here, 365 added to 7576 is 7941.The final step is this: Subtract 615 from the number that you have.Take away 615 from the total, In our example, 7941 minus 615 is 7326.The result hereis the trick.The first part of the number is the address and the last part of the number is the age of the person.That is, 73 is the address that we started with, and 26 is the age that we used.5.The best title of the passage is __________.A.The number tricks

B.A trick with numbers C.An interesting problem

D.How to work out a difficult trick Passage 1

An Australian wildlife park attendant survived a crocodile attack after her father jumped on the huge crocodile's back and dugout its eyes as the horrified tourists looked on.Karla Bredl, 21, was in a fairly good condition in good care in hospital with a broken bone, a broken leg and some injuries after the attack.The 4.5-metre crocodile caught Karla Bredl around the leg and then the waist when she fell during a crocodile feeding show for tourists.Karla's father seized a long-handled tool and beat the crocodile about the head to force it to let go of her, but the tool was doing nothing.So he jumped on its back and stuck his fingers in its eyes and the crocodile let go of her.1.The best title of the passage is _________.A.The Hateful Crocodile B.Father Saved Daughter's Life C.A Terrible Accident D.The Dangerous Place

Passage 2 Trees should only be pruned(剪除)when there is a good and clear reason for doing so and, fortunately, the number of such reasons is small.Pruning involves the cutting away of overgrown and unwanted branches, and the inexperienced gardener can be encouraged by the thought that more damage result from doing it unnecessarily than from leaving the tree to grow in its own way.First, pruning may be done to make sure that trees have a desired shape or size.The object may be to get a tree of the right height, and at the same time to help the growth of small side branches which will thicken its appearance or give it a special shape.Secondly, pruning may be done to make the tree healthier.You may cut out diseased or dead wood, or branches that are rubbing against each other and thus causing wounds.The health of a tree may be encouraged by removing branches that are blocking up the centre and so preventing the free movement of air.One result of pruning is that an open wound is left on the tree and this provides an easy entry for disease, but it is a wound that will heal(治愈).Often there is a race between the healing and the disease as to whether the tree will live or die, so that there is a period when the tree is at risk.It should be the aim of every gardener to reduce that risk of death as far as possible.It is essential(基本的)to make the area which has been pruned smooth and clean, for healing will be slowed down by roughness.You should allow the cut surface to dry for a few hours and then paint it with one of the substances available from garden shops produced especially for this purpose.Pruning is usually done in winter, for then you can see the shape of the tree clearly without interference from the leaves and it is, too, very unlikely that the cuts you make will bleed.If this does happen, it is, of course, impossible to paint them properly.2.What was the writer's purpose when writing this passage? A.To give practical instructions for pruning a tree B.To give a general description of pruning C.To explain how trees develop diseases D.To discuss different methods of pruning

Passage 3 Like fine food, good writing is something we approach with pleasure and enjoy from the first taste to the last.And good writers, like good cooks, do not suddenly appear full-blown.Quite the contrary, just as the cook has to undergo an intensive training, mastering the skills of his trade, the writer must sit at his desk and devote long hours to achieving a style in his writing, whatever its purpose— schoolwork, matters of business, or purely social communication.You may be sure that the more painstaking the effort, the more effective the writing, and the more rewarding.There are still some remote places in the world where you might find a public scribe to do your business or social writing for you, for a fee.There are a few managers who are lucky enough to have the service of that rare kind of secretary who can take care of all sorts of letter writing with no more than a quick note form.But for most of us, if there is any writing to be done, we have to do it ourselves.We have to write school papers, business papers or home papers.We are constantly called on to put words to paper.It would be difficult to count the number of such words, messages, letters and reports put into the mails or delivered by hand, but the daily figure must be enormous.What is more, everyone who writes expects, or at least hopes, that this writing will be read.We want to arouse(引起)and hold the interest of the readers.We want whatever we write to be read, from first word to last, not just thrown into some “ letters-to-be-read” file(档案)or into a wastepaper basket.This is the reason we bend our efforts toward learning and practising the skills of interesting, effective writing.3.According to the author, if your letter is thrown into some “letters-to-be-read” file, __________.A.it will receive immediate attention B.it will be dealt with by the secretary C.it is likely to be neglected(忽略)D.it is meant to be delivered 4.The purpose of the author in writing this passage is __________.A.to explain and persuade B.to comment and criticize C.to interest and entertain(娱乐)D.to argue and demonstrate(论证)

Passage 4

Million of people pass through the gates of Disney's entertainment parks in California, Florida and Japan each year.What makes these places an almost universal attraction? What makes foreign kings and queens and other important people want to visit these Disney Parks? Well, one reason is the way they're treated once they get there.The people at Disney go out of their way to serve their “guests, as they prefer to call them, and to see that they enjoy themselves.” All new employees, from vice presidents to part-time workers, begin their employment by attending Disney University and taking “Traditions I.' Here, they learn about the company's history, how it is managed and why it is successful.They are shown how each department relates to the whole.All employees are shown how their part is important in making the park a success.After passing ”Traditions I,“ the employees go on to more specialized training for their specific(具体的)jobs.No detail is missed.A simple job like taking tickets requires four eight-hour days of training.When one ticket taker was asked why it took so much training for such a simple, ordinary job, he replied, ”What happens if someone wants to know where the restrooms are, when the parade starts or what bus to take back to the campgrounds?......We need to know the answers or where to get them quickly.Our constant aim is to help our guests enjoy the party.“ Even Disney's managers get involved in the daily management of the park.Every year, the managers leave their desks and business suits and put on special service clothes.For a full week, the bosses sell hot dogs or ice cream, take tickets or drive the monorail(单轨车)and take up any of the 100 jobs that make the entertainment park come alive.The managers agree that this week helps them to see the company's goals more clearly.All these efforts to serve the public well have made Walt Disney Productions famous.Disney is considered by many as the best mass service provider in America or the world.As one long-time business observer once said, ”How Disney treats people, communicates with them, rewards them, is in my view the very reason for his fifty years of success......I have watched, very carefully and with great respect and admiration, the theory and practice of selling satisfaction and serving millions of people on a daily basis, successfully.It is what Disney does best.“ 5.This passage is mainly about __________.A.how Disney employees are trained B.the history and traditions of the Disney enterprises C.why Disney enterprises make a lot of money D.the importance Disney places on serving people well

NMET 98 A Today, roller skating is easy and fun.But a long time ago, it wasn't easy at all.Before 1750, the idea of skating didn't exist.That changed because of a man named Joseph Merlin.Merlin's work was making musical instruments.In his spare time he liked to play the violin.Joseph Merlin was a man of ideas and dreams.People called him a dreamer.One day Merlin received an invitation to attend a fancy dress ball(化装舞会).He was very pleased and a little excited.As the day of the party came near, Merlin began to think how to make a grand entrance at the party.He had an idea.He thought he would get a lot of attention if he could skate into the room.Merlin tried different ways to make himself roll.Finally, he decided to put two wheels under each shoe.These were the first roller skates.Merlin was very proud of his invention and dreamed of arriving at the party on wheels while playing the violin.On the night of the party Merlin rolled into the room playing his violin.Everyone was astonished to see him.There was just one problem.Merlin had no way to stop his roller skates.He rolled on and on.Suddenly, he ran into a huge mirror that was hanging on the wall.Down fell the mirror, breaking to pieces.Nobody forgot Merlin's grand entrance for a long time!1.The text is mainly about __________.A.a strange man B.an unusual party C.how roller skating began D.how people enjoyed themselves in the 18th century

2..People thought Merlin was a dreamer because he __________.A.often gave others surprises B.was a gifted musician C.invented the roller skates D.was full of imagination

3.Merlin put wheels under his shoes in order to ___________.A.impress the party guests B.arrive at the party sooner C.test his invention D.show his skill in walking on wheels

4.What is the main point the writer is trying to make in the last paragraph? A.The roller skates needed further improvement.B.The party guests took Merlin for a fool.C.Merlin succeeded beyond expectation.D.Merlin got himself into trouble.NMET 98 B

'As I stood in front of the grave(墓)of President Richard Nixon, I was thinking about the time 25 years ago when this president helped bring the United States and China closer together.Young people of our two countries should help this relationship grow.'

This remark was made by a Shanghai student when speaking to his fellow students at the Nixon Library in California, U.S.A.He was one of 80 middle school students from China attending a month-long 'Youth Summit? The Summit was to mark the 25th anniversary(周年)of President Nixon's journey to China, which was the turning point in China-U.S.relations.The Youth Summit was aimed at increasing understanding and friendship between young students of the two countries through visits and discussions.Seventy-five American students were selected to visit China.They also visited the Nixon Library on July 21 before leaving for Beijing the next day.The head of the Library said he was pleased to see the American and Chinese students talking and laughing together.One Chinese student said, 'I didn't find it particularly difficult to talk with Americans.We have our differences, but we have a lot in common.Dialogue is good for us.'

1.The words 'Youth Summit' refer to __________.A.visits to the Nixon Library B.the Chinese students' visit to the U.S.C.a meeting discussing relations between China and the U.S.D.activities to strengthen the ties between the Chinese and American students

2.The student from Shanghai thought about the time 25 years ago because it was when Nixon __________.A.died B.visited China C.became U.S.president D.started building the library in his name 3.The text is mainly about __________.A.the China-U.S.relations B.the Nixon Library C.President Nixon D.the Youth Summit

NMET 2001 C

Many cities around the world today are heavily polluted.Careless methods of production and lack of consumer demand for environment(环境)friendly products have contributed to the pollution problem.One result is that millions of tons of glass, paper, plastic, and metal containers are produced, and these are difficult to get rid of.However, today, more and more consumers are choosing ”green“ and demanding that the products they buy should be safe for the environment.Before they buy a product, they ask questions like these: ”Will this shampoo damage the environment?“ ”Can this metal container be reused or can it only be used once?“ A recent study showed that two out of five adults now consider the environmental safety of a product before they buy it.This means that companies must now change the way they make and sell their products to make sure that they are ”green,“ that is, friendly to the environment.Only a few years ago, it was impossible to find green products in supermarkets, but now there are hundreds.Some supermarket products carry labels(标签)to show that the product is green.Some companies have made the manufacturing(生产)of clean and safe products their main selling point and emphasize it in their advertising.The concern for a safer and cleaner environment is making companies rethink how they do business.No longer will the public accept the old attitude of ”Buy it, use it, throw it away, and forget it.“ The public pressure is on, and gradually business is cleaning up its act.1.It becomes clear from the text that the driving force(动力)behind green products is __________.A.public caring for the environment B.companies' desire for bigger sales C.new ways of doing business D.rapid growth of supermarkets

2.What would be the best title for the text? A.Business and People B.Business Goes Green C.Shopping Habits Are Changing D.Supermarkets and Green Products

3.The underlined word ”it“ in the fourth paragraph refers to __________.A.a selling point B.the company name C.a great demand for health foods D.the manufacturing of green products

Correct answers: 1—3 ABD 本篇短文的中心主旨表达得很充分很明显，尤其是最后一段：民众环保意识的提高，消费习惯的改变，促使厂商开发生产环保产品，促使厂商规范生产经营行为使之符合环保要求。第二题（最佳题目）的A, D离题较远，应首先排除。选项C, 涉及部分原因的内容（消费习惯的改变），但没包括有关结果的内容，应视为概括不全面。

选项B, 表达了这样的一个趋势：厂商的生产经营行为越来越符合环保要求。这个结果和趋势（以及产生原因），正是作者要阐述的主要内容。选项B较好地概括了全文。

Passage 8

I've worked all my life.I've done men's jobs.I've done everything.I've used screw drivers, electric drills, and punch presses.I really know what it means to do man's work.What gets me is, you work all your life like a dog.You pay your taxes into these government programs.But still, when you need help, the people that are paid to help you, they act like it's coming out of their own pockets.My husband George had a stroke not long ago.I've always worked all my life and I never had to do this before, but when George had the stroke I knew I needed some help.I had to quit my job to take care of him.So I went down to the welfare and told them I needed help.We were living with my son at the time.The welfare people said that since we were staying there.he had to take care of us.If we wanted help, we'd have to move out.The trouble was we didn't have anything at all.and George was in the hospital.When I knew I needed some help, I went up here to this place called Hub Center where they've supposed to help people.Well.I told this young kid that was working there that we were starving and didn't have the money to pay our rent or buy our medicine.Well.he started writing something down on a slip of paper, and he wrote for the longest time.Then he gave it to me and said.”Take this paper to 163l Vine Street and they'll give you a sandwich.I said, “Thanks for nothing.kid.” I never was so embarrassed in all my life.I thought, well, I know I have to be going crazy.I just have to be, this just can't be happening.1.The best title for the passage would be __________.A.I Really Know Man's Work.B.Applying(申请)for Welfare.C.Where Are They When You Need Them? D.Where Do Our Taxes Go?

Correct answers:

C 本篇是描述了一位妻子在丈夫病后辞去工作，申请福利救济的过程(Applying for welfare)。但若以此项(Applying for Welfare)为最佳题目，则不能概括申请手续烦琐，主人公到处碰壁的内容；且容易让读者以为将读一篇申请福利救济的指南性文章。

选项C虽说文字较多，又是一个问句，但它确实表达了主人公在这种情况下发自内心的无奈的求助的呼喊，能吸引读者，是本题的答案。

Passage 9

Money spent on advertising is money spent as swell as any I know of.It serves directly to bring about a rapid sale of goods at reasonable prices, so setting up a firm home market and making it possible to provide for export at good prices.By drawing attention to new ideas it helps greatly to raise standards of living.By helping to increase demand it causes an increased need for labor, and is therefore a nice way to fight unemployment.It lowers the costs of many services: without advertisement your daily newspaper would cost four times as much, your price of television program would need to be doubled, and travel by bus or subway would cost more.And perhaps the most important of all, advertising provides a promise of reasonable value in the products and services you buy.Besides the fact that twenty-seven Acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare produce anything that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements.He might fool some people for a little while through misleading advertising.He will not do so for long, for the public has the good sense not to but the poor goods more than once.If you see the product frequently advertised, it is the proof I know that the product does what it promised for it, and that it has good value.Advertising does more for the good of the public than other force I can think of.There is one more point I feel I ought to touch on.Recently I heard a well-known television person declare that he was against advertising because it persuades rather than informs.He was telling us the real difference.Of course advertising tries to persuade.If its message were nothing but information, that would be difficult to get more people to buy, for even the choice of the color of a shirt is a bit persuasive--advertising would be so boring that no one would pay any attention.But perhaps that is what the well-known television person wants.1.By the first sentence of the passage the writer means that __________.A.he is fairly familiar with the cost of advertising B.everybody knows well that advertising is a waste of money C.advertising costs more money than anything else D.money spent on advertising is worth spending

2.In the passage, which of the following is NOT included in the advantages of advertising? A.Getting greater fame.B.Providing more jobs.C.Raising living standards.D.reducing newspaper costs.3.The writer thinks that the well-known TV person is __________.A.quite right in passing his judgement on advertising B.interested in nothing but the buyer's attention C.correct in telling the difference between persuasion and informing D.obviously unfair in his views on advertising.4.In the writer's opinion, __________.A.advertising can seldom bring material interest to man by providing information B.advertising informs people of new ideas rather than wins them over C.there is nothing wrong with advertising in persuading the buyer D.the buyer is not interested in getting information from an advertisement

Correct answers: DADC 本篇阅读训练共四道题，其中有三道题涉及到作者的基本观点和立场，若能在阅读中正确理解和把握作者的基本观点和立场，题目便能做对，若不能，则四道题全错。在一次练习中，一个班有十四人没有作对一道题。

本篇文章篇幅较长，有些生词和不熟悉的表达法，第一遍阅读时，考生容易陷在词句中，茫然不知作者所云。此时若动笔答题，非出错不可。此时应当跳出词句，以段落为单位回顾一下全文，你会发现：

第一段：作者介绍广告的优点用途。第二段：广告业有正规管理，虚假广告不会长久。第三段：反驳一个著名电视人的不利于广告的言论。

作者的态度与立场已清晰可辩：支持广告业。一旦有了这一认识，四道题迎刃而解。提示：

考生既要看到树木, 更要看到森林；要跳出一词一句，而俯瞰全文；要通读全文，通篇理解。此篇虽未考察中心意思，或最佳题目，但同样考察对全文主旨大意的理解和把握。

Passage 10 The old conditions of travel and the new conditions of most travel of today are exactly opposite.For in old travel, as on horseback or on foot, you saw the country while you travelled.Many of your stopping places were for rest, or because night had fallen, and you could see nothing at night.Under the old system, therefore, a wise traveller might keep moving from day to day, slowly, indeed, but seeing something all the time, and learning what the country was through which he passed by talk with the people.But in the new system, he is shut up with his party and a good many other parties in a tight bus with glass windows, and whirled on through dust if it is dusty, or if it is rainy, under arrangements which make it impossible to talk with the people of the country, and almost impossible to see what that country is.1.The old conditions of travel are __________ the new ones.A.the same as B.exactly the same as C.very different from D.exactly different from

2.Which of the following is NOT true according to the passage? A.In the past people travelled on horseback.B.In the past people made trips from day to day slowly.C.In the past some wise travellers could make their trips even at night.D.In the past people usually travelled slowly so that they could enjoy what they saw.3.In the past travellers __________.A.could learn more than those of today during their trips B.might continue their trips from night to night C.could talk with the people and learn something about the country D.could stop and take a rest when it became dark 4.In this passage the author suggests that __________.A.now people go on trips in train, buses or planes B.people on trips are not allowed to talk C.people on trips are often caught in the rain D.people on trips are often very dirty

5.The best title for this passage is __________.A.The Disadvantages of Travelling Today B.Comparison(比较)of Travelling in the Past With That of Today C.Contrast(对照)Between Travellings in the Past and Today D.The Advantages of Travelling in the Past

Correct answers: DCCAD 作者在对比两种条件（现在和过去）下的旅行时，分别是这样描述的：

过去：seeing something all the time, and learning what the country was through which he passed by talk with the people 现在：he is shut up...in a tight bus with glass windows, and whirled on through dust if it is dusty, or if it is rainy, under arrangements which make it impossible to talk with the people of the country, and almost impossible to see what that country is.作者的基本态度倾向已经跃然纸上，褒贬分明。而不是中立地对照，比较。

Passage 11

Though your parents probably meant to have your name last a lifetime, remember that when they picked it they'd hardly met you, and the hopes and dreams they cared for when they chose it may not match yours.If your name no longer seems to fit you, don't lose heart.Film stars change their names, and with some determination, you can, too.If you wish to pick up a new name, you don't need to make the change official.Under common law, all that is necessary is to start using the name of your choice.Remember, though, that you must use it everywhere---even with your mother---for it to become your legal name.Getting friends and fellow workers to call you Leach instead of Lola may be harder than any paperwork involved, but you'll probably meet official resistance, too.Be sure that no law prevents you from using the name you have chosen, unless you use it for the purpose of cheating.If the gas company tells you that you cannot get your bill under a new name, they are wrong.You don't have to show them any sort of court document.You have a right to be called by whatever name you choose.By this time, you've probably realized that changing your name is more difficult than replacing your furniture of changing your hair color, though the effect can be unusually encouraging.Don't care too much if you have to keep reminding others of your change of a new name---keep on, and your friends and lover will accept your new name.Good luck!

1.You may wish to change your mane because __________.A.you are required to do so.B.you don't mean to have your name last a lifetime.C.you like to follow what film stars often do.D.you may not like your parents' choice.2.If you wish to start using the name of your own choice, you __________.A.must get your friends to call your new name B.don't have to get permission from anybody.C.must use it with your mother first.D.need to be approved by the court.3.No law keeps you from using whatever name you have chosen, if only ___________.A.you pick up a new name not for purpose of wrong-doing.B.you can get your fellow workers to call you the new name.C.the gas company agrees to get your bill under your new name.D.some sort of court document is given to you.4.You may realize that changing your name __________.A.usually has good effect.B.is actually asking for trouble.C.is not as easy as rearranging your room.D.means you have to go through some troubles.5.The purpose of the writer in writing this passage is to __________.A.show you the need of changing your name.B.encourage you if you want to change your name.C.tell you how easy it is to change one's name.D.list all the difficulties in changing one's name.Correct answers: DBADB 要准确把握全文的主旨大意，才能作对题2和题5。

本文的中心涉及作者对更改姓名一事的看法和态度。通读短文后，你应当有个基本印象。若你再注意到以下文字，你就更有把握了：

If your name no longer seems to fit you, don't lose heart.Film stars change their names, and with some determination, you can, too.Don't care too much if you have to keep reminding others of your change of a new name---keep on, and your friends and lover will accept your new name.Good luck!

作者写本文的目的是鼓励那些想改名的人（encourage you if you want to change your name），告诉这些人目前没有法律限制（you don't need to make the change official.Under common law, all that is necessary is to start using the name of your choice./ You don't have to show them any sort of court document.You have a right to be called by whatever name you choose.）提醒这些人克服可能遇到的困难（By this time, you've probably realized that changing your name is more difficult than replacing your furniture of changing your hair color, though the effect can be unusually encouraging.）

因此题2的答案是B, 题5的答案是B，题4的答案是D。

题4的选项C（that changing your name is not as easy as rearranging your room）的说法与原文有出入：原文是 rearranging your furniture；且“没有那末容易（is not as easy as...）”的另外说法是“跟它一样难，或比它还难，而原文的说法是“比...还难”。

本文选自2002年东城区高三英语期末试卷（2002.1)

Passage 12

The old idea that child prodigies(神童)“burn themselves” or “overtax their brains” in the early years, therefore, are prey to failure and(at worst)mental illness is just a myth.As a matter of fact, the outstanding thing that happens to bright children is that they are very likely to grow into bright adults.To find this out, 1,500 gifted persons were followed up to their thirty-fifty year with these results: On adult intelligence tests, they scored as high as they did as children.They were, as a group, in good health, physically and mentally.Eighty-four percent of their group were married and seemed content with their life.About 70percent had graduated from colleges, though only 30 percent had graduated with honors.A few had even flunked out(退学), but nearly half of these had returned to graduate.Of the men, 80 percent were in one of the professions or in business, managers or semi-professional jobs.The women who had remained single had offices, business, or professional occupations.The group had published 90 books and 1,500 articles in scientific, scholarly, and literary magazines and had collected more than 100 patents(专利).In a material way they didn't do badly either.Average income was considerably higher among the gifted people, especially the men, than for the country as a whole, despite their comparative youth when last surveyed.In fact, far from being strange, maladjusted(难以适应)people locked in an ivory tower, most of the gifted were turning their early promises into practical reality.窗体顶端

1.The main idea of the passage is __________.A.how many gifted children turned successful when they grew up.B.that bright children were unlikely to be physically and mentally healthy.C.that gifted children were most likely to become bright grown-ups.D.that when the bright children grew up, they would become ordinary.2.From the passage, we can conclude that __________.A.most of the gifted children became white collars.B.half of the gifted followed up graduated from colleges.C.each of the talented published at least one article.D.bright men got higher income than bright women.3.Which of the following is mentioned in the passage? A.The gifted could not be fit for their social positions.B.Most of the bright and successful women kept single.C.The gifted men got full marks in intelligence tests.D.Most of the gifted appeared satisfied with their life.4.The explanation of the underlined “turning their early promises into practical reality” is __________.A.earning their living and keeping promises.B.doing practical jobs and facing reality.C.doing what they have promised.D.realizing what they were expected.Correct answers: CADD 本篇题1是考查对文章的中心主旨的理解，而由于生词和不熟悉的表达法，匆匆一读是很难把握中心意思的。

其实作者在文章的开头已表明了自己的观点和看法。他说：神童过早消耗精力（burn themselves），大脑负担过重（overtax their brains），深受失败和精神疾病之苦（therefore, are prey to failure and mental illness），是以往的一种看法。作者认为这种看法是虚构和荒诞的（The old idea is just a myth）。作者进一步说：这些神童很有可能成长为智慧过人，前途光明的成年人。

进而，作者以一项跟踪调查的结果为依据，说明这1500个神童成人后的健康情况和对生活的满意度，他们后来受教育的程度，他们从事的工作性质，他们的学术成就，他们的物质生活和收入水平都等同于或高于常人。

最后的结论是：这些神童成人后根本不是那种关在象牙塔里的不合群的怪人（far from being strange, maladjusted people locked in an ivory tower），他们的大多数人正在实现自己早年的梦想。这样一来,本文的中心主旨就清楚了，题1的答案是C(that gifted children were most likely to become bright grown-ups)。

本篇选自2002年海淀区高三英语期末试卷（2002/01）

Passage 13

For years and years people have been saying that the railways are dead.“We can do without railways.” People say...as if motorcars and planes have made the railways unnecessary.We all keep hearing that trains are slow, that they lose money, that they're dying.But this is far from the truth: In these days of expensive oil, the railways have become highly competitive(有竞争力的)with motorcars and planes.If you want to carry people or goods from place to place, they are cheaper than planes.And they have much in common with planes.A plane goes in a straight line and so does a railway.What is more, it takes you form the heart of a city into the heart of another.It doesn't leave you up as a plane does, miles and miles from the city centre.It doesn't hold you up as a car does, in endless traffic jams, and a single train can carry goods which a plane or motorcar could never do.Far from being dead, the railways are very much alive.Modern railway lines give you a smooth, untroubled journey.Where else can you eat well, sleep in comfort, feel safe and enjoy the scene while you are travelling at speed at the same time? And we are only at the beginning.For we have just entered the age of super-fast trains(超级高速列车), trains travelling at 150 miles an hour and more.Soon we will be wondering why we spent so much on motorcars we can't use because we have not enough money to buy the oil and planes we can't fly for the same reason.1.Some people think the railways are unnecessary for many reasons except that __________.A.planes and motorcars have taken the place of trains.B.oil is expensive today.C.trains are slow.D.railways lose money.2.The writer's idea seems to be that __________.A.we can do without railways.B.trains have much in common with motorcars and planes.C.motorcars and planes are not as good as trains.D.trains are as good as motorcars and planes.3.According to the writer, which of the following is NOT true? A.It is cheaper to travel by train than by plane.B.The railway's station is usually at the centre of a city.C.When you get off the plane you will find yourself right in the city centre.D.No motorcar of plane can carry as many goods as a train does.4.The writer thinks that the railways, far from being dead, are very much alive because __________.A.we can have a smooth and untroubled journey.B.we'll not have enough money to fly in planes.C.we can now travel in super fast train.D.all of the above.5.The best title for this passage may be “__________”.A.Not the End But the Beginning B.Which is the Best: Train, Motorcar or Plane C.Trains are More Competitive than Motorcars or Planes D.Oh, Super-fast Trains

Correct answers: BDCDA

本文作者的观点鲜明，态度明确，即火车和铁路运输非但没有走到穷途末路，反而有着光明的前途。同学们一般都能很快地读懂这一点。

但本文对判断把握文章的中心主旨这一能力提出了更高的要求：准确，不夸大，不缩小。

比如，题2，在阅读练习中许多同学认为正确答案是 C，即 The writer's idea seems to be that motorcars and planes are not as good as trains.粗略一看，这与本文的中心主旨是一致的，即为火车和铁路辩护。再比如题5，许多同学认为正确答案是 C，认为本文的最佳题目是 Trains are More Competitive than Motorcars or Planes，这个题目是在为火车和铁路说话。但是作者在论述这个问题时是非常客观和实事求是的，而没有夸大其词。在第一段，作者提及火车铁路优于飞机汽车的几个方面，但仍用了这样的句子来概括：And they(railways)have much in common with planes.显然作者把两方面看成平起平坐，各有千秋，并没有抬高火车铁路，打压飞机汽车。而我们知道火车铁路飞机汽车各有所长，互相补充，构成完整的交通运输系统。

作者在展望将来时才用了委婉的说法提及了火车铁路超越飞机汽车的可能性：Soon we will be wondering why we spent so much on motorcars we can't use because we have not enough money to buy the oil and planes we can't fly for the same reason.因此，题2的正确答案应当是 D, trains are as good as motorcars and planes.即：目前是平起平坐，各有千秋。这个表述符合实际情况，与作者的论述分寸一致。而 C 则夸大了火车和铁路的优势。

题5的正确答案应当是 A，Not the End But the Beginning。这个题目不仅很好地概括了“火车和铁路运输非但没有走到穷途末路，反而有着光明的前途”这一主题，与文章内的句子呼应：Far from being dead, the railways..., And we are only at the beginning；而且简洁明快，有文学味道，能起到引起读者注意，激发阅读兴趣的作用。而C选项除过于直白外，主要是它不能准确表达作者原意，夸大了火车和铁路的优势，所以不能作为本文的题目。

总之，细心阅读，认真体会，才能准确把握文章的中心主旨。

Passage 14

When I asked my daughter which item she would keep: the phone, the car, the cooker, the computer, the TV, or her boyfriend, she said, “the phone”.Personally, I could do without the phone entirely, which makes me unusual.Because the telephone is changing our lives more than any other piece of technology.Point 1.The telephone creates the need to communicate, in the same way more roads create more traffic.My daughter comes home from school at 4:00 pm and then spends an hour on the phone talking to the every people she have been at school with all day.If the phone did not exist, would she have anything to talk about? Point 2.The mobile phone means that we are never alone.“The mobile saved my life,” says Crystal Johnstone.She had an accident in her Volvo on the A45 between Otley and Skipton.Trapped inside, she managed to make the call that brought the ambulance to her rescue.Point 3.The mobile removes our secret.It allows marketing manager of Haba Deutsch, Carl Nicolaisen, to ring his sales staff all round the world at any time of day to ask where they are, where they are going, and how their last meeting went.Point 4.The telephone separates us.Antonella Bramanate in Rome says, “We worked in separate offices but I could see him through the window.It was easy to get his number.We were so near---but we didn't meet for the first two weeks!” Point 5.The telephone allows us to reach out beyond our own lives.Today we can talk to several complete strangers simultaneously()on chat lines(at least my daughter does.I wouldn't know what to talk about).We can talk across the world.We can even talk to astronauts(if you know any)while they're space-walking.And, with the phone line hooked up to the computer, we can access the Internet, the biggest library on Earth.1.Point 1 mainly tells us that __________.A.the writer's daughter enjoys talking on the phone.B.More roads create more traffic.C.phones create the need to communication D it's easy to communicate through phones.2.People's attitude towards mobile phone is that it _________.A.helps people deal with the emergency.B.brings convenience as well as little secret to people.C.is so important and should be encouraged.D.is part of people's life.3.Which do you think support the idea that phones improve people's life? A.Point 1 and 2.B.Point 3 and 4.C.Point 1 and 3.D.Point 2 and 5.4.It is possible to talk to several complete strangers at the same time through __________.A.the TV screen.B.a fax machine.C.the Internet.D.the phone.5.Which is the most suitable title for the passage? A.Phone Power B.Kinds of Phones C.How to Use Phone D.Advantages of Phones

Correct answers: CBDCA

作好本文阅读理解测试题的关键是准确把握短文的中心主旨，重点是准确，不偏不倚。

第一段作者提及自己的女儿可以舍弃其它，但必须保留电话。作者写到：Because the telephone is changing our lives more than any other piece of technology.作者随后分五点(five points)探讨了电话给人们生活带来的变化。

细读这五点，可以发现：第一点，电话创造了交流的需要，是个中性的变化，说不上是好是坏。第二和第五点是电话带给人们的便利和用途，显然是电话的优点长处,即advantages。但第三和第四点：The mobile removes our secret./ The telephone separates us.显然是讨论电话的缺点和弊端，即disadvantages。综上所述，作者并没有因女儿选择保留电话机就一面倒地夸奖电话，而是客观分析电话给人们生活带来的变化和电话在人们生活中所起的作用，既有正面的，也有反面的。有了上述理解，阅读理解测试题就迎刃而解了。尤其是题2和题5，必须选能包括正反两方面的表述，才符合作者的原意

Passage 15

A green house is a building made of glass which is used for keeping plants warm when the outside temperature is low.In a similar way there are several gases in the atmosphere which trap the heat produced by the sun and prevent it from escaping.These gases are known as “greenhouse gases”, and the way in which they trap heat in the atmosphere is called the “greenhouse effect”.this is not simply air pollution.Most of the main greenhouse gases exist naturally in small amounts in our atmosphere, and with out them the earth would be 30 degrees colder and human life would not exist.In other words, the greenhouse effect is a natural course, which is to some degree helpful to us.The problem is that in the last century and a half, we have been putting too many of these gases into the earth's atmosphere by burning large quantities of coal and oil and by cutting down forests.The rapid increase in greenhouse gases is making the world warmer.The world's temperature has already gone up by half a degree this century, and the sea level has risen by 10 centimeters.If the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles, there will probably be a rise in the earth's temperature of between 1 and 4.This may seem a small increase, but it would be enough to cause major changes in geography and agriculture.Large areas of the world would be flooded, and some areas would become dry and unable to produce crops.It is important, too, to consider that there may be a delay of about 30 years in the greenhouse effect.This means that we are probably experiencing only now the effect of the gases put into the atmosphere before the 1960s.Since then, our use of these gases has greatly increased.1.“Greenhouse effect” means __________.A.the way in which gases are used for keeping plants warm.B.a natural course which is to some degree helpful to us.C.the way 'greenhouse gases' trap heat on the earth.D.the whole course in which greenhouse gases prevent heat.2.If there were no greenhouse effect, __________.A.no plants would grow on our planet.B.the earth would be 30 degrees colder.C.man could not live on the earth.D.all of the above answers are correct.3.Which of the following is not true? A.Burning too much coal and oil produces lots of greenhouse gases.B.It has become warmer on the earth now than in the past.C.Gases put into the atmosphere now will effect the earth years later.D.The temperature in a greenhouse is as high as that in the atmosphere.4.Suppose the earth's temperature rose by 3 degrees __________.A.great harm would be done to mankind.B.the sea level would go up by 10 centimeters.C.all the land in world would be flooded.D.crops would be unable to grow on earth.5.The passage mainly deals with __________.A.the concept(概念)and harm of greenhouse effect.B.the relation between greenhouse gases and man.C.the concept and change of greenhouse effect.D.the effect of the rise of the earth's temperature.Correct answers: BDDAC 作好本文的理解测试题的关键是：摈弃先入为主的概念，认真阅读原文。

本文讨论的“温室效应”问题是目前环保热点问题，妇孺皆知，“温室效应”已是大气污染的代名词，“温室效应”等于空气污染，这是普罗大众已经接受的概念和已经认可的说法。

但本作者从科学的角度准确地解释了“温室效应”这一概念，为其“正了身”，“平了反”。在第一段里，作者解释了“温室气体”和“温室效应”之后，明确说到：

This is not simply air pollution.Most of the main greenhouse gases exist naturally in small amounts in our atmosphere, and with out them the earth would be 30 degrees colder and human life would not exist.In other words, the greenhouse effect is a natural course, which is to some degree helpful to us.可见“温室效应”是大气层生来具有的一种作用。正由于这种作用，地球上才能万物生长。至于大气污染，全球变暖，则是由于人类活动改变了“温室效应”的过程和作用所至。正如作者所说：

The problem is that in the last century and a half, we have been putting too many of these gases into the earth's atmosphere by burning large quantities of coal and oil and by cutting down forests.The rapid increase in greenhouse gases is making the world warmer.准确理解温室效应的概念后，我们就不难作对有关中心主旨的三道题了：

题1的答案是B, “Greenhouse effect” means B.a natural course which is to some degree helpful to us.题2的答案是D。

题5的答案是C, The passage mainly deals with C.the concept and change of greenhouse effect.在我们阅读时，有时需要运用我们已有的背景知识来帮助理解。但同时我们也要警惕先入为主的观念干扰影响我们对文章的准确理解。总之，“虚心拜读”，“决不想当然”，才能有有效的阅读。

Passage 17 Unless we spend money to spot and prevent asteroids(小行星)now, one might crash into Earth and destroy life as we know it, say some scientists.Asteroids are bigger versions of the meteoroids(流星)that race across the night sky.Most orbit the sun far from Earth and don't threaten us.But there are also thousands of asteroids whose orbits put them on a collision course with Earth.Buy $50 million worth of new telescopes right now.Then spend $10 million a year for the next 25 years to locate most of the space rocks.By the time we spot a fatal one, the scientists say, we'll have a way to change its course.Is it worth it? Two things experts consider when judging any risk are: 1)How likely the event is;and 2)How bad the consequences if the event occurs.Experts think an asteroid big enough to destroy lots life might strike Earth once every 500,000 years.Sounds pretty rare---but if one did fall, it would be the end of the world.“If we don't take care of these big asteroids, they'll take care of us,” says one scientist.“It's that simple.” The cure, though, might be worse than the disease.Do we really want fleets of nuclear weapons sitting around on Earth? “The world has less to fear from doomsday(毁灭性的)rocks than from a great nuclear fleet(舰队)set against them,” said a New York Times article.1.What does the passage say about asteroids and meteoroids? A.They are heavenly bodies different in composition.B.They are heavenly bodies similar in nature.C.There are more asteroids than meteoroids.D.Asteroids are more mysterious than meteoroids.2.What do scientists say about the collision of an asteroid with Earth? A.It is very unlikely but the danger exists.B.Such a collision might occur once every 25 years.C.Collisions of smaller asteroids with Earth occur more often than expected.D.It's still too early to say whether such a collision might occur.3.What do people think of the suggestion of using nuclear weapons to change the course of asteroids? A.It sounds practical but it may not solve the problem.B.It may create more problems than it might solve.C.It is a waste of money because a collision of asteroids with Earth is very unlikely.D.Further research should be done before it is proved practical.4.We can conclude from the passage that __________.A.while pushing asteroids off course nuclear weapons would destroy the world.B.asteroids racing across the night sky are likely to hit Earth in the near future.C.The worry about asteroids can be left to future generations since it is unlikely to happen in our lifetime.D.Workable solutions still have to be found to prevent a collision of asteroids with Earth.5.Which of the following best describes the author's tone in the passage? A.Hopeful.B.Subjective.C.Objective.D.Sad.Correct answers: BABDC 读完全文后，你一定会有印象：对待小行星撞击地球的可能性和对策有两种观点和态度。一种是：只要可能性存在，就要花费人力资金认真对待；另一种意见是：不值得，且解决办法本身带来的问题和危害远远大于它能解决的问题。

请再浏览全文，仔细判读作者的倾向和态度。

再读后，你会发现，全文没有作者自己的观点，作者仅仅把各方的意见摆到了桌面上，向读者客观介绍情况，自己并无明显倾向。

因此，题2的A选项（小行星撞击地球的概率很小，但危险确实存在）是客观说明，中性表达，是题2的正确答案。题5的C项说全文基调是客观的(Objective)，应当是正确答案。

因此，在阅读此类辩驳性文章时，我们应当认识到有两种可能性：作者明显地支持一方观点，有清楚的倾向性，甚至有可能借助辩驳来推介自己的观点；另一种可能是作者仅仅是客观介绍双方观点，自己并无倾向，全凭读者自己评判。

Passage 18

Disposing(处理)of waste has been a problem since humans started producing it.As more and more people choose to live close together in cities, the waste-disposal problem becomes increasingly difficult.During the eighteenth century, it was usual for several neighboring towns to get together to select a faraway spot as a dump site.Residents or trash haulers(垃圾拖运者)would transport household rubbish, rotted wood, and old possessions to the site.Periodically some of the trash was burned and the rest was buried.The unpleasant sights and smells caused no problem because nobody lived close by.Factories, mills, and other industrial sites also had waste to be disposed of.Those located on rivers often just dumped the unwanted remains into the water.Others built huge burners with chimneys to deal with the problem.Several facts make these choices unacceptable to modern society.The first problem is space.Dumps, which are now called landfills, are most needed in heavily populated areas.Such areas rarely have empty land suitable for this purpose.Property is either too expensive or too close to residential neighborhoods.Long-distance trash hauling has been a common practice, but once farm areas are refusing to accept rubbish from elsewhere, cheap land within trucking distance of major city areas is almost nonexistent.Awareness(意识)of pollution dangers has resulted in more strict rules of waste disposal.Pollution of rivers, ground water, land and air is a price people can no longer pay to get rid of waste.The amount of waste, however, continues to grow.Recycling efforts have become commonplace, and many towns require their people to take part.Even the most efficient recycling programs, however, can hope to deal with only about 50 percent of a city's reusable waste.1.The most suitable title for this passage would be __________.A.Places for Disposing Waste B.Waste Pollution Dangers C.Ways of Getting Rid of Waste D.Waste Disposal Problem

2.During the 18th century, people disposed their waste in many ways EXCEPT for __________.A.burying it.B.recycling it.C.burning it.D.throwing it into rivers.3.What can be inferred from the fourth paragraph? A.Farm areas accept waste from the city in modern society.B.There is cheap land to bury waste in modern society.C.It is difficult to find space to bury waste in modern society.D.Ways to deal with waste in modern society stay the same.4.The main purpose of writing this article is to _________.A.draw people's attention to waste management.B.warn people of the pollution dangers we are facing.C.call on people to take part in recycling programs.D.tell people a better way to get rid of the waste.Correct answers: DBCA

本篇短文的题1和题4涉及对中心主旨的理解。

环保是现在的热门话题，我们有着丰富的背景知识。背景知识可以帮助我们理解，但有时又会成为作题的障碍。我们只有认真仔细阅读原文，真正懂得作者的意思，才能作对题。以想当然的态度和以自己的观点取代作者的观点的做法，都是不可取的。

俯瞰全文，第一段就是主题中心段落，第一句话就是全文的主题句Disposing(处理)of waste has been a problem since humans started producing it.第二，三段介绍了以前人们处理废物的方法。第四，五，六段分析了现在的问题：第四段谈到了以前的方法已不再适用；第五段谈到虽然有严格条例，但废弃物越来越多；第六段谈到虽然有回收措施，但最多只能处理50%的废弃物。

由此我们可以得知本文的最佳题目(题1）是 “Waste Disposal Problem”,即“处理垃圾废弃物的难题”，其它选项都似是而非。作者写作本文的目的（题4）是“draw people's attention to waste management”即“引起人们对垃圾废弃物的管理问题的注意”(A)，而不是“警告污染的危险”(B)，也不是“号召回收再利用废弃物”(C)。

选自2002-2003年海淀区高三期末考试英语试卷 2003.1

Passage 19

Most of the people who appear most often in the history books are great conquerors(征服者)and generals and soldiers, while the people who really helped civilization(文明)forward are often never mentioned at all.We do not know who first set a broken leg, or made a seaworthy boat, or calculated(计算)the length of the year, but we know all about the killers and destroyers.people think a great deal of them, so much so that on all the highest pillars(柱子)in the great cities of the world you will find the figure of a conquer or a general of a soldier.And I think most people believe that the greatest countries are those that have beaten in the battle the greatest number of other countries and ruled over them as conquerors.It is just possible they are, but they are not the most civilized.Animals fight;so do savages(野蛮人);so to be good at fighting is to be good in the way in which an animal or a savage is good, but it is not to be civilized.Even being good at getting other people to fight for you and telling them how to do it most efficiently-----this, after all, is what conquerors and generals have done----is not being civilized.People fight to settle quarrels.Fighting means killing, and civilized people ought to be able to find some way of settling their quarrels rather than by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side, and then saying that the side which has killed most has won, and not only has won, but, because it has won, has been in the right.For that is what is going to mean in a war, it means saying that might is right.1.In the author's opinion, the countries that ruled over a large number of other countries are __________.A.possibly the most civilized but not the greatest.B.possibly the greatest in some degree but not the most civilized.C.certainly not the greatest in any way.D.neither the greatest nor the most civilized.2.The author says that civilized people should __________.A.not have any quarrels to settle.B.not fight when there are no quarrels to settle.C.settle their quarrels without fighting.D.settle their quarrels by seeing which side can kill off the greater number of the other side.3.“Might is right” in the last sentence means that __________.A.those who fight believe that the winner is right and the loser wrong.B.only those who are powerful should go to war.C.those who are fight should fight against those who are wrong.D.in a way only those who are powerful will win.Correct answers: BCA

本篇短文由一个现象谈起：史书更多地记载征服者，将军士兵；很少涉及真正推动历史的普通人，进而批判了国际政治斗争中的一种谬误：战争的胜利一方就是道义上正确的的一方，就是推动人类文明发展的一方。呼吁通过和平手段解决纷争。

本篇短文的题2和题3涉及对中心主旨的理解。

题2问及文明人解决纷争的正确方式，自然应当选C，settle their quarrels without fighting。但许多同学错选了D，意思恰恰反了，说明没有读懂短文，没有抓住作者的基本思想。题3问及短文最后总结句中的“Might is Right”的意思。作者在文章的最后分析了那些总是企图通过武力解决纷争的人的哲学，即他们相信“强权即公理”，题3的答案是A，those who fight believe that the winner is right and the loser wrong.。许多同学错选了C。C所表达的的精神是永远正确的，但“Might is Right”是作者在文中批判的一种错误的政治哲学；而且C的内容根本没有在本文讨论，所以C不对。选C的同学显然没有领悟文章最后一段的意思，没有抓住作者的基本思想。

选自2002-2003年东城区高三期末考试英语试卷 2003.1

Passage 20

We find that bright children are not often held back by mixed-ability teaching.On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are improved.We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils, a way to teach pupils in groups according to their ability.It does not pay attention to the fact that children develop at different speed.It can have a bad effect on both the bright and not-so-bright children.After all it can be quite discouraging to be at the bottom of the top grade!Besides, it is rather unreal to grade people just according to their intellectual(智力的)ability.This is only one aspect(方面)of their total personality.We are concerned to develop the abilities of all our pupils to the full, not just their academic(学术理论的)ability.We also value personal qualities(品质)and social skills, and we find that mixed-ability teaching helps improve all these aspects of learning.In our classroom, we work in various ways.The pupils often work in groups;this gives them the chances to learn to co-operate, to share, and to develop leadership skills.They also learn how to deal with personal problems as well as learning how to think, to make decisions, at analyze and evaluate(分析和评价), and to communicate effectively.The pupils learn from each other as well as from the teacher.Sometimes the pupils work in pairs;sometimes they work on individual(个人的)tasks and assignments and they can do this at their own speed.They also have some formal class teaching when this is right and suitable.We encourage our pupils to use the library, and we teach them the skills they need in order to do this effectively.An advanced pupil can do advanced work;it does not matter what age the child is.We expect our pupils to do their best, not their least, and we give them every encouragement to achieve this goal.1.What's the author's attitude towards “mixed-ability teaching'? A.He agrees to it.B.He doubts the truth of it.C.He is very discontent about it.D.He tries to be objective about it.2.By ”held back“, the author means ___________.A.forced to study in the lower class.B.made to remain in the same class.C.prevented from advancing.D.made to fall behind other students.3.Which are the reasons given to disagree with ”streaming pupils"? a.Pupils develop at different speed.b.Advanced pupils work at their own speed.c.Students work in various ways in our classroom.d.It is important to develop pupils' total personality.A.a and b.B.a and d.C.c and b.D.c and d.4.The author's purpose of writing this passage is to __________.A.offer advice on the proper use of school library.B.call attention to the importance of variety in classroom teaching.C.persuade to teach bright and not-so-bright pupils in separate classes.D.argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same class.Correct answers: ACBD

本篇短文是关于学校教育的一个争论：究竟是按能力分班教学好呢(streaming pupils)？还是混合编班教学好呢(mixed-ability teaching)？作者的立场观点是什么？这是通过阅读要解决的基本问题，即文章的中心主旨。

作者在第一段就旗帜鲜明地表达了自己的观点立场：We find that bright children are not often held back by mixed-ability teaching.On the contrary, both their knowledge and experience are improved.We feel that there are many disadvantages in streaming pupils,......由此可知，作者是坚决支持“混合能力编班教学”这一做法的。因此题1的答案是A，He agrees to it.在接下来的三段文字中，作者提到了我们应当培养全面发展的具有健全人格的人，而不是仅仅具有学术能力的人（第二段）；在混合编班的教学活动中，不同能力水平不同能力倾向的学生互相学习，取长补短（第三段）；由于学生个体发展过程和速度的不同，他们应当有自己的发展空间，我们应当鼓励他们自主学习，给他们创造一个人人全力以赴全面发展的学习环境（第四段）。显然题3的 a 项和 d 项是作者不同意按能力分班教学的理由，答案是B。综观全文，作者是在为支持“混合编班教学”进行辩护，反对“按能力分班教学”。题4的答案是D，argue for teaching bright and not-so-bright pupils in the same class，argue for 是为赞成，支持某事而辩论辩护的意思。本题也是一道领悟中心主旨的题目。

选自2003年崇文区高三一模英语试卷 2003.4

第五篇：中考专题——信息概括题练习

中考专题——信息概括题练习

1：根据下面的内容拟一则新闻标题

《扬子晚报》6月1日消息：今日零时，世界上最大的水利枢钮——三峡工程成功关闭最后一道闸门，三峡水库正式下闸蓄水，奔泻千年的滔滔江水被揽入大坝与群山的怀抱。从孙中山起，几代中国人近一个世纪的梦想终于从诗境变为现实。

_________________________________________________________________

2、将下面这则新闻的结语补充完整。

南方网讯 至6月4日，三峡工程蓄水进入第四天，越来越多的漂浮物，在库区水面成片聚集，给三峡库区垃圾清理工作带来巨大的压力。自秭归县凤凰山顶放眼望去，一条条长短不一的垃圾带和一片片面积不等的漂浮物明显可见，形成一道道与峡江平湖美景极不协调的“另类风景”，向库区上游延伸。附近居民告诉记者，大坝蓄水后，江面的漂浮物日益增多，主要是一些生活垃圾、工业废物和牲畜尸体等。这些漂浮物不但污染环境，而且极易使三峡发电机组进水口拦污栅受损、破裂，威胁发电机组安全，降低发电效益。不少有识之士强烈呼吁：_________________________ 3：请用一句话概括下面这则新闻的主要信息。（不超过16个字）

昨日，记者从成都市邮政局获悉，按国家邮政局统一安排，从即日起，凡是通过邮局汇往民政部、卫生部、红十会总会等的防“非典”爱心捐款，均免收邮费。目前，我省一些机构和个人纷纷表示捐款意愿，国家民政部、卫生部、中国红十字总会、中华慈善总会已开通了爱心捐款通道。寄款时，汇款人须在附言栏内注明“防治‘非典’捐款”字样。收款单位在收到汇款后，将向捐款者寄以收到捐款的收据和相关资料。

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4、下面是一则消息。请用一句话概括。

今年3月，南海市明湖公园采取公园与职工个人共同筹资的方法购买了一台“挑战者号”型时空穿梭机。时空穿梭机又名娱乐仿真模拟器，是仿真科技与多媒体技术结合的产物。三维立体图像、震撼人心的音响效果和高度仿真运动，使人惊心动魄，会产生超越时空的感觉。这台时空穿梭机开始营业以来，三个月的营业收入就达到40万元人民币，其中仅“五一”节一天的收入就超过了公园300条游船的总收入。在近两年来许多公园经济效益很不景气的情况下，明湖公园这台时空穿梭机所带来的如此大的收益，使全园职工倍受鼓舞。据说，娱乐仿真模拟器已经成了国外许多公园、游乐园的换代的标志性设备，无论是好莱坞还是日本的海洋公园，仿真模拟器都是当地的“盈利明星”。_______________________________________________________

5、根据下面这则新闻，按要求答题。南方网讯：至6月4日，三峡工程蓄水进入第四天，越来越多的漂浮物在库区水面成片聚集，给三峡大坝垃圾清理工作带来巨大压力。自秭归县凤凰山顶放眼望去，一条条长短不一的垃圾带和一片片面积不等的漂浮物明显可见，形成一道道与峡江平湖美景极不谐调的“另类风景”，向库区上游延伸。附近居民告诉记者，大坝蓄水后，江面的漂浮物日益增多，主要是一些生活垃圾、工业废物和牲畜尸体等。这些漂浮物不但污染环境，而且将易使三峡发电机组进水口拦污栅破损、破裂，威胁发电机组安全，降低发电效益。不少有识之士强烈呼吁：

（1）给这则新闻拟一个标题（不超过15字）

_____________________________________________________（2）将这则新闻的结语补充完整。

_______________________________________________________ 6．用简短的语言概括下面这这则新闻的主要内容。

记者从教育部获悉，中国近5年来普通高中教育发展迅速。2000年与1995年相比，招生数增长173﹪，达到达到472．69万人；在校生增长168﹪，达到1201．6万人。2001年，普通高中招生达到520万人，在校生1380万人比2000年增加180万。

我国初中入学高峰已经到来。从2002年起初中毕业生超过2000万人，未来几年，每年将比2000年增加毕业生500万—600万人，高中教育发展面临着较大压力，需随着人口增长结构的变化，加快高中教育的发展。——《人民日报·海外版》

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7、将下列内容概括成一句话新闻，不超过１４个字。

中国科学院动物所的汪松教授上月在英国爱丁堡接受了世界著名的爱丁堡科学奖。1998年起设立的爱丁堡科学奖，每年颁发给一位世界上有杰出贡献的科学家。汪松教授是中国获得这一奖项的第一人。

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8、根据下段文字的内容给“沙尘暴”下定义。

人类总是依据自身的利益评价外部事物，将之分成优劣好坏，而大自然则另有一套行为规范与准则。现在人们闻之色变的沙尘暴，即由于强烈的风将大量沙尘卷起，造成空气混浊，能见度小于千米的风沙天气现象，其实古已有之。它本是雕塑大地外貌的自然力之一，是大自然的一项工程，并且在全球生态平衡中占有一席之地。（２００３年荆州市中考题）

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9、为下面的报道拟一条标题（不超过12字）

近日，新会市博物馆展出了一件特殊的文物“木美人”。这是画在一幅木制门板上的油画，画的是 两个与真人一般大小、身着汉武腰饰的两洋美女。研究者初步认为，这幅“木美人”是我国最早的油画作品。其艺术性不逊于意大利油画家达•芬奇的《蒙娜丽莎》。据传，这幅“木美人”门板，是明朝是一位新会籍人士从福建带回来的。木门所属的屋子因为失火而烧毁。画有关人的门板是屋子里唯一没有被烧毁的东西，踞今至少有5000多年的历史。这幅画究竟是何人何时所作？为何画中女子身着汉人服装，面部却有明显的西洋人特征？这些问题至今还不清楚。_________________________________________________________ 10：温家宝总理在十届人大二次会议政府工作报告中向全社会提出了要“更加注重以人为本”的号召，各级政府机构和有关部门纷纷响应。下面是体现“以人为本”精神的一些具体举措，请从中归纳出“以人为本”的含义

材料一：政府，应对各类兜难事故，要不惜人力物力，把人的生命放在第一位。

材料二：教育，为保护来成年人的健康成长，在新的《中小学日常行为规范》中删去了有关对“坏人坏事应挺身而出进行斗争”的条款。

材料三：商业，倡导顾客是上帝，规定超市里的商品的码放、标签上的提示必须符合人们的购物习惯，便于人们拿取和识别。

材料四：交通，火车不断提速，尽量让乘客节省时间；在人流量大的地段增设公交车站点，微笑服务。

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11、根据下面一则消息所给出的信息要点，拟一条一句话新闻。

本报讯：记者近日从联通南京分公司获悉，130手机将在包括南京在内的12个城市推出“一机多网”服务，用户可以直接用手机拨打国际、国内IP长途电话，将来还能上因特网。

据介绍，“一机多网”是中国联通在预存话费的基础上推出的数字手机与IP电话因特网综合集成的一项新业务，用户在130手机上拨打IP电话时，无须输入卡号和密码，直接拨“17911”和“被叫号码”即可，在本地打国内长途时，不分远近均为每分钟0.7元，国际长途每分钟5.2元。据悉，到今上半年，国内将有超过130个城市开通此项业务。

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12、用一句话表述下面一段文字的基本信息。（不超过20个字，不含标点）

莫斯科时间4时30日11时59分（北京时间4月30日15时59分），经过两天太空飞行后，载有人类第一位太空游客美国人蒂托和两名俄罗斯宇航员的“联盟TM—32”号飞船，与国际空间站成功对接。到达目的地后，蒂托感慨地说：“我爱太空！”今年2月，蒂托与俄航空航天局签订了赴国际空间站旅游的合同，并为此支付了两千万美元。信息概括题练习参考答案

1、“三峡今蓄水，百年梦成真”，“今天，三峡大坝下闸蓄水”“三峡今起蓄水”“三峡水库今天开始蓄水”等

2、“提高全社会的环保意识、生态意识刻不容缓”或“加大库区‘清漂’工作的力度”。

3、昨日，国家开通“防‘非典’捐款免费邮汇业务”。

4、明湖公园利用筹资购置的娱乐仿真模拟器获得可观的经济效益。

5、①三峡库区“清漂”任重而道远；②提高全社会的环保意识、生态意识刻不容缓（或加大库区“清漂工作”的力度）。

6、近几年我国普通高中教育发展迅速

7、汪松教授荣获爱丁堡科学奖。

8、沙尘暴是由于风将大量沙尘卷起，使空气混浊，能见度小于千米的风沙天气现象。

9、“东方的《蒙娜丽莎》”、“‘木美人’之谜”等。

10、各行各业都要把尊重人的生命放在第一位，要为人的生活、工作、学习等提供一切可能的方便。（视内容语言分4、3、2、1给分，内容上要看其是否有从个别到一般的发现）

11、“联通近期将推出‘一机多网’，手机也能打IP电话” 12、4月30日人类第一位太空游客抵达国际空间站。