论文四稿

第一篇：论文四稿

Analysis of the Negative Influences of Materialism in

An American Tragedy

By

Min Chunyuan

A Thesis Submitted to Xinhua College Ningxia University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

For the Degree of Bachelor of Arts

Xinhua College Ningxia University April 20, 2014

Acknowledgements

First of all, I would like to express my profound appreciation to my supervisor, Yang Bo, for her patient instruction and selfless advice in my study.With her help, I completed the thesis.Secondly, I am thankful to my parents for their material and spiritual support.They gave me much more motive power to go on my study.Last but not least, thanks are due to my friends who helped me in my study, they gave me many suggestions in my study and life.i

Abstract

An American Tragedy is American writer Theodore Dreiser’s representative work, which exposes and criticizes American society by depicting the whole society.In the novel, the hero Clyde grows up in a poor religious family.He is young and etremely frivolous.Making some bad friends, he is involved with the libertinism all the day.In order to avoid the disaster, he goes to New York for his uncle’s help.He falls in love with Robert Olden, a poor woker.Later, he meets with the rich young lady Sondra Finchley, who can make him get rid of porety.Finally, he is put in prison because of the woker’s accidental death.His life changes, and his dream breaks up.This thesis believes American tragedy refers to many aspects, including the tragedy of American dream, moral tragedy, and the tragedy of love.Many people like the hero Clyde have a colorful American dream, however, the dreams breaks up finally.Clyde loses his faith, his freedom, and even his love and himself under the lure of material society.Based on the analysis of materialism and American dream, this thesis analyzes the real meaning of American tragedy and the negative influences of materialism on major characters.Key words: American Dream, Materialism

ii

摘 要

《美国悲剧》是美国作家西奥多·德莱赛的代表作品。作品通过描绘社会全貌，揭露和抨击了美国社会。小说中男主人公克莱德·格里菲思成长于一个贫穷潦倒的宗教家庭，年少轻狂的克莱德因交友不慎，终日沉湎酒色不可自拔。为了避祸，克莱德前往纽约投奔叔父，并与纯洁善良的贫穷女工罗伯塔·奥尔登相恋；后来，克莱德又结识了美丽的千金小姐桑德拉·芬奇利，这足以让他摆脱贫贱。最后因女工的意外身亡，克莱德进入了监狱，他的生活彻底改变，他的梦也彻底破碎了。

小说中所描绘的美国悲剧，指的不仅是社会现实的许多方面，包括美国梦的悲剧，道德的悲剧，以及爱情的悲剧。许多人都像主人公克莱德一样怀揣着多姿多彩的美国梦，然而，结果却是美梦破灭。克莱德在物质社会的引诱下失去了自己的信仰，自由，爱情，更失去了自己。

本文通过对物质主义和美国梦进行分析研究，剖析了解美国悲剧的真实意义及物质主义对主人公的生活等各方面产生的消极影响。

关键词：美国梦，物质主义

iii

Contents

Acknowledgements……………………………………………………….i Abstract………………………………………………………………..…ii 摘要………………………………………………………………...……iii 1 Introduction ……………………………………………………………1 2 Literature Review ……………………………………………………...2 2.1 Introduction to Theodore • Herman Albert • Dreiser……………...3 2.2 Introduction to America Tragedy ………………………………....4 2.3 Introduction to Materialism……………………………………..…5 3 Representations of Materialism in Terms of Tragedy in American Tragedy …………………………………………………………………..6 3.1 Meaning of Tragedy in American Dream………………………….6

3.1.1 Content of American Dream…………………………….……6

3.1.2 Materialism Embodied in American Dream…………………..7 3.2 Meaning of Moral Tragedy ………………………………………..9 3.2.1 The Change and Influence of Social Morality………………...9

3.2.2 Materialism Embodied in Moral Tragedy…………………...10 4 Negative Influence of Materialism in American Tragedy………….....10 4.1 Negative Influence of Materialism on Major Characters………...11

4.1.1 Negative Influence on Clyde ………………………………..12

4.1.2 Negative Influence on Roberta………………………………13

iv

4.2 Negative Influence on American Society……………………..….15 5 Conclusion…………………………………………………………….15 Bibiography…………………………………………………………......17

v

Analysis of the Negative Influences of Materialism in

An American Tragedy Introduction Theodore Dreiser is one of the representive writers in American literature.His works mostly reveal the tragedy of American society at that time and in today’s society still have the profound significance.An American Tragedy is his representative work, which exposes and criticizes American society by depicting the whole society.The thesis consists of four parts.The first part is the introduction to the thesis.The second part is made of the literature review, which including the introduction.The third part is the analysis of the representations of materialism in terms of tragedy in American tragedy.The fourth part is the analysis of the negative influence of materialism in An American Tragedy for the hero and society.And the last part is the ending of this thesis, it tells us that the excessive pursuit for materialism can make the people the head, the standard of morality and even make the society fall.Literature Review Dreiser’s masterpiece An American Tragedy is acclaimed as one of the most important novels in the American literature.As Dreiser’s best novel, it also meets with the most critical attention.Trilogy, The Financier(1912)and The Titan(1914).The third trilogy, The Stoic, published posthumously.His other works include The Genius

(1915), an autobiographical work An American tragedy(1925)and The Bulwark(1946).From the unwelcomed Sister Carrie to his bestseller An American Tragedy，Dreiser had faced every form of attack that a serious artistic isolation, and commercial seduction.2.2 Introduction to An America Tragedy

An American Tragedy is the representative work of Theodore Dreiser, it marks the peak of creation achievement by the author.The protagonist of the novel, is from a poor family with low social status.He pursues money and high status, finally degenerates into a murderer and is exeeuted to death by electrice hair.Clyde's tragedy is not only the tragedy of an individual, but also the tragedy of America.While sympathizing with the self-destruetion of Clyde, Dreiser diseloses the darkness of the Ameriean soeiety and the corruption of Ameriean polities, revealing the potencial crisis covered by the false prosperity.In the opinion of Dreiser, it is the American soeiety, rather than the murderer himself, shall be responsible for the murder case.At that time in the American society, the value that only the upper class people are aceepted was prevailing.The novel deseribes the large gap between the rich and the poor and that how the Republican Party and the Demoeratic Party and the judicial system take advantage of the murder case to win the election.people like Clyde have cherished a variety of American dreams, but the dreams are crushed.American tragedy is also a tragedy of morality.Many incidents in the novel show the degradation of the moral beings of the characters.They have no sympathy and what they pursue is only self-interests.At last, American tragedy is the tragedy of love.The lovers in the novel find themselves deceive totally and theirs love affairs destroy.3.1 Meaning of Tragedy in American Dream The early American dream contains progressive spirit, and stresses on the way through the individual’s struggle to realize the ideal, but the cruel social reality often make the dreams ruin.3.1.1 The Content of the American Dream The American dream is a recurring cultural motif, its appearance can be traced back to the beginning of American civilization, it is accompanied by the birth of the United States and the birth of the connotations of their dreams with the development of American society and the evolving changes.Today, in the context of increasing globalization, the impact of the American dream has exceeded the boundaries of the geographical and gradually become a “dream”, and the impact on generation after generation has grown up in the World Youth.However, today’s American dream is no longer the dream of a better world in old people’s minds.In the equality of social, just through the

crust of luxury living.The description for Davidson Hotel under the pen of Dreiser let people feel the luxury “his feet are black and white squares marching marble ground.The head is covered with copper, coated with gold colored paint the ceiling…” [4] Impact of this phenomenon on the Clyde luxury can not be underestimated.In order to wear decent clothes, he even deceives his mother, and in order to meet the material needs of his girlfriend, he uses the installment to purchase extravagant clothing.The trees, paths, flower beds, garages, luxury fountain envy him, or even completely charmed to see those beautiful house on the street in his Uncle’s home envy him and make him yearn for the glamorous life.However, the poor condition of no money, no status makes him feel uncomfortable.This view in reality life has been confirmed since Roberta pregnancy.There is no money for Roberta’s abortion, which forces Clyde be in despair.In the materialistic environment, Clyde goes toward the abyss of death step by step.3.2 Meaning of Moral Tragedy

The moral power is huge in any society.However, in American society at that time, the young generations were influenced by the bad social style, satisfied with physical pleasure, and lose themselves at last.The wealthy young men were unprepared all day;the poor young men were also unambitious.So people’s morality decaies, in order to get what they want, they could even make the crime and the tragedy.moral standards.4 Negative Influence of Materialism in An American Tragedy

No matter in any time, the excessive spread of materialism will create more problems, either for the whole society or for the individual.The consumption view of materialism let people lose themselves, yearn for beautiful and rich life, pursue luxury life at all costs, A strong desire for money engulfs every people and even the entire society.Pure goodness of people and society disappear, since the desire dominates the mankind and society.4.1 Negative Influence of Materialism on Major Characters In An American Tragedy, Dreiser describes the whole process of Clyde Griffiths, being affected by the evil society, and gradually evolved, degenerated into a murderer, and finally destroyed himself.The subject of the novel is not new, but it becomes a masterpiece in the hands of Dreiser.Clyde’s personal behavior is extremely weak, and he becomes known as the“moral and mental coward.”

Similarly，the hero’s tragedies also because the widening gap between rich and poor, which makes a negative impact on a generation of young people, makes them seek a shortcut to getting rich, and this manic state of mind finally leads to the tragedy.An American Tragedy looks like a mirror, and shows all the ugly face of American life, so the tragedy in the novel is the tragedy of typical American.industrial city along the Mohawk River, west of Albany.He gets a job at the factory, where he seduces and impregnates Roberta, an attractive and sweet-natured worker, whose social background is similar to his own;at the same time, he rides, swims, and dances with the local smart set, and the debutantes and college boys who flirt him through a long summer.And he falls in love with one of them, the beautiful Sondra Finchley, a kind of provincial teen-age lapper who initially patronizes him but then finds herself attracted to his good looks and his overwhelming desire for her.Exposed to provincial high of marrying into the property-owning class, Clyde moves from one dangerous point to the next.4.1.2 Negative Influence on Roberta Roberta Alden is a daughter of Titus Alden, a farmer near Blitz, which is a small town in Mimi Country, some fifty miles north.Her father is also an unsuccessful person at forty-eight.Roberta herself was partly blamed for her Tragedy.It seems unfair for Roberta to be blamed for her tragedy, but she really should be.Although born in a poor farm family, Roberta is very charming and quite clever.She deserves a better life.Since her childhood, she was dreaming to conquer a man to have a better life that was different from her farm life.With this dream, she even could not insist on her refusal for Clyde’s pursuit.She loses something guided by the dream of bettering herself by marrying Clyde.She even dares not insist on her refusing for

can buy everything, money is everything.Therefore, in order to get money they can do anything.The gap between rich and poor is widening, the rich people are richer, poor people are more and more poor.The rich man lives a life of luxury, in and out of the luxury hotel, dresses well, through the dancing party or banquet.But the thought of poor people that through their own efforts, they can be in the upper class is hard to imagine, and eventually ends up a wall.Conclusion By the analysis of characters and their life experience, we will have a better understanding of the importance of the book.First of all, the work is a very important literary creation because it would tell the truth about human nature and about diverse lives in the national experience around him.American fiction through the first two decades of twenty century continued to maintain a misleading moralizeu and false idealism sharply at odds with most of the behavior and experiences in the contemporary world it supposedly described.As a conclusion, Clyde’s tragedy is both the tragedy of an individual and the tragedy of the American society.Although there is weakness in Clyde’s personality, through the above analysis, it is obvious that in essence, the tragedy of Clyde is a true American tragedy, moral tragedy, and love tragedy.Except these, the negative influence of materialism in An American Tragedy is no mater on Clyde, it’s also on Roberta, in order

Bibiography

[1] Gerber, Philip.1964.Theodore Dreiser [M].New York: Twayne Publishers.Inc.[2] Theodore Dreiser.An American Tragedy [M] Xinjiang: Yili People’s Press, 2001.[3]Donald Pizer.American Realism and Naturalism [M] Shanghai: Shanghai Education Press, 2003.[4] Dreiser, Helen.1951.My Life with Dreiser [M].Cleveland: The World Publishing, Co.[5] Dreiser, Theodore.1948.An American Tragedy [M].New York: The World Publishing Company.[6]［美］德莱赛美国的悲剧刘立凡，曹明玉，译 海口: 南方出版社 韩春英,德莱塞与美国悲剧[J].周口师范学院报.济南: 周口师范,1998.[7] 何木英,杜平,美国文学简史与作品选读[M].四川，四川大学出版社，2004.[8] 蒋道超,德莱塞研究[M]上海:师外语教育出版社，2003.[9] 宋谊,美国悲剧的剖析与探索[D].山东师范大学图书馆优秀博士论文.山东师范大学, 2006.[10] [美]西奥多·德莱塞:《美国的悲剧》,北京:人民文学出版社,1999年.

第二篇：电子商务论文四稿

本科毕业设计（论文）题 目：学 院：专 业：学生姓名：成 绩：(2011届)

电子商务中消费者权益保护问题研究

电子商务

目 录

摘要.................................................................................................................................2 Abstract:...........................................................................................................................2 前 言...............................................................................................................................3

一、我国电子商务的发展现状..........................................................................................4

（一）电子商务的定义..............................................................................................4

（二）电子商务的发展现状.......................................................................................4

二、我国电子商务中消费者权益保护存在的主要问题.......................................................5

（二）法律、法规不够完善，涉及消费者权益保护的法律法规较少...........................6 1.隐私保护艰难，消费者隐私泄密严重.....................................................................6 2.信息披露不明确，消费者知悉权难以保障..............................................................7 3.购物中大量格式化条款，消费者交易公平性无法体现.............................................7 4.经营者推卸责任，消费者退换货困难.....................................................................8 5.举证困难，消费者求偿权难以实现.........................................................................8 6.信息不对称，消费者自主选择权形同虚设..............................................................8 7.商家身份难以识别，网络欺诈行为频发..................................................................9

（三）消费者援助制度不够完善，维权成本高、风险大......................................9

（四）执法力度不够，致使侵权成本过低...........................................................9

三、电子商务环境下消费者权益保护策略分析................................................................10

（一）完善网上反欺诈法律，严厉打击网络虚假广告、传销等欺诈行为..................10

（二）建立监督机制，加强执法力度，对网上经营者进行约束.................................11

（三）建立在线投诉网站，也就是消协在网上的延伸...............................................11

（四）适当引入保险机制，分担交易双方的风险.....................................................12

（五）政府应积极加强宣传，帮助消费者提高自我维权意识....................................12

（六）健全配送体系等协作机构的运作，明确责任..................................................12

（七）规范网络经营的准入门槛，强制商家登记与认证制度....................................13

四、总结........................................................................................................................13 参考文献........................................................................................................................14

电子商务中消费者权益保护问题研究

摘要：电子商务是全球现代化的交易方式，在我国呈现出蓬勃发展的态势。它在给人们带来便捷、丰富的消费商品和服务信息的同时，也增加了消费者遭受损害的机会，极大地侵害了消费者的合法权益。本文旨在对当前我国电子商务中消费者权益保护存在的主要问题进行分析，如隐私保护艰难，消费者隐私泄密严重；信息披露不明确，消费者知悉权难以保障；购物中大量格式化条款，消费者交易公平性无法体现等。通过完善网上反欺诈法律，严厉打击网络虚假广告、传销等欺诈行为；建立监督机制，加强执法力度，对网上经营者进行约束等措施从而达到保障消费者权益的目的。

关键词：电子商务；网络消费者；消费者权益；权益保护

Consumer Protection in Electronic

Commerce Research Abstract: E-commerce transactions is the world's modern,thriving in the development of our situation.It brings convenience to people, rich information on consumer goods and services, but also increase the chance of damage to consumers, greatly infringed upon legitimate rights and interests of consumers.This paper on the current consumer protection in electronic commerce in China the main problems for analysis, such as privacy protection difficult, serious consumer privacy leaks;information disclosure is not clear, difficult to guarantee the right of consumers to know;shopping in terms of large format, consumer transactions such as fairness can not be reflected.Through the improvement of online fraud laws to crack down on false advertising network,pyramid schemes and other fraudulent activities;establishment of monitoring mechanisms to strengthen law enforcement on the Internet and other measures to constrain the operator to achieve the objective of consumer protection.Key Words: E-commerce;network of consumers;consumer interests;rights protection

前 言

20世纪90年代末，随着第一个电子商务站点 “软件港” 的诞生电子商务概念正式落地我国。从1998年开始我国电子商务的发展迎来第一个高潮，定位于B2C的8848和C2C的易趣分别宣布成立。1999年11月当当网上书店成立，同年B2B模式的阿里巴巴网在杭州开张。2000年5月，卓越网作为综合电子商务网站正式对外发布，搜狐也在综合性门户的基础上第一次加入了电子商城服务，新浪网选择了与合作伙伴合作推出购物频道。进入新世纪后，我国电子商务不断寻找新的发展方向，至今仍保持着高速的发展态势。

商务部副部长蒋耀平在《中国电子商务报告（2008—2009）》发布会上说，2009年中国电子商务交易额达到3.8万亿元，网络购物交易额达到2586亿元，同比分别增长21.7％和105.8％。报告显示，2009年大中型工业企业电子商务交易额达15666亿元，中小企业电子商务交易额达19900亿元。电子商务在中小企业生产经营的多个环节得到广泛应用，其中应用最多的是采购和销售环节。通过互联网寻找供应商的中小企业占比达31％，通过互联网从事营销推广的中小企业占比达24％。电子商务正在改变中小企业的经营管理模式和生产组织形态，提升传统产业的资源配置效率、运营管理水平和整体创新能力。上述数据真实地反映了我国电子商务整体呈现快速增长的态势。

在商贸领域中，应用电子商务通过各种先进灵活的手段，使信息传递和处理突破了空间限制，降低了交易成本，促使生产力水平大幅提高。它具有操作简便、节省时间、节约成本等传统交易方式所不具有的优势，给社会带来了巨大的经济效益，并且在金融危机的影响下，电子商务以其独特的优势而被企业选择作为应对危机有效手段之一。然而，伴随着网络购物的快速增长的同时，对网络消费权益侵害事件时有发生，网络者消费者权益保护问题正越来越引起人们的重视。据有关资料统计，2009年网络购物的投诉量同比上升48.3％。[2]网络购物正成为消费者权益保护的“短板”。由于其相关方面法律法规的滞后性，使网上参与交易的消费者侵权问题日益凸出，消费者的权益难以得到保障，已经严重阻碍到电子商务的健康发展。

[1]

一、我国电子商务的发展现状

（一）电子商务的定义

电子商务是指交易主体使用各种电子工具，通过互联网在公开的环境下利用数据化的信息与交易对手进行交易的模式。包括电子数据交换、电子邮件、电报、传真和电传等方式。电子商务有广义和狭义之分。广义的电子商务泛指应用电子及信息技术进行的经济贸易活动。狭义的电子商务指利用电子信息网络来实现的商品和服务交易活动的总称，又称为网上交易或在线交易，例如网上商店、网上银行、网上证券等。本文所研究的电子商务仅是指通过电子信息网络所进行的商务活动，即仅指狭义的电子商务。[3]

（二）电子商务的发展现状

从总体上来看，电子商务有四种最基本的经营模式：B2C，即从商家到消费者；B2B，从企业与企业之间的商业交易，也称批发电子商务；C2B，以消费者为主体向商家要求交易；C2C，即消费者之间的商品交易。B2C的主要表现形式是网上商城、网上购物中心等等，这也是目前最普遍最常见的一种电子商务表现形式。据中国互联网信息中心（CNNIC）第26次的调查报告显示，截至2010年6月，中国网民规模达到4.2亿，其中，宽带网民规模为36381万，使用电脑上网

[4]的群体中宽带普及率已经达到98.1%。他们中的一部分已是电子商务的消费者，而更多的则是这个快速发展市场的潜在消费者。另一方面，电子商务交易额快速增长。以淘宝网为例，从2006年的179亿到2007年的433亿，08年的999亿，09年的2000亿交易额，间接说明网络购物在中国的迅速发展情况。

而由于我国电子商务的总体快速发展，中小企业电子商务对国民经济及中小企业发展作用尤为显著。2009年，中小企业通过电子商务创造的新增价值占我国GDP的1.5%，拉动我国GDP增长0.13%，中小企业电子商务交易规模达1.99万亿，同比增速达到20.3%。其中内、外贸交易规模分别为1.13万亿和0.86万亿，分别相当于2008年全国国内商品销售总额和出口总值的6%和8.9%；直接创造的新增就业超过130万，相当于我国2008年全国城镇新增就业的11.7%。[5]每天上百万的快递需求给中国的快递业增加海量的新业务，带动了信息服务、物流、支付、信用等相关产业的发展，对促进我国第一、二、三产业经济结构的优化发挥了重要的作用，中小企业电子商务应用显著提高了其存活率和竞争力。由此可知，我国电子商务行业正以其势不可挡的趋势快速发展，茁壮成长。

此外，随着法律与行政法规的不断完善，相关职能机构的重视，网站的自律

规范（如阿里、淘宝等），消费者意识的增强等，消费者的权益保护也越来越受到广大人民群众的重视。据悉，国家工商局宣布将网络购物纳入其监管范围，并出台《网络商品交易及有关服务行为管理暂行办法》征求意见稿，目前该意见稿正在全国工商系统内部征求意见。此意见中第七条可以看出，该暂行办法对网络交易经营者的资格做了严格的限制，拥有实体店铺的商家若想增设网店必须将自身的营业执照明显公示，而对于自然人要想开设网店的，也要在工商局进行登记。此举意在杜绝随意在网上开店而无法对其实行有效监管的弊端等等。

2010年4年8日获悉，工商银行新疆分行与新疆天池管委会合作开通了网上旅游订票电子商务合作平台。自此，全国各地旅行社及游客登录天山天池网站(www.xiexiebang.com/display.asp?keyno=16516．

［7］张雅洁.电子商务中消费者权益保护若干法律问题研究［J］．河北广播电视大学学报，2008，（03）：82～84．

［8］刘晓东.电子商务中消费者权益保护若干问题剖析［J］．工商行政管理，2009，（24）： 110～118．

［9］汤化冰.论我国电子商务中消费者权益的法律保护［J］．法制与社会，2009，（19）： 32～35．

［10］万江涛.电子商务中消费者的权益保护研究［J］．中国市场，2008，（32）：45～50． ［11］丁劭泊.论我国电子商务中消费者权益保护的问题与对策［J］．山西经济管理干部学

院学报，2009，（01）：89～93．

［12］王春艳.浅谈我国电子商务中消费者权益的经济法保护［J］．北方经济，2008，（24）： 83～85．

［13］吴海玲，胡颖欣.电子商务中的消费者权益保护［J］．中国市场，2008，（15）： 14～16．

［14］王浩.论电子商务环境下的消费者权益保护［J］．产业与科技论坛，2009，（03）： 80～83．

［16］崔艳峰.论电子商务中消费者权益保护［J］．滨州职业学院学报，2010，（02）： 289～295．

［17］卢娣.电子商务中消费者的权益保护［J］．信阳农业高等专科学校学报，2009，（03）： 169～175．

［18］谢晓鸿.保险电子商务消费者权益保护问题探析［J］．企业家天地（理论版），2007，（08）：107～111．

［19］赵燕妮.我国保险电子商务发展对策分析［J］．商业时代，2009，（31）：141～143．

［20］简丹.论电子商务在我国保险领域的应用［J］．科技经济市场，2009，（06）：71～73． ［21］姜琳.论网络交易中消费者权益的保护［D］．山东大学，2009．

［22］Diane Rowland．Elizabeth Macdonald．Information Technology Law，2004． ［23］Sparrow．A．E-Commerce and Law，2001．

第三篇：论文摘要四要素

论文摘要又称文摘，是论文的重要组成部分，它是以提供文献内容梗概为日的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。论文摘要如同人体中的心脏，发挥着显示研究工作核心主线的作用。摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不需阅读全文，就可获得重要的信息。摘要通常置于文题之后，文章之首。在论文发表后，论文摘要常被文献检索系统所收集。

摘要通常需由层次清晰的四个基本要素组成。它需表明：研究的问题与目的；提出的创新性方法及其特点；应用验证结果情况；得到的创新性研究结论是什么。具体内容情况基本如下：

1.本文所探讨的问题和主题是什么? 目的部分应简要说明研究的目的，说明提出问题的缘由，表明研究的范围及重要性;2.问题是如何解决的(方法)，解决过程（方法）的特点是怎样的? 方法部分应说明研究课题的基本设计，使用了什么材料和方法，如何分组对照，研究范围以及精确程度，数据是如何取得的以及经过何种统计学方法处理;3.有哪些具体的结果?问题解决的程度如何? 结果部分要列出研究的主要结果和数据，有什么新发现，说明其价值及局限，叙述要具体、准确，并需给出结果的可信值和统计学显著性检验的确切值;4.研究结论是什么?它对推动学科发展的作用何在? 结论部分应简要说明、论证取得的正确观点极其理论价值或应用价值，是否值得推荐或推广等

无论什么原因，摘要中如果缺失上述四个部分的信息，会减少研究成果在读者心目中的价值。由于读者是基于摘要来决定是否阅读论文全文的，故摘要的不完整可能会减少论文被阅读和被引用的机会。

第四篇：四科技小论文

树干为什么是圆的

履坦中心小学四（1）班

喻潮辉

在观察大自然的过程中我偶然发现，树干的形态都近似圆的——空圆锥状。树干为什么是圆锥状的?圆锥状树干有哪些好处?为了探索这些问题，我进行了更深入的观察、分析研究。

在辅导老师的帮助下，我查阅了有关资料，了解到植物的茎有支持植物体、运输水分和其他养分的作用。树木的茎主要由维管束构成。茎的支持作用主要由木质部木纤维承担，虽然木本植物的茎会逐年加粗，但是在一定时间范围内，茎的木纤维数量是一定的，也就是树木茎的横截面面积一定。接着，我们围绕树干横截面面积一定，假设树干横截面长成不同形状，设计试验，探索树干呈圆锥状的原因和优点。

经过实验，我们发现：(1)横截面积和长度一定时，三棱柱状物体纵向支持力最大，横向承受力最小；圆柱状物体纵向支持力不如三棱柱状物体，但横向承受力最大；(2)等质量不同形状的树干，矮个圆锥体形树干承受风力最大；(3)风是一种自然现象，影响着树木横截面的形状和树木生长的高矮。近似圆锥状的树干，重心低，加上庞大根系和大地连在一起，重心降得更低，稳度更大；(4)树干横截面呈圆形，可以减少损伤，具有更强的机械强度，能经受住风的袭击。同时，受风力的影响，树干各处的弯曲程度相似，不管风力来自哪个方向，树干承受的阻力大小相似，树干不易受到破坏。

以上的实验反映了自然规律、自然界给我们启示：(1)横截面呈三角形的柱状物体，具有最大纵向支持力，其形态可用于建筑方面，例如角钢等；(2)横截面是圆形的圆状物体，具有最大的横向承受力，类似形态的建筑材料随处可见，如电视塔、电线杆等。

皮鞋为什么越擦越亮

履坦中心小学四（1）班

徐佳怡

每到星期天，我总要完成妈妈交给我的擦鞋任务。告诉你，这可是我一星期零花钱的来源哦!拿到沾满灰尘的皮鞋后，我先把鞋面的灰尘擦掉，然后涂上鞋油，仔仔细细地擦一擦，皮鞋就会变得又亮又好看了。可这是为什么呢？

我找了同样牌子同样款式的新旧两双皮鞋进行对比观察。我先用手触摸两双皮鞋的鞋面，发现新皮鞋的表面比旧皮鞋的表面光滑得多。旧皮鞋涂上鞋油，仔细擦过后，虽然亮了许多，但仍无法与新皮鞋相比。皮鞋的亮度是否与鞋面的光滑程度有关呢? 我取来一双没擦过的旧皮鞋，在放大镜下鞋面显得凹凸不平的。然后，我再在皮鞋上圈出两块表面都比较粗造的A区和B区，A区涂上鞋油并仔细擦拭，B区不涂鞋油作空白对照。我发现A区擦拭后，表面明显变光滑了许多，而且放在阳光下也比B区有光泽。为什么两者会产生这样的差别呢? 我想到在科学课上老师曾经讲过：影剧院墙壁的表面是凹凸不平的，这样可以使声音大部分被吸收掉，让观众不受回声的干扰。同样道理，光线照到任何物体的表面都会产生反射，假如这个平面是高低不平的，光线就会向四面八方散射掉；假如这个平面是光滑的，那么我们就可以在一定的方向上看到反射光。

皮鞋的表面原来就不是绝对的光滑，如果是旧皮鞋，它的表面当然更加的不平，这样它就不能使光线在一定的方向上产生反射，所以看上去没有什么光泽。而鞋油中有一些小颗粒，擦鞋的时候这些小颗粒正好可以填入皮鞋表面的凹坑中。如果再用布擦一擦，让鞋油涂得更均匀些，就会使皮鞋的表面变得光滑、平整，反射光线的能力也加强了。

通过实验，我终于知道了皮鞋越擦越亮的秘密啦!

第五篇：论文的四要素

• 一篇完整的论文应该传递下面的信息： – 你要解决什么问题？ – 这个问题是否已经解决或解决到了什么程度？ – 你是怎样解决这个问题的？ – 你的最终发现了什么？ – 对这一发现，以及它的意义的理解和解释 • 论文要回答四个问题： – 问题是什么？（引言）– 你如何研究这个问题？（数据和方法）– 你有何发现？（结果）– 它们意味着什么？（讨论）