2016年英语职称考试理工B-全部补全短文文章

第一篇：2016年英语职称考试理工B-全部补全短文文章

补全短文

Ice Cream Taster Has Sweet Job 冰激凌品尝师—一份甜蜜的职业

John Harrison has what must be the most wanted job in the United States.He’s the official taster for Edy’s Grand Ice Cream, one of the nation’s best-selling brands.Harrison’s taste buds are insured for $1 million.He gets to sample 60 ice creams a day at Edy’s headquarters in Oakland,California.And when he isn’t doing that, he travels, buying Edy’s in supermarkets all over the country so that he can check for perfect appearance, texture, and flavor.After I interviewed Harrison, I realized that the life of an ice cream taster isn’t all Cookies ’n Cream — a flavor that* he invented, by the way.No, it’s extremely hard work, which requires discipline and selflessness.For one thing, he doesn’t swallow on the job.Like a coffee taster, Harrison spits.Using a gold spoon to avoid “off” flavors, he takes a small bite and moves it around in his mouth to introduce it to all 9,000 or so taste buds.Next he smack-smacks his lips to get some air into the sample.Then he breathes in gently to bring the aroma up through the back of his nose.Each step helps Harrison evaluate whether the ice cream has a good balance of dairy, sweetness, and added ingredients 一 the three-flavor components of ice cream.Then, even if the ice cream tastes heavenly, he puts it into a trash can.A full stomach makes it, impossible to judge the quality of the flavors.During the workweek, Harrison told me that he has to make other sacrifices, too: no onions, garlic, or spicy food, and no caffeine.Caffeine will block the taste buds, he says, so his breakfast is a cup of herbal tea.This is a small price to pay for what he calls the world’s best job.Harrison’s family has been in the ice cream business in one way or another1 for four generations, so Harrison has spent his entire life with it2.However, he has never lost his love for its cold, creamy sweetness.He even orders ice cream in restaurants for desert.On these occasions3, he does swallow, and he eats about a quart(0.95 liters)each week.By comparison4, the average person in the United States eats 23.2 quarts(21.96 liters)of ice cream and other frozen dairy products each year.Edy’s ice cream is available in dozens of flavors.So what flavor does the best-trained ice-cream taster in the country prefer? Vanilla!In fact, vanilla is the best-selling variety in the United States.aste buds are insured for $1 million.However,you should never call it plain vanilla.“It’s a very complex flavor,” Harrison says.冰淇淋品尝师一一一份甜蜜的职业

约翰·哈瑞森拥有一份可能是美国人最想要的工作。他是一名职业的冰淇淋品尝师，供职于美国最畅销的冰淇淋品牌之一Edy’s Grand Ice Cream。哈瑞森已经给味蕾投保了100万美元。他每天要在位于加州奥克兰的Edy’s总部尝试60种冰淇淋样品。休假时，他会去旅行，并且到全国各地的超市买来Edy’s产品，以便检査外观，质地和口味是否完美。

在采访完哈瑞森之后，我发现一个冰淇淋品尝师的生活并不像他发明的奶油曲奇味雪糕那样甜。这是一个需要克制和无私的艰难工作。

首先，工作时他不能咽下冰淇淋，只能像咖啡品尝师那样吐出。为了避免其他味道的混入，他用金制的汤匙舀取冰淇淋，咬一小口在口中搅动，让大约9 000个味蕾全部都能感觉到味道，然后他不断咂嘴唇好让空气进入口中。接着，他轻轻吸一口气，让冰淇淋的芳香窜入鼻中。每一个步骤都有助于哈瑞森判断出这款冰淇淋的牛奶、甜度和添加剂这三种成分是否已达到完美的平衡。即使这个冰淇淋尝起来极其美味，他接下来也会把它扔到垃圾桶里。饱腹感是不可能判断出口味的品质的。

哈瑞森告诉我说，在工作周，他也不得不做出很多牺牲：不能吃洋葱、大蒜或辣的食物以及含咖啡因的食物。因为咖啡因会限制味蕾，所以他早饭时只喝一杯花草茶。这只是他为了自己口中世界上最好的工作所付出的一个小代价。

哈瑞森的家族中已经有四代人以这样或那样的方式在冰淇淋行业工作，所以他已经为此付出了一生。但他并没有失去对这种凉爽油腻的甜品的爱。他甚至会在餐厅中点冰淇淋作为甜品。在这些时候，他会咽下它们，他每周大概会吃掉一夸脱（0.95升）的冰淇淋。而美国普通人平均每年要吃掉23.2夸脱（21.96升）的冰淇淋和其他冰冻奶制品。

Edy’s的冰淇淋有几十种口味。哪种口味才是这个国家最有经验的冰淇淋品尝师的最爱呢？香草味的！事实上，香草口味是全美最畅销的。但是，你不能称它是纯香草口味。“这是个很复杂的口味，”哈瑞森说道。

The Apgar Test 阿普家测试

The baby was born at 3:36 p.m.At 3:37, she scored 4 out of 10 on her first test.At 3:41, she scored 8 out of 10.The doctor was glad.Another baby, born at 8:24 p.m., scored 3 out of 10 on his first test.He scored 4 out of 10 on his second test.He took another test at 8:34 and scored.The doctor was worried.He called for help.These newborn babies took a test called the Apgar test.This test helps doctors diagnose problems.They decide if a baby is normal or needs special care.Most babies take two tests.The first is at 1 minute after birth, and the second is at 5 minutes after birth.If a baby’s score at 5 minutes is less than 6, the baby takes another test at 10 minutes after birth.The Apgar test is not an intelligence test.It’s a test that shows a baby’s health right after it is born.The Apgar test measures things such as a baby’s color, heart rate, and breathing.The test has five parts, and the score for each part can be 0, 1, or 2.Doctors add the scores together for the total Apgar score A doctor named Virginia Apgar developed the test.Apgar went to medical school at Columbia University in New York City in 1929.She faced many challenges because she was the first woman in the program.However, she was one of the best students in her class.After medical school, she started treating patients.Apgar also became a researcher in anesthesiology, a new topic in medicine at the time3.During her studies, she learned how to give patients anesthesia.Anesthesia is a procedure that makes patients lose consciousness, so they do not feel any pain during surgery.In the 1940s, many women started to have anesthesia when they gave birth.Apgar had a question: How does anesthesia affect newborn babies? In 1949, when Apgar was a professor at Columbia’s medical school, she created her simple test.She wrote a paper about her methods in 1953.Soon after, people started using the Apgar test around the world.n her work, Apgar saw that many newborns had problems.She wanted to help these babies survive.She stopped practicing medicine in 1959, and she went back to school to get a master’s degree in public health.She spent the rest of her life doing research and raising money to help newborn babies.Today, the Apgar test is still used all over the world.Newborn babies don’t know it, but Virginia Apgar is a very important person in the first few minutes of their lives.译文：阿普家测试

下午3:36，一个婴儿出生了。3:37时，她的第一次健康测试成绩是4分（总分10分）。3:41时，她的成绩是8分，医生感到非常高兴。另一天晚上8:24，另外一个婴儿出生了。他的第一次测试成绩是3分。他的第二次成绩是4分。8:34时又进行了一次测试，成绩是5分。医生非常担心，这个婴儿需要救助。

这些新生儿进行的是一项叫做阿普加的测试。这项测试帮助医生诊断新生儿的问题。他们根据测试成绩判断新生儿是正常的还是需要特殊护理。第一次是在出生后1分钟，第二次是在出生后5分钟。如果婴儿在第二次测试中的成绩少于6分，那他们需要在出生10分钟后再进行一次测试。

阿普加测试不是一项智力测试。它是一项在婴儿出生后表明其健康状况的测试。这项测试会测量诸如婴儿的皮肤颜色、心率、呼吸一类的项目，测试总共包括五部分，每一部分的成绩可以是0分、1分或2分。医生把每一部分的成绩加起来就是这项测试的总分。一位名叫弗吉尼亚·阿普加的医生设计了这项测试。1929年，阿普加去纽约的哥伦比亚大学医学院就读。由于是这个学科里的第一位女性，使她面临了许多挑战。然而，她却是班上最好的学生之一。完成医学院的学业后，她开始给患者治疗。

阿普加还是麻醉学方面的研究者，当时麻醉学是一项新的医学课题。在求学过程中，她学会了如何给患者实施麻醉。麻醉会使病人失去意识，因而他们在手术过程中不会感到任何疼痛。

20世纪40年代，许多妇女在分娩时开始使用麻醉。但阿普加有个疑问：麻醉是如何影响新生儿的呢？1949年，当阿普加在哥伦比亚医学院担任教授时，她创造了这项简单测试。1953年，她写了一篇关于该测试方法的论文。不久之后，人们开始在世界范围内使用阿普加测试。

在工作中，阿普加发现许多新生儿都有健康问题。她想帮助这些新生儿活下来。1959年，她中止了行医，回到学校攻读公共卫生硕士学位。她把自己的余生都奉献给了医学研究以及筹集资金帮助新生儿。今天，阿普加测试仍然在全世界范围内被广泛运用。今天，阿普加测试仍然在全世界范围内被广泛运用。

Watching Microcurrents Flow观察微电流流程

We can now watch electricity as it flows through even the tiniest circuits.By scanning the magnetic field generated as electric currents flow through objects, physicists have managed to picture the progress of the currents The technology will allow manufacturers to scan microchips for faults, as well as revealing microscopic defects in anything from aircraft to banknotes.Gang Xiao and Ben Schrag at Brown University in Providence, Rhode Island, visualize the current by measuring subtle changes in the magnetic field of an object and converting the information into a color picture showing the density.Their sensor is adapted1 from an existing piece of technology that is used to measure large magnetic fields in computer hard drives.2”We redesigned the magnetic sensor to make it capable of measuring very weak changes in magnetic fields,” says Xiao.The resulting device is capable of detecting a current as weak as 10 microamperes, even when the wire is buried deep within a chip, and it shows up features as small as 40 nanometers across.At present, engineers looking for defects in a chip have to peel off the layers and examine the circuits visually;this is one of the obstacles to making chips any smaller.But the new magnetic microscope is sensitive enough to look inside chips and reveal faults such as short circuits , nicks in the wires or electro migration — where a dense area of current picks up surrounding atoms and moves them along.“It is like watching a river flow,” explains Xiao.As well as scanning tiny circuits, the microscope can be used to reveal the internal structure of any object capable of conducting electricity.3 Fpr example, it could look directly at microscopic cracks in an aeroplane’s fuselage, faults in the metal strip of a forged banknote or bacteria in a water.The technique cannot yet pick up electrical activity in the human brain because the current there is too small, but Xiao doesn’t rule it out4 in the future.“I can never say never,” he says.Although the researchers have only just made the technical details of the microscope public, it is already on sale,5 from electronics company Micro Magnetics in Fall River, Massachusetts.It is currently the size of a refrigerator and takes several minutes to scan a circuit, but Xiao and Schrag are working to shrink it to the size of a desktop computer and cut the scanning

译文：观察微电流流程

现在电流流过哪怕是最窄的电路时我们都能看到。物理学家们通过扫面电流物体时产生的磁场而绘出电流运行图。这种技术可以使制造者扫描微芯片上的错误，同时可以找出从飞行器到钞票等物上的细微缺陷。

罗德岛州普罗维登斯的布朗大学Gang Xiao和Ben Schrag通过测量一个物体的磁场内的细微变化并把信息转化成显示每一点电流强度的彩色图片而使电流显现。

他们的传感器是由现有的用于测量电脑硬盘的大磁场的技术配件改造而成的。Xiao说：“我们重新设计了磁性传感器使它能够测量磁场中非常微弱的变化。”

重新设计完的装置能够探测微弱到10微安培的电流，甚至是当癫痫深藏在芯片中的时候，它也能够显示出直径只有40纳米长的图案。

目前，那些在芯片中寻找缺点的工程师们必须要剥掉表层目测电路。这是使芯片变得更小的阻碍之一。但是新的磁性显微镜非常敏感，能够看到芯片内部，找出短路、电线的裂痕或电迁移等缺点，电迁移是指电流强大的区域吸引周围的原子并使它们移动。Xiao解释说：“那就像看着一条河水在流淌。”

显微镜不仅能够扫描微笑的电路，还可以用于找出能够导电的物体的内部结构。例如，它能够直接看到飞机机身上的极细微的裂缝、伪钞的金属条上的却掉或者水样中的细菌。这种技术还不能提取人脑中的电活动，因为那里的电流太小了，但是Xiao并没有排除将来实现它的可能。他说：“我永远不会说永远不能。”

尽管研究者刚刚公开电显微镜的技术细节，位于马萨诸塞州Fall River的微磁电子设备公司已经在出售它了。目前它大约像冰箱那么大，而且要用几分钟扫描一个电路，但是Xiao和Schrag正在努力使它缩小到台式计算机那么大，把扫描时间缩短到30秒。

Lightening Strikes雷击 Three years ago a bolt of lightning all but destroyed Lyn Miller’s house in Aberdeen—with her two children inside.“There was a huge rainstorm,” she says, recalling the terrifying experience.“My brother and I were outside desperately working to stop floodwater from coming in the house.Suddenly I was thrown to the ground by an enormous bang.When I picked myself up, the roof and the entire upper storey of the house had been demolished.The door was blocked by rubble, but we forced our way in and found the children, thankfully unharmed.Later I was told to be struck by lightning is a chance in a million.” In fact, it’s calculated at one chance in 600,000.Even so, Dr Mark Keys of AER Technology, an organisation that monitors the effects of lightning, thinks you should be sensible.“I wouldn’t go out in a storm—but then I’m quite a careful person.” He advises anyone who is unlucky enough to be caught in a storm to get down on the ground and curl up into a ball, making yourself as small as possible.Lightning is one of nature’s most awesome displays of sheer power.No wonder the ancient Greeks thought it was Zeus, father of the gods, throwing thunderbolts around in anger.250 years ago, Benjamin Franklin, the American scientist and statesman，proved that lightning is a form of electricity, but scientists still lack a complete understanding of how it works.Occasionally there are warning signs.Positive electrical charges streaming upwards from trees or church spires may glow and make a buzzing noise, and people’s hair can stand on end.And if you fear lightning, you’ll be glad to know that a company in America has manufactured a hand-held lightning detector which can detect it up to 70 kms away, sound a warning tone and monitor the storm’s approach.Nancy Wilder was playing golf at a club in Surrey when she was hit by a bolt of lightning.Mrs Wilder’s heart stopped beating, but she was resuscitated and, after a few days in hospital, where she was treated for bums to her head, hands and feet, she was pronounced fit again.Since that time，she has been a strictly fair weather golfer.In fact, a golf course is one of the most dangerous places to be during a thunderstorm.The best place to be is inside a car!The largest number of people to be struck by lightning at one time was in September 1995 when 17 players on a football pitch were hit simultaneously.The most extraordinary aspect of the strike was the fact that 11 of the victims—seven adults and four children—had burn patterns of tiny holes at 3 centimetre intervals on each toe and around the soles of their feet.Harold Deal, a retired electrician from South Carolina, USA, was struck by lightning 26 years ago.He was apparently unhurt, but it later emerged that the strike had damaged the part of the brain which controls the sensation of temperature.Since then the freezing South Carolina winters haven’t bothered Harold, since he is completely unable to feel the cold

Animals are victims of lightning too2．Hundreds of cows and sheep are killed every year, largely because they go under trees.In East Anglia in 1918, 504 sheep were killed instantaneously by the same bolt of lightning that hit the ground and travelled through the entire flock.Lightning is also responsible for starting more than 10,000 forest fires each year world-wide.译文：雷击 三年前，一道闪电几乎将林恩*米勒在亚伯丁的房子夷为平地，当时她的两个孩子还在屋里面。“那是一场暴风雨”，林恩回忆那场可怕的经历时说道，“我和我的兄弟当时正在外面，拼命阻止雨水流进屋子里。突然，我被巨大的爆炸击倒在地。当我爬起来时，房子的屋顶和楼顶都不见了。门被碎石堵住了，我们强行把门打开，找到我的孩子，谢天谢地他们没有受伤。过后我得知，被闪电击中的概率是百万分之一。”事实上，有人计算过被闪电击中的概率是六百万分之一，虽然如此，AER技术中心的马克*凯斯博士还是认为，人们面对闪电的时候应该小心，AER技术中心是一个专门监控闪电影响的组织，马克说：“我不会在暴风雨的天气到户外去——我是一个特别小心的人。”他还建议，要是不幸在户外遇到暴风雨，一定要趴在地上，蜷缩成球状，使自己的身体尽可能的缩小。

闪电是大自然绝对力量最可怕的展现方式之一，难怪古希腊人任务闪电产生原因是因为众神之父宙斯发怒了，并向周围投掷闪电。250年前，美国科学家和政治家本杰明*富兰克林证明了闪电是一种电，但是科学家仍然不清楚它的形成机制。

有时，闪电的到来有一些征兆。正电荷顺着树木或者教堂的顶尖向上流动的时候可能有发光现象，并伴随有嗡嗡的噪音，人们的头发还有可能会直立起来。如果你害怕闪电，那么有一个好消息，美国一个公司生产了一种手持的闪电探测器，最远能够探测到70千米以外的闪电，并通过发出声音报警来提醒人们暴风雨的到来。

南希*怀尔德被闪电击中的时候正在萨里的一个俱乐部打高尔夫球。被闪电击中后，她的心脏停止了，但是随后她被救了回来。接下来的几天她都待在医院，治疗头上、手上和脚上的烧伤，直到康复出院。从那时起，她便只在晴朗的天气才打高尔夫。事实上，高尔夫球场是暴风雨天气最危险的地方之一，而最好的地方是汽车里。

在1995年9月发生了一起多人被闪电击中的事件，17名足球运动员在赛场上同时被击中。最惊人的是，死者中的11人——包括7名成人和4名儿童——在没个脚趾和脚底上都有烧伤的小洞图案，没个洞相距3厘米。

哈罗德*迪尔是美国南卡罗来纳州的一名退休电气技师，26年前，他被闪电击中。当时他看上去没有受伤，但是后来人们发现这次雷击损坏了他大脑中控制温度感受的部分。从那以后南卡罗来纳州寒冷的冬天就再也没有让哈罗德发愁过，因为他已经完全感受不到寒冷。

动物们也会成为雷击的牺牲品，每年都有数百头牛羊死于雷击，多数情况是因为它们总是下雨的时候躲在树下。1918年在东盎格利亚，一道闪电掠过整个羊群，一下杀死504只羊。闪电每年还在世界范围内引起10000多场火灾。

How Deafness Makes It Easier to Hear 如何让失聪的人更容易听见

Most people think of Beethoven's hearing loss as an obstacle to composing music.However, he produced his most powerful works in the last decade of his life when he was completely deaf.This is one of the most glorious cases of the triumph of will over adversity, but his biographer, Maynard Solomon, takes a different view.Solomon argues that Beethoven's deafness “heightened” his achievement as a composer.In his deaf world Beethoven could experiment, free from the sounds of the outside world, free to create new forms and harmonies.Hearing loss does not seem to affect the musical ability of musicians who become deaf.They continue to“hear” music with as much, or greater, accuracy than if they were actually hearing it being played.Michael Eagar, who died in 2003, became deaf at the age of 21.He described a fascinating phenomenon that happened within three months:“ my former musical experiences began to play back to me.I couldn't differentiate between what I heard and real hearing.After many years, it is still rewarding to listen to these playbacks, to ' hear' music which is new to me and to find many quiet accompaniments for all of my moods.”

How is it that the world we see, touch, hear, and smell is both“out there” and at the same time within us? There is no better example of this connection between external stimulus and internal perception than the cochlear implant.No man-made device could replace the ability to hear..However, it might be possible to use the brain's remarkable power to make sense of the electrical signals the implant produces.When Michael Edgar first“ switched on” his cochlear implant,the sound's he heard were not at all clear.Gradually, with much hard work, he began to identify everyday sounds.For example,“ The insistent ringing of the telephone became clear almost at once.”

The primary purpose of the implant is to allow communication with others.When people spoke to Eagar, he heard their voices “coming through like a long-distance telephone call on a poor connection.” But when it came to his beloved music, the implant was of no help.When he war, ted to appreciate music, Eagar played the piano.He said," I play the piano as I used to and hear it in my head at the same time.The movement of my fingers and the feel of the keys give added ' clarity' to hearing in my head.''

Cochlear implants allow the deaf to hear again in a way that is not perfect, but which can change their lives.Still, as Michael Eagar discovered, when it comes to musical harmonies,heating is irrelevant.Even the most amazing cochlear implants would have been useless to Beethoven as he composed his Ninth Symphony at the end of his life.译文：如何让失聪的人更容易听见

大多数人把贝多芬的听力受损看作是他作曲的障碍。然而，他的最有力量的作品正是在他人生的最后十年里创作出来的，那时他完全失聪。

这是最值得称道的用意志战胜不幸的案例之一，但是他的传记作家梅纳德·所罗门却持不同的观点。梅纳德认为，贝多芬的失聪“促进了他作为作曲家的成就，在他完全失聪的世界里，他能摆脱外在世界声音的干扰，自由地创作新的表现形式与和声。”

听力受损似乎不会影响失聪的音乐家的音乐才能。他们能继续“听见”音乐，与他们能真正听见音乐相比，他们“听”得同样准确，甚至更准确。

2003年去世的迈克尔·伊加，在他21岁时失聪。他曾经描绘过一幅发生在三个月内的迷人的事情：“我之前的音乐经历开始在脑中回放，我无法区别真正听到的和曾经听过的东西。许多年以后，听到这些回放，“听见”对我来说是新鲜的音乐，为我所有的情绪找到伴唱仍然是有所收益的。”

内心的感受?把外在刺激和内在感知相结合的最好的例子就是耳蜗植入。没有任何人工的装置能代替听觉能力，但是，利用大脑非凡的能力来理解植入物产生的电信号还是有可能的。

当迈克尔·伊加最先“开启”题的人工耳蜗时，他听到的声音一点都不清楚。经过艰苦的努力，他渐渐地开始辨认出日常的声音，比如他说道“持续的电话响声几乎是立刻就变得清晰了。”

耳蜗植入最主要的目的就是能够与人交流。当人们与伊加交谈时，他能听到他们的声音“像是从接触不良的长途电话中传来的”。但是当听他钟爱的音乐时，耳蜗植入就毫无用处。每当伊加想要欣赏音乐时，他就开始弹钢琴。他说“我像往常那样弹奏钢琴，同一时间在头脑中就听见它。我手指的移动以及对琴键的感觉使得头脑中听到的声音更加“清晰”。

耳蜗植入让耳聪的人以一种不完美的方式再次听见声音，但是它改变了他们的生活。尽管如此，正如迈克尔·伊加发现的那样，当涉及到音乐和声时，听力就无关紧要了。甚至最完美的耳蜗植入对贝多芬在他生命的最后阶段创作第九交响曲也毫无用处。

第二篇：2015职称英语理工A补全短文文章及译文

2015职称英语补全短文文章及译文

补全短文：第十一篇Virtual Driver

Driving involves sharp eyes and keen ears，analyzing with a brain，and coordination between hands, feet and brain.A man has sharp eyes and keen ears, analyzes through his brain, and maintains coordination between his hands and brains.He can control a fast-moving car with different parts of his body.(1)D But how does an intelligent car control itself? Apparently there isn't anyone in the driver's cab, but there is in fact a virtual driver1.This virtual driver has eyes, brains, hands and feet too.The minicameras on each side of the car are its eyes and are responsible for observing the road conditions ahead of it as well as the traffic to its left and right.If you open the boot, you can see the most important part of the automatic driving system： a built-in computer.(2)C This is the brain of the car.The brain of the car is responsible for calculating the speeds objects surrounding the car are moving at2，analyzing their position on the road，choosing the right path，and giving orders to the wheel and the control system.In comparison with the human brain, the virtual driver's best advantage is that it reacts quickly.(3)E It completes the processing of the images sent by the cameras within 100 milliseconds However, it takes the world's best racecar driver at least one second to react, and this doesn't include the time he needs to take action.With its rapid reaction and accurate control，the virtual driver can reduce the accident rate on expressways considerably.In this case, is it possible for us to let it have the wheel3 at ahy time and in any place?(4)Experts say that we cannot do that just yet.With its limited ability to recognize things, the car can now only travel on expressways.The intelligent car determines its direction by the clear lines that mark the lanes clearly and recognizes vehicles according to their regular shapes.(5)However, it cannot recognize moving people and bicycles on ordinary roads that have no clear markings on them.This being the case4, people still have high hopes about driverless cars，and think highly intelligent cars are what the cars of the future should be like.译文：虚拟驾驶员

驾驶需要敏锐的视觉与听觉，大脑分析，手、脚和大脑的协调配合。人具有敏锐的视觉与听觉能力，能用大脑进行分析，保持手和大脑的配合。人能用身体不伺部位来操控一辆快速行驶的 汽车，但是智能化的汽车怎样自动驾驶呢?显然驾驶室里无人驾驶，但事实上的确存在一个虚拟 驾驶员，它有眼睛、大脑和手、脚。汽车两边的小型照相机就是它的眼睛，负责观察前方的路况信息和左右两侧的交通状况。如果你打开车身后部的行李箱，你就会看到自动驾驶系统中最重要的部件：嵌入式计算机。它是汽车的大脑，这个大脑负责计算汽车周围物体移动的速度，分析它 在路上的位置，选择正确的道路，并对方向盘和操控系统下达指令。

与人脑相比，虚拟驾驶员最大的优点是反应快。对照相机发送的图像，能在100毫秒内完成 对其的分析处理。可是世界上最好的赛车手至少要1秒钟内才能做出反应，并且这个时间还不包 括他采取应对措施的时间。

由于虚拟驾驶员反应迅速，操控准确，它能大量减少高速公路的事故率。在这种情况下，是不是可以不分时间、不分地点都让虚拟驾驶员驾驶汽车?专家们认为目前尚不可以。由于虚拟 驾驶员识别物体的能力有限，目前这种智能化汽车只可以在高速公路上行驶。

智能汽车按清晰标出的车道线决定自己的行车方向，靠车辆的常规形状识别其他车辆。然而, 它却不能识别在普通道路上行驶的没有清晰标记的自行车和行人。虽然情况是这样，人们始终认为未来的汽车就应该是高度智能化的汽车。

第十二篇Musical Training Can Improve Communication Skills

American scientists say musical training seems to improve communication skills and language retardation.They found that developing musical skills involves the same process in the brain as learning how to speak.The scientists believe that1 could help children with learning disabilities.(1)Nina Kraus is a neurobiologist(神经生物学家)at Northwestern University in Illinois.She says musical training involves putting together different kinds of information, such as hearing music, looking at musical notes, touching an instrument and watching other musicians.This process is not much different from learning how to speak.(2)A Both involve different senses.The further explains musical training and learning to speak each make us think about what we are doing2.She says speech and music pass through a structure of the nervous system called the brain stem.(3)F The brain stem controls our ability to hear.Until recently, experts have thought the brain stem could not be developed or changed.But Professor Kranss and her team found that musical training can improve a person's brain stem activity.The study involved individuals with different levels of musical ability.They were asked to wear an electrical device that measures brain activity.The Individuals wore the electrode while they watched a video of someone speaking and a person playing a musical instrument--the cello.(4)E Professor Krauss says cellos have sound qualities similar to some of the sounds that are important with speech.The study found that the more years of training people had, the more sensitive they were to the sound and rhythm of the music3.Those who were involved in musical activities were the same people in whom the improvement of sensory events was the strongest.(5)D It shows the importance of musical training to children with learning disabilities.She says using music to improve listening skills could mean they hear sentences and understand facial expressions better.译文：音乐训练可以提高交流技能

美国科学家称音乐训练可以提高交流技能并改善语言障碍。他们发现在大脑中，培养音乐技能和学习如何讲话所经历的过程是相同的。科学家发现，音乐训练可以帮助那些在学习上有障碍的儿童。

妮娜·克劳斯是伊利诺伊州西北大学的神经生物学家。她说音乐训练包括整合不同类型的信息，例如听音乐、看音符、触摸乐器和观察其他音乐家。这个过程和学习讲话并没有太大的不同，它们都需要不同的感官参与。

她又进一步解释了音乐训练和学习说话两者都使我们思考正在做的事。她说，话语和音乐都会通过称为脑干的神经系统组织，脑干控制我们的听力。直到近日，专家们还都认为脑干是不能被改善或改变的。但是克劳斯教授和她的团队却发现音乐训练可以改善一个人的脑干活动。

这项研究包含音乐能力水平各不相同的人。这些人被要求带上一种可以测量脑部活动的电极装置。在这些人带着电极装置的同时，他们会观看某人讲话和某人演奏乐器——大提琴——的视频。克劳斯教授说大提琴的音质和一些对演讲很重要的声音的音质非常相似。这项研究表明人们接收音乐训练的年份越长，其对音乐声音和节奏的敏感性也越高。那些接受过音乐训练的人在感官测试中取得的进步也最大。这表明了音乐训练对学习上有障碍的儿童的重要性。克劳斯教授说使用音乐来改善听力意味着儿童可以更好地听一些句子和更好地理解一些面部表情 +第十三篇（重点）Affectionate Androids

Computers are now powerful enough to allow the age of humanoid robots to dawn1.And it won’t be long before we will see realistic cyber companions, complete with skin, dexterity, and intelligence.They will be programmed to tend to your every need.Will we ever want to marry robots? Artificial intelligence researcher David Levy has published a book claiming human-robot relationships will become popular in the next few decades.____1 C And if you want to go ahead and tie the knot with your special electronic friend，Levy said that such marriages will be socially acceptable by around 2050.____ Will humans really be able to form deep emotional attachments to machines? It will, in fact, be relatively easy to form these strong attachments because the human mind loves to anthropomorphize: to give human attributes to other creatures—even objects.For example, researchers in San Diego recently put a small humanoid robot in with a toddler playgroup for several months.____2_ F The bot knew each child because it was programmed with face and voice recognition，and it giggled when tickled.___ The children ended up treating it as a fellow toddler.When it lay down because its batteries were flat，the kids even covered it with a blanket.In a few decades, when humanoid robots with plastic skin look and feel very real, will people want to form relationships with them? What if the bots could hold a conversation? And be programmed to be the perfect companions—soul mates, even? ____3 E Maybe your generation could resist, but eventually there will be a generation of people who grow up with humanoid robots as a normal part of life.____ And like those toddlers in the experiment, they will be very accepting of them.The next question, then, is whether there is anything wrong with having an emotional relationship with a machine.Even today there are people who form deep attachments to their pets and use them as substitutes for friends or even children.Few consider that unethical.____4__ B But a sophisticated robot will probably be even more attractive.__ For those who always seem to end up marrying the wrong man or woman, a robotic Mr.or Ms.Right could be mighty tempting.As the father of artificial intelligence, Marvin Minsky, put it when asked about the ethics of lonely older people forming close relationships with robots: “If a robot had all the virtues of a person and was smarter and more understanding, why would the elderly bother talking to other grumpy old people?”

A robot could be programmed to be as dumb or smart, as independent or subservient, as an owner desired.And that’s the big disadvantage.Having the perfect robot partner will damage the ability to form equally deep human-human relationships.People will always seem imperfect in comparison.When you’re behaving badly, a good friend will tell you.____5 D However, few owners will program their robots to point out their flaws.____ People in relationships have to learn to adapt to each other: to enjoy their common interests and to deal with their differences.It makes us richer, stronger, and wiser.A robot companion will be perfect at the start.However, there will be nothing to move the relationship to grow to greater heights.参考译文：计算机技术已经足够成熟，能支持人形机器人的诞生和普及，进人人形机器人的时代。那些有着人类的皮肤、敏捷性、智力的机器人已经离我们不远了。它们将被设计成能满足我们所有的需求。

我们会不会想和机器人结婚呢？人工智能研究人员大卫•莱维曾出版过一本书，在书中他认为，人与机器人之间的交互在几十年内将会变得很常见。而如果你想和你的特别的电子朋友恋爱结婚，莱维认为，这种婚姻关系将在2050年左右得到社会认可。

人们真的能够对机器产生深厚的感情吗？事实上，产生这种感情不难，因为人脑喜欢将物体拟人化，也就是给其他生物甚至物体赋予人类的特质。

比如说，圣地亚哥的研究人员曾将小型的人形机器人放置在一个儿童游乐场里几个月时间。：这个机器人认识每一个孩子，因为内在的程序系统赋予了他人脸识别和声音识别能力，并且当有人给它挠痒痒的时候它还会笑。最后,孩子们都把它当作自己的同伴。当它因为没电而躺倒在地的时候，孩子们甚至给它盖上毯子。

几十年之后，当人形机器人有着类似人类的皮肤，并且看上去和摸上去都非常像真人的时候，人们会不会想和它们发展深入的关系呢？要是机器人能进行对话，情况会怎样呢？要是编程能使它们变成完美的同伴，甚至心灵伴侣，结果会怎样呢？可能我们这一代人会反对这种情况，但是最终会有一代人将同机器人一同长大，将机器人视为正常生活的一部分。像实验中的这些机器人，他们很受欢迎。

下一个问题是，与机器人发展感情关系有没有什么问题。即使是现在，也有许多人对他们的宠物产生深厚的依恋，并以此替代朋友甚至孩子。很少有人认为这种行为有违道德。

但是，一个复杂的机器人将很可能变得更有吸引力。对于那些看上去老是和错误的人结婚的人来说，一个机器人伴侣可能非常有诱惑力的。人工智能之父马文•明斯基谈到孤独的老人与机器人产生亲密关系这一问题时说：“如果机器人有人类所拥有的所有美德，并且更聪明更善解人意，那么老人干吗还要费劲同另一个脾气暴躁的老人交谈呢?” —台机器人可以按照主人的要求被设定成蠢笨的，也可以设定成聪明的，或者性格独立的。而这正是机器人的一大缺陷。拥有这样一个完美的机器人伙伴会损害人们形成亲密的人与人之间关系的能力。人们同机器人比起来，总是显得不够完美。当你有做得不对的地方时，好朋友总是会告诉你.但是很少有人会将自己的机器人设定为会指出自己的不足。

处在人际关系中的人必须要学会互相适应：享受共同的兴趣，同时妥善处理分歧，这使得我们更充盈、更强大、更富有智慧。在一开始的时候机器人会显得很完美。但这对 于我们将关系深入发展没有益处。

第十四篇Robotic Highway Cones

A University of Nebraska professor has developed robotic cones and barrels.F These robotic cones and barrels can move out of the way, or into place, from computer commands made milesThey can even be programmed to move on their own1 at any particular part of the day, said Shane Fanitor, an assistant professor of mechanical engineering at Nebraska.For example, if workers arrived at 6 am, the cones could move from the side of the highway to block off the lane at that time.____2 And they can return to the original place at the end of the day____ “It just seems like a very good application for robots,” Farritor said.“The robotic cones would also help remove people from hazardous jobs on the highway putting barrels and cones into place，” Fanitor said in a report oh his creation.____3_ Work on the idea began in 2002 using a National Academy of Sciences grant.__The fund allowed Farritor to work on the project with graduate students2 at Nebraska and his assistant Steve Goddard.The robots are placed at the bottom of the cones and barrels and are small enough not to greatly change the appearance of the construction aides.“It would look exactly the same,” Farritor said.“Normally there’s a kind of rubbery, black base to them.____4 We replace that with a robot.____”

Farritor has talked with officials from the Nebraska Department of Roads about how the robots would be most useful to what they3 might need.The robots could come in handy4 following a slow-moving maintenance operation, like painting a stripe on a road or moving asphalt, where now the barrels have to be picked up and moved as the operation proceeds.“That way you don’t have to block off a 10-mile strip for the operation,5” Fanitor said.While6 prototypes have been made, they are not in use anywhere.Farritor said he has applied for a patent and is considering what to do next.____5_ He is thinking about starting a small business.__ He is also thinking about marketing the robots to roads departments and others across the country who7 may benefit from them.译文：机器人高速路锥形路标

一名耐伯拉斯卡(Nebraska)大学的教授开发出了机器人锥形路标和路障。几英里以外的电脑就可以发出指令将这些机器人锥形路标和路障移开或者移入某一地点。耐伯拉斯卡大学机械工程助教谢恩·福瑞特说人们甚至可以编程让这些机器人路标和路障在一天的某个时段自行移动。

例如，如果工人们上午6点要在高速公路上施工，锥形路障就可以在这个时候从高速公路边上移动到施工的行车道上设置障碍。并且它们还能再一天工作结束后回到原地。福瑞德说：“这看起来是对机器人非常好的应用。”福瑞德还在他的一篇发明报告中说：“机器人还可以使人们从在高速公路上放置路标和路障的危险工作中解脱出来。”

这个想法起始于2002年国家科学研究院的一个授权项目。这项基金使得福瑞德可以和耐伯拉斯卡大学的研究生以及助理史蒂文·戈达德共同开发这个项目。

机器人被安装在锥形路标和路障的底部。它们非常 小，足以不改变这些路标、路障的原貌。福瑞德说：“它们看起来和普通的路标、路障一模一样。普通的路标、路障带有一个黑色的橡胶底座。现在的底座被换成了机器人。”

福瑞德和耐伯拉斯卡大学公路系的职员曾经探讨怎样才能使机器人最有利于他们的需要。

机器人可以用于缓慢移动的维护性的操作，例如在胃公路粉刷白色的标线操作中需要随时摆放和移动路标、路障的地方。福瑞德说：“采用了这种方法，人们就不用在施工中一次封锁10英里长的地带。”

虽然发明的样机已经做成了，但还没有投入使用。福瑞德说他已经申请了专利并且正在考虑下一步的打算。他计划开一家小型公司，并打算向公路部门和其他国内能受益于这项发明的地方推销。第十五篇A Memory Drug?

IT’S DIFFICULT TO IMAGINE MANY THINGS that people would welcome more than a memory-enhancing drug.____1_ B A memory enhancer could help eliminate forgetting associated with aging and disease.___ Furthermore, such a drug could help people remember past experiences more clearly and help us acquire new information more easily for school and at work.As scientists learn more about memory, we are closing in on this tantalizing goal.1

Some of the most exciting evidence comes from research that has built on earlier findings linking LTP2 and memory to identify a gene that improves memory in mice.The gene makes a protein that assists the NMDA2 receptor，which plays an important role in long-term memory by helping to initiate LTP.___ Mice bred to have extra copies of this gene showed more activity in their NMDA receptors，more LTP，and improved performance on several different memory tasks — learning a spatial layout3, recognizing familiar objects，and recalling a fear-inducing shock.If these basic insights about genes, LTP, and the synaptic basis of memory can be translated to people — and that remains to be seen — they could pave the way for memory-enhancing treatments.____3_ Like steroids for bulking up the muscles, these drugs would bulk up memory.___ As exciting as this may sound, it also raises troubling issues.Consider the potential educational implications of memory-enhancing drugs.If memory enhancers were available, children who used them might be able to acquire and retain extraordinary amounts of information, allowing them to progress far more rapidly in school than they could otherwise.How well could the brain handle such an onslaught of information? What happens to children who don’t have access to the latest memory enhancers? Are they left behind in school — and as a result handicapped later in life?

____4__What are the potential implications of memory-enhancing drugs for the workplace?__ Imagine that you are applying for a job that requires a good memory，such as a manager at a technology company or a sales position that requires remembering customers’ names as well as the attributes of different products and services.Would you take a memory-enhancing drug to increase your chances of landing the position? Would people who felt uncomfortable taking such a drug find themselves cut out of lucrative career opportunities?

Memory drugs might also help take the sting out of disturbing memories that we wish we could forget but can’t.4 The 2004 hit movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind told the story of a young man seeking just such freedom from the painful memories of a romantic breakup.As you will see in the section on persistence later in the chapter, emotionally arousing events often create intrusive memories, and researchers have already muted emotional memories with drugs that block the action of key hormones.Should emergency workers who must confront horrifying accident scenes that can burden them with persisting memories be provided with such drugs? Should such drugs be given to rape victims who can’t forget the trauma? Memory drugs might provide some relief to such individuals.But could they also interfere with an individual’s ability to assimilate and come to terms with a difficult experience? We may find ourselves struggling with these kinds of questions in the not-too-distant future.译文：记忆药物?

很难想象还有比能增强记忆力的药物更受人们欢迎的东西了。增强记忆的药物能让人消除因变老和疾病造成的遗忘。而且这种药物能够帮助人们更加清晰地记起过去的经历，更容易地在学习和工作中获取新信息。随着科学家对记忆了解增多，我们正在接近这一诱人的目标。

一些最激动人心的证据来自于一项研究，这项研究是基于早期通过将LTP 和记忆连接起来识别老鼠中能提升记忆力的基因所得到的发现。这种基因能够制造一种辅助NMDA 受体的蛋白质，这个受体通过帮助启动LTP而在长期记忆中起到重要作用。被喂养这种基因复制品的老鼠的NMDA受体表现得更活跃，具有更多的LTP，在许多不同的记忆实践中有更好的表现——学习空间布置，辨认熟悉物品，回忆起引起惊吓的冲击。

如果这些有关记忆基因、LTP 的基本认识和记忆的突触原理能够转用到人身上去——那还有待观察——那么它们就为增强记忆的治疗铺平道路。就像类固醇可以强壮肌肉，这些药物可以增强记忆。尽管听起来令人激动，它们也会引起令人苦恼的问题。考虑一下增强记忆的药物潜在的教育影响，如果记忆增强剂能够实现，使用它们的孩子就有可能获取并记住大量的信息，在学校里就比不用药物要进步更快。大脑对这些汹涌而来的信息能处理得多好?无法得到最新记忆增强剂的孩子该怎么办?他们在学校中就会落在后面，以后的人生就有残缺吗?

增强记忆的药物在职场潜在的影响又是什么?想象一下你正申请一个需要记忆力好的工作，比如一家科技公司的经理或需要记住顾客名字以及不同产品和服务特征的销售岗位。你会服用增强记忆的药物来增加你得到职位的概率吗?服用这种药物感到不舒服的人会失去获利颇丰的工作机会吗?

记忆药物使我们想忘记却又不能忘记的令人烦扰的记忆变得令人易于接受。2004年的卖座电影《美丽心灵的永恒阳光》讲述的是一个年轻人找寻能够摆脱爱情破裂的痛苦记忆方法的故事。正如你会在后面的情节中看到有关坚持不懈的那部分，从情感上唤起的事件经常能够形成令人烦恼的记忆，并且研究者已经用阻挡主要荷尔蒙活动的药物消除了情感的记忆。应该给那些必须直面恐怖的事故现场并且被相关记忆烦扰的急救人员提供这类药物吗?应该给那些不能忘记创伤的被强奸的受害者服用这些药物吗?记忆药物可能会给这些人带来一丝慰藉，但它们也会干扰一个人吸收消化的能力，以及对困境妥协让步的能力吗?在不久的将来，我们可能会发现自己在与这类问题做斗争。

第三篇：2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文

中华会计网校&职业培训教育网联合推出

2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文（3）

2014年职称英语考试时间为3月29日。小编为您整理职称英语教材中，补全短文部分的文章及译文，希望对您有所助益。

Are Online Friends Real Friends?

Modern computer technology has made a new kind of human relationship possible: online friendship.____(1)____.Are online friendships as beneficial as face-to-face friendships? What are the advantages and disadvantages of having virtual friends? Can people form strong bonds online? Today these questions are the subject of lively debate1.Some people believe that the Internet is the best way to make new friends.It’s convenient, it’s fast, and it allows to make contact with different kinds of people from all over the world.When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours2.Information updates and photos add to the experience.Making friends on the Internet is especially good for shy people who feel uncomfortable in social situations.It’s often easier to share thoughts and feelings online.____(2)____.They can make people feel less lonely and help them solve problems.Although the Internet can encourage friendship, it has a major disadvantage.____(3)____.Online friends only tell you what they want you to know.They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can’t be sure of what they really like3.That is why you should not give personal information to anyone online unless you’re totally sure of who that person is.Can online friendship be as meaningful as face-to-face ones? There are different points of view.Researchers at the University of Southern California surveyed 2,000 households in the United States.The results showed that more than 40 percent of participants feel “as strongly about their online buddies”as they do about their “offline”friends.____(4)____.In contrast, there are many people who believe that it’s not possible to have deep relationships with online friends.A young Indian software engineer, Lalitha Lakshmipathy，says，“it’s good to feel connected with many people, but all my e-buddies are not necessarily my close friends.”____(5)____.They say that it’s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection _____________________________________________________________________

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中华会计网校&职业培训教育网联合推出

when you don’t share experiences in person4.People continue to express different opinions about online friendship.However, most of them would agree that virtual friendships must not replace face-to-face friendships.As one life coach says, “a social networking site should only be the ‘add on’ in any relationship.”

注释：

1.Today these questions are the subject of lively debate.：现今这些问题成了人们热议的话题。

2.When you use social networking websites and chat rooms, you can easily find people with interests and hobbies similar to yours.：当你浏览社交网站和进人聊天室聊天时，你会很容易找到志趣相投的人。

3.They sometimes exaggerate their good qualities and hide the less positive ones, so you can’t be sure of what they really like.：他们有时会夸大自己的优点而掩盖缺点，让你看不清他们的庐山真面目。

4.They say that it’s hard to develop feelings of trust and connection when you don’t share experiences in person.：他们认为，由于缺乏共同的经历，与网友发展信任和联系很困难。

练习：

A.In addition, virtual friends can offer emotional support.B.When you’re not face to face, it’s much easier to deceive people.C.Many people would agree.D.Researchers also found that it’s not unusual for online friends to become face-to-face friends.E.Online friends may be of help in many ways.F.Online friends，or virtual friends，are people who have become acquainted with each other through the Internet.答案与题解：

1.F开头第一句讲了现代计算机技术给人类带来了一种新型的人际关系，即网友。而这一句是对网友的定义，即人们通过网络认识的朋友。第二句的开头online friends与第一句的结尾online friendship承上启下，是文章写作的要素。

2.A本段讲的是网上交友的有利因素：方便快捷;分享真情实感比社交场合容易得多。本句的开头_____________________________________________________________________

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中华会计网校&职业培训教育网联合推出

in addition(另外)引出对以上有利因素的补充。

3.B本段讲的是网上交友的不利因素。本段第一句是一个总括句：网上交友有一大不利。本句说明这一不利是什么，即没有而对而的接触，人们很容易受骗，紧接着下一句讲怎样被骗：网友只会告诉你他们想让你知道的信息。

4.D该句的前一句讲的是：调查结果显示，超过40%的受访者认为“网上的友谊”同“线下的友谊”一样牢固。而这一句是对上一句的进一步解释：调查还显示，网友转变成现实中的朋友也不是不寻常的。also —词也表明了该句和前一句的关系。

5.C该句的前一句和后一句都讲的是网络可以使人们多联系，但耍使人们成为亲密的朋友比较难。所以，该句(很多人也认同这一点)恰当地把它们连接起来。

译文：网友算真正的朋友吗?

现代计算机技术使得一种新的人际关系成为可能，即网友。网友，或称虚拟朋友，是指在网上认识的人。网友是否能像现实中的朋友一样互相帮助?交网友的利弊分别有哪些?网络上能建立起牢固的联系吗?现金，这些问题引起了激烈的争论。

有的人认为，网络是结交朋友最好的方式。网络不仅方便快捷，还能让你联系到全世界各种类型的人。当你浏览社交网站或进入聊天室聊天时，你会很容易找到志趣相投的人，信息更新和照片也能增进这种体验。在网上交友对于内向的人来说尤其有利，因为他们在社交场合可能会感到不自在。在网络上，分享思想和情感也变得更为容易。另外，虚拟的朋友能够给人们以情感支持，减少人们的孤独感，帮助他们解决问题。

网络虽然可以增进友谊，但也存在不少缺陷。由于没有面对面的接触，人们很容易受骗。网友只会告诉你他们想让你知道的信息。他们有时会夸大自己的优点而掩盖缺点，让你看不清他们的庐山真面目。正因如此，在不完全确定对方是谁之前，不要随便将个人信息提供给网络上的任何人。

网络上的朋友能和现实中的朋友一样有意义吗?对此有许多不同的观点。南加州大学的研究人员对美国2000户家庭进行了一项调查，调查结果显示，超过40%的受访者认为“网上的友谊”同“线下的友谊”一样牢固。调查还显示，网友不能转变成现实中的朋友也不是寻常的。与此相对的是，许多人认为与网友发展深厚友谊不太可能。拉丽莎·拉什米帕西是一名年轻的软件工程师，她说：“同许多人保持联系给人感觉很好，但是我网上的朋友不都是我亲密的朋友。”很多人也认同这一点，他们认为，由于缺乏共同的经历，与网友发展信任和联系很困难。

人们还在为网友的问题争论不休。不过，大部分人仍认为，虚拟的朋友不能代替现实中的朋友。正如一位人生导师说：“社交网站只能成为人际关系的助益，而不能取而代之。”

_____________________________________________________________________

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第四篇：2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文

中华会计网校&职业培训教育网联合推出

2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文（2）

2014年职称英语考试时间为3月29日。小编为您整理职称英语教材中，补全短文部分的文章及译文，希望对您有所助益。

Teamwork in Tourism

Growing cooperation among branches of tourism has proved valuable to all concerned.Government bureaus，trade and travel associations, carriers and properties are all working together to bring about optimum3 conditions for travelers.(1)They have knowledge of all areas and all carrier services，and they are experts in organizing different types of tours and in preparing effective advertising campaigns.They distribute materials to agencies, such as journals, brochures and advertising projects.⑵

Tourist counselors give valuable seminars to acquaint agents with new programs and techniques in selling.(3)Properties and agencies work closely together to make the most suitable contracts，considering both the comfort of the clients and their own profitable financial arrangement.(4)(5)Carriers are dependent upon agencies to supply passengers，and agencies are dependent upon carriers to present them with marketable tours.All services must work together for greater efficiency, fair pricing and contented customers.注释：

concerned:作定语时常常放在所修饰的词或短语的后面，表示“有关的”。例如:Everyone concerned must sign their names here.carriers and properties:指运输公司和房地产公司。

optimum:形容词，意为“最佳的”。又如:an optimum temperature for this kind of flower：适合 这种花生长的最佳温度。

brochure:指具有宣传性质的小册子。seminar：研讨会

conversely:相反地，反过来说0 又如：The teacher gave the students knowledge, and conversely，the students offered the teacher their warmest gratitude._____________________________________________________________________

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中华会计网校&职业培训教育网联合推出

练习：

A The same confidence exists between agencies and carriers，including car-rental and sight-seeing services.B They offer familiarization and workshop tours so that in a short time agents can obtain first-hand knowledge of the tours.C Travel operators, specialists in the field of planning, sponsor extensive research programs.D As a result of teamwork, tourism is flouring in all countries.E Agencies rely upon the good services of hotels, and, conversely, hotels rely upon agencies, to fulfill their contracts and to send them clients.F In this way agents learn to explain destinations and to suggest different modes and combinations of travel-planes，ships，trains，motorcoaches, car-rentals，and even car purchases.答案与题解：

1.C本段第二句和第三句话都以人称代词they作主语，但所指不明。在大多数情况下，其指 代对象应在同一段落的前文中找。C与这两个句子在结构和意思上都是平行的，时态也一 致，而且用travel operators这个名词去替代这两个句子中的they都讲得通。

2.B这一句继续讲旅游经纪人的工作,它同本段前三句话在时态、结构和意思上一致或平行。3.F指示词this/that及其复数形式在英语中是重要的衔接手段，多数情况下this指上文刚刚 提到的事情或说过的话。本段第一句话说旅游顾问召开研讨会使代理人熟悉新业务和销售 技巧。承接这句话，F说“通过这种方式，代理人学会了怎样对旅行自的地加以解释以及向 游客建议各种不同的旅行方式及组合方式，如飞机、船、火车、公共汽车、汽车出租，甚至汽车 的购买”。“这种方式”就是指上一句话中的召开研讨会，因而F是最合适的选项。

4.E本段第一句话说房地产公司和旅行社密切合作，达成了最为适当的协议。这种协议兼顾 了顾客的方便和他们自己的财政方面的安排。E实际上进一步阐述了二者之间相互依赖的 紧密关系。

5.A写文章讲究句子和段落之间的衔接。第四段讲到了房地产公司和旅行社之间相互依赖 的合作关系,A说“旅行社和运输公司之间也存在着同等程度的信任”，像same, different(ly), similar(ly), otherwise这样的词语有很强的衔接力，属于指称衔接(reference)中的比 较衔接。下一句话详细解释旅行社和运输公司之间的关系，进一步印证了应该选A。

译文：旅游业中的团队合作

不同旅游部门之间越来越多的合作证明对有关各方都有益。政府机构、贸易与旅游协会、运 输公_____________________________________________________________________

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中华会计网校&职业培训教育网联合推出

司和房地产公司都一齐致力于为旅行者创造良好的条件。

旅游经纪人作为旅游计划的专家提出广泛的研究方案。他们了解所有的旅游区和所有运输公 司的服务。他们的专长是组织不同类型的旅游活动以及准备有效的广告宣传。他们把材料分发给 旅行社。这些材料包括杂志、小册子和广告项目。他们提供熟悉情况和组织研讨问题的旅游，从 而使旅行社在短时间内就能获得有关他们正在推出的旅行活动的第一手资料。

旅游顾问举办各种重要的研讨会以便使旅行社代理人熟悉新的方案和技巧。通过这种方式, 代理人学会了怎样对旅行目的地加以解释以及向游客建议各种不同的旅行方式及组合方式，如飞 机、船、火车、公共汽车、汽车出租，甚至汽车的购买。

房地产公司与旅行社之间密切合作，达成了最为适当的协议。这种协议兼顾了顾客的方便和 他们自己的财政方面的安排。旅行社依靠旅馆提供良好的服务，反过来，旅馆依靠旅行社来完成 合同，招揽顾客。

在旅行社与运输公司(包括汽车出租和观光服务)之间也存在着同种程度的信任。运输公司 依靠旅行社来提供乘客，而旅行社依靠运输公司提供受游客欢迎的旅行活动。所有服务机构都以 提高效率、价格公平及使顾客满意为宗旨。

_____________________________________________________________________

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第五篇：2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文

中华会计网校&职业培训教育网联合推出

2014年职称英语综合类考试教材补全短文文章及译文（5）

2014年职称英语考试时间为3月29日。小编为您整理职称英语教材中，补全短文部分的文章及译文，希望对您有所助益。

Financial Risks

Several types of financial risk are encountered in international marketing;the major problems include commercial, political, and foreign exchange risk.(1)They include solvency, default, or refusal to pay bills.The major risk, however, is competition which can only be dealt with through consistently effective management and marketing.(2)Such risk is encountered when a controversy arises about the quality of goods delivered, a dispute over contract terms, or any other disagreement over which payment is withheld.One company，for example，shipped several hundred tons of dehydrated potatoes to a distributor in Germany.(3)The alternatives for the exporter were reducing the price, reselling the potatoes, or shipping them home again, each involving considerable cost.Political risk relates to2 the problems of war or revolution, currency inconvertibility3,expropriation or expulsion, and restriction or cancellation of import licenses.(4)Management information systems and— effective decision-making processes are the best defenses against political risk.As many companies have discovered, sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk4，so marketers must be prepared to assume them or give up doing business in a particular market.Exchange-rate fluctuations inevitably cause problems, but for many years，most firms could take protective action to minimize their unfavorable effects5.(5)International Business Machine Corporation, for example, reported that exchange losses resulted in a dramatic 21.6 percent drop in their earnings in the third quarter of 1981.Before rates were permitted to float,devaluations of major currencies were infrequent and usually could be anticipated, but exchange-rate fluctuations in the float system are daily affairs.词汇：

solvency 偿付能力 contract terms 合同条款 d _____________________________________________________________________

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中华会计网校&职业培训教育网联合推出

ehydrated potato 脱水土豆

expropriation 剥夺„„所有权;没收、征用 expulsion.逐出，开除;呼出, 排出 cancellation 取消，注销;作废，废除 import license 进口许可证

exchange-rate fluctuation 汇率率波动 floating exchange rate 浮动汇率

International Business Machine Corporation(美国)国际商用机器公司 注释：

1....encountered in day-to-day business.??„?在日常的商务活动中遇到的。2.relate to„：与„„有关。例如：

We are interested in what relates to ourselves.我f门关、注与我f门自己有关的事。3.currency inconvertibility:货币的不可兑换性

4....sometimes there is no way to avoid political risk： ???„有时政治风险是不可避免的

5....to minimize their unfavorable effects.把它们的不利影响—到最低程度。练习：

A Political risk is an environmental concern for all businesses.B One unique risk encountered by the international marketer involves financial adjustments.C Commercial risks are handled essentially as normal credit risks encountered in day-to-day business.1 D The distributor tested the shipment and declared it to be below acceptable taste and texture standards.E Floating exchange rates of the world's major currencies have forced all marketers to be especiallyaware of exchange-rate fluctuations and the need to compensate for them in their financial planning.F Many international marketers go bankrupt each year because of exchange-rate fluctuation.答案与题解：

1.C从文章结构上看，第一段提出要讨论三种主要的金融风险：商业风险、政治风险和外汇 险。第_____________________________________________________________________

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中华会计网校&职业培训教育网联合推出

三、第四段的主题句告诉我们这两段分别讨论了政治风险和外汇风险，第二段自然是 谈商业风险,用C作该段主题句是最合适的。

2.B本段第二、第三句话列举了商业风险的种种表现形式，B说:“国际市场独有的一种风险 与金融调节有关。”后一句话的主语Such risk指的就是这一独特的风险，such在句子之间起 到了衔接作用。

3.D本句和前一句举例说明因产品质量争议而引起的所谓国际市场独有的商业风险。本句 主语the distributor指的就是上句中出现的a distributor in Germany，这里distributor通过重复 在句子之间起到了衔接作用。

4.A本段主要谈政治风险，因而选项A最合适。、5.E本段主要谈外汇风险，E说：“世界主要货币的浮动汇率制迫使所有商家特别关注汇率的 波动，并意识到需要调整金融计划来作补偿。”后一句以国际商用机器公司为例说明这一情况。

译文：金融风险

国际金融市场的风险存在几种类型，主要是商业风险、政治风险和外汇风险。

商业风险事实上是日常商务活动中一般的信用风险。包括偿债能力、违约和拒绝付款。然而 竞争才是最主要的风险，需要持续有效的管理和营销才能在竞争中立足。国际市场的二个独特的 风险是金融调节方面的风险。这种风险产生于有关货物质量、合同条款及货款不兑现方面引起的 争执。例如，有一家公司将几百吨脱水土豆运给德国一家批发商，这^^批发商经过检验认为这些 土豆的味道和质地不合标准。对于出口商这方来说,可以降低价格、另寻买主或将土豆运回国内，两者均需要付出相当大的代价。

政治风险与战争、变革、货币的不可兑换性、土地征用、驱逐出境、进口许可的限制或取消 有关。政治风险是所有商务活动都需要考虑的环境因素。是通过信息管理系统和有效的决策程序 防范政治风险的最好办法。许多公司都发现，有时政治风险是不可避免的，所以商家必须心中有 数或是放弃某些市场的交易o 汇率不稳定也必然会产生不利影响。但多年来，大多数公司都能采取预防性措施将这种不利 影响降到最低限度。世界主要货币的浮动汇率制迫使所有商家尤为关注汇率的波动，并意识到需 要调整金融计划来作补偿。例如，国际商用机器公司曾报道1981年第三季度的收益额因为汇率变 动而急剧下降了 21.6%。实行浮动汇率制以前，主要货币的贬值并不常见，而且通常可以预测得 到。但是在浮动汇率制度下，汇率的波动是很常见的。

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