第一篇：2014年职称英语理工A押题整理
Researchers Discover Why Humans Began Walking Upright 1.Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the first two paragraphs?
A.Many people question the simple human activities of walking and carrying items.2.Dr.Richmond conducted the experiment with the purpose of finding
B.what made our ancestors walk upright.3.Kyoto, University's study discovered that chimpanzees.C.liked coula nuts better than oil palm nuts.4.Why did the chimpanzees walk on two limbs四肢 during Kyoto University's experiment?
D.Because they wanted to carry more nuts with two free limbs.5.What can we infer from the reading passage?
D.Human walking on two legs developed as a means of survival.Batteries Built by Viruses 1.According to the first paragraph, people try to
C.Stay away from viruses because they are causes of various diseases.2.What is Belcher’s team doing at present?
C.It is making batteries with viruses
3.What expression below is opposite in meaning to the word ―shrink‖ appearing in paragraph 5?
D.Expand 4.Which of the following is true of Belcher’s battery mentioned in paragraph 6?
D.It is a metallic disk with viruses inside it.5.How tiny is one battery part?
A.Its width is one tenth of a hair.Ants Have Big Impact on Environment as “Ecosystem Engineers”
1.Why are ants compared to ecosystem engineers?
C.Because their activity affects the environment.2.As predators, ants
A.prey on small as well as large animals.3.Dir Sanders’ study centered on how ants
D.produce such a big impact on the environment 4.What does paragraph 6 tell us?
B.Ants bring about a positiveinfluence to an area when their population is small 5.What still remains unclear about ants, according to the last paragraph?
C.How do human activities affect ants’ influence on a given ecosystem?
Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety 1.What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago, according to the first paragraph?
D.Female teachers’ confidence信心 in their math skills is related to girl’s math skills.2.What is implied暗示 in the third paragraph?
B.A difficult subject like math may affect teachers’ confidence in teaching the subject.3.According to the experiment, those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt
C.uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt 4.The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings
A.prove a strong link between female teachers’ math anxiety and their female students’ math achievements 5.David Geary thinks that
B.the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.Cell Phones Increase Traffic Pedestrian Fatalities 1.The two new studies, lead-authored by Professor Peter D.Loeb
D.both A and C.2.According to the second paragraph, when did cell phones actually help to reduce pedestrian and traffic fatalities?
B.Before the number of cell phone users reached a critical mass 3.What is said about cell phone use in paragraph 4?
B.The number of traffic deaths was reduced in the late 1980s and part of the 1990s due to cell phone use 4.What is said about cell phone use in the mid-1980s in paragraph 5?
A.It had a life-taking effect because there weren’t enough cell phones in use then.5.Which of the following statements DOES NOT answer the question ― What caused the ―life-saving effect‖ to occur in the early 1990s?‖
B.The number of cell phone users reached about 100 million
U．S．Scientists Confirm Water on Mars 1.What was discovered by NASA’s Phoenix Mars Lander on Mars?
C.Water in a soil sample.2.Why did the first two attempts to deliver samples fail?
C.The samples got stuck inside the scoop 3.Which one of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer?
A.Scientists have been trying to break the ice-rich layers of soil on Mars 4.Where are the scientists involved in the research from?
C.They are from both America and Canada.5.Which of the following do you think is the best description of Phoenix’s Surface Stereo Imager camera, according to your understanding of the passage?
A.It imitates human vision and is able to capture three-dimensional images.Defending the Theory of Evolution Still Seems Needed 1.According to the first paragraph, which of the following statements about the theory or evolution is true?
B.School boards oppose反对 AIBS's effort to defend the theory of evolution.2.Which one of the following is NOT the reason for an overall lack of teaching Darwin's theory?
D.Darwin's theory is denied拒绝，否定 as the central theory of biology.3.AIBS's is composed of.A.more than 80 societies and 250,000 members
4.According to Weis in the 5th paragraph, the theory of evolution_______.A.is fundamental to the development of modern genetics, molecular biology and geonomics 5.Why do people replace the term creationism with the term intelligent design nowadays?
D.Because the term creationism is too direct.Renewable Energy Sources 1.What are the energy resources that are not renewable according to the article?
D.A and B.2.China’s Three Gorges Dam
C.is the largest of all the hydroelectric dams in the world.3.Which is the country with the first commercial power station that makes use of ocean currents produced by tides?
B.Norway.4.Which of the following statements is true of wind power?
D.All of the above.5.According to the article, resources such as wind
B.are renewable so sustainable.Too Little for Global Warming
1.What do the authors of the new analysis presented at the University of Uppsala intend to say?
D.Oil and gas will run out so fast that Earth’s doomsday will never materialize.2.Nations that signed the Kyoto Protocol agree to
B.cut CO2 emissions.3.What are the estimates of the world’s oil and gas reserves?
D.3,500 billion by a growing number of scientists.4.Which of the following about Nebojsa NaJcicenovic is true?
D.He thinks that IPCC’s estimates are more optimistic than the Swedes.5.Which of the following is the near explanation of Nakicenovic’s assertion that ―… such a switch would be disastrous..."
B.A switch to burning coal would produce disastrous environmental problems.Clone Farm 1.Which statement is the best description of the new era of factory farming according to the first paragraph?
C.Cloned chickens are bulk-produced大量生产 with the same growth rate, weight and taste 2.Which institution has offered $4.7 million to fund the research?
A.The US’s National Institute of Science and Technology
3.In the third paragraph, by saying― Producers would like the same meat quantity but to use reduced inputs to get there,‖ Mike Fitzgerald means that he wishes
D.chickens could grow to the same weight but with less feed
4.Which of the following statements about Origen and Embrex is correct according to the fifth paragraph?
C.Origen has joined hands with Embrex in producing cell-injecting machines
5.The technology of freezing stem cells from different strains of chicken can do all the following EXCEPT that
A.farmers can order certain strains of chicken only
【完型填空】
Free Stains With Fast Food Could Neutrailze Heart Risk Fast food outlets could1 provide statin drugs free of charge so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London2 suggest in a new study.Statins reduce the amount of unhealthy ―LDL‖ cholesterol3 in the blood.A wealth of trial data4 has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack risk
In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology5, Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is.enough to offset the increase in heart attack risk from eating a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake.Dr Francis, from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London, who is the senior author of the study, said: ―Statins don’t cut out all of the unhealthy effects of cheeseburgers and French fries6.It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether.But we’ve worked out that in terms of your possibility of having a heart attack, taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same degree as a fast food meal increases it.―
N’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthy condiments in fast food outlets as they like, but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed.It makes sense7 to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are provided free of charge.It would cost less than 5 pence per customer —— not much different to a sachet of sugar8, ― Dr Francis said.When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take measures that lower their risk, like wearing a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters.Taking a stain is a rational way of lowering some of the risks of eating a fatty meal.“Liquefaction” Key to Much of Japanese Earthquake Damage The massive subduction zone1 earthquake in Japan caused a significant level of soil ―liquefaction‖2 that has surprised researchers with its widespread severity, a new analysis shows.We’ve seen localized3 examples of soil liquefaction as extreme as this before, but the distance and extent of damage in Japan were unusually severe,‖ said Scott Ashford, a professor of geotechnical engineering4 at Oregon State University5.―Entire structures were tilted and sinking into the sediments,‖ Ashford said.―The shifts in soil destroyed water, drain and gas pipelines6, crippling the utilities and Infrastructure these communities need to function.We saw some places that sank as much as four feet.‖
Some degree of soil liquefaction7 is common in almost any major earthquake.It’s a phenomenon in which soils soaked with water, particularly recent sediments or sand, can lose much of their strength and flow during an earthquake.This can allow structures to shift or sink or collapse.But most earthquakes are much shorter than the recent event in Japan, Ashford said.The length of the Japanese earthquake, as much as five minutes, may force researchers to reconsider the extent of liquefaction damage possibly occurring in situations such as this8.― With such a long-lasting earthquake, we saw how structures that might have been okay after 30 seconds just continued to sink and tilt as the shaking continued for several more minutes,‖ he said.―And it was clear that younger sediments, and especially areas built on recently filled ground, are much more vulnerable.‖
The data provided by analyzing the Japanese earthquake, researchers said, should make it possible to improve the understanding of this soil phenomenon and better prepare for it in the future.Ashford said it was critical for the team to collect the information quickly, before damage was removed in the recovery efforts9.There’s no doubt that we’ll learn things from what happened in Japan10 that11 will help us to reduce risks in other similar events,‖ Ashford said.―Future construction in some places may make more use of techniques known to reduce liquefaction, such as better compaction to make soils dense, or use of reinforcing stone columns.‖ Ashford pointed out that northern California have younger soils vulnerable to liquefaction – on the coast, near river deposits or in areas with filled ground.The ―young‖ sediments, in geologic terms, may be those deposited within the past 10,000 years or more.In Oregon, for instance, that describes much of downtown Portland, the Portland International Airport and other cities.Anything near a river and old flood plains is a suspect12, and the Oregon Department of Transportation has already concluded that 1100 bridges in the state are at risk from an earthquake.Fewer than 15 percent of them have been reinforced to prevent collapse.Japan has suffered tremendous losses in the March 11 earthquake, but Japanese construction standards helped prevent many buildings from collapse – even as they tilted and sank into the ground.Sharks Perform a Service for Earth’s Waters
It is hard to get people to think of sharks as anything but a deadly enemy1.They are thought to attack people frequently.But these fish2 perform a valuable service for earth’s waters and for human beings.Yet business and sport fishing3 are threatening their existence.Some sharks are at risk of disappearing from Earth.Warm weather may influence both fish and shark activity.Many fish swim near coastal areas because of their warm waters.Experts say sharks may follow the fish into the same areas,where people also swim.In fact, most sharks do not purposely charge at or bite humans.They are thought to mistake a person for a sea animal, such as a seal or sea lion.That is why people should not swim in the ocean when the sun goes down or comes up.Those are the times when sharks are looking for food.Experts also say that bright colors and shiny jewelry may cause sharks to attack.A shark has an extremely good sense of smell4.It can find small amounts of substances in water, such as blood, body liquids and chemicals produced by animals.These powerful senses help sharks find their food.Sharks eat fish, any other sharks, and plants that live in the ocean.Medical researchers want to learn more about the shark’s body defense and immune systems against disease.Researchers know that sharks recover quickly from injuries.They study the shark in hopes of finding a way to fight human disease.Sharks are important for the world’s oceans.They eat injured and diseased fish.Their hunting activities mean that the numbers of other fish in ocean waters do not become too great.This protects the plants and other forms of life that exist in the oceans.
第二篇：2013职称英语理工B新增题整理(押题)
Teaching Math, Teaching Anxiety
In a new study about the way kids learn math in elementary school, the psychologists at the University of Chicagol1 Sian Beilock and Susan Levine found a surprising relationship between what female teachers think and what female students learn:If a female teacher is uncomfortable with her own math skills, then her female students are more likely to believe that boys are better than girls at math.练习：
1.What is the result of the research at the University of Chicago,according to the first paragraph? D Female teachers' confidence in their math skills is related to girl's math skills.2.What is implied in the third paragraph?
B A difficult subject like math may affect teachers' confidence in teaching the subject.3.According to the experiment,those teachers were probably anxious about math when they felt C uneasy reading the numbers of a sales receipt.4.The sixth paragraph tells us that the research findings
A prove a strong link between female teachers' math anxiety and their female students' math achievements.5.David Geary thinks that
B the research results need to be retested based on a larger sample.Free Statins With Fast Food Could Neutralize Heart Risk Fast food outlets could provide statin drugs free of
charge
so that customers can reduce the heart disease dangers of fatty food, researchers at Imperial College London
suggest
in a newstudy．
Statins reduce the
amount
of unhealthy ”LDL” cholesterol in the blood.A wealth of trial data has proven them to be highly effective at lowering a person’s heart attack
risk
.In a paper published in the American Journal of Cardiology，Dr Darrel Francis and colleagues calculate that the reduction in heart attack risk offered by a statin is
enough to offset the increase in heart attack risk from
eating
a cheeseburger and drinking a milkshake．
Dr Francis，from the National Heart and Lung Institute at Imperial College London，who is the senior author of the study, said:”Statins don’t cut out a11 of the
unhealthy
effects of cheeseburgers and French fries．It’s better to avoid fatty food altogether．But we’ve worked out that in terms of your
possibility
of having a heart attack.Taking a statin can reduce your risk to more or less the same
degree
as a fast food meal increases it.” “It’s ironic that people are free to take as many unhealthv condiments in fast food outlets as they
like
, but statins, which are beneficial to heart health, have to be prescribed.It makes sense to make risk-reducing statins available just as easily as the unhealthy condiments that are provided
free of charge．It would cost less than 5 pence per
customer
一not much different to a sachet of sugar.” Dr Francis said．When people engage in risky behaviours like driving or smoking, they’re encouraged to take
measures
that lower their risk, 1ike
wearing
a seatbelt or choosing cigarettes with filters.Taking a statin is a rational way of
lowering
some of the risks of eating a fatty meal．
快餐销售点为了减少油脂食物对心脏疾病的危险，可以免费提供降胆固醇类药物.伦敦大学帝国理工学院的研究者在一个新的研究中建议到。降胆固醇类药物减少了血液中低密度脂蛋白胆固醇。很多的试验数据已证明它们对降低一个人的心脏病风险有非常好的效果。
美国心脏病学期刊中出版了一篇论文，Darrel Francis博士和同事们计算出一颗降胆固醇类药物降低心脏病突发的风险足以抵抗吃一个芝士汉堡和喝一杯奶昔。
来自伦敦帝国学院国家心肺研究所的Francis博士，即这个研究的资深作者说道：“降胆固醇类药物不能抵消芝士汉堡和法式炸薯条所带来所有的不健康影响。总而言之，最好是避免油脂类食物。但是我们已经算出你得心脏病发作的可能性。服用一片降胆固醇类药物可以或多或少在同样程度上减少你因一顿快餐而引起的风险。”“讽刺的是人们免费在快餐销售点吃到许多他们喜欢的不健康调味品，而对心脏健康有益的降胆固醇类药物却是要开处方的。所以他们提供免费的降胆固醇类药物是和提供不健康调味品一样可行的。每个顾客的花费低于五便士——无异于一小袋糖的价格。”Francis博士说道。
当人们进行像喝酒或抽烟之类有风险性的举动时，他们知道衡量如何降低风险，正如平时系上安全带或选择过滤烟一样。服用一个降胆固醇类药物就是吃一顿油脂食物降低一些风险的合理方法。Computers
Today, conventional financial controls are still exercised in some minor areas such as billing and vocational training.It is unnecessary for a neighborhood baker to use a computer in his shop At present about 10% of American citizens possess a microcomputer.答案：16.A 17.B 18.B 19.A 20.B 21.C One thing that managers do not have to understand is how computers work.In some cases managers have to learn how to write programs so as to work out computerized information systems that suit their own companies best.Computerized firms would rather employ business graduates than computer science graduates because it is easier to train the former into qualified employees.Kidney Disease and Heart Disease Spur Each Other
Hearts and kidneys: If one’s diseased, better keep a close eye on1 the other.Surprising new research shows kidney disease somehow speeds up heart disease well before it has ravaged the kidneys.And perhaps not so surprising, doctors have finally proven that heart disease can trigger kidney destruction, too.1.How can one learn earlier whether he or she suffer simmering kidney disease
B By urine and blood tests.2.How many Americans suffer chronic kidney disease according to an estimation?
A 1,9,000,000
3.How many Americans suffered end-stage kidney failure and required dialysis or a transplant to survive twenty years ago according to an estimation?
D 100,000.4.What did the Archives of Internal Medicine call for doctors caring for heart patients to do?
D To start rigorously checking out their patients' kidneys.5.Which of the following is NOT one of the three markers of kidney function?
B Levels of the white blood cells in the blood.“Life Form Found” on Saturn's Titan
Scientists say they have discovered hints of alien life1 on the Saturn's moon2.The discovery of a sort of life was announced after researchers at the US space 1.What have scientists found about Saturn?
C They have found methane-based life on Titan.2.What do scientists say about Titan?
A There are life clues there.3.To date,scientists have not yet detected this form of life.(paragraph 5)What does“this form of life” refer to?
B Methane-based life.4.What can be inferred from what Allen said?
A Scientists have different arguments over whether there is life on Titan.5.Which of the following can replace the title of this passage?
D A different Life Form, a Possibility.When Our Eyes Serve Our Stomach 1.What does the new study mentioned in Paragraph 1 find?
C Hungry people are more sensitive to food-related words than stomach-full people.2.Why was there a delay on the day of the experiment?
B Because Radel wanted to create two groups of testees, hungry and non-hungry.3.What does the writer want to tell us?
C Human brains can really be at the disposal of our motives and needs.4.What did the results of the experiment indicate?
A 80 words flashed on the screen too fast for the participant to intentionally perceive.5.What can we infer from the passage?
D Humans can perceive what they need without involving high-level thinking processes.Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience
1.Which of the following is NOT true according to the first three paragraphs?
B Shimi is the creator of the musical companion.2.What does Shimi do if the user taps a beat?
D It selects a perfectly-matched song and plays it in sync with that beat.3.Which of the following about Shimi is true?
D Shimi can be creative and interactive.4.What does the author want to tell us?
A The research center is developing a stronger and more versatile Shimi.5.Which of the following is Weinberg’s assertion?
B human lives will be filled with more fun if Shimi is going to arrive in homes.
第三篇：2014职称英语押题 理工B 阅读理解
阅读理解：
第二十九篇 I’ll Be Bach（2014年新文章）
Composer David Cope is the inventor of a computer program that writes original works of classical music.It took Cope 30 years to develop the software.Now most people can’t tell the difference between music by the famous German composer J.S.Bach1(1685-1750)and the Bach-like compositions from Cope’s computer.It all started in 1980 in the United States, when Cope was trying to write an opera.He was having trouble thinking of new melodies, so be wrote a computer program to create the melodies.At first this music was not easy to listen to.What did Cope do? He began to rethink how human beings compose music.He realized that composers1 brains work like big databases.First,they take in all the music that they have ever heard.Then they take out the music that they dislike.Finally, they make new music from what is left.According to Cope，only the great composers axe able to create the database accurately,remember it,and form new musical patterns firom it.Cope built a huge database of existing music.He began with hundreds of works by Bach.1 he software analyzed the data： it broke it down into smaller pieces and looked for patterns.It then combined the pieces into new patterns.Before long, the program could compose short Bach-like works.They weren’t good,but it was a start.Cope knew he had more work to do-he had a whole opera to write.He continued to improve the software.Soon it could analyze more complex music.He also added many other composers，including his own work,to the database.A few years later，Cope’s computer program,called “Emmy”，was ready to help him with his opera.The process required a lot of collaboration between the composer and Emmy.Cope listened to the computer’s musical ideas and used the ones that he liked.With Emmy, the opera took only two weeks to finish.It was called Cradle Fallingttind it was a great success!Cope received some of the best reviews of his career,but no one knew exactly how he had composed the work.Since that first opera, Emmy has written thousands of compositions.Cope still gives Emmy feedback on what he likes and doesn’t like of her music,but she is doing most of the hard work of composing these days!词汇：
original /9 Vicinal/ adj.有独创性
coHaboration /ka丨laebdreijan / n.合作 review/ ri'vju:/ n.评论
feedback /'fi:db®k / n.反馈 注释：
1.J.S.Bach:约翰•塞巴斯蒂安•巴赫(德语:Johann Sebastian Bach, 1685 年3 月 31 日一 1750 年7月28 H),巴洛克时期的德国作曲家，杰出的管风琴、小提琴、大键琴演奏家,同作曲家亨德
尔和泰勒曼齐名。巴赫被普遍认为是音乐史上最重要的作曲家之一，并被尊称为“西方‘现代 音乐’之父”,也是西方文化史上最重要的人物之一。
练习：
1.The music composed by David cope is about
A classical music.B pop music.C drama.D country music.2.By developing a computer software,David Cope aimed A to be like Bach.B to study Bach.C to write an opera.D to create a musical database
3.What did Cope realize about a great composer's brain? A It forms new musical patterns all by itself.B It writes a computer program.C It can recognize any music patterns.D It creates an accurate database.4.Who is Emmy?
A a database
B a computer software C a composer who helped David
D an opera
5.We can infer from the passage that
A David Cope is a computer programmer.B David Cope loves music.C Bach’s music helped him a lot.D Emmy did much more work than a composer.答案与题解：
1.A第一段的第一句:David Cope发明了一个可以编写出古典音乐的电脑软件。2.C从第二段的第一句可以看出,David编写电脑软件的目的是写歌剧。A、B和D都属于创作歌剧的一部分。
3.D第二段的后半部分讲的是伟大的歌剧作者与一般的歌剧作者的不同之处是通过对数据 进行淮确的构建、记忆而后创作出新的音乐形式。
4.B从第五段第一句可知Emmy是一计笄机软件。
5.D从本文第一句可知David是一个作曲家,不是计算机程序员,所以排除A;B、C内容没有 提及;从本文的第五段和第六段可知,Emmy大大提高了 David的创作速度。
我也能成为巴赫
作曲家大卫•科普发明了一个电脑软件，它能编写出古典音乐的原创作品。科普花了 30年才 完成这个软件，现在，科普的电脑写出的作品与德国著名作曲家J.S.巴赫写的作品很相似，很少 有人能分辨出其中不同。
这一切始于1980年的美国，那时科普正在写一部戏剧，但是他无法创作出新的旋律.于楚他 编写了一个电脑软件来帮他编曲。最开始的时候，软件写出的乐曲并不动听。科普是怎么做的呢？ 他幵始重新考虑人们作曲的方式。他认识到作曲家的大脑就像一个大数据库，他们先是吸收他们 听过的所有音乐，然后去除他们不喜欢的，最后再根据留下的音乐来创作出新的旋律。科普认为，只有伟大的作曲家才能建立好的数据库，并且能熟记于心，从而创造出新的音乐。
科普根据现有的音乐建立了庞大的数据庳，最开始的时候，数据库包含了几百部巴赫的作品。科普的软件将这些数据进行分析：首先它将音乐拆解成小的片段，从中找出固定模式，然后将片 段组合成新的模式。不久，这个软件就能够写出和巴赫风格很像的小曲子。它们并不完美，但这 只是个开始。科普知道，他要做的还有很多一他得写出一整部歌剧。他进一步完普他的软件，不久它就 能够写出更复杂的音乐了。他还在数据库中加人了一些其他作曲家的作品，其中也包括他自己的作品。几年后，科普的软件“艾米”已经能够帮助他创作歌剧了。创作过程餹要作曲家和艾米共同 配合。科赘聆听艾米写出的音乐片段，从中选取他认为好的。有了艾米的帮助，科蓊只用了两个 星期就完成了这部歌剧，叫做《摇篮坠落》。演出获得巨大成功，科普也得到了他有生以来最高 的评价，但是没有人知道他究竟是怎样创作出这部歌剧的。
从那以后，艾米已经写了上千部作品。科普现在依然会给艾米反馈，吿诉她自己哪些音乐是 他喜欢的，哪些是不喜欢的，但是现在大部分艰巨的工作是由艾米来完成的！
第十九篇Musical Robot Companion Enhances Listener Experience
Shimi, a musical companion developed by Georgia Tech’s Center for Music Technology, recommends songs, dances to the beat and keeps the music pumping based on listener feedback.The smartphone-enabled, one-foot-tall robot is billed as an interactive “musical friend”.“Shimi is designed to change the way that people enjoy and think about their music，” said Professor Gil Weinberg, the robot’s creator.He will unveil the robot at the June 27th Google I/O conference in San Francisco.A band of three Shimi robots will perform for guests, dancing in sync with music created in the lab and composed according to its movements.Shimi is essentially a docking station with a “brain” powered by an Android phone.Once docked, the robot gains the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the user’s mobile device.In other words, if there’s an “app” for that, Shimi is ready.For instance, by using the phone’s camera and face-detecting software，Shimi can follow a listener around the room and position its “ears”，or speakers, for optimal sound.Another recognition feature is based on rhythm and tempo.If the user taps a beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phone’s musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion.Once the music starts，Shimi dances to the rhythm.“Many people think that robots are limited by their programming instructions, said Music Technology Ph.D.candidate Mason Bretan.“Shimi shows us that robots can be creative and interactive.’’Future apps in the works will allow the user to shake their head in disagreement or wave a hand in the air to alert Shimi to skip to the next song or increase/decrease the volume.The robot will also have the capability to recommend new music based on the user’s song choices and provide feedback on the music play list.Weinberg hopes other developers will be inspired to create more apps to expand Shimi’s creative and interactive capabilities.“I believe that our center is ahead of a revolution that will see more robots in homes.” Weinberg said.Weinberg is in the process of commercializing Shimi through an exclusive licensing agreement with Georgia Tech.Weinberg hopes to make the robot available to consumers by the 2013 holiday season.“If robots are going to arrive in homes, we think that they will be this kind of machines一small, entertaining and fun，，Weinberg said.“They will enhance your life and pave the way for more intelligent service robots in our lives.” 词汇：
pump v.用抽水机抽;不断播放（音乐）scan v.扫描;浏览 skip v.轻跳，跳跃
sync n.同步，同时;v.使同步 tempo n.速度;节奏 注释：
1.Georgia Tech:全称是Georgia Institute of Technology,佐治亚理工学院，建于1885 年，位于亚特兰大市中心。佐治亚理工学齒是美国南部最大的公立理工学院,也是全美最顶尖的理工学院之一，排名仅次于麻省理工学院(MIT)和加州理工学院(CalTech)。2.pump:不断播放(音乐）。例如:This radio station recently pumps out pop music.(这家广播电台近来连续播放流行音乐。)3.smartphone-enabled:由智能手机系统支持的
4.is billed as:相当于is advertised as，意为“被标榜为”。5.docking station: 插接站,扩充基座，扩展插口
-6.Android:(科幻小说里的)机器人。本文指用于智能手机和便携式计算机移动设备的一种以Linus为基础的开放源代码操作系统，通过接口和插槽连接多种外部设备。目前Android 尚未有统一中文译名，国内较多人翻译成“安卓”或“安致”。据2012年2月数据, Android 占据全球智能手机操作系统市场52.5%的份额,中国市场占有率为68.4%。7.dock：对接
8.the sensing and musical generation capabilities:传感和音乐生成能力 9.app:应用程序（=application)10.if the user taps a beat:如果用户打出某个(音乐）拍子 11.in the works:正在准备阶段;在进行中或准备中 12.intelligent service robots:智能服务型机器人 练习：
1.Which of the following is NOT true according to the first three paragraphs? A Shimi is a one-foot tall robot.B Shimi is the creator of the musical companion.C Shimi is a docking station with a“ brain” powered by an Android phone.D Shimi can gain the sensing and musical generation capabilities of the user’s mobile device.2.What does Shimi do if the user taps a beat? A It stores the beat in the musical library.B It transmits the beat to the docking station.C It positions its speakers for optimal sound.D It selects a perfectly-matched song and plays it in sync with that beat.3.Which of the following about Shimi is true? A Robots are limited by their programming instructions, and Shimi is no exception.B Present apps allow the user to shake their head to alert Shimi to skip to the next song.C Existing apps allow the user to wave a hand to alert Shimi to turn up/down the volume.D Shimi can be creative and interactive.4.What does the author want to tell us? A The research center is developing a stronger and more versatile Shimi.B Weinberg only expects staffs from Georgia Tech.to develop more apps for Shimi.C Shimi is not yet technologically ready for commercialization.D Robots such as Shimi are created for large corporations rather than homes.5.Which of the following is Weinberg’s assertion?
A Shimi as a robotic musical companion can be applied to all types of smart phones.B human lives will be filled with more fun if Shimi is going to arrive in homes.C Shimi's creative and interactive capabilities are appreciated by most of its users.D Weinberg has reached an agreement with Georgia Tech to commercialize Shimi.答案与题解：
1.B在前三段中均可找到与选项A、C、D相应的句子，强调Shimi是一种电子设备;B与原文不符, Shimi不是该机器人的发明者,Gil Weinberg教授才是the robot’s creator。
2.D选项D简要地表述了第三段的倒数第二句“If the user taps a beat, Shimi analyzes it, scans the phone’s musical library and immediately plays the song that best matches the suggestion”的意思,所以是答案。选项A、B、C都不符合上述句子的含义。
3.D选项A的意思与原文相反。虽然人们认为机器人受到程序指令的限制，但Shimi却表现出具有创造能力和互动能力，所以A不是答案。选项D的意思与原文相同，因而是答案。第四段第三句指的是未来的应用程序: future apps in the works,而选项B,C是指目前的应用程序，两者的表述均与原文有出入。4.A第三段介绍Shimi的多种功能，第四段和第五段说Weinberg还在开发更多的应用程序来丰富Shimi的功能，还希望其他研发者也参与开发，因此，A是答案。选项B说Weinberg 仅仅希望Georgia Tech员工参与开发更多的应用软件，这与原文不符。文章最后一段告诉我们,Weinberg正在与Georgia Tech进行有关Shimi商业化的谈判,选项C的意思与此相反，不会是答案。选项D也与原文不符。5.B选项A、C和D的内容Weinberg都没有说过。第三段告诉我们，Shimi是Android smart phone的扩充基座，并不适用于所有智能手机，所以A选项不正确；Shimi尚未进入市场，还谈不上公众对Shimi欣赏与否的问题，因此选项C不符合原意；Shimi正在进行商业化运作，但绝非已经完成，所以D也不是正确选项。本题的答案是B,依据是最后一段倒数第二句。
译文：
Shimi是由佐治亚理工大学音乐技术中心研发的一款音乐伴侣。它可以根据听者的反馈推荐合乎节拍的歌曲、舞蹈；并且不断播放音乐。这款髙1英尺的机器人是由智能手机系统支持的，因此被标榜为“一个可以互动的音乐朋友”。
Gil Weinberg教授是该机器人的发明者，他解释说：“Shimi设计的宗旨是改变人们欣赏音乐、认识音乐的方式。”他将在今年6月27日在旧金山的谷歌I/O大会上展示这款机器人。一个由三个机器人组成的乐队将为来宾演奏，并伴随音乐起舞。而音乐是根据不同的运动形式编制的。
Shimi实际上是一个扩充基座，它的“大脑”由安卓手机控制。一旦连接上，机器人便从用户的移动装置获得传感和音乐生成能力。换言之，只要有应用程序，机器人便能使用。例如，通过手机的照相机和辨认脸型的软件，Shimi就能在房间周围跟踪到听众，然后安置好它的“耳朵”或扬声器，以确保输送最佳声音。另外一种识别特征是基于节奏和速度。如果用户打出某个（音乐）拍子，Shimi会对此进行分析，然后浏览手机的音乐库，并立即演奏最符合要求的音乐。一旦音乐响起来，Shimi就随韵律起舞。
“许多人认为机器人受到程序指令的限制，而Shiini给我们展示了机器人可以具有创造力和与人交互的能力。”音乐技术博士研究生Mason Bretan如是说。正在研发中的程序将使用户能沟通过摇头或摆手表示不同意，来提醒Shimi跳到下一首歌或增减音量。机器人还可根据用户对歌曲的选择推荐新音乐，并对音乐播放列表提供反馈。
Weinberg希望其他研发者会因此获得灵感，开发更多的应用程序，来扩展Shimi的创新和交互功能。他说：“我认为我们中心正在引领这场将更多机器人应用到家庭中去的变革。” Weinberg正在通过获得佐治亚理工学院的独家授权来对Shimi进行商业推广。Weinberg希望到2013年的节日季消费者可购买到Shimi。Weinberg说：“如果机器人进入家庭，我们认为就应该是这种类型的机器人：小巧、令人愉快和有趣，它们能提高我们的生活质量，为更多智能服务型机器人进人我们的生活做好准备。
第二十篇Explorer of the Extreme Deep
Oceans cover more than two-thirds of our planet． Yet，just a small fraction of the undcrwaler world has been uxplored． Now，Scientists at the Woods Hole1 Oceanographic Institution(WHOI)in Massachusetts are building an underwater vehicle hat will carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters(21,320 feet)．The new machine，known as a manned submersible or human-operated vehicle(HOV)，will replace another one named Alvin2 which bas an amazing
record of discovery，playing a key role in various important and famous undersea expeditions．Alvin has been operating for 40 years but can go down only 4,500 meters(14,784 feet)．It’s about time for an upgrade，WHOI researchers say．
Alvin was launched in 1964．Since then，Alvin has worked between 200 and 250 days a year，says Daniel Fornari，a marine geologist and director of the Deep Ocean Exploration Institute at WHOI．During its lifetime，Alvin has carried some 12,000 people on a total of more than 3,000 dives． A newer，better versions of Alvin is bound to reveal even more surprises ahout a world that is still full of mysteries，Fornari says．It might also make the job of exploration a little easier．“We take so much for granted on land,” Fornari says．“We can walk around and see with our eyes how big things are． We can see colors，special arrangements．”
Size-wise，the new HOV will be similar to Alvin．It’ll be about 37 feet long．The setting area inside will be a small sphere，about 8 feet wide，like Alvin，it’ll carry a pilot and two passengers．It will be just as maneuverable．In most other ways，it will give passengers more opportunities to enjoy the view，for one thing．Alvin has only three windows，the new vehicle will have five，with more overlap so that the passengers and the pilot can see the same thing．
Alvin can go up and down at a rate of 30 meters every second，and its maximum speed is 2 knots(about 2．3 miles per hour)，while the new vehicle will be able to ascend and descend at 44 meters per second．It’ll reach speeds of 3 knots，or 3．5 miles per hour． 词汇：
fraction/5frAkFEn/n．一部分 dive/daiv/v．＆ n．潜水；跳水
underwater/5QndE5wC:tE(r)/adj． bound/baund /adj．受约束的，一定的 水下的；adv．在水下
sphere/sfiE(r)/n．球体；范围 manned/5mAnd/adj．载人的
maneuverable/mE5nu:vErEbl/adj． undersea/5QndEsi:/ adj．海底的，机动的，可调动的 submersible/sQb5mE:sEbl/n．潜艇；潜水器
overlap /5EuvE5lAp/v．＆ n．重叠 upgrade/5Qp^reid/n．升级 ascend/E5send/ v．上升 geologist/dVi5ClEdVist/n．地质学家 注释： 1． Woods Hole：美国马萨诸塞州的一个渔村，但同时拥有许多重要研究机构，如：the Marine Biological Laboratory，the Sea Education Association以及the Woods Hole Oceanographic lnstitution。
2． Alvin：世界上第一个深海潜水器，它最有名的深海探测包括1986年对泰坦尼克号残骸的测量工作。练习：
1． What is Alvin?
A A research institute． B A transporting vehicle． C A submersible． D A scientist．
2． Which of the following statements is NOT a fact about Alvin? A It can carry explorers as deep as 6,500 meters．
B It has played a key role in various important undersea expeditions C It was launched in the sixties of the twentieth century． D It has been used for more than 40 years．
3． “．．．a world that is still full of mysteries” refers to A the earth． B out space． C the ocean． D Mars．
4． In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin similar? A Size． B Speed． C Capacity． D Shape．
5． In what aspects are the new HOV and Alvin different? A Offering better views． B Speed． C Size．
D Both A and B．
答案与题解：
1． C 短文第一段的第四、第五句提供了答案
2． A 文章第一段从第三句开始说，科学家正在研制一艘可将研究人员带到6 500米深处的潜水装置，而它将替代Alvin，因为Alvin只能潜到4 500米深处。A不是事实，所以是正确选择。
3． C 本文讨论探索海底世界的潜水装置，所以“充满神秘色彩的世界”指的就是海洋。4． D 第三段的头三个句子告诉我们，HOV和Alvin在体积上和容量上相似。所以D是正确选择。
5． D 第三段最后两句告诉我们，Alvin只有三个窗户，而HOV有五个。最后一段告诉我们，两艘潜水装置的上下活动速度和行进速度有所差别。所以D是正确选择。译文： 深海探索器
海洋覆盖了我们地球三分之二的面积，但被开发的地下水却只有很小一部分。目前，马萨诸塞木洞海洋研究所的科学家们正在开发一种能载探索家们深入水下6 500米(21 320英尺)的水下交通丁具。作为一种载人潜艇或人T操作丁具，这种新的机器将替代世界上第一个深海潜水器Alvin。Azui”潜水器已经保持了惊人的纪录，在各种重要的深海考察中发挥着重要作用。Alvin潜水器已经运行了40年，但它只能深人水下4 500米(14 784英尺)。术洞海洋协会的研究家们说，潜水下具陔升级了。
Alvin潜水器下水始于1964年。海洋地质学家兼木洞海洋学研究所深海探索协会主任Daniel其不意Fornari说，自1 964年后，Alvin潜水器每年运行200～250天。在整个航程巾，它载12 000人进行过3 000多次潜水。
Fornari说，新式的Aluin潜水器必将揭示这个依旧充满神秘的水下世界的许多奇妙之处。它也可能会使水下探索更容易些。Fornari说：“我们在陆上把许多东两想当然，我们会四处行走，用我们的双眼看周同的东两的大小。我们会看到各种颜色，各种特殊的布置。”
这种新的人工操作机器与Aluin潜水器很相似，大小适中。长约37英，里面环境将是个小球体，约8英尺宽。和Azum一样，它将载一名宇航员和两名乘客。可渊动。其他方面。它将使乘客有更多机会欣赏风景，闪为旧式Aluin潜水器只有三个窗，“，新式的将有五个窗户，其中有很多折叠，乘客和宇航员可以看见相同的事物。
旧式Aluin抽潜水器可以每秒上下30米．最快时速是2节(约2．3英里／小时)；衙新式潜水器将能每秒上下44米，它最快时速将达到3节(3．5英曜/小时)。
第十八篇Thirst for Oil
Worldwide every day, we devour the energy equivalent of about 200 million barrels of oil.Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun.In fact enough energy from the Sun hits the planet’s surface each minute to cover our needs for an entire year, we just need to find an efficient way to use it.So far the energy in oil has been cheaper and easier to get at.But as supplies dwindle, this will change, and we will need to cure our addiction to oil.Burning wood satisfied most energy needs until the steam-driven industrial revolution, when energy-dense coal became the fuel of choice.Coal is still used, mostly in power stations, to cover one quarter of our energy needs, but its use has been declining since we started pumping up oil.Coal is the least efficient, unhealthiest and most environmentally damaging fossil fuel, but could make a comeback, as supplies are still plentiful: its reserves are five times larger than oil’s.Today petroleum, a mineral oil obtained from below the surface of the Earth and used to produce petrol, diesel oil and various other chemical substances, provides around 40% of the world’s energy needs, mostly fuelling automobiles.The US consumes n quarter of all oil, and generates a similar proportion of greenhouse gas emissions.The majority of oil comes from the Middle East, which has half of known reserves.But other significant sources include Russia, North America, Norway, Venezuela and the North Sea.Alaska’s Arctic National Wildlife Refuge1 could be a major new US source, to reduce reliance on foreign imports.Most experts predict we will exhaust easily accessible reserves within 50 years, though opinions and estimates vary.We could fast reach an energy crisis in the next few decades, when
demand exceeds supply.As conventional reserves become more difficult to access, others such as oil shales and tar sands may be used instead.Petrol could also be obtained from coal.Since we started using fossil fuels, we have released 400 billion tonnes2 of carbon, and burning the entire reserves could eventually raise world temperatures by 130 C.Among other horrors, this would result in the destruction of all rainforests and the melting of all Arctic ice.注释:
1.Alaska's Arctic National Wildlife Refuge:美国阿拉斯加北极国家野生动物保护区。2001年，美国众议院通过了一项基于布什提出的在那里进行石油开采的议案。该议案遭到环境保护主义组织的反对。因此，目前在该区禁止开采石油。
2.tonne:公吨(= 1,000公斤〉。不同于 ton。ton:在美国等于二千磅(=0.907公吨)，所以称作 short ton:短吨。练习: 1.“… we will need to cure our addiction to oil.”Why does the author say so? A Most of the energy on Earth comes from the Sun.B Oil supply is increasing all the time.C Demand for oil is increasing all the time.D Oil supply is decreasing.2.Which of the following statements is NOT meant by the author, according to the second paragraph?
A Wood was the fuel of choice before coal.B The use of coal is declining.C Coal is the most environmentally unfriendly fuel next to oil.D Coal reserves are plentiful and will be likely to become the major fuel of choice.3.Which country is the biggest consumer of petroleum? A The United States.B Russia.C Norway.D Venezuela.4.What do experts say about the earth’s fuel reserves?
A The earth’s fuel reserves will be accessible for the next 50 years.B There will soon be an energy crisis.C Conventional reserves will soon become inaccessible.D Fuel demand will decline.5.What is NOT the result of consuming fossil fuels according to the last paragraph? A Rainforests will be destroyed.B Arctic ice will be melted.C The earth’s temperature will be raised.D The sea level will go up.答案与题解 : 1.D 答案在第一段昀后一句中。这里的 supplies指 oil supplies。
2.C短文的第二段告诉我们，木材曾经是主要燃料来源，然后被煤所替代；自人们开始采油后，对煤的需求下降了，但因为媒的储量远大于石油，它可能又会成为主要燃料，尽管它对环境昀具破坏力。所以 A、B、D均是作者的意思，而 C不是。next to oil除石油以外。
3.A文章的第三段说，美国消耗全世界四分之一的石油。
4.B答案在第五段第二句中。该段第一句说，地球上的燃料储量将在 50年内耗尽，所以 A不是正确选择；第三句的意思是，常规燃料的获取将变得困难，而不是不可获得，所以 C也不是正确选择； D明显不是作者的意思。
5.D 选项 A、B、C都是昀后一段中所表达的意思。所以 D是正确选择。
译文： 石油匮乏
全世界每天都要消耗相当于亿桶石油的能源。地球上的大部分能源来自于太阳。事实上，每分钟到达地球表层的来自于太阳的能源就足已满足我们一整年的需求，我们只是需要有效地加以利用而已。到目前为止，石油一直是一种较便宜、易获得的能源。但当供应缩减时，情况就会改变，我们就不能像现在这样不加节制地消耗石油了。
在蒸汽工业命时代，高能煤成为首选燃料之前，燃木能满足大部分能源需求。现在，煤仍然大量地运用于发电站，满足我们四分之一的能源需求。但自从我们开始大量开采石油后，煤的使用就已经在逐渐衰退。煤是使用效率最低、最不健康、最不环保的化石燃料，但因其供应充足——煤的储量是石油的6倍，煤的使用量又有所回升。
今天，石油作为一种从地表层挖掘出，用于生产汽油、柴油和其他各种化学物质的矿物油，供应着大约40%的世界能源需求，其中大部分用于供给机动车辆；美国消耗着世界四分之一的石油，同时排放出大约全球1/4的温室气体。
大部分的石油来自中东，牛东拥有50％的世界已勘探石油储存量。其他的石油产地包括俄罗斯、北美、挪威、委内瑞拉和北海。阿拉斯加北极国家野生动物保护区最新成为美国能源的又一主要供应地，减少了美国对国外进口石油的依赖。
尽管意见和评价各有不同，但大多数专家预测人类将在50年之内轻而易举地耗尽现行的所有储备石油。未来的几十年，当供不应求时我们会很快陷入能源危机。当常规能源不容易获得时，代之使用的可能是诸如油页岩和沥青砂等能源。石油也可从煤中提炼获得。
自从我们开始使用化石燃料，我们已经释放出4000亿吨碳。当化石燃料全部用完时，世界温度将上升13摄氏度。更恐怖的是，这将会导致所有热带雨林的破坏和北极冰的溶解。
第二十七篇Driven to Distraction
Joe Coyne slides into the driver’s eat, starts up the car and heads to town.The empty stretch of interstate gives way to urban congestion, and Coyne hits the brakes as a pedestrian suddenly crosses the street in front of him.But even if he hadn’t stopped in time, the woman would have been safe.She isn’t real.Neither is the town.And Coyne isn’t really driving.Coyne is demonstrating a computerized driving simulator that is helping researchers at Old Dominion University(ODU)examine how in-vehicle guidance systems affect the person behind the wheel.The researchers want to know if such systems, which give audible or written directions, are too distracting—or whether any distractions are offset by the benefits drivers get from having help finding their way in unfamiliar locations.“We’re looking at the performance and mental workload of drivers,” said Caryl Baldwin, the assistant psychology professor leading the research, which involves measuring drivers’ reaction time and brain activity as they respond to auditory and visual cues.The researchers just completed a study of the mental workload involved in driving through different kinds of environments and heavy vs.light traffic.Preliminary results show that as people “get into more challenging driving situations, they don’t have any extra mental energy to respond to something else in the environment,” Baldwin said.But the tradeoffs could be worth it, she said.This next step is to test different ways of giving drivers navigational information and how those methods change the drivers’ mental workload.“Is it best if they see a picture…that shows their position, a map kind of display?” Baldwin said.“Is it best if they hear it?” navigational systems now on the market give point-by-point directions that follow a prescribed route.“They’re very unforgiving,” Baldwin said.“If you miss a turn, they can almost seem to get angry.”
That style of directions also can be frustrating for people who prefer more general instructions.But such broad directions can confuse drivers who prefer route directions, Baldwin said.Perhaps manufacturers should allow drivers to choose the style of directions they want, or modify systems to present some information in a way that makes sense for people who prefer the survey style, she said.Interestingly, other research has shown that about 60 percent of men prefer the survey style, while 60 percent women prefer the route style, Baldwin said.This explains the classic little thing of why men don’t like to stop and ask for directions and women do, Baldwin added.练习：
1.Which statement is true of the description in the first two paragraphs? A.If Coyne had stopped the car in time, he wouldn’t have hit the woman.B.The woman would have been knocked over, if Coyne had followed the traffic regulations.C.Coyne is not really driving so it is impossible for him to have hit the woman.D.If the woman had not crossed the street suddenly, Coyne would not have hit her.2.What do researchers want to find out, according to the third and fourth paragraphs? A.Whether or not audible or written directions are distracting.B.how long it will take the driver to respond to auditory and visual stimuli.C.How the driver perform under certain metal workload.D.All of the above.3.What are the preliminary results given in the fifth paragraph? A.Drivers are afraid of getting into challenging driving situations.B.In challenging driving situations, drivers still have extra energy to handle other things.C.In challenging driving situations, drivers do not have any additional mental energy to deal with something else.D.Drivers’ mental load remains unchanged under different situations.4.The sixth paragraph mainly state that the researchers.A.is designing a visual navigational information system.B.is designing an audio navigational information system.C.is designing an audio-visual navigational information system.D.want to determine the best ways of giving navigational information system.5.What kind of directions do men and women prefer?
A.Women prefer more general directions and men prefer route directions.B.Men prefer more general directions and women prefer route direction.C.Both men and women prefer general directions.D.Both men and women prefer route directions.答案与解释 : 1.C 根据第一段和第二段的内容，读者可以知道，这不是 Coyne真实的驾车经历。第二段的第一句是虚拟语气，意思是即使他没有及时刹车，那位妇女也是安全的。因此 A、B和 D都不符合句意。
2.D 第三段告诉我们，研究者要了解什么样的驾车指南会使回车者分心。第四段告诉我们，他们要研究驾车者在驾驶中的精神负荷，测试驾车者对声音和图像的反应，包括反映时间和大脑活动。所以，D是正确选项。
3.C第五段昀后一句提供了答案。
4.D 根据本段第一句可以得知答案。
5.B 文章的昀后四段讨论驾车指南的两种类型：第九段使用的两个表达是： general instructions和 route directions 即是第八段中的 point-by-point directions that follow a prescribed route；第十段和第十一段使用的表达是：survey style 和 route style。因此，general instructions或 general directions指的是一种传递总体信息的驾车指南，point-by-point directions和 route style是一种传递具体路线信息的驾车指南。根据昀后一段的描述，大多数男士偏向于 general directions，而女士则偏向于 point-by-point directions，即 route style。
译文：
分散注意力驾驶
JoeCoyne滑进驾驶室，发动汽车朝城里开去。空荡荡的那段州际公路结束了，进入到拥塞的城市。这时，一个行人突然从Coyne的车前穿过，他急忙紧急刹车。
但是，就算Coyne来不及刹车，那个妇女也不会有事儿。因为，她是一个假人。整座城市也是假的。Coyne并不是真的在开车。他只是在演示一个计算机操控的驾驶模拟器，帮助OldDominion大学的研究者们检测车内导向系统如何影响开车人。
研究者们希望了解驾驶员在陌生环境里从这一系统提供的那些语音或书面的说明中得到的导路指南等益处是否抵消了这些东西引起的注意力不集中的问题。
主持研究的心理学副教授CarylBaldwin说：“我们一直关注着驾驶员的表现和精神负荷”这包括驾驶员在对听觉和视觉提示做出反应时的反应时间和大脑活动。
研究人员刚刚完成了一项关于在不同环境中，如交通畅通或交通拥挤时驾驶员精神负
荷的调查。Baldwin说，初步的调查结果显示人们“在更富有挑战性的环境中驾驶时，并不会对周围环境的变化做出更大的反应。”
她说，两种提示的交替使用还是有效的。下一步，他们将测试为驾驶员提供导向信息的不同方法以及这些方法如何改变驾驶员的精神负荷。
Baldwin说：“是给驾驶员看类似地图那样的显示图片好，还是让他们听到指示信息好呢？”
现在市场上的导向系统会给出点对点的方向信息，同时还会提供预定的路线。Baldwin说：“这些系统通常不会原谅人的错误。如果驾驶员错过了一个转变，它们就会变得非常生气。”
这种提供方向信息的方式通常会使更喜欢笼统信息的驾驶员产生一种受挫感。Baldwin说，笼统的信息却会使更喜欢线路批示的驾驶员感到困惑。
她说，也许，是系统制造商们应该允许驾驶员能够选择自己喜欢的指示方式，或者使系统能够为更喜欢调查信息方式的驾驶员提供有用的信息。
有意思的是，其他研究者表示60%的男性更喜欢这种提供调查信息的导向系统，而60%的女性则更喜欢线路指示系统。Baldwin说，这也就可以解释那个为什么女人喜欢下车问路，而男人却不的经典例子。
第三十二篇Mind-reading Machine
A team of researchers in California has developed a way to predict what kinds of objects people are looking at by scanning what's happening in their brains.When you look at something, your eyes send a signal about that object to your brain.Different regions of the brain process the information your eyes send.Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processing.The fMRI(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging)2 brain scans could generally match electrical activity in the brain to the basic shape of a picture that someone was looking at.Like cells anywhere else in your body, active neurons use oxygen.Blood brings oxygen to the neurons, and the more active a neuron is, the more oxygen it will consume.The more active a region of the brain, the more active its neurons, and in turn, the more blood will travel to that region.And by using fMRI, scientists can visualize3 which parts of the brain receive more oxygen-rich blood--and therefore, which parts are working to process information.An fMRI machine is a device that scans the brain and measures changes in blood flow to the brain.The technology shows researchers how brain activity changes when a person thinks, looks at something, or carries out an activity like speaking or reading.By highlighting the areas of the brain at work when a person looks at different images, fMRI may help scientists determine specific patterns of brain activity associated with different kinds of images.The California researchers tested brain activity by having two volunteers view hundreds of pictures of everyday objects, like people, animals, and fruits.The scientists used an fMRI machine to record the volunteers' brain activity with each photograph they looked at.Different objects caused different regions of the volunteers' brains to light up on the scan, indicating activity.The scientists used this information to build a model to predict how the brain might respond to any image the eyes see.In a second test, the scientists asked the volunteers to look at 120 new pictures.Like before, their brains were scanned every time they looked at a new image.This time, the scientists used their model to match the fMRI scans to the image.For example, if a scan in the second test showed the same pattern of brain activity that was strongly related to pictures of apples in the first test, their model would have predicted the volunteers were looking at apples.词汇：
scan v.&n.扫描 visualize v.使可见；设想
neuron n.神经元
注释:
1.Mind-reading: 能读出(猜出)人的想法的。mind-read: 可做动词，如，As a successful salesman, he is able to mind-read his customers.2.FMRI(functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging): 功能性磁振造影。这是一种新兴的神经影像学方式，其原理是利用磁振造影来测量神经元活动所引发之血液动力的改变。
3.visualize: 意为make(something)visible to the eye，即“使可见，使显现”。
练习:
1.What is responsible for processing the information sent by your eyes? A）A small region of the brain.B）The central part of the brain.C）Neurons in the brain.D）Oxygen-rich blood.2.Which of the following statements is NOT meant by the writer? A）Ceils in your brain are called neurons.B）The more oxygen a neuron consumes, the more blood it needs.C）FMRI helps scientists to discover which parts of the brain process information.D）fMRI helps scientists to discover how the brain develops intelligently.3.“Highlighting the areas of the brain at work” means
A）“marking the parts of the brain that are processing information”
B）“giving light to the parts of the brain that are processing information” C）“putting the parts of the brain to work”
D）“stopping the parts of the brain from working”
4.What did the researchers experiment on? A）Animals, objects, and fruits.B）Two volunteers.C）fMRI machines.D）Thousands of pictures.5.Which of the following can be the best replacement of the tide? A）The Recent Development in Science and Technology.B）Your Thoughts Can Be Scanned.C）A Technological Dream.D）A Device that can Help You Calculate.答案与题解：
1.C 文章第二段的最后两个句子提供了答案。Cells in your brain called neurons are responsible for this processin9．这里的processin9指的就是上句中的内容。
2.D 的电容文章中没有出现。A的内容在第二段可找到。B的内容在第二段可找到。C的内容在第五段可找到。
3.A highlight：使…显得突出，标出。at work：正在工作的。这里指正在处理信息的(大脑区域)。
4.B答案在文章的第六段中可以找到。实验者让两个自愿受试者观看许多照片，并用fMRI对设备测试他们的大脑在这一过程中的活动。
5．B
A论述的范围太大。fMR技术已不再是梦想，所以C也不是正确选择。D所述内容与文章完全不符。B符合文章内容，是最佳选择。
译文：
读心机
一个加州的研究团队开发了一种可以通过扫描人体大脑所发生的变化从而预测出这个人正在看一些什么样的物体的方法。
当你注视一些物体时，你的眼睛会发送一个关于该物体的信号到你的大脑中。大脑的不同区域处理眼睛发送的这些信号。大脑中负责这个过程的细胞叫做神经元。
FMBI(功能性磁振造影)脑扫描可以大体地比较大脑中人们对所观察物体基本形状的电运动。
像身体中其他地方的细胞一样，活跃的神经元细胞也需要氧气。血液为神经元提供氧气，神经元越活跃，对氧气量的需求越大。大脑中越是活跃的区域，它的神经元也就越活跃，为此，更多的血液会流经这一区域。那么通过使用FMBI，科学家可以使大脑中接收相对多的富氧血液的部分可视化。因此，可视化的部分就是处理信息的部分
FMRI机是一种可以扫描大脑和测量流向大脑的血液变化的设备。这项技术为研究者显示，当人们思考观察进行像说话阅读这样的活动时，大脑运动的变化。通过突出显示人们观
看不同图像时头脑工作的区域，FMRI可以帮助科学家们确定与不同图像相关的大脑活动的具体形式。
加州的研究者让两个志愿者观察数百个诸如人、动物和水果这样的日常事物。他们用这样方式来测试大脑的活动。科学家使用FMRI机来记录志愿者看每一张图片时大脑的活动。显示这一活动时，不同物体会使志愿者大脑的不同区域在扫描时亮度增加。科学家利用此信息来建立一种模式去预测大脑对所看到事物可能如何反映。
在第二个测试中，科学家让志愿者看120个新图像。和以前一样，他们每看一张新图像时大脑都被扫描一次。这次，科学家用他们的模式来比较FMRI扫描的图像。例如，如果图像在第二次测试显示相同的形式的大脑活动，同时，该脑活动与在第一次测试中苹果图片有大关联，那么这个模式可能会预测出志愿者们正在看一些苹果。
第四篇：2012职称英语押题
To Have and have not 1.why did the writer want to to have a change of scene 2.what attracted the writer the light coming from inside 3.the writer found the stock of top quality 4.what was unusual about the she seemed to know him 5.the writer disliked the back he saw nothing he really like
Going Her Own Way 1.maria wanted to attend technical high school 2.in those days,most Italian girls did not go to high school 3.you can infer from this passage only boys usually attend 4.maria’s father probably had very traditional views 5.high school teachers in Italy in quite strict
A Tale of Scottish Rural Life 1.what is sunset song mainly
the lives of rural Scottish 2.which statement is not true she married only once
3.what is the opening section
the history of kinraddie 4.who are responsible for ewan
the germans
5.the word sunset occurring in
the end of traditional life
Pop Music in Africa
1.this passage is about how
more serious than most 2.for people outside of Africa
both familiar and different 3.the musicians mentioned in
write about serious problems 4.eric wainaina music in boston 5.witness mwaijaga writes about
she has had a difficult life
Why So Many Children 1.in a traditional agricultural
can be an advantage 2.when countries become
the birth rate generally 3.according to this passage
industrialized low birth 4.Saudi Arabia is mentioned
Factors other than the 5.In mexico,Thailand,and
Has tried to improve the
EAT to Live
1.which of the following not
we have to begin dieting 2.why does the author mention
to illustrate the effect of 3.what can be inferred about
they are more likely to suffer 4.which of the following most
the mice that started dieting 5.according to the last two
dieting is not a good method
New us Plan for Disease Prevention 1.which is not true of chronic
they often result in unhealthy 2.the author mentions all the
higher survival rate for cancer 3.the article indicates that more
much less money needed for 4.the $15 million program is
promoting disease prevention 5.early cancer screening can help
cancer death rate
The Operation of International Airlines 1.in operating airlines it is essential
cater to the need of passengers 2.the following are all mentioned
the tourist industry is experiencing
3.the improvements the airlines
showing more movies during 4.there is not much the airlines
speeding up customs procedure 5.which of the following is a bad
travel on the flight they booked
Sauna
1.ceremonial bathing various forms 2.what is understood by some
saunas with smoke
3.according to the third except
curing asthma
4.according to the fourth because
pores are cleaned by sweat 5.who are advised not to take
all of the above
Can Buildings Be Designed to Resist 1.the question raised in the first
that was never thought of before 2.the project funded by the national
was to find out why some buildings 3.the column mentioned by dr.was part of the building close to 4.A surprising discovery made by
Some floor framing systems are 5.What dr.reinhorn said in the last
Blast engineering emerges as a Americans Get Touchy 1.the word “practically”in the
nearly 2.which is not among the embrace 3.some parents tearchers excep diseases could be transmitted 4.which following is true in some countries,it’s usual 5.we can infer that
positive
Women Staying in Mini-Skirts for 1.debenhams could most a department store 2.british women are happy the climate of great britain 3.we can infer from the second most women no longer wore 4.which following statements true from the age of 23,skirt length 5.the word “zoom” in the first soar
Defending the Theory of Evolution 1.according to the first paragraph school boards oppose AIBS’s 2.which one of not the reason darwin’s theory is denied as 3.AIBS is composed
more than 80
4.According to weis in the 5th
Is fundamental to the 5.Why do people replace the
The term creationism is too
Narrow Escape
1.why was it “too late” by the
rocks loosened by melting 2.the first reason given to
that climbers above you 3.what is likely to be cailloux
rocks are falling
4.what is sarcastic in the words
being hit by a rock isn’t 5.in what sense was toby ”safe”
the overhanging rock would
Finding Enlightenment in Scotland 1.scotland is thought to have
the ideas proposed by some 2.which of the following
to find ways to improve 3.smith’s idea of “enlightened
the prosperity of all nations 4.which of the following true
it is still alive in a broad sense 5.the institute for system level
the tradition of Scottish higher
The Beginning of American Literature 1.what does “that hope” in
the hope to start a new life 2.when did American literature
long before the year 1,000 3.what can we learn from the
about the everyday life of 4.the main purpose of the last
early-day experience 5.which of the following true
some british writers had great
Older Volcanic Eruptions
1.why did older volcanic eruptions
they killed off life more 2.how did wignall calculate
by comparing the proportion 3.when did dinosaurs become
million years ago 4.what can be inferred from
the cause of their extinction 5.what is the main thesis of
older volcanic eruptions were
School Lunch
Properly
provide choose finding Standards portion examined Consume understanding increased Criticize nutritional affect habits
prevent
A Powerful Influence
Ever Curious harmful staring at
absorbed
Make word holding Steps negotiating seriously discuss
Necessarily
absolutely going
The Old Gate
Reasons diseases demolished
Stroke actual boundary storage Unfashionable maintain set up Preservation down replaced Chance job
Family History
Attracted
find
fairly
one
Going
decision quite
cause Avoided
connected
treat
for way
get
might
Helen and Martin
Would up weakened curiosity Become warning bothered Confidence ignoring through Gaining on took help quiet
第五篇：2014职称英语押题 理工C 完型填空[定稿]
完型填空：
第一篇Captain Cook Arrow Legend
It was a great legend while it lasted，but DNA testing has __1__ ended a two-century-old story of the Hawaiian arrow carved from the bone of British explorer Captain James Cook__2__ died in the Sandwich Islands’in 1779.“There is __3__ Cook in the Australian Museum，”museum collection manager Jude Philip said not long ago in announcing the DNA evidence that the arrow was not made of Cook’S bone.But that will not stop the museum from continuing to display the arrow in its__4__，“Uncovered：Treasures of the Australian Museum,” which__5__include a feather cape presented to Cook by Hawaiian King Kalani’opu’u in 1778.Cook was one of Britain’s great explorers and is credited with__6__ the“Great South Land，”__7__ Australia, in 1 770.He was clubbed to death in the Sandwich Islands，now HawaiiThe 1egend of Cook’s arrow began in 1 824 __8__ Hawaiian King Kamehameha on his deathbed gave the arrow to William Adams，a London surgeon and relative of Cook’s wife，saying it was made of Cook’s bone after the fatal__9 __ with islanders.In the 1890s the arrow was given to the Australian Museum and the legend continued __10__ it came with science.DNA testing by laboratories in Australia and New Zealand revealed the arrow was not made of Cook’s bone but was more __11__ made of animal bone。said Philp.However, Cook’s fans __ 12 __ to give up hope that one Cook legend will prove true and that part of his remains will still be uncovered.as they say there is evidence not a11 of Cook’s body was __13 __ at sea in 1 779.“On this occasion technology has won"，”said Cliff Thornton，president of the Captain Cook Society, in a __14__ from Britain.“But I am __15__ that one of these days…one of the Cook legends will prove to be true and it will happen one day.’’ 练习：
1.A.finally
B.firstly
C.lately
D.usually 2.A.whose
B.who
C.which
D.what 3.A.some
B.none
C.neither
D.no
4.A.cinema
B.exhibition
C.shop
D.market 5.A.must
B.did
C.has to
D.does
6.A.discovering
B.visiting
C.traveling
D.using 7.A.then
B.now
C.past
D.previously 8.A.how
B.where
C.when
D.that 9.A.conversation
B.fight
C.meal
D.dance 10.A.however
B.until
C.after
D.whenever 11.A.helpfully
B.usefully
C.likely
D.readily 12.A.refuse
B.return
C.regain
D.reply 13.A.collected
B.washed
C.stored
D.buried
14.A.statement
B.suggestion
C.proposal
D.guess 15.A.safe
B.weak
C.sure
D.lucky 参考答案：
1.A.分析：借助搭配“..地已经结束了..”直接判断A(最终地)
2.B.分析：考察定语从句，从句需要主语，且该主语指代Captain James Cook，所以B合适。D。分析：考察否定副词。借助搭配特点—空格后直接出现了名词，所以D是答案(no否定名词)
4.B.分析：借助句子中的相关词语museum(博物馆)..display(陈列)直接猜测答案为B(展览会)
5.D.分析：借助上文时态—一般将来时，及与空格处的搭配结构—‘“考古发现：澳大利亚博物馆的宝藏”…包括..’直接判断D为答案该题考点：上下文时态和定语从句。
6.A。分析：借助句子中出现的词语：explorers(探险家)…Great South Land，判断A(发现)是答案。
7.B。分析：该题考察插入语结构(插入语结构往往是对前面的名词/代词进行描述，或补充说明，该结构往往以定语(定语从句)，状语(状语从句)，或同位语的语法结构形式出现)
8.C.分析：空格前出现典型时间词1824，空格后是句子，所以直接判断when 可能是答案。考察：定语从句结构。
9.B.分析：该题考察上下文内容的呼应：前面出现“被棍棒打死”，所以这里选择B(打仗)最合适。
10.B.分析：借助空格所在结构的特点和搭配结构含义(持续到..)直接判断答案B(直到)。
11.C.分析：分析：根据空格相关结构含义(不是由cook的骨头制成，而是更..是由动物的骨头制成)判断C是答案。
12.A.分析：直接借助搭配结构特点(v.+ to 引导的不定式结构)判断A是答案。
13.D.分析：借助上文句意和该句句意(不是所有的cook的尸体都在1779年被。海里)判断D(埋葬)是答案。
14.A.分析：借助被选项的关系：suggestion和 proposal是近义词，且用法接近，所以相互排除掉，比较A和D，判断A((来自伦敦的)声明)正确。
15．C本题要选sure，表示Cliff Thornton对sure后面的that从句表达的将要发生的事有信心。而safe，weak或lucky的词义与句子表达的意思不符。
译文：库克船长弓箭的传说
这本是个绝妙的传说，但DNA测试最终结束了这个长达两个世纪之久的古老故事。传说是关于一支据说是用1779年在桑伟奇群岛死去的英国探险家船长詹姆士库克的遗骨刻成的夏威夷弓箭。
在不久前DNA 证据宣布该弓箭并非来自于库克船长的遗骨时，奥大利亚博物馆收藏经理尤大书?菲利普说：“澳大利亚博物馆里并没有库克的遗骨。”但这并不能停止博物馆在展览会 2
上展出弓箭。“考古发现：澳大利亚博物馆的宝藏”展览中的确还展示了一个在1778年夏威夷国王卡兰尼欧普送给库克的一个羽毛斗篷。
库克是英国最伟大探险家之一，他在1770年发现了“南大陆”，也就是现在的澳大利亚。此后在桑伟奇群岛被棒击致死。
库克弓箭传说始于1824年，当时夏威夷国王卡莫哈莫哈在弥留之际将弓箭赐给了库克妻子的亲戚，一名伦敦外科医生威廉正当斯，并告诉他弓箭是在那次致命殴打后用库克的遗骨做成的。
在19世纪90年代，弓箭被交给澳大理亚博物馆。这个传说直到与科学直接接触才停止。据菲利普说，澳大利亚和新西兰的试验室的DNA测试证实弓箭并非取材于库克的遗骨，而更可能来自动物的骨头。
但是，库克迷们却不肯放弃希望。他们期待库克传说之一将会被证明是正确，并且他人部分遗骨还会被发现。正如他们所说，有证据表明库克的遗骨并不是在1779年全都葬身大海了。库克船长协会的会长克利夫托马森在一个来自英国的声明中说：“在这个问题上，科技取得了胜利。我坚信某一天库克传说之一将会被证明是真的。”
这听起来完全不对——在一块木头里面钻些洞让它更耐敲打。但是这确实有效，因为击打产生的能量分散到了整块木头上，而不是集中于一个薄弱点。这个发展应该导致更有效和更轻的包装材料的产生。
木匠们几个世纪以来都知道一些木头比另一些更结实。例如山胡桃木被用做斧柄和轮辐，因为它可以承受振击而不会断裂。列如白橡木容易损坏得多，尽管它的质地一样细密。巴斯大学的Julian Vincent和他的研究小组都认为木头的内部结构能够解释这些不同。
许多树都有导管，这些导管通向树干上方，把水输到叶子。在橡木里，这些管道很大，而且是呈窄带状，但是在山胡桃木中这些管道小得多，而且分布得更平均。研究者们认为这个布局能够分散打击的能量到整块木头止，以此吸收较重的打击。为了测试这个理论，他们在一块没有管道的云杉木上钻了一些0.65毫米的洞，发现它能够承受重大的打击。只有当每平方厘米超过30个孔时，木头抵御敲打的表现才会减弱。均匀的物质不太好抵御敲打，因为受到影响的只有一小部分物质，来自打击的所有能量在折断材料时都集中在一两个地方，留下的散片常常没有受到破坏。
Vincent说，这些洞可以提供很多薄弱点，当它们破裂时一起吸收能量，而不是使能量聚在一个地方。“你可以控制木头断裂的地方，它还可以吸收更多的能量，更安全。” 研究人员相信，这个原则可用于任何一种材料，例如可用于制造更轻、保护力更强的包装物。斯图加特的Max Plank金属研究学院的Ulrike Wegst说，这一原则还可用在汽车的减震器、保护杠和军事车辆的装甲板等东西上。但是她强调说你需要设计材料时考虑力的方向。她说：“负荷的方向是很关键的。”
第二篇Avalanche and Its Safety
An avalanche is a sudden and rapid flow of snow, often mixed with air and water, down a mountainside.Avalanches are____1____ the biggest dangers in the mountains for both life and property.All avalanches are caused by an over-burden of material, typically snowpack, that is too massive and unstable for the slope____2____ supports it.Determining the critical load, the amount of over-burden which is____3____ cause an avalanche, ____4____ acomplex task involving the evaluation of a number of factors.Terrain slopes flatter than25degrees or steeper than60degrees typically have a low
____5____ of avalanche.Snow does not____6____ significantly on steep slopes;also, snow does not ____7____ easily on flat slopes.Human-triggered avalanches have the greatest incidence when the snow’s angle of rest1 is____8____ 35 and45 degrees;the critical angle, the angle at which the human incidence of avalanches is greatest, is38degrees.The rule of thumb2 is: A slope that is____9____ enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski has the potential to generate an avalanche, regardless of the angle.Additionally3, avalanche risk increases with ____10____;that is, the more a slope is disturbed by skiers, die more lijkely it is that an avalanche will occur.Due to the complexity of the subject, winter travelling in the backcountry4 is never 100% safe.Good avalanche safety is a continuous____11____， including route selection and examination of the snowpack, weather____12____ and human factors.Several well-known good habits can also____13____ the risk.If local authorities issue avalanche risk reports, they should be considered and all warnings should be paid ____14____ to.Never follow in the tracks of others without your own evaluations;snow conditions are almost certain to have changed since they were made.Observe the terrain and note obvious avalanche paths where plants are____15____ or damaged.Avoid traveling below others who might trigger an avalanche.词汇：
avalanche n.雪崩 snowpack n.积雪场 terrain n.地形，地势
steep adj.险峻的，陆峭的 trigger v.引起，激发 incidence n.发生(率)ski v.滑雪
complexity n.复杂性 注释：
1.angle of rest：这里指积雪保持静止的角度。
2.rule of thumb：指“a broadly accurate principle, based on experience or practice rather than theory”，即“通用法则，经验法则' 3.Additionally：是一个副词，用来引人新的事实或论点，意为“此外”。4.backcountry：人烟稀少的地区 练习：
1.A among
B of
C to
D in 2.A when B that
C who
D whose 3.A mostly
B likely
C clearly
D surely 4.A are
B will be
C is
D was 5.A weight
B form
C risk
D work 6.A fall
B flow
C roll
D gather 7.A fall
B flow
C roll
D gather 8.A among
B between
C with
D for 9.A thick
B thin
C flat
D rocky 10.A use
B time
C snow
D rain 11.A journey
B trip
C fact
D process
12.A conditions
B reports
C forecast
D event 13.A increase
B reduce
C improve
D remove
14.A price
B effort
C attention
D money 15.A missing
B grown
C big
D fresh 答案与题解：
1.A 表“雪崩是山上可能发生的最大危险之一”的意思，因此应该选择among(在……之中)。
2.B 从该句的语法结构上来看，此处需要一个关系代词，代替slope，所以that是最佳选择。选项A、C、D均不符合语法。
3.B 选项A不合语法，C和D符合语法，但不符合常识：过度的雪的积压可能导致雪崩，而不是必定导致雪崩。所以，B是最佳答案。
4.C 该句的主语是Determining the critical load，从上下文来看应该使用一般现在时，所以C是正确答案。
5.C 要确定本题答案的一个有效的方法是排除法。a low weight/form work of avalanche都不合逻辑，只有a low risk of avalanche符合上下文的意思。下面的句子解释了low risk of avalanche的道理，更证实了选risk是正确的。
6.D 第6题和第7题可以一起考虑。整个句子的意思是：在较陡峭的坡面上，雪不会大量堆积。在较为平坦的坡面，雪不会轻易滑动。
7.B 见注释6。
8.B 理解了句子的意思就不难判断选项：雪在静止状态下，角度在35° ~45°之间，最可能发生人为触发的雪崩。between：在……之间。
9.C 这个句子说明的是什么样的山坡最易发生雪崩，即A slope that is flat enough to hold snow but steep enough to ski。flat在此作“平坦”解，与后面的steep形成反义。
10.A 句中的that is表明，后半部分是对前半部分的进一步说明。所以，这里的选择要根据下文的意思判断。use是最佳选择,整个句子的意思是：山坡被滑雪者使用得越多，雪崩就越有可能发生。
11.D 尽管选项A、B和D都能和continuous搭配，从全段的内容判断，只有process是最佳选择，因为该段描写的是如何防备雪崩以及如何做好安全措施等一系列问题。
12.A 选项A、B、C都可以与weather搭配，但是根据上下文，只有A最为符合文章的内容。
13.B 选项A不符合句子的意思;C不能和risk搭配;D也不符合句子的意思，因为不可能完全消除雪崩的隐患。
14.C 该句主句使用的是被动语态，第二个动词是pay attention to的被动形式。选项A、B、D均不符合句子的意思。
15.A 该句是作者给出的一系列忠告之一，即认真观察地形，注意明显的雪崩路径：没有植物或植物被毁坏的地方。选项B、C、D均不符合句意。
译文：雪崩和安全问题
雪崩是雪掺杂着空气和水沿着山体突然迅猛地滑动造成的。雪崩是造成山区人们生命和财产安全的最大危险之一。
所有雪崩都是由于物质的过渡负荷造成，通常是积雪堆积过厚，很不稳固，超出了山坡面的承载能力。要确定山坡的临界承载量，可能造成突然雪崩的负荷量是一项很复杂的任务，需要衡量多个因素。
通常倾斜度小于25度，大于60度的山坡发生雪崩的危险要小一些。积雪不会在陡峭的山坡上大量堆积，同样也不会在平缓的山坡上快速滑动。当雪在静止状态下的角度在35_45度之间，最可能发生人为触发的雪崩。人为引发雪崩的临界角度是38度，是最易人为引发雪崩的角度。常规经验是：一个平缓的足以堆积积雪，同时陡峭的适合人们滑雪的山坡，无论角度如何，都有可能产生雪崩。此外，雪崩的危险随着使用的增加而增加，换言之，滑雪者活动得越频繁，雪崩的可能性越大。由于雪崩研究的复杂性，冬天在人烟稀少的地区旅行从来不是百分之百的安全。很好地躲避雪崩，保持安全是一个连续的过程，包括选择路线、检查积雪、了解天气状况及其他人为因素。以下几个广为人知的好习惯也可以降低风险：如果当地权威部门发布了雪崩警报，你应当予以考虑，加以注意。绝不要不加审度，就立刻接受他人意见。积雪自形成的那时就几乎注定要发生变化。认真观察地形，注意明显的雪崩路径：没有植物或植物被毁坏的地方。不要在那些可能引发雪崩的人或事物下面行走。
第四篇Animal’s “Sixth Sense”
A tsunami was triggered by an earthquake in the Indian Ocean in December, 2004.It killed tens of thousands of people in Asia and East Africa.Wild animals,____1____, seem to have escaped that terrible tsunami.This phenomenon adds weight to notions that1 they possess a “sixth sense” for____2____, experts said.Sri Lankan wildlife officials have said the giant waves that killed over 24,000 people along the Indian Ocean island’s coast clearly____3____ wild beasts, with no dead animals found.“No elephants are dead, not____4____ a dead rabbit.I think animals can____5____ disaster.They have a sixth sense.They know when things are happening,” H.D.Ratnayake, deputy director of Sri Lanka’s Wildlife Department, said about one month after the tsunami attack.The____6____ washed floodwaters up to 2 miles inland at Yala National Park in the ravaged southeast, Sri Lanka’s biggest wildlife____7____ and home to hundreds of wild elephants and several leopards.“There has been a lot of____8____ evidence about dogs barking or birds migrating before volcanic eruptions or earthquakes.But it has not been proven,” said Matthew van Lierop, an animal behavior____9____ at Johannesburg Zoo.“There have been no____10____ studies because you can’t really test it in a lab or field setting2，” he told Reuters.Other authorities concurred with this____11____ ·
“Wildlife seem to be able to pick up certain____12____ especially birds...there are many reports of birds detecting impending disasters/’ said Clive Walker, who has written several books on African wildlife.Animals____13____ rely on the known senses such as smell or hearing to avoid danger such as predators.The notion of an animal “sixth sense” — or____14____ other mythical power — is an enduring one3 which the evidence on Sri Larika’s ravaged coast is likely to add to.The Romans saw owls____15____ omens of impending disaster and many ancient cultures viewed elephants as sacred animals endowed with special powers or attributes.词汇：
tsunami n.海啸
trigger v.引发，触发 ravaged adj.被毁坏的 leopard n.豹 eruption n.喷发 migrate v.迁移
volcanic adj.火山的
concur v.(with)同意，赞成 impending adj.迫近的 predator n.食肉动物 mythical adj.神话般的 owl n.猫头鹰
omen n.预兆，征兆 endow v.赋予 注释：
1.adds weight to notions that：更加相信
2.field setting：field意为“实地，野外”，setting意为“环境”。field setting可译为“野外环境”。3.enduring one：由来已久的信念。one指代在句首出现的notion。enduring意为“持久的，永久的”。练习：
1.A therefore
B however
C although
D whatever 2.A shelters
B foods
C disasters
D water 3.A missed
B protected
C raised
D caught 4.A such
B too
C so
D even 5.A feel
B see
C hear
D sense
6.A waves
B tides
C winds
D rivers 7.A birthplaces
B playground
C reserve
D storage 8.A experimental
B apparent
C scientific
D chemical 9.A specialist
B assistant
C supporter
D sponsor 10.A additional
B specific
C especial
D exceptional 11.A modification
B detection
C assessment
D value 12.A route
B behavior
C principle
D phenomenon 13.A unwillingly
B occasionally
C doubtfully
Dcertainly 14.A some
B much
C many
D few 15.A on
B as
C for
D in 答案与题解：
1.B 第一句说的是海啸造成了巨大的人员伤亡，第二句说的是动物能逃脱海啸的袭击。两
句意思相反，所以要用however承接上文。
2.C 上文说的是：海啸是一种自然灾害，所以“sixth sense”范围只能是disasters，不能是shelters，foods或water。
3.A 本句继续在对比海啸造成的人员伤亡和动物能逃脱海啸这一现象。答案应该是选项A(missed)。其他三个选项的词义与上下文都不相配。
4.D 从上下文判断，本句的意思应该是：没有大象死亡，甚至连一只野兔或兔子也没有死亡。“甚至”的英语是even。
5.D 全文说的是动物的第六感觉，而feel(触觉)，see，hear都属于前五个感觉，所以不是正确答案。
6.A 本说的是海的巨浪将洪水带到离海岸远达2英里的地方。正确答案应该是waves。
7.C 从上下文判断，本句的意思应该是：Yala国家公园是斯里兰卡野生动物最大的保护区，而birthplaces(出生地)、playground(操场)和storage(储存)都与上下文表达的意思接不上，因此不是答案。reserve的意思是“保护区”，不是“储备”或“保留”。因此，选项C是答案。
8.B 下一句说，这些迹象(evidence)并没有被证实。因此，这些迹象不可能是scientific的。而experimental和chemical的词义与上下文不配合，因此也不是答案。只有apparent(明显的)与上下文的意思相配。apparent的迹象还需得到科学的验证。
9.A 在动物园里工作并发表对动物行为的专业性见解的人一定是专家学者(specialist)。其他三个选项都不合适。
10.B 本段第一句是说明为什么evidence没有得到科学验证。原因是科学家无法在实验室或野外进行特定的实验，以验证动物预见灾难的第六感觉。理解了上下文的意思，就知道选specific是最合适的。其他三个选项的词义与上下文不符，additional，especial和exceptional分别是“额外的”、“特别的”和“例外的”意思。
11.C concurred with(同意)支配的宾语应该是view，opinion，judgment这一类词。前面句子说的是某位科学家指出无法验证动物预见灾难的第六感觉的困难所在，其他专家也同意这一看法，所以选assessment是正确的。
12.D 本句说的是动物特别是鸟有捕捉灾难来临前某些征兆的能力。route(路线)、behavior(行为)和principle(原则)与上述意思相去甚远，只有phenomenon是答案。
13.D 根据常识判断，动物是要依赖味觉、听觉等逃避食肉动物的攻击。unwillingly(不情愿地)occasionally(偶尔)和doubtfully(怀疑地)与上述意思有俘，只有certainly是合适的选项。
14.A 从本句的意思判断，应该是“某种神奇的能力”,所以要选some。
15.B 本句的意思是“将……看成”，而英语的用词是see...as，所以要选as。
译文：动物的“第六感”
2004年12月由印度洋海域地震引发的海啸造成亚洲和东非数万人死亡。但野生动物们似乎躲过了可怕的海啸的袭击。有专家表示，这进一步证实了动物对自然灾难有“第六感”的观点。斯里兰卡负责野生动物的官员表示，巨浪席卷印度洋海岛沿岸，淹死了两万四千多人，但野生动物似乎都幸免于难，目前尚未发现一具动物的尸体。
斯里兰卡野生动物部门的副部长H.D.拉特纳亚克在海啸袭击过后一个月说道：“没有一头大象死亡，甚至没有一只野兔死亡。我认为动物能够感知灾难。它们有‘第六感’，它们知道灾难何时发生。”海洪冲向离岸二英里远的亚拉国家公园，这里是斯里兰卡最大的野生动物保护区，生活着几百头野生大象和一些美洲豹，海啸引发的洪水使亚拉国家公园所在的东南部地区变得一片狼藉。
“每当火山爆发或地震发生前，动物们的行为就会发生许多异常，比如犬吠或鸟类迁徙，但这些现象尚未得到科学证明。”南非约翰内斯堡动物园的动物行为专家马修·范·利罗普说。他对路透社记者说：“目前还没有这方面的专门研究，因为你无法在实验室或实际环境中进行真正的试验。”其他专家也同意这一看法。
“野生动物似乎能够感知某些特殊现象，尤其是鸟类。很多报告显示鸟类能察觉即将来临的灾难。”克莱夫?沃克这样说，他曾经写过数本关于非洲野生动物的书。
一些动物确实是依靠嗅觉或听觉等人类已知的官能来躲避危险的，比如食肉动物。
关于动物“第六感”(或者其他神秘力量)的说法已有很长时间，斯里兰卡被摧残的海滩可能会为这一说法再添一笔证据。
罗马人把猫头鹰视为迫近凶险的征兆，很多古代文明都将大象看做拥有特殊能力或特征的“圣兽”。
第五篇Singing Alarms Could Save the Blind
If you cannot see, you may not be able to1 find your way out of a burning building — and that could be fatal.A company in Leeds could change all that2____1____ directional sound alarms capable of guiding you to the exit.Sound Alert, a company____2____ the University of Leeds, is installing the alarms in a residential home for____3____ people in Sommerset and a resource centre for the blind in Cumbria.____4____ produce a wide range of frequencies that enable the brain to determine where the____5____ is coining from.Deborah Withington of Sound Alert says that the alarms use most of the frequencies that can be____6____ by humans.“It is a burst of white noise____7____ people say sounds like static on the radio，” she says.“Its life-saving potential is great.”
She conducted an experiment in which people were filmed by thermal-imaging cameras trying to find their way out of3 a large____8____ room.It____9____ them nearly four minutes to find the door____10____ a sound alarm, but only 15 seconds with one.Withington studies how the brain____11____ sounds at the university.She says that the____12____ of a wide band of frequencies can be pinpointed more easily than the source of a narrow band.Alarms____13____ the same concept have already been installed on emergency vehicles.The alarms will also include rising or falling frequencies to indicate whether people should go up____14____ down stairs.They were____15____ with the aid of a large grant from British Nuclear Fuels.词汇：
directional adj.定向的 exit n.出口 install v.安装
residential adj.居住的 static n.静电噪声 potential n.潜力
thermal-imaging热效应成像 pinpoint v.精确地确定 concept n.概念，观念 emergency n.紧急情况 grant n.授予物，准许 注释：
1.在谓语动词中，不能并列使用两个情态动词，如may和can就不能并列使用。如果由于表达需要，要同时用“可能”和“能够”，就得说(写)成may be able to。如： I may be able to come tomorrow, but I cannot promise.我可能明天来，但我不可能作出承诺。2.that指第一句所表达的意思。
3....find their way out of...：意为“找到从出去的路”。练习：
1.A without
B with
C having
D selling 2.A run by
B changed by
C decorated by
D criticized by 3.A slow
B deaf
C blind
D lame 4.A Alarms
B Alarm
C The alarm
D The alarms 5.A noise
B sound
C music
D bell 6.A watched
B produced
C learnt
D heard 7.A where
B what
C that
D how 8.A smoked
B smoke-filled
C filled with smoke
D smoke-filling 9.A has taken
B takes
C took
D will take 10.A on
B near
C without
D from 11.A processes
B produces
C possesses
D proceeds 12.A feature
B quality
C diagram
D source
13.A basis on
B base on
C basing on
D based on 14.A or
B and
C but
D otherwise 15.A developed
B determined
C discovered
D delivered 答案与题解：
1.B 空格后是一种装置，用它来改变火灾时找不到出口的危险境况。表达“用……装置”这层意思就要用介词with。其他几项均不符合句子的意思。
2.A Sound Alert是一家公司的名字，a company是Sound Alert的同位语，根据句意判断，应选择run by，意为“由……经营的”。其他选项虽然语法正确，但都与句意不符。
3.C 从文章标题以及文章内容和本句后面部分resource center for the blind，可以推断这里最好的选择就是C。
4.D 因为这种警告装置已在上文中提到：第一段中的directional sound alarms，第二段中的installing the alarms in a residential home...，所以这里的alarms是特指，要用定冠词。选项C是错误的，因为它是单数形式。
5.B 句子的前半句有a wide range of frequencies,发出来的应该是sound，而不是令人烦躁的noise。用music或bell都有些突然，与上下文的意思不连贯。
6.D 文章一直在讨论警报器、声音和波长，所以首先排除选项A;从上下文的意思看，不可能是选项B和C，因为警报器的制造，就是为了让失明的人听到。
7.C 选择A、B、D均不能构成语义连贯的句子，而且语法上也有问题。选项C能使句子结构成为“It is...that”的强调句型。
8.B 从所给的选项可以看出，这里要表达的意思是“烟火弥漫的房间”。有了这个理解，现在要做的就是选择正确的表达形式。A是“烟熏的”，D是“使……烟火弥漫的”，所以意思不对，C填入后就出现filled with smoke room，不符合语法。只有B是正确选项。
9.C 这里显然是“It takes somebody+time+动词不定式”的句型，但选择什么时态是关键。从上句看，应选择一般过去时，因为整个段落是对一次实验的描写，而且上面一句也使用了一般过去时。
10.C 后半句的one指上半句中的a sound alarm。该句上半句和下半句由but连接，表示相反的意思，从后半句的with可以看出，两个相对比的事物是:the door without a sound alarm和the door with a sound alarm，所以选择C。
11.A 选项B、C和D显然是错误的，因为词义不符。只有选项A是答案。句子的意思是，Withington在她的大学里研究大脑如何处理声音。
12.D 句子中的more...than表示该句是对两样事物的对比。than后面是the source of a narrow band,这里的narrow和前半句的wide形成反比，从上下文中可以看出，the source of a narrow band of(frequencies)是和the source of a wide band of frequencies形成对比。
13.D 这个句子有主语alarms，有谓语have been installed，这里应填入动词的分词形式。be based on是常用的搭配，所以应选择动词的过去分词形式。选项A的basis是名词，明显是错的。
14.A 根据上半句中的rising or falling frequencies，这里应填入or，与上半句表达的意思相一致。音频升高表示上楼，音频降低表示下楼。
15.A首先确定主语They指的是第一句中的主语The alarms，后半句说这种设备得到大笔
资助。根据上文内容，我们知道资助的目的是开发这种alarms，所以应该选择developed。
译文：警报器救盲人
如果看不见，那你可能会因找不到路而逃不出一幢失火楼房，那将是致命的。英国利兹市的一家公司发明的一种可指方向的警报器可能会把你引向出口。声音警报是一家由利兹大学设立的公司。该公司现在正在为位于萨莫塞特的一家盲人收容所和位于卡姆布雷亚的一家盲人资源中心安装此种装置。这种警报器发出的频率范围广，使人脑可以判断出声音的来源。
该公司的戴博拉?威星顿称此种警报器使人类可以听到大部分音频。她说：“它们是一种突发的频谱连续而均匀的声音。人们感觉它们听上去就像是收音机发出的静电噪声，其在救人方面潜力巨大。”
她进行了一次试验。她让人们在一所充满浓烟的大屋子里设法找到出路，同时她用热效应成像摄像机进行拍摄。在没有警报器时，这些人用了近4分钟才找到门，而在警报器的指引下，只用了15秒。
她在大学里对人脑如何处理声音进行研究，并提出与波段窄的频率相比，人们更易发现波段宽的音响源。基于此理论的警报器已被应用于急救车上。这种警报器也容纳了音频的升降，以指示人们上下楼。这种设备是得到英国核燃料组织的大笔资助才开发成功的。
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