非真实条件句与从句

第一篇：非真实条件句与从句

非真实条件句

1)时态：可以表示过去，现在和将来的情况。它的基本特点是时态退后。a.同现在事实相反的假设。

句型 ： 条件从句

主句

一般过去时

should(would)+动词原形

If they were here, they would help you.b.表示于过去事实相反的假设。

句型： 条件从句

主句

过去完成时

should(would)have+ 过去分词

If she had worked harder, she would have succeeded.The rice would not have been burnt if you had been more careful.If my lawyer had been here last Saturday, he would have prevented me from going.If he had come yesterday, I should / would have told him about it.含义：He did not come yesterday, so I did not tell him about it.If he had not been ill and missed many classes, he would have made greater progress.含义： He was ill and missed many lessons, so he did not make greater progress.c.表示对将来的假想

句型：

条件从句

主句

一般过去时

should+ 动词原形

were+ 不定式

would + 动词原形

should+ 动词原形

If you succeeded, everything would be all right.If you should succeed, everything would be all right.If you were to succeed, everything would be all right.虚拟条件句的倒装

虚拟条件句的从句部分如果含有were, should, 或had, 可将if省略，再把were, should或had 移到从句句首，实行倒装。

Were they here now, they could help us.=If they were here now, they could help us.Had you come earlier, you would have met him =If you had come earlier, you would have met him.Should it rain, the crops would be saved.=Were it to rain, the crops would be saved.注意：

在虚拟语气的从句中，动词''be''的过去时态一律用“were”，不用was，即在从句中be用were代替。

If I were you, I would go to look for him.如果我是你，就会去找他。

If he were here, everything would be all right.如果他在这儿，一切都会好的。

典型例题

_____ to do the work, I should do it some other day.A.If were I

B.I were C.Were I D.Was I

答案C.在虚拟条件状语中如果有were, should, had这三个词，通常将if省略，主语提前, 变成 were, should, had +主语的形式。但要注意，在虚拟条件状语从句中，省略连词的倒装形式的句首不能用动词的缩略形式。如我们可说 Were I not to do., 而不能说 Weren''t I to do.特殊的虚拟语气词：should

1）It is demanded / necessary / a pity + that…结构中的主语从句的谓语动词要用should 加动词原形，should 可省略。

句型：

(1)suggested It is

(2)important

that…+(should)do

(3)a pity

(1)suggested, ordered, proposed, required,demanded, requested, insisted； +(should)do

(2)important, necessary, natural, strange a pity,a shame,no wonder(3)It is suggested that we(should)hold a meeting next week.It is necessary that he(should)come to our meeting tomorrow.2）在宾语从句中的应用

在表示命令、建议、要求等一类动词后面的从句中。

order, suggest, propose, require, demand, request, insist, command, insist +(should)do

I suggest that we(should)hold a meeting next week.He insisted that he(should)be sent there.注意： 如suggest, insist不表示“建议” 或“坚持要某人做某事时”，即它们用于其本意“暗示、表明”、“坚持认为”时，宾语从句用陈述语气。

The guard at gate insisted that everybody obey the rules.判断改错:（错）You pale face suggests that you(should)be ill.(对)

Your pale face suggests that you are ill.(错)

I insisted that you(should)be wrong.(对)

I insisted that you were wrong.3）在表语从句，同位语从句中的应用

在suggestion, proposal, idea, plan, order, advice等名词后面的表语从句、同位语从句中要用虚拟语气，即（should）+动词原形。

My idea is that we(should)get more people to attend the conference.I make a proposal that we(should)hold a meeting next week.比较if only与only if

only if表示“只有”；if only则表示“如果……就好了”。If only也可用于陈述语气。

I wake up only if the alarm clock rings.只有闹钟响了，我才会醒。

If only the alarm clock had rung.当时闹钟响了，就好了。

If only he comes early.但愿他早点回来。

It is(high)time that

It is(high)time that 后面的从句谓语动词要用过去式或用should加动词原形，但should不可省略。

It is time that the children went to bed.It is high time that the children should go to bed.need “不必做”和“本不该做”

didn''t need to do表示： 过去不必做某事, 事实上也没做。.needn''t have done表示： 过去不必做某事, 但事实上做了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she didn''t need to walk back home.约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她不必步行回家了。

John went to the station with the car to meet Mary, so she needn''t have walked back home.约翰开车去车站接玛丽，所以她本不必步行回家了。(Mary步行回家，没有遇上John的车。)

典型例题

There was plenty of time.She ___.A.mustn''t have hurried

B.couldn''t have hurried

C.must not hurry

D.needn''t have hurried 答案D。needn''t have done.意为“本不必”，即已经做了某事，而时实际上不必要。

Mustn''t have done 用法不正确，对过去发生的事情进行否定性推断应为couldn''t have done, “不可能已经”。must not do 不可以（用于一般现在时）。

名词性从句

在句子中起名词作用的句子叫名词从句(Noun Clauses）。名词从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等，因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能，名词从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。

引导名词性从句的连接词

引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类：

连接词：that,whether,if 不充当从句的任何成分）

连接代词：what, whatever, who, whoever, whom，whose, which.连接副词：when, where, how, why

不可省略的连词：

1.介词后的连词

2.引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。

That she was chosen made us very happy.We heard the news that our team had won.比较：whether与if 均为“是否”的意思。但在下列情况下，whether 不能被if 取代：

1.whether引导主语从句并在句首 2.引导表语从句

3.whether从句作介词宾语 4.从句后有“or not”

Whether he will come is not clear.大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末，用 it充当形式主语。

It is not important who will go.It is still unknown which team will win the match.名词性that-从句

1）由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用，在从句中不担任任何成分，本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语，例如：

主语：That he is still alive is sheer luck.他还活着全靠运气。

宾语：John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday.约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。

表语：The fact is that he has not been seen recently.事实是近来谁也没有见过他。

同位语：The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office.近来谁也没有见过他，这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。

形容词宾语：I am glad that you are satisfied with your job.你对工作满意我感到很高兴。

2）That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词，而将that-从句置于句末，例如：

It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure.很清楚，整个计划注定要失败。

It''s a pity that you should have to leave.你非走不可真是件憾事。

用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系：

a.It + be +形容词+ that-从句

It is necessary that…

有必要……

It is important that…

重要的是……

It is obvious that…

很明显……

b.It + be +-ed 分词+ that-从句

It is believed that…

人们相信……

It is known to all that…

从所周知……

It has been decided that…

已决定……

c.It + be +名词+ that-从句

It is common knowledge that…

……是常识

It is a surprise that…

令人惊奇的是……

It is a fact that…

事实是……

d.It +不及物动词+ that-分句

It appears that…

似乎……

It happens that…

碰巧……

It occurred to me that…

我突然想起……

名词性wh-从句

1）由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,.whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外，还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等，例如：

主语： How the book will sell depends on its author.书销售如何取决于作者本人。

直接宾语：In one''s own home one can do what one likes.在自己家里可以随心所欲。

间接宾语：The club will give whoever wins a prize.俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。

表语： My question is who will take over president of the Foundation.我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。

宾语补足语：She will name him whatever she wants to.她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。

同位语：

I have no idea when he will return.我不知道他什么时候回来。

形容词宾语：I''m not sure why she refused their invitation.我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。

介词宾语： That depends on where we shall go.那取决于我们去哪儿。

2）Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语，而将wh-从句置于句末，例如：

It is not yet decided who will do that job.还没决定谁做这项工作。

It remains unknown when they are going to get married.他们何时结婚依然不明。

if, whether引导的名词从句

1）yes-no型疑问从句

从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的，因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句，其功能和wh-从句的功能相同，例如：

主语：Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved.这一计划是否可行还有等证实。

宾语：Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday.请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。

表语：The point is whether we should lend him the money.问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。

同位语：They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy.他们调查他是否值得信赖。

形容词宾语： She''s doubtful whether we shall be able to come.她怀疑我们是否能够前来。

介词宾语： I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness.我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。

2）选择性疑问从句

选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whethe…or not构成，例如：

Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish.请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。

I don''t care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。

定语从句

定语从句（Attributive Clauses）在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词,词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。

关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which等。

关系副词有：when, where, why等。

关系代词引导的定语从句 关系代词所代替的先行词是人或物的名词或代词，并在句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。

1）who, whom, that

这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词，在从句中所起作用如下：

Is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他就是你想见的人吗？（who/that在从句中作主语）

He is the man whom/ that I saw yesterday.他就是我昨天见的那个人。（whom/that在从句中作宾语）

2)Whose 用来指人或物，(只用作定语, 若指物，它还可以同of which互换）, 例如：

They rushed over to help the man whose car had broken down.那人车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。

Please pass me the book whose(of which)cover is green.请递给我那本绿皮的书。

3）which, that

它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词，在从句中可作主语、宾语等，例如：

A prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside.农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。（which / that在句中作宾语）

The package(which / that)you are carrying is about to come unwrapped.你拿的包快散了。(which / that在句中作宾语）

关系副词引导的定语从句

关系副词可代替的先行词是时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。1）when, where, why

关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词+ which”结构，因此常常和“介词+ which”结构交替使用，例如：

There are occasions when(on which)one must yield.任何人都有不得不屈服的时候。

Beijing is the place where(in which)I was born.北京是我的出生地。

Is this the reason why(for which)he refused our offer? 这就是他拒绝我们帮助他的理由吗？

2）that代替关系副词

that可以用于表示时间、地点、方式、理由的名词后取代when, where, why和“介词+ which”引导的定语从句，在口语中that常被省略，例如：

His father died the year(that / when / in which)he was born.他父亲在他出生那年逝世了。

He is unlikely to find the place(that / where / in which)he lived forty years ago.他不大可能找到他四十年前居住过的地方。

判断关系代词与关系副词

方法一： 用关系代词，还是关系副词完全取决于从句中的谓语动词。及物动词后面无宾语，就必须要求用关系代词；而不及物动词则要求用关系副词。例如：

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.I''ll never forget the days when I worked together with you.判断改错（注：先显示题，再显示答案，横线；用不同的颜色表示出。）

（错）This is the mountain village where I visited last year.（错）I will never forget the days when I spent in the countryside.（对）This is the mountain village(which)I visited last year.（对）I''ll never forget the days(which)I spent in the countryside.习惯上总把表地点或时间的名词与关系副词 where, when联系在一起。此两题错在关系词的误用上。

方法二： 准确判断先行词在定语从句中的成分(主、谓、宾、定、状)，也能正确选择出关系代词/关系副词。

例1.Is this museum ___ you visited a few days age?

A.where B.that

C.on which

D.the one 例2.Is this the museum ____ the exhibition was held.A.where

B.that

C.on which

D.the one 答案：例1 D，例2 A

例1变为肯定句： This museum is ___ you visited a few days ago.例2变为肯定句： This is the museum ___ the exhibition was held.在句1中，所缺部分为宾语，而where, that, on which都不能起到宾语的作用，只有the one既做了主句的表语，又可做从句的宾语，可以省略关系代词，所以应选D。

而句2中, 主、谓、宾俱全，从句部分为句子的状语表地点，既可用副词where，又因 in the museum词组，可用介词in + which 引导地点状语。而此题中，介词on 用的不对，所以选A。

关系词的选择依据在从句中所做的成分，先行词在从句中做主、定、宾语时，选择关系代词(who, whom, that, which, whose)； 先行词在从句中做状语时，应选择关系副词(where 地点状语，when 时间状语，why 原因状语)。

限制性和非限制性定语从句

1)定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句是先行词不可缺少的部分，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是先行词的附加说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开，例如：

This is the house which we bought last month.这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。（限制性）

The house, which we bought last month, is very nice.这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。（非限制性）2)当先行词是专有名词或物主代词和指示代词所修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的，例如：

Charles Smith, who was my former teacher, retired last year.查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。

My house, which I bought last year, has got a lovely garden.我去年买的的那幢房子带着个漂亮的花园。

This novel, which I have read three times, is very touching.这本小说很动人，我已经读了三遍。

3)非限制性定语从句还能将整个主句作为先行词, 对其进行修饰, 这时从句谓语动词要用第三人称单数，例如：

He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.他似乎没抓住我的意思，这使我心烦。

Liquid water changes to vapor, which is called evaporation.液态水变为蒸汽，这就叫做蒸发。

说明：关系代词that和关系副词why不能引导非限制性定语从句

介词+关系词

1）介词后面的关系词不能省略。2）that前不能有介词。

3）某些在从句中充当时间，地点或原因状语的“介词+关系词”结构可以同关系副词when 和where 互换。

This is the house in which I lived two years ago.This is the house where I lived two years ago.Do you remember the day on which you joined our club?

Do you remember the day when you joined our club?

as, which 非限定性定语从句

由as, which 引导的非限定性定语从句，as和which可代整个主句，相当于and this或and that。As一般放在句首，which在句中。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one''s health.The sun heats the earth, which is very important to us.典型例题

1）Alice received an invitation from her boss, ___came as a surprise.A.it

B.that

C.which

D.he

答案C.此为非限定性从句，不能用 that修饰，而用which.，it 和he 都使后句成为句子，两个独立的句子不能单以逗号连接。况且选he句意不通。

2）The weather turned out to be very good, ___ was more than we could expect.A.what B.which C.that D.it

答案B。which可代替句子，用于非限定性定语从句，而what不可。That 不能用于非限定性定语从句，it不为连词，使由逗号连接的两个句子并在一起在英语语法上行不通。

3）It rained hard yesterday, ____ prevented me from going to the park..A.that B.which

C.as

D.it 答案B.as 和which在引导非限制性定语从句时，这两个关系代词都指主句所表达的整个意思，且在定语从句中都可以作主语和宾语。但不同之处主要有两点：

(1）as 引导的定语从句可置于句首，而which不可。

(2）as 代表前面的整个主句并在从句中作主语时，从句中的谓语必须是系动词；若为行为动词，则从句中的关系代词只能用which.。

在本题中，prevent由于是行为动词，所以正确选项应为B。

As 的用法

例1.the same… as；such…as 中的as 是一种固定结构, 和……一样……。

I have got into the same trouble as he(has).例2.as可引导非限制性从句，常带有''正如''。

As we know, smoking is harmful to one''s health.As is know, smoking is harmful to one''s health.As是关系代词。例1中的as作know的宾语；例2中，它充当从句的主语，谓语动词know要用被动式。

先行词和关系词二合一

1)Whoever spits in public will be punished here.(Whoever 可以用 anyone who 代替)2)The parents will use what they have to send their son to technical school.(what 可以用all that代替)

what/whatever;that/what;who/whoever

1）what = the thing which；whatever = anything

What you want has been sent here.Whatever you want makes no difference to me.2)who= the person that

whoever= anyone who

（错）Who breaks the law will be punished.（错）Whoever robbed the bank is not clear.（对）Whoever breaks the law will be punished.（对）Who robbed the bank is not clear.3)that 和 what

当that引导定语从句时，通常用作关系代词，而引导名词性从句时，是个不充当任何成分的连接词。宾语从句和表语从句中的that常可省略。What只能引导名词性从 句，用作连接代词，作从句的具体成分，且不能省略。

I think(that)you will like the stamps.What we need is more practice.关系代词that 的用法 1）不用that的情况

a)在引导非限定性定语从句时。

(错)The tree, that is four hundred years old, is very famous here.b)介词后不能用。

We depend on the land from which we get our food.We depend on the land that/which we get our food from.2)只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况

a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。

b)在不定代词，如：anything, nothing, the one, all, much, few, any, little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。

c)先行词有the only, the very修饰时，只用that。

d)先行词为序数词、数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。.e)先行词既有人，又有物时。

举例：

All that is needed is a supply of oil.所需的只是供油问题。

Finally, the thief handed everything that he had stolen to the police.那贼最终把偷的全部东西交给了警察。

状语从句

地点状语从句

地点状语从句通常由where, wherever 引导。

Where I live there are plenty of trees.我住的地方树很多。

Wherever I am I will be thinking of you.不管我在哪里我都会想到你。

方式状语从句

方式状语从句通常由as,(just)as…so…, as if, as though引导。

1）as,(just)as…so…引导的方式状语从句通常位于主句后，但在(just)as…so…结构中位于句首，这时as从句带有比喻的含义，意思是“正如…”，“就像”，多用于正式文体，例如：

Always do to the others as you would be done by.你希望人家怎样待你，你就要怎样待人。

As water is to fish, so air is to man.我们离不开空气，犹如鱼儿离不开水。

Just as we sweep our rooms, so we should sweep backward ideas from our minds.正如打扫房屋一样，我们也要扫除我们头脑中落后的东西。

2）as if, as though

两者的意义和用法相同，引出的状语从句谓语多用虚拟语气，表示与事实相反，有时也用陈述语气，表示所说情况是事实或实现的可能性较大。汉译常作“仿佛……似的”，“好像……似的”，例如：

They completely ignore these facts as if(as though)they never existed.他们完全忽略了这些事实，就仿佛它不存在似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

He looks as if(as though)he had been hit by lighting.他那样子就像被雷击了似的。（与事实相反，谓语用虚拟语气。）

It looks as if the weather may pick up very soon.看来天气很快就会好起来。（实现的可能性较大，谓语用陈述语气。）

说明：as if / as though也可以引导一个分词短语、不定式短语或无动词短语，例如：

He stared at me as if seeing me for first time.他目不转睛地看着我，就像第一次看见我似的。

He cleared his throat as if to say something.他清了清嗓子，像要说什么似的。

The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.波涛冲击着岩石，好像很愤怒。

原因状语从句

比较：because, since, as和for

1）because语势最强，用来说明人所不知的原因，回答why提出的问题。当原因是显而易见的或已为人们所知，就用as或 since。

I didn''t go, because I was afraid.Since /As the weather is so bad, we have to delay our journey.2）由because引导的从句如果放在句末，且前面有逗 号，则可以用for来代替。但如果不是说明直接原因，而是多种情况加以推断，就只能用for。

He is absent today, because / for he is ill.He must be ill, for he is absent today.目的状语从句

表示目的状语的从句可以由that, so that, in order that, lest, for fear that, in case等词引导，例如：

You must speak louder so that /in order that you can be heard by all.He wrote the name down for fear that(lest)he should forget it.Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.so nice a flower

such a nice flower

so many / few flowers

such nice flowers

so much / little money.such rapid progress

so many people

such a lot of people

（so many 已成固定搭配，a lot of 虽相当于 many，但 a lot of 为名词性的，只能用such搭配。）

so…that与such…that之间的转换既为 so与such之间的转换。

The boy is so young that he can''t go to school.He is such a young boy that he can''t go to school

条件状语从句

连接词主要有 if, unless, as/so long as, on condition that 等。.if 引导的条件句有真实条件句和非真实条件句两种。非真实条件句已在虚拟语气中阐述。

unless = if not.Let''s go out for a walk unless you are too tired.If you are not too tied, let''s go out for a walk.典型例题

You will be late ___ you leave immediately.A.unless

B.until

C.if

D.or 答案A。句意：除非你立即走，否则你就回迟到的。可转化为 If you dong leave immediately, you will be late.B、D句意不对，or表转折，句子如为 You leave immediately or you will be late.让步状语从句

though, although 注意： 当有though, although时，后面的从句不能有but，但是 though 和yet可连用

Although it''s raining, they are still working in the field.虽然在下雨，但他们仍在地里干活。

He is very old, but he still works very hard.虽然他很老，但仍然努力地工作。

Though the sore be healed, yet a scar may remain.伤口虽愈合，但伤疤留下了。（谚语）

典型例题

1）___she is young, she knows quite a lot.A.When B.However

C.Although

D.Unless 答案：C。意为虽然她很年轻，却知道许多。

2)as, though 引导的倒装句

as / though引导的让步从句必须表语或状语提前（形容词、副词、分词、实义动词提前）。

Child as /though he was, he knew what was the right thing to do.= Though he was a small child, he knew what was the right thing to do.注意： a.句首名词不能带任何冠词。

b.句首是实义动词，其他助动词放在主语后。如果实义动词有宾语和状语，随实义动词一起放在主语之前。

Try hard as he will, he never seems able to do the work satisfactorily.= Though he tries hard, he never seems…

虽然他尽了努力，但他的工作总做的不尽人意。

3)ever if, even though.即使

We''ll make a trip even though the weather is bad.4)whether…or-

不管……都

Whether you believe it or not, it is true.5)“no matter +疑问词” 或“疑问词+后缀ever”

No matter what happened, he would not mind.Whatever happened, he would not mind.替换：no matter what = whatever

no matter who = whoever

no matter when = whenever

no matter where = wherever

no matter which = whichever

no matter how = however

注意：no matter 不能引导主语从句和宾语从句。

（错）No matter what you say is of no use now.（对）Whatever you say is of no use now.你现在说什么也没用了。(Whatever you say是主语从句)（错）Prisoners have to eat no matter what they''re given，（对）Prisoners have to eat whatever they''re given.囚犯们只能给什么吃什么。

比较while, when, as

1）as, when 引导短暂性动作的动词。

Just as / Just when / When I stopped my car, a man came up to me.2）当从句的动作发生于主句动作之前，只能用when 引导这个从句，不可用as或 while。

When you have finished your work, you may have a rest.3）从句表示“随时间推移”连词能用as，不用when 或while。

As the day went on, the weather got worse.日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。

表示“一…就…”的结构

ardly/scarcely…when/before, no sooner…than 和as soon as都可以表示“一…就…”的意思，例：

I had hardly / scarcely got home when it began to rain.I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.As soon as I got home, it began to rain.注意：如果hardly, scarcely 或no sooner置于句首，句子必须用倒装结构：

Hardly / Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain.No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.

第二篇：强调句与从句的比较

强调句与从句的比较

1.强调句与主语从句的比较

强调句将句子中的it is / was …that同时省去，句子仍然成立；而主语从句将that与后面部分代替it，成立。如：

(1)It is Li Lei’s brother that you met in the street yesterday.你昨天在街上所见到的就是李蕾的兄弟。

本句若将It is 及 that同时省去为：You met Li Lei’s brother in the street yesterday.句子同样成立，因此前面的句子是强调句型。

(2)It is exciting that we have succeeded in sending up Shenzhou V.我们成功地发射了神舟五号这件事情真令人兴奋。

本句若将It is 及 that同时省去为：We have succeeded exciting in sending up Shenzhou V.显然句子错误，因此，前面句子不是强调句型，而是主语从句。

2.强调句与定语从句的比较

◎强调句中的It没有实际意义，It be与that可同时被省略；而定语从句中的It是主语，It be与that不可同时省略；

◎强调句型中be的时态须跟后面句子的时态相一致；而定语从句中主句谓语动词be的时态须由主句的时间确定；

◎强调句将句子中的that不能省略，并且即使前面的名词是事物时，也不能将that换成which；而定语从句中的that作宾语时可被省略，并且当先行词是事物时可用which代替。

◎当it be后面的时间、地点名词作主语、宾语或表语时，引导词可用that / which；而作其他成分时，引导词须用when / which。如：

(1)It is an English book(that / which)I bought yesterday.它是我昨天买的书。(本句是对What is that?问句的回答，that所引导的是定语从句，that可被省略)

It was the English book that I bought yesterday.昨天我所卖的就是这本书。(本句相当于对I bought the English book yesterday中an English book进行强调)

(2)It was a room where we used to have meetings.它是我们过去常在开会的房子。(where 所引导的从句对前面的room进行说明，它是定语从句)It was in the room that we used to have meetings.过去我们开会就在这间房子里。(in the room是被强调的部分，本句是强调句型)

(3)It is a day when the people celebrate their victory.这是人们庆祝他们的胜利的日子。(when所引导的从句对a day进行说明，是定语从句)It was on that day that people celebrated their victory.就在那一天，人们庆祝了他们的胜利。(强调on October 1, 1949)

3．强调句与状语从句的比较

◎状语从句句首的It本身就是句子的主语；而强调句首的It不作任何成分也没有实际意义。

◎状语从句的连接副词that及句子前面的It be不能去掉。

◎状语从句的引导词可以是when / where，而强调句型中的that不能用其他词代替。如：

(1)It is such an interesting book that we all like it very much.它是一本如此有趣的书，我们大家都非常喜欢。(结果状语主从复合句)

It is such an interesting book that we all like very much.我们大家都非常喜欢的就是一本如此有趣的书。(强调such an interesting book)

(比较：It is such an interesting book as we all like very much.这就是我们大家都非常喜欢的如此有趣的书。定语从句)(2)It was already morning when he woke up.当他醒来时，已经是早晨了。(时间主从复合句)It was the next morning that he woke up.就在第二天早晨他醒来了。(强调the next morning)

第三篇：非现实比较从句1

als ob, als wenn, 和als带起的非现实比较从句

Er sieht so aus, als ob er krank wäre.相关词so起连接主从句的作用。在非现实的愿望，假设句中强调主从句时态的一致性，而在非现实比较从句中强调主从句的同时性和先时性。非现实比较从句特点

1）主句中一般用印象动词：tun, aussehen, scheinen, vorkommen, sich fühlen, sich verhalten, sich benehmen, sich stellen, den Eindruck haben, den Anschein gehen, das Gefühl geben…

2）连词als ob, als wenn, 带起的从句中，ob, wenn 可以省略，人称变位动词紧跟其后： Er sieht so aus, als wäre er krank.Die Mutter ging einher（进来）, als hätte sie Flügel（翅膀）.3）不管主句的谓语时态（一般用现在时，过去时或现在完成时）如何，非现实比较从句中虚拟式现在时表示同时性；虚拟式过去时表示先时性。

Er sah aus, als wäre er total erschöpft.(Gleichzeitigkeit)Er sah aus, als wäre er krank gewesen.(Vorzeitigkeit)Beispiele: a.Gleichzeitigkeit Er rannte davon, als wäre der Teufel hinter ihm her.他撒腿就跑，好像身后跟着鬼似的。Der Tag war warm, als wäre es Frühherbst.天气很暖和，好像初秋似的。

Claudia sprach so leise, als hätte sie Angst, gehört zu werden.Claudia讲话声音特别低，好像怕别人听见她的话似的。Es war, als erinnerte ich sie an einen Traum, den sie längst vergessen hatte.这好像是我使她回忆起早已忘却了的梦似的。Er hat den Anschein, als ginge es ihm wieder besser.看样子他的身体状况又有好转。

Es scheint, als hätten sie außer dem Hass gegen die Macht und der Hoffnung auf Christus keine Ideen.好像除了对权力的憎恶和对基督耶稣的期望以外，她什么想法也没有似的。

Helen sah aus, als würde sie jeden Moment in Tränen ausbrechen.海伦看上去好像要嚎啕大哭一场似的。b.Vorzeitigkeit: Frank sah aus, als hätte er die ganze Nacht Wein getrunken.弗兰克看上去好像喝了一通宵的酒。

Der Mann sprang auf, als ob ihn ein Insekt gestochen hätte.这个男子跳起来，好像虫子把他蛰了一下似的。

In diesem Haus herrschte eine solche Unordnung, als wäre dort seit Jahren nicht mehr aufgeräumt worden.家里乱七八糟，好像几年都没有打扫过似的。

Von dorther waren Geräusche an ihre Ohren gedrungen, als ob sich jemand im Laub bewegt hätte.他们听到那里传来声音，好像树丛中有人活动似的。

4）另外一个经常提出的问题是：在非现实比较句中动词用第二虚拟式，第一虚拟式或直陈式的区别何在？在传统语法中非现实的比较从句中只能用第二虚拟式。随着时间的推移、语言的发展以及语言效益原则的作用，在语言使用方面也发生了变化。近年来有关非现实比较句句型研究资料分析表明：在有主句的情况下，在从句中第一，第二虚拟式同样使用，最新的语言发展趋势是在从句中开始使用直陈式的各种时态形式，如现在时，过去时，将来时。

Er tat so, als ob er sie nicht sehe.Er tat so, als wenn er sie nicht gesehen habe.在特定的语言场合，非现实比较句可以省略主句，在这种情况下从句只能用第二虚拟式

Als hätte unsereiner noch nie gewartet.unsereiner: 我们这样的人

第四篇：限定性及非限定性定语从句练习

限定性及非限定性定语从句练习

(1)The first doll __ say “mama”was invented in 1830．

［A］ that it could［B］ could it

［C］ it could［D］ that could

(2)A solar day is the length of time ___ the Earth to revolve once around the Sun．

［A］ takes［B］ takes it

［C］ which takes［D］ he takes

(3)The period during when ［A］ people learned ［B］ to melt iron is called ［C］ the ［D］ Iron Age．

(4)The second half of his voyage was by far the more dangerous part,___ he sailed round the treacherous Cape Horn.［A］ where［B］ of which

［C］ during which［D］ that

(5)To travel from England to Hope Corn had taken him nine months, the sailing time was 226 days.He had done what he wanted to accomplish.［A］ when［B］ which

［C］ of which［D］ that

(6)Henry Ford is the person ［A］ which ［B］ is most responsible ［C］ for developing ［D］ the idea of mass production.(7)Human beings are social ［A］ animals whom ［B］ usually prefer

not to live in ［C］ physical or psychological isolation ［D］

(8)The Everglades is a beautiful region of southern Florida ___ the primitive past mingles with modern life．

［A］ there［B］ where

［C］ after［D］ in

(9)The knee is the joint ___ the thigh bone meets the large bone of the lower leg．

［A］ when［B］ where

［C］ why［D］ which

(10)A metropolitan region ［A］ is defined as a central ［B］ city and the territory where ［C］ surrounds ［D］ it．

(11)The next morning ___ he came down to breakfast, he was beaming with the pleasure of a new, great discovery.［A］ as［B］ when

［C］ because［D］ that

(12)In a day few noble persons ever spoke to those of humble origins except to give an order, Jefferson went out of his way to talk with gardeners, servants, and waiters.［A］ whose［B］ during

［C］ when［D］ of

(13)Moreover, in the modern age___ human beings depend so much on machines, he had given men throughout the world new pride.［A］ when［B］ whether

［C］ more［D］ ever

(14)There was a teapot fashioned like a China duck out of ___open mouth the tea was supposed to come.［A］ which［B］ its

［C］ that［D］ whose

(15)Jackir Mcleans‟s recordings have shown that he is one of the few ［A］ jazz musicians who ［B］ style of playing ［C］ has kept pace with the evolution ［D］ of modern jazz．

(16)I don't want to concentrate on anything ___ worrying me.［A］ what is［B］ there is

［C］ what［D］ there

(17)ligments(韧带)，___，hold organs of the body in place and fasten bones together．

［A］ which are fibrous tissues

［B］ they are fibrous tissues

［C］ fibrous tissues that

［D］ are fibrous tissues

18)The Little White House in Warm Springs was the Georgia home of President Franklin D.Roosevelt，___there on April 12，1945．

［A］ who died［B］ died

［C］ while died［D］ he died

19)The first United States citizen to become ［A］ a professional ［B］ sculptor was Patience Lovell Wright，which ［C］ works were executed in wax ［D］．

20)The adder is a snake has ［A］ a relatively ［B］ stout body, a short tail ［C］, and a flat head ［D］．

21)Traditionally, ethnographers and linguists have paid ［A］ little attention to cultural interpretations given to ［B］ silence, or to ［C］ the types of social contexts in which tends ［D］ to occur

22)Most crocodiles will eat anything ___ capture and overpower．［A］ can［B］ they can

［C］ which can［D］ and

答案及其详解：

1)D为正确答案。本句中的主句为“The first doll was invented in 1830”，“that could say „mama‟”为定语从句，修饰主句中的名词(主语)“the first doll”。

2)C为正确答案。

3)A错。during是介词，它后面的关系代词只能用which(指人除外)，which在此处指代“the period”，定语从句为“during which people…iron”，修饰主句的主语“the period”。

4)C为正确答案。

5)C为正确答案。

6)B错。改用who，which只能指物，指人时应用who，本句的定语从句

修饰the person，关系代词who在从句中作主语。本句也可改用that，因为that也可用来指人，它可在从句中作主语或宾语，但which则只能指“物”。

7)B错。应改用who，因为这里所指代的是“human beings”，而且在从句中作主语，而whom只能用来作宾语。

8)B为正确答案。空白后是一个定语从句，从句中主谓宾齐全，关系副词where指代上面表示地点的名词region(地方，地区)，相当于in which，即in the region，在从句中作地点状语。

9)B对。空白后为定语从句，从句中的主谓宾语都已齐全，where作从句中的地点状语，相当于in the joint，整个从句修饰“the joint”。

10)C错。改为which或that。这里是一个定语从句，修饰前面的the territory(区域)，虽然被修饰成分表示一个地点，但若用where代替in the territory在从句中作地点状语，从句中便没有了主语，这显然不对。改用which后，便可由它作从句中的主语，代the territory；从句中的it代上文中的a central city。

11)B为正确答案。

12)C为正确答案。

13)A为正确答案。

14)D为正确答案。这里whose修饰名词短语“open mouth，” 这时“whose open mouth”一起作介词“of”的宾语。

15)B错。who应当在定语从句中作主语，而从句中已有主语style of playing(演奏风格)，故应将who改为whose，用whose修饰style，指代上文中的人名，相当于his。

16)B为正确答案。

17)A对。空白处是which引导的定语从句修饰主句的主语ligaments，which作从句的主语，主句的主语(ligaments)和谓语(hold)被定语从句所隔开。

18)A对。本句是关系代词who引导的非限定性定语从句，who指代前面的被修饰成分President Franklin D.Roosevelt并在从句中作主语。

19)C错。应改用whose，修饰从句中的主语works，whose相当于his。

20)A错。本句已有谓语动词is，而后面又出现动词has，显然不合语法，故应在snake和has之间加上关系代词which或that构成定语从句修饰snake，which作从句的主语。

21)D错。本句“in which”中的which指代“social contexts”，which在从句中已经是介词in的宾语，这样从句中便没有了主语，故应在which后加代词it(代silence)，即变为“in which it tends…”，用it作从句的主语，这样句子才完整。

22)B对。关系代词作限定性定语从句中的宾语时可以省略，本句被修饰词anything后就省去了“that”；C是不对的，首先，C中的which作从句的主语，而从句中的动词(作谓语)capture and overpower都为及物动词，可后面没有宾语，这样句子便不完整；其次，如果被修饰成分为不定代词(anything, all等)，或修饰成分前有形容词最高级以及限定性较强的形容词修饰时(the very，the only，the same，the first，the last，the tallest)，应使用关系代词that，而不用which。

第五篇：定语从句与同位语从句、强调句、状语从句的区别

定语从句与同位语从句、强调句的区别

一、定语从句

1.定语从句在句中做定语，修饰一个名词或代词，被修饰的名词、词组或代词即先行词。定语从句通常出 现在先行词之后，由关系词（关系代词或关系副词）引出。关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which； 关系副词有：when, where, why。2.限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句

（1）限制性定语从句是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，用于修饰和限定先行词。如果去掉，主句的意

思就不完整或失去意义。书写时不用逗号与先行词分开。例：This is the boy who broke the window.（2）非限制性定语从句在意义上只是一个附加修饰语，对先行词或主句作些附加的说明。如果去掉，主

句的意思仍然清楚。书写时往往用逗号与先行词分开。例：I, who am your friend, will share the work with you.3.非限制性定语从句的“四个不能”：（1）非限制性定语从句通常不能用that引导。

（2）非限制性定语从句不能用why引导，要用for which 代替。例：I had told them the reason, for which I didn’t attend the meeting.（3）由“介词+关系代词”引导时，关系代词不能用as。（4）指人的关系代词作宾语时用whom，不能省略。4.在定语从句中，下列情况的关系词用that而不用which:（1）先行词被形容词最高级、序数词、数词等几种词修饰或被only, any, few, little, no, all, one of等修饰时。例：This is the best film that I have ever read.（2）先行词为all, much, little, none, few, one, something, everything, anything等不定代词时。

例：He told me everything that he knows.（3）先行词中既有人又有物时。

例：He was looking pleasantly at the children and parcels that filled his bus.（4）先行词在主句中作表语或关系词在定语从句中作表语时。例：The village is no longer the one that was 5 years ago.（5）当主句中含有疑问词which时；或者句中已经有who或which，为了避免重复时。

例：Which are the books that you bought for me ? 5.其他注意事项

（1）当the way做先行词时，只用that, in which或不用关系词。例：What surprised me was not what he said but the way he said it.（2）在限制性定语从句中，名词前有such和the same修饰时，关系代词用as不能用which。例：Don’t read such books as you can’t understand.（3）在非限制性定语从句中，as和which都可以指代前面整个主句。如果有“正如，像”的含义，可以 放在主句前，也可以放在后面，那么用as；而which引导的从句只能放主句后，并无“正如”的意思。例：They won the game, as we had expected.They won the game, which we hadn’t expected.6.定语从句与先行词被分割开来的现象

定语从句一般紧接被它所修饰的先行词；但有时候它和先行词之间有可能插入其他成分，使它与先行词分隔开来，这种定语从句叫作被分隔的定语从句。在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况，阅读时要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。

（1）在定语从句加中插入语，常见的有：I think,I suppose,I guess,I imagine等。辨别的方法是：去掉插入 语后，原句句法结构仍然完整。

例：He made another wonderful discovery,which I think isof importance to science.（2）在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。

例：There are many thousands of stars in the sky that are like the sun.（3）在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。

例：Do you remember one afternoon ten years ago when I came to your house and borrowed a diamond necklace? 你还记得吗，十年前的一天下午，我来到你家，找你借了一条钻石项链？

（4）先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时，先行词通常是句子的主语，因定语从句较长，主句谓语

较短，为使句子平衡，常将定语从句移至谓语之后。例：A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.7.几个特殊的定语从句句型

（1）He is the only one of the students who has got very good marks in the match.（句中one为先行词）He is one of the students who have got good marks in the match.（句中students为先行词）（2）Is this place the one(that)we visited yesterday?（句中the one为先行词）Is this the place(that / which)we visited yesterday ?（句中 the place为先行词）（3）He stood at the window,from where he could see what was happening.（4）It may rain, in which case the match will be put off.8.定语从句的做题方法：（1）找出主句，确定先行词；

（2）找出从句，判断从句是否完整（是否符合简单句的基本构成）---否，用关系代词；是，用关系副词。

二、同位语从句

1.同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。

同位语从句对名词进一步解释，说明名词的具体内容，一般由that引导，而且不能省略。例：The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people.2.同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面，而是被别的词隔开。例：He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off.三、定语从句与同位语从句的区别

1.定语从句中的that既代替先行词，同时可以在从句中作某个成分（主语或宾语）；而同位语从句中的that 是连词，只起连接主句与从句的作用，不充当句中任何成分。

2.定语从句是形容词性的，其功能是修饰先行词，对先行词加以限定，描述先行词的性质或特征；同位语 从句是名词性的，其功能是对名词进行补充说明。

例：The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.第一个that引导的从句是定语从句，that在从句中作宾语。The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.同位语从句，that在句中不作任何成分，用于说明news的内容。

【注意】当主句的谓语部分过短时而从句过长时，同位语从句放在谓语动词的后面，避免头重脚轻。例：Word came that our team had won the game.四、定语从句与状语从句的区别

1.定语从句的前面有名词作先行词，而状语从句没有先行词。

例：This is the place where we used to live a few years ago.这是几年前我们居住的地方。（定语从句，先行词为the place）Let’s go where we can find a better job.我们到能找到更好的工作的地方去吧。（地点状语从句）

2.定语从句修饰、限制、说明名词，只能放在先行词的后面，而状语从句说明动作发生的情况，并且可以 放在主句的前面。

例：Do you know the time when the class is over? 你知道下课的时间吗？（定语从句）

When the class was over, it was already five o’clock.当下课时己经是5点了。（时间状语从句）3.When, where和why在引导定语从句时可以用“介词＋which”的结构来替换，在引导状语从句时却不行。例：This is the factory in which(where)his father once worked.这就是他的父亲曾经工作过的那个工厂。（定语从句）

Put back the book where it was.把书放回原处。（状语从句）

4.定语从句中的关系词在从句中充当某种句子成分，因此去掉它则从句成分不完整；而结果状语从句中的 连接词在从句中不作任何成分，去掉后从句的成分仍然完整。例：It is such an interesting book as we all like.as用作动词like的宾语，它引导的是定语从句。It is such an interesting book that we all like it.that不充当句子成分，故它引导的是结果状语从句。

五、强调句

1.强调句型的基本结构：It is/was + 被强调部分（主语、宾语、宾语补足语或状等）+ that/who +句子 的其余部分。

例：It was yesterday that Mary met an old beggar in the street.（强调时间状语）2.强调句中含有not until的句子

在强调not until句型时，not 位于until从句前，主句谓语动词作相应变化，即 itis(was)+not until +从句或者短语 +that+其它..例：It was not until he had finished the work that he went home.六、定语从句与强调句的区别

1.定语从句中关系词作从句成分，关系词作宾语时可省略；强调句中that / who没有任何意义且不能省略。

2.强调句中的it无意义，that / who不是引导词。

3.强调句it is / was和that / who后如果句子意思讲得通则是强调句，讲不通则不是。

例：It is the museum that / which we visited last year.（定语从句）It was in the hotel that we stayed last night.（强调句）

例题赏析：

1.There’s a feeling in me we’ll never know what a UFO is – not ever.A.that

B.which

C.of which

D.what 【解析】此题考查同位语从句that的用法。that引导同位语从句修饰a feeling，只是做补充成分而已。句 意是我内心有种感觉我们永远不会知道UFO是什么—从来也不知道。故此题选A.2.His uncle works in a factorybicycles are made． A.that B.which

C.where

D.there 【解析】此题考查定语从句关系副词的用法。bicycles are made in the factory, 此处缺少介词in,故需用关系

副词来引导，where相当于in which，因此选择C.练习

1.Tom’s dog became ill and died, made him very lonely.A.what B.which

C.that

D.where 2.Information has been put forward more middle school graduates will be admitted into universities.A.while

B.that

C.when

D.as 3.He wanted to know the time he needed to know.A.that B.when

C.where

D.what 4.Modern science has given clear evidence smoking can lead to many diseases.A.what

B.which

C.that

D.where 5.He talked happily about the men and books interested him greatly in the school.A.which B.who

C.when

D.that 6.Next month, you’ll spend in your hometown is coming.A.which B.that

C.when

D.where 7.There isn’t so much noise in the country in big cities.A.that B.which

C.where

D.as

8.Do you know the man ? A.whom I spoke

C.I spoke to

B.to who I spoke D.that I spoke 9.It is not who is right but what is right is of importance.A.which B.it C.that

D.this 10.He’s got himself into a dangerous situationhe was likely to lose control over the plane.A.where

B.which

C.what

D.why 11.when was it you called me yesterday? A.until B.that C.then D.so

12.The knife we used to cut the bread is very sharp.A.with which B.with it

C.with that

D.which 13.I wish to thank Professor Smith, without help I would never have got this far.A.who

B.whose

C.whom

D.which 14.It was he came back from Japan that year he met the girl he would like to marry.A.when;then

B.not;until

C.not until;that

D.only;when 15.It was the training he had as a young man made him such a good engineer.A.what;that B.that;what C.that;which D.which;that

参考答案：

1-5 BBACD

6-10 ADCCA

11-15 BABCD