哈佛公开课 幸福 第一课 中英文对照字幕整理

第一篇：哈佛公开课 幸福 第一课 中英文对照字幕整理

Hi, good morning.It’s wonderful to be back here.各位，早上好。很高兴能回到这里。Wonderful to see you here.高兴见到你们。

I am teaching this class because I wish a class like this had been taught when I was sitting in your seat as an undergraduate here.我教授这门课是因为在我读本科阶段时非常希望能学习这样一门课程。

This does not mean it is a class you wish to be taught nor does it mean that it is the right class for you.可能这门课并不是你希望的那样也可能并不适合你。

But I hope to doing the next couple of lectures is giving you an idea what this class is about so that you can decide whether or not it is for you.但希望几堂课后，你能有个大概印象让你决定这门课程是否适合你。

I came here in 1992 and studied the computer science and concentrator.我1992年来到哈佛求学，一开始主修计算机科学。

And when I had I mini epiphany half way through my sophomore year.大二期间，突然顿悟了。

I realized that I was in a wonderful place with wonderful students around me, wonderful teachers.我意识到我身处让人神往大学校园周围都是出色的同学，优秀的导师。I was doing well academically.I was doing well in athletics.I was playing squash at that time.I was doing well socially.我成绩优异。擅长体育运动。那时壁垒打的不错。社交也游刃有余。

Everything was going well except for the fact that I was unhappy.And I didn’t understand why.一切都很顺利除了一点我不快乐。而且我不明白为什么。

It was then in a matter of moments that I decided that I had to find out why and become happier.也就是在那时我决定要找出原因变得快乐。

And that was when I switched my concentration from computer science to philosophy and psychology.于是我将研究方向从计算机科学转向了哲学及心理学。

With a single question: How can I become happier.目标只有一个:怎么让自己开心起来。Overtime I did become happier what contributed most to my happiness was when I encountered a new emerging field that time didn’t have the name that it has today.渐渐的，我的确变得更快乐了主要是因为我接触了一个新的领域，那时并未正式命名。But essentially research that falls under or within the field of positive psychology.但本质上属于积极心理学范畴。Positive psychology, studying it and applying the ideas to my life has made me significantly happier.研究积极心理学把其理念应用到生活中让我无比快乐。It continues to make me happier.而且这种快乐继续着。

And it was when I realized the impact that it had on me that I decided to share it with others.于是我决定将其与更多的人分享。

That’s when I decided that I wanted to be a teacher and teach in this field.选择教授这门学科。

So this is positive psychology, psychology 1504.这就是积极心理学，1504号心理学课程。And we’ll be exploring this new, relatively new and fascinating field.我们将一起探索这一全新相对新兴令人倾倒的领域。

And hopefully, we will be exploring more than the field ourselves.希望同时还能探索我们自己。

When I first taught this class that was back in 2002.我第一次开设这门课程是在2002年。I taught it at a seminar and had eight students.Two dropped out that left me with six.The year after, the class became slightly larger.I had over three hundred students.是以讨论会的形式，只有8名学生。两名退出了只剩我和其他六个人。一年后学生稍微多了点。有300多人参加。

And then third year when I taught it which was the last time.到了第三年，也就是上一次开课。

I had 850 students in the class, making it at that point the largest course at Harvard.有850名参加是当时哈佛大学人数最多的课程。

And that’s when the media became interested.Because they wanted to understand why.这引起了媒体的注意。因为他们想知道为什么。

They wanted to understand this phenomenon that here you have a class that’s larger than Introduction to Economics.How could that be？他们对这一奇特现象非常好奇竟然有比经济学导论更热门的课程。怎么可能呢？

So I was invited by the media for interviews whether it was newspapers, radio, television.于是我被请去参加各类媒体采访，报纸，广播，电视。

And I started to notice a pattern during those interviews.在这些采访中，我发现了一种有趣的模式。So I would walk into the interview.We would have the interview.我前去参加采访。进行采访。

And afterwards, the producer or the interviewer would walk me out.And say something to the effects of well, thank you Tal for the interview.结束后，制片人或主持人会送我出来。说些诸如Tal多谢你抽空参加采访。

But you know I expected you to be different.不过你跟我想象的不太一样的话。And I would ask, as nonchalant as I could of course.我漫不经心的问。

I didn’t really care but had to ask anyway “How different”.我无所谓，不过总得回应“有何不同？”

And they would say: Well, you know, we expected you to be more outgoing”.他们会说“这个嘛，我们会以为你很外向”。

Next interview, the end of the interview, same thing: Thank you for doing the interview”.下一次采访结束时仍是如此“多谢接受采访”。

“But you know Tal, I expected you to be different”.不过Tal，你跟我想象得不太一样。And once again, nonchalant of course so how different.又一次，我漫不经心地问有何不同。

And she would say: “Well you know, we expected you to be less, less introversit”.“这个嘛，我们没想到你会这么内向”。

Next interview, same thing “How different?” 下一次采访，仍是如此“有何不同？”。“Well, you know, more extroverted, more outgoing.” “这个嘛，更开朗，更外向”。Next interview, “Well, you know, less shy”.下一次采访，“这个嘛，太害羞了”。Coz I get very nervous in interviews.因为采访中我容易紧张。l Interview after interview, literally dozens.差不多有几十个采访。

More outgoing, more cheerful, less introverted, more extroverted.And on and on.每次都是好交际，更开朗，不含蓄，更外向诸如此类。But here the best one.最绝的一次。

So this is one of the local channels here around Boston.I was going to the interview.是波士顿一家地方台。我去参加采访。We had a quite long interview which I thought was actually pretty good.And at the end of the interview.聊了很多，我觉得进行得很不错。采访结束。

The interviewer is a very jolly guy.He walks me out and puts his hands on my shoulder.主持人是个开朗热情的男生。他送我出门，拍着我的肩说。

And says, ”Thank you very much for doing the interview.” And then the usual comes.“多谢接受我们采访。” 然后又是那句。

“But you know Tal, I expected you to be different.” “不过Tal，你跟我想象不太一样”。And I said, ”How different”.Just so you understand by this time, my self-esteem is short.我问，“有何不同”你要知道那时候，我已经完全被打击了。

But still with some resemblance of nonchalance I asked “How different”.不过我还是漫不经心地问有何不同。

And he looks at me and says: ”Well I don’t know Tal, I expected you to be taller.”.Taller? What?他看着我说：“我也说不上，Tal，我以为你会更高些”。更高些？什么？ Five seven, well ok five six and a half is not enough to teach happiness? 1米70……是1米69就不够格传授快乐吗？

And I thought about it, I thought about it a lot.The whole pattern from the beginning.我考虑了很久，仔细思量了。整件事从头到尾。

And I think I understand why they expected someone different.我似乎明白为什么他们期望不同了。

You see they had to explain to themselves as well as the audience.因为他们要说服自己说服观众。

How come this lecture is larger than the Introduction to Economics? 这门课怎么会比经济学导论更热门？

And the way to explain it must be that the teacher is very outgoing, extremely charismatic, very cheerful and extroverted and of course, tall.唯一的解释就是导师非常外向、充满领袖气质、乐观开朗，当然了，还很高。

Well, there is one L missing there, But…….Yeah, if only.可惜我的名字少了一个L，但是……。嗯……真可惜。

So the problem though is that they were looking in the wrong place for the explanation.所以问题是他们找答案找错了地方。In other words, they were looking at the messenger, what they needed to look at was the message.Now how do I know that?也就是说，他们不该关注信息传达者而应该关注信息本身。我怎么知道的呢？ You see because I see other positive psychology classes on other campuses around the country and around the world.因为我参与过其他大学积极心理学课遍及全国乃至全球。

There are over 200 campuses here in United States that teach positive psychology.美国有超过200所大学开设了本课程。

And almost every campus where this class is taught it’s either one of the or the largest class.It’s about the message.而且几乎其中所有院校，这门课都是参与人数最多的或者最多的之一。信息是关键。I see more and more organizations taking up positive psychology in their as consultant companies.越来越多的机构组织开设这门课，还有咨询公司。

Some of them the leading big consultant companies are taking it on.其中一些甚至是全球知名咨询公司。

More and more high schools are introducing positive psychology class.……Elementary schools are introducing it.越来越多的中学开始引入积极心理学……。小学也是。

The governments around the world are expressing interest in this new emerging field.Why? Because it works, because it really works.各国政府都对这一新领域表现出兴趣。为什么？因为它有效，因为它真正有效。

You see this whole realm of life flourishing on happiness, on well-being has been until recently dominated by the self-health movements.殷盛人生，快乐，幸福感这一整个领域在此之前一直被心理自助运动统治。

What do we have in the self-health movement? We have books that are very interesting that are very accessible.心理自助运动带来了什么？ 生动有趣通俗易懂的书。

We have speakers who are very outgoing very charismatic and tall attracting the masses into these workshops, seminars and lectures.But, there is a very big “but” here.热情外向的宣讲者颇具领袖气质且身材高大吸引大众参与他们的专题讨论讲座。但是，有一个大大的转折。

Many of these books, many of these workshops and seminars lack substance.Very often, overpromising and under-delivering.其中很多书籍讨论都缺少实质内容。通常都言过其实无法兑现。So there are five things you need to know to be happy.The three things to be the great leader.比如，快乐的五个关键。成功领袖的三个要素。

The one secret of success, happiness and a perfect love life.Overpromising, under-delivering.成功快乐完美爱情的唯一秘诀。夸大其词，效果甚微。On the other hand, we have academia.What do we have in the academia? We have a lot of rigor, a lot of substance.再来说说学术界。学术界给我们带来了什么？ 大量精确的实质内容。

We have datas analyzed, reanalyzed and meta-analyzed.Things that actually work, good stuff.数据被一而再再而三得反复分析。行之有效的好方法。

But, there is also a very big but here.Very few people read refereed academic journals.但是又有一个大大的转折。很少有人会阅读专业学术期刊。

I mean think about it: how many people outside this room of course have read the last twelve issues of the Journal of Personality and Social Psychology? 想想看，这间教室之外有多少人读过最近12期《个性与社会心理学》杂志？

Most people don’t even know what that means.大多数人甚至不知道那是什么东西。

The head of my PHD programs actually estimated the average academic journal article is read by seven people.我博士班的主任估算过学术期刊上的一篇论文平均只有7人阅读。

You know……And that includes the author’s mother.So you know I say half in jest but it’s actually really sad.这话……其中还包括作者的母亲。这话虽然是半开玩笑但其实很可悲。

Because… Certainly sad for me, as an academic.Because these things are good.因为……作为学者我觉得很可悲。因为这些论文都非常精彩。

They are important, these things make a difference, can even make more of a difference.But not accessible to most people.非常重要，能大有作为甚至不仅仅是作为。但是对大众来说晦涩难懂。

And this is where positive psychology comes in.And this is also where this class comes in.所以我们需要积极心理学。需要这门课程。

The explicit mandate of positive psychology as well as of this class is to create a bridge between Ivory tower and Main Street.积极心理学及本课程的宗旨非常明确就是在象牙塔及大众间构建桥梁。In other words, it is to bring the rigor, the substance, the empirical foundation, the science from academia and merge it with accessibility of the self-help or New Age movement.In a way the best of both worlds.换句话说就是要把严谨、实质、经验基础学术科学与自助或者新纪元运动的通俗易懂相结合。充分发挥两者所长。

And this explains the popularity of the field of positive psychology: Science that works.这也是积极心理学大受欢迎的原因：有用的科学。

This class will be taught in two levels.The first level it will be taught as any other class in psychology or any of the classes you’ve taken here.本课程将分为两个部分。第一部分会和其他心理学或者其他任何课程一样。You’ll be introduced here to studies, to research, to rigorous academic work.You’ll be writing paper, academic paper.You’ll be taking exams just like every other class.我将向你们介绍相关知识，调查研究，严谨的学术作品。需要你们撰写报告，学术论文。跟其他课程一样参加考试。

But then it will also be taught at the second level which is for every paper that you’ll read every paper that you’ll write, you’ll always be thinking.而教学内容的另一部分，你们读每一篇论文，写每一篇论文时都需要思考。

OK, so how can I take these ideas and apply them to my life? How can I apply them to my relationship? How can I apply them to my community? Two levels: The academic, Applied如何把这些理念运用到生活中去？运用到恋爱中去？运用到社交圈里去？就是这两个部分：学术与应用。

I did not just introduce whether it’s in the readings or in the lectures ideas just because they are interesting for the sake of the idea.无聊是论文还是讲座我不会因为某个理论有趣而去介绍它。

It is always an idea that is both rigorous and can be applied.Just a few words about housekeeping.而是因为这个理论严谨且能被应用。再唠叨几句题外话。

Some of the questions that I have already received from you before the class started.有几个问题课前就有人问我了。

So this unfortunately is the last time that I am teaching positive psychology or any other class for that matter at Harvard.不幸的是这学期将是我最后一次在哈佛开设积极心理学或其他课程。

Hopefully within two years, probably not next year but within two years there will be positive psychology class offered but I certainly cannot guarantee it.About feedback and questions.但愿两年内，明年可能性不大，但是两年内学校会再次开设积极心理学课程，但我无法保证。关于反馈与提问。If you have any questions, anything that’s not clear, if you agree or disagree with something.Email me or Email your TF(Teaching Fellow at Harvard, just like TA at other schools.)and we’ll always respond.如果你有任何问题或者不明白的地方，如果你同意或者反对什么观点，请给我或助教写邮件，我们一定会回复的。

Sometimes if the question is asked by enough people, we’ll respond to it publicly, always anonymously unless you specified specifically that your name can be mentioned.如果某个问题问的人数较多，我们会公开回答，当然一定是匿名的除非你特别注明可以提及你的名字。

But sometimes you may be listening to a lecture and then half way through it there is an emergency, there is something that you really have to ask, something that cannot wait.有时候讲座过程中突然有紧急情况，有什么非问不可的问题，无法等待。

In that case, please just put your hand up because it’s just like when you have to go to the bathroom, just can’t stop, and can’t wait.And when you gotta go, you gotta go.如果那样的话，请直接举手，因为就跟你要去厕所一样，无法忍耐，无法等待，要去就去。So we’ll take a positive psychology break for that.And just stop me half way through and I’ll answer any question.我们会为此进行积极心理休息。所以大可以打断我，我会回答任何问题。

All the power points, as well as the videos of the classes will be online;will be available within couple of days.所有幻灯片以及课程视频都会放在网上，课后几天就能下载。

Well, the power points will be available before say for the lecture it will be before so that you can use them in class.幻灯片其实课前就能下载，这样你们上课时就能用到。

The videos, unfortunately, cannot be made available before, we tried, could not figure it out.So it will be available within a day or two after.And the reason why they are up there.可惜视频不能提前提供，我们试过了但效果不好。所以会在课后一两天内放到网上。这样做的原因。

First of all, I do prefer that you attend lecture, I do prefer that you are physically here.You get things in the energy of the room with so many students so you wouldn’t just get from your computer.首先，我当然更希望你们出席课程，能出现在课堂上。和大家一起，在课堂的气氛中学习而不仅仅是对着电脑。

The reason why I do put them up is so that you have the opportunity if you want to see it again or if you have to miss a class.That’s perfectly fine.我之所以把资料放在网上是为了让你们可以重温或者学习错过的课程，这很正常。

And also because and this is also the reason why the power points are always available, I want you to be engaged in the material.另一个原因之所以提前提供幻灯片是因为我希望你们能充分理解材料。I want you to be engaged in whatever it is that we are discussing in class, not necessarily thinking about getting down every word that I say on paper, remembering everything, memorizing everything.充分参与课堂讨论而不是忙于记录我说的每一个字，记住每一个词，背诵每一句话。

I want you to take rather than passive notes of writing down what’s on the power point or every word that I say, I’d like you to take active notes.And that means being engaged with the material.我不希望你们被动地记录幻灯片上的内容或者我说的话而是要主动记录。也就是要充分理解材料。

For example, if you heard something and idea and you say:”Oh, that’s interesting”.Star it, write it down.Or “OK, I think I’ll start applying this”.Write it down.Or I want to tell my mom about this later.Or I want to talk to my roommates or my team about this idea.Write it down.比如如果你们听到某个理论觉得“挺有趣的”，标上星号，写下来，或者觉得“也许我可以应用这点”，那就写下来。或者跟我妈妈讲讲。或者跟我室友队友讲讲。那就写下来。

l Active note taking is opposed to passive note taking for two reasons.主动笔记与被动笔记有两方面不同。

First of all, as I said, this class is a class about making a difference in people’ lives.首先，正如我刚才说的这门课是关于如何改变生活。I would not be teaching the class just for its academic beauty although there is a lot of academic beauty in this field.我不会仅为了学术之美而教授此课虽然这一领域的确有许多美术之美。

So write down if you have an idea that you think you can apply.所以发现可以实际运用的就写下来。The second reason why we should that is because you’ll remember more.Better attention, better understanding of the material if you are actively engaged as opposed to just taking down passive notes.第二个原因是你会记住的更多。主动参与，集中注意，更好的理解材料而不是被动做笔记。Throughout the class starting next week we’ll take what I called “time-ins” as opposed to “time-outs”.It’s like a time-out在这整个课程中从下周开始我们将进行我所说的“练习时间”而不是“休息时间”。其实类似休息时间。

It’s the time where we stop the class and you look inward.这段时间我们会停止课程进行内省。And this is literally a time of silence in a class.I will stop for a minute or two.也就是在课堂上的安静片刻。我会停一两分钟。

And you will have a chance either to just stare at me or anyone else or think about what we’ve just discussed or have a guiding question that I will provide you that you’ll address during the class.你们可以盯着我或者周围人发呆或者思考一下之前讨论的内容或者解答我提出的提示问题。

The reason why I have time-ins, this is something that I am introducing this year for the first time;we didn’t have it last time.之所以进行练习时间，这是我今年新提出的，上学期没有。

It’s because over the last two years since I last taught it, I’ve done a lot work in the area of silence.因为上次课程结束后到现在的两年我做了大量关于安静的研究。

I’ve read a lot of research in this area about the importance of quiet times whether it’s in a class, in a lecture, whether it is at home, whether it is for a leader in the business, for relationship, for children starting from pre-schools.关于安静时刻的重要性，无论是课堂里，讲座里，还是家中，无论是公司领导，爱情关系甚至学龄前的儿童。

Now many of you, as you are going through these time-ins if you decide to take this class may think:”Well, is this what I’m paying 40000 dollars a year for?””To sit a class and be quiet?”.你们中很多人在经历练习时间时可能会疑惑：“我一年付四万美金就是为了这个？“”坐在教室里发呆？“。

First of all, it will only be a minute or two at a time maybe once or twice a lecture.But second, it is maybe the most important thing you’ll take from this class.The notion of embracing stillness.首先，每个人只有一两分钟，一堂课最多不超次两次。第二，这可能是你从本课程中学到的最重要的东西。即享受安静这一理念。

Let me read to you an excerpt from a study that was run by two MIT professors.我来读一段麻省理工两位教授的研究。You don’t need to remember or write down;this is just for your edification.So David Foster and Matthew Wilson, both of them from MIT.David Foster和Matthew Wilson不必背诵或记录，只是为了启发你们。教授都来自麻省理工大学。

Indeed the following study that I think confirms the importance of time-in, time to look inside.他们研究证实了练习时间的重要性，开始内省的时间。

What they did is they scanned the brains of rats while they were in a maze and after they went through the maze.And here’s what they found.他们在老鼠处在迷宫中及脱离迷宫后分别对它们进行了脑扫描。以下是他们的发现。

What the results suggest is that while there certainly is some record of your experience as it is occurring in other words when they doing the maze.实验结果表明，当某种经历正在进行时，即老鼠进行迷宫时。

The actual learning when you try to figure out:”what was important?”, ”what should I keep and throw away?”.That happens after the fact during periods of quiet wakeful introspection.真正的学习阶段是当你尝试分辨：“什么才是重要的？“，”什么舍弃什么保留。“。这些发生在经历之后进行安静的自省时。What they show was rats who went through the maze and went through the maze again and again learned far less than rats who took time aside chilled out a little bit after a maze had more margarita.他们的实验表明接连不断反复进入迷宫的老鼠比进行一次迷宫后稍事放松，来点小酒的老鼠学到的少得多。Experience, embrace stillness.This has implications and they showed implications to human beings as well.Not only those of the rat race, all human beings.经历，享受安静。这很能说明问题，对人类也一样。不仅仅是实验小白鼠，所有人类都是。

So what they say is that ”Replay might constitute a general mechanism of learning and memory”.Both learning, understanding as well as memory, retention.他们认为：“重现可能形成一种学习记忆机制“。包括学习，理解，记忆，保留。

When we reflect, when we replay the material, we are much more likely to retain, to remember what we have just been through.当我们思考时，我们重放素材时更容易保留，记住之前的经历。So the importance of time aside cannot be over-emphasized.所以休息时间的重要性不能被忽视。In his wonderful book of teaching, Parker Palmer—it’s called The Courage to Teach says the following.Parker Palmer在他的教学著作《教学的勇气》一书中提到了以下一段话。

well.语言不是教学的唯一媒介，安静同样可以进行教育。

Silence gives us a chance to reflect on what we have said and heard.安静让我们有机会反省我们所说所闻。In authentic education, silence is treated as a trustworthy matrix for the inner work students must do, a medium for learning of the deepest sort.Silence is something that is missing from our culture.在真正的教育中，安静为学生进行内省提供可靠环境，是一种最深层次的学习媒介。而安静恰恰是我们文化所缺失的。

I know that many of you have probably read Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, Robert M Pirsig.He had a second book out, less well-known, called Lila(Lila: an Inquiry into Morals).很多人可能读过《万里任禅游》，作者Robert M Pirsig。还写过另一本书，没那么知名，叫《寻找莱拉》。And Lila is an anthropological study of Native Americans.这本书是对印第安人的人类学研究。What he does there is compare their culture to Americans’ from European ancestry.将他们的文化与美国传承的欧洲文化进行对比。

And one of the distinguishing characteristics between these two cultures is their approach were silence.What he found was when he went and sat around with Native Americans.They would sit around the fire and hang out for two three hours without saying a word.两种文化最突出的特点之一是印第安人崇尚安静。他发现与印第安人坐在一起。他们围坐在篝火边两三个小时一句话也没说。

ust sit around, look at another, smile, have a good time, introspect, just be there for hours.只是坐在那儿，互相看着，微笑，享受美好时光，内省，就这样几个小时。

While he points out that in our culture we feel very uncomfortable with the absence of words with the absence of sound or noise.他指出，在我们文化中沉默让人不适。

We have to fill up all the gaps.This is an important cultural difference.And we pay a price for this lack of stillness.我们试图打破沉默。这是一项重要的文化差异。我们为缺乏安静付出了代价。

A price that we’ll talk about a lot, when I talk about relationships, when I talk about virtue and morality, and when we talk about happiness and wellbeing in general.我们会重点讨论这一代价，涉及到恋爱，美德与道德以及快乐与幸福感。

Let me give a little bit background on positive psychology.下面介绍一下积极心理学的背景。How we came about and how this class came about.它是如何诞生的，这门课是如何诞生的。

In many ways, positive psychology is the brainchild, the product and the grandchild of humanistic psychology.从很多方面说，积极心理学是人本主义心理学的产物和衍生。

What we have in humanistic psychology is essentially a reaction to be existing psychology of the time.人本主义心理学本质上是对当时各种心理学派系的不同见解。

The founders, considered the founders of humanistic psychology in fact called it “the third force”.Why the third force?人本主义心理学的创始人称之为心理学上的“第三势力“。为什么是第三势力呢？ Because the first force was behaviorism, the work of Skinner(B.F.Skinner), the work of Waston(John B.Waston), the work of Thorndik(Edward Thorndik).This was the first force.因为第一势力是行为主义，代表人物有斯金纳、华生、桑代克。这是第一势力。

he second force was psychoanalysis.The work of Frued(Sigmund Frued), Jung(Carl Jung), Adler(Alfred Adler)to some extent.This was the second force.第二势力是精神分析学。创建者包括弗洛伊德，荣格以及阿德勒。这是第二势力。

And the third force, humanistic psychology came as a reaction to it.First It is a reaction to behaviorism.第三势力人本主义心理学作为对其的异议出现。首先是对行为主义的异议。

Behaviorism looks at the human entity at the person as basically a collection of behaviors as a box, like a billiard ball knocked around by reinforcements, by punishment, by reward.行为主义认为人的主体性，认为人是一个行为集体就像一只被击打而四处滚动的台球，被增强，被惩罚驱动。

And what humanistic psychology said was that we are much more than a billiard ball being knocked around.但是人本主义心理学说我们不只是被击打的台球。

We have spirit, we have a soul, we have cognitions and thoughts that matter.我们有精神，有灵魂，我们有重要的认知与思想。

It’s not just behavior that is important for understanding as well as improving life.不能只靠行为观察，改善人生。

And then psychoanalysis, the second force.然后是第二势力精神分析学。

The psychoanalysis is about basically understanding mostly through the subconscious that’s how you understand it, that’s how you improve the quality of life.There are defense mechanisms.精神分析学主要通过潜意识分析，它决定你的理解，决定如何改善生活。还有防卫机制。

There are biological instincts, neurosis, and if you understand these very often dark forces, were better able to deal with life, understand as well as improve the quality of life.人类本能论，神经症，如果你理解这些黑暗势力就能更好地处理生活，了解并改善生活。

Humanistic psychology says human beings are much more than that.人本主义心理学认为人类不止如此。

Much more than biological instincts, much more than neurosis.不仅仅是生理本能，不仅是神经症。Much more than the person who exists in a Newtonian reality like a billiard ball.不仅仅是牛顿学说世界里的台球。

We need to value much more the human being.We need to give much more dignity and freedom to the person.There was a problem.我们要重视人的本质。给予更多的自尊和自由。但有一个问题。The problem was humanistic psychology is said lacked the rigorous methodology.人本主义心理学缺少严谨的方法论。

While it brought in many wonderful ideas, talked about the study of well-being, talked about the study of optimism, of kindness, of morality, of virtue, of love, of relationships, of peak experiences, of self-actualization, of empathy.但它引入了许多精彩的理念，对于幸福感的研究，乐观主义的研究，善良，道德，美德，爱，两性关系，巅峰体验，自我实现，移情。

All these wonderful concepts that we’ll talk about throughout the semester.这些精彩的概念都会在本学期讨论。

It wasn’t as rigorous about its epistemology, about how we form ideas and how we learn.它的认识论并不严谨，如何形成理念，如何学习。

And that’s why, in many ways, largely not completely but largely more of into the self-health movements.所以在很多方面，大部分成为了自助运动。

Interesting ideas, good ideas, important ideas, certainly good intentions.But to some extent without the academic rigor.有趣，有益，重要的理念，意图当然是好的。但就某种程度上缺乏学术严谨性。And that’s why it lacked the impact on academic.That’s why we don’t have partly any humanistic psychology classes offered in universities today.There are very few still around.所以它在学术上影响很小。所以很少有大学开设人本主义心理学。几乎没有。

And this is why also a lot of it became the New Age essentially.所以本质上成为了新纪元运动。But still, it’s humanistic psychology that has in many ways fathered and mothered as we’ll see positive psychology.但是我们很快就会了解到，人本主义心理学孕育了积极心理学。

So let’s meet the grandparents.People like Rollo May, People like Carl Rogers.我们先见见祖父祖母。比如Rollo May和Carl Rogers。

And more than anyone, Abraham Maslow, was the Americans Psychological Association President, was professor just down the road here at Brandeis(Brandeis University).还有最著名的Abraham Maslow，曾是美国心理学会主席，布兰迪斯大学教授。

And he introduced this humanistic psychology in 1954.他于1954年提出了人本主义心理学。He wrote a chapter, called Toward the Positive Psychology.他写了一章，《为了积极心理学》。1954, In it he said we need to also research kindness, goodness, and happiness and optimism.In many ways it was way ahead of his time.1954年，他在其中写到，我们需要研究善良，美德，快乐与乐观。可以说这是超前于他时代的。Then if Maslow is the grandfather, then Karen Horney is the grandmother.Initially a psychoanalyst, trained through the works of Frued.如果说Maslow是祖父，那Karen Horney就是祖母了。她最初是精神分析学者学习弗洛伊德的理论。

She realized the focuses had been too much on the negative, on neurosis, on psychosis and said we also not only but also have to focus on what is working on human organism.意识到其过于注重消极面，神经症，精神病，她认为还必须关注影响人类生命体的东西。

We have to work and look at the fine qualities and cultivate those.Because part of being human is being those things as well.我们需要研究培养那些好的品质。因为它们也是我们的一部分。In many ways, brought about the movement toward humanistic psychology and through that—positive psychology.反而向人本主义靠近了，并由此产生了积极心理学。

Aaron Antonovsky, the third person I would consider the grandfather, brought in the idea of focusing on health.还有Aaron Antonovsky，第三位祖父级人物提出了关注健康的理念。

He has a new concept.Or he introduced a new concept.I’ am still here, don’t worry.他提出了一个新概念。或者说他引进了一个新概念。我还在，别担心。

He introduced a new concept, which he called, his own neologism: salutogenesis.他引进了一个新概念，他称之为，他个人创造的新词：健康本源学。

Salutogenesis: salute which is health;genesis which is origin.健康本源学由两部分组成，saluto健康，genesis起源。

The origin of health, and this was an alternative model, to be conventional ways model of pathologies.健康的起源这是病理学常规模型的替代模型。

So instead of just studying pathologies whether it’s in physical health or psychological health, we should also study the origin of health.也就是说除了研究病理学无论是生理健康还是心理健康还需要研究健康的起源。

In many ways that is what prevented medicine is about.这也是预防医学所关注的。

So this was not a novel idea back in 1970s when he introduced it.这在1970年是一个全新的理念。And we will talk a lot about Aaron Antonovsy.我们会仔细讨论Aaron Antonovsy。Now the parents.现在转到父辈。

Martin Seligman considered the father of the positive psychology network of scholars, started the field in 1998.Martin Seligman被认为是积极心理学之父与一群相关学者于1998年确立了这一领域。Like Maslow, he too, was the President of American Psychological Association.和马斯洛一样也是美国心理协会会长。And as his mandate, during his presidency he has two aims.他任职期间的首要任务是实现两个目标。The first aim—to make academic psychology more accessible.第一，让学院式心理学变得通俗。In other words, bridge Ivory Tower and Main Street.也就是说连接象牙塔与普罗大众。This was the first aim of his presidency.这是他任职期间的第一目标。

The second aim was introduce a positive psychology.第二是引进一个积极的心理学。

A psychology that will look at also things that work that were not just study depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and neurosis.需要着眼于有用的东西，不仅仅是研究抑郁、焦虑、精神分裂和神经症。A psychology a network of scholars who will focus on love, relationships, self-esteem, motivation, resilience and well-being.还需要关注爱、两性关系、自尊、动机、恢复以及幸福感。

And he introduced these ideas, and it’s all been literally uphill from then.他提出了这些理念从那时蓬勃发展起来。

Before Martin Seligman, this all happened in 1998 and we’ll talk about it a little bit more next week.在Martin Seligman之前都发生在1998年，下次我们会详谈。This all happened in 1998.这都诞生于1998年。

Long before 1998, our very own professor Ellen Langer did research in all these areas, bringing the humanistic spirit and combining it with the academic scientific rigor.而早在1998年前 Ellen Langer教授就已经研究了这些领域，将人本主义精神与学术科学严谨性结合。

We’ll be talking probably more than any other scholar about her work in this class.我们对她的讨论会比其他人多。

And another person from Harvard, one of the parents of positive psychology was Philip Stone, who passed away two years ago, yesterday.还有一位哈佛的教授，积极心理学的另一位父辈Philip Stone，两年前的昨天去世了。

Both Langer and Stone were my physicist advisors, introduced me to the field of positive psychology into this research.两位都是我的物理学导师带我进入了积极心理学领域的研究。

In 1998 when I had the first positive psychology summit, Professor Stone took me along with him.1998年我第一次参加积极心理学峰会，Stone教授带我同去。I was a graduate student.我那时在攻读硕士学位。

In 1999 he taught the first positive psychology class at Harvard, one of the first in the world.1999年他首次在哈佛开设了积极心理学课程，在全球范围内也是首批。I was his teaching fellow.A couple of years later, he taught it again.l Again, I was his teaching fellow.我是他的教研员。两年以后，他又重新开设了课程。我仍旧担任教研员。

And then when I graduated, he suggested I take over his class, and here we are today.So this is 1504.后来我毕业了，他提议我接手他的课程直到今天。这就是1504号心理学课程。

Let me give you a sense of … in the next half an hour and so, a sense of what you expect in this class.我再来讲……接下来的半个小时我会向你们介绍下这门课的内容。

The first thing is this class is not just about information;it is also explicitly about transformation.What do I mean by that?首先，这门课不只是传授信息而且关于如何变形，显而易见。这是什么意思？ You see most of education today is about information.l What is information? l So we have a container which is our mind.如今大多数教育都只是传达信息。什么是信息？ 比如，我们有一个容器，也就是我们的思想。

And information is about taking data, taking science, taking information and putting it inside the form.信息就是接收数据，接收科学，接收信息储存到容器里。

This is information.Now, when this form is filled, that’s when we are educated.这就是信息。等容器填满了，我们就毕业了。

More information, more data, better.Not enough.信息数据越多越好。这还不够。

Because it’s not just information that determines our well-being, our success, our-esteem, our motivational lever, the relationship and the quality of our relationships.因为信息无法决定我们的幸福感、我们的成功、自尊和动机水平、两性关系及其质量。

It’s much more than information.Transformation is about taking this form and changing it.光有信息还不够。变形则是把容器的形状改变。

Trans change;form shape, change the form.Trans即改变，Form This is transformation.即形状，改变形状。这就是变形。

This is distinction that I learned first from at the school Professor Robert Kegan who taught about this.这是Robert Kegan教授教我的第一区别。

Information in and of itself is not enough.Think about this example.接收信息关注信息本身是不够的。听听这个例子。

You go for an athletic meet;your aim is to get into the top three, to be a medalist.You come in number eight.你去参加运动会，目标是进入前三获得奖牌。但是只获得第八名。

What’s the analysis? What’s the interpretation?—Terrible!I just failed.You feel deflated, enervated.你会如何分析？你会如何解读？太糟糕了，我彻底失败了。你灰心丧气，感到无力。On the other hand, the exact same event.You came eight when you expected to be top three.但从另一个角度看，同样的比赛。你期望获得前三，但只得到第八。

You can interpret is as OK, so what have I learned? I need to work even harder.你可以解读为，我学到了什么？我还需要更努力的训练。

You become more energized, you learned from the experience.你会更有动力，从经验中学习。In other words, the same objective information which is “I got eighth, I expected top three”.The same information, very different interpretation.也就是说，同样的客观信息“我是第八名，我目标前三”。同样的信息，截然不同的解读。

One is disaster;the other interpretation is an opportunity.一个认为是灾难，另一个则当成机遇。One leads to loss of energy, the other one to increasing energy.一个让人失去动力，另一个增加动力。Or think about another very common example.还有一个很普遍的例子。

We know of many people around the world who seemingly have everything, who are doing well, who have more than they need, and yet they are unhappy.世界各地很多人似乎拥有了一切，人生顺利，生活富庶但仍然不快乐。

And then there are people around the world who have very little, and yet they never cease, never stop to celebrate life.而另一些人拥有的不多但从未中断，从未停止过享受人生。

And we have another way around as well, people who have everything and appreciate it and enjoy life.还有相反的情况，拥有一切的人充满感恩，享受生活。

And people who have very little and who see themselves as victim.生活窘迫的人觉得自己是受害者。In other words, it’s not just the information that goes in;it’s also the shape, the interpretation, the perception, the focus.也就是说，重要的不仅仅是获得了什么信息，还是有何形状，如何解读，如何理解，关注的重点。

And that is determined by the shape of the form.这就是由容器的形状所决定的。This is what I realized when I was an undergrad here.这是我在本科生阶段所认识到的。Seemingly, looking in from the outside, I had everything.表面上看，我拥有了一切。

lDoing well in sports, academics and socially, and yet my perception, my focus, my interpretation of life—not that great.体育运动，学术和社交都很成功，但是我对生命的理解、关注和解读并不正面。I wasn’t unhappy.我不快乐。The interpretation matters very often a lot more as we’ll see than the information that goes in.我们后面会讲，通常解读比信息更重要。

One of the sentences that I’ll repeat throughout the class is that happiness is much more contingent on our state of mind than our status or the state of our bank account.有一句话我会在课程中经常引用：“快乐由我们的精神状态而定而不是社会地位或银行存款”。And that’s where transformation comes in.所以需要变形。

And that’s why it’s so important for well-being.这对建立幸福感来说很重要。

What that will look like in practice is that we’ll cover not so much information.所以在我们实际操作时不会传达过多信息方面的东西。

We’ll uncover much more and I don’t mean that in the Berkeley(George Berkeley)sense of the word, I mean that in the academic sense of the word.In other words.而是挖掘更多东西，不是联想意义上的而是学术意义上的。也就是说。

What we’ll do is uncover potential that we have inside that we have inside of us all along, maybe we just didn’t see, or maybe it’s obscured by something or another.我们要挖掘自身潜能，这种潜能一直存在只是我们没有发现或者被其他东西掩盖了。

l We’ll uncover it so that we can utilize it, so that we can focus on it, so that we can perceive it.我们要发现利用它，以便关注它，以便理解它。

Here is a story just to illustrate it.So this is Michelangelo.我来讲一个故事说明吧。如米开朗基罗。One day he was asked by a journalist of his time.曾经有一个记者问他。

How did you create this most amazing masterpiece, David? 您是如何创造出《大卫》这件巨作的？ To which Michelangelo responded.米开朗基罗回答。

It was easy, I went to the quarry, I saw this huge piece of marble, and in it I was David.很简单，我去了一趟采石场，看见一块巨大的大理石，我在它身上看到了大卫。

All I need to do was to chip away the excess stone, to get rid of the marble that shouldn’t have been there.我只要凿去多余的石头，只留下有用的。

And when I got rid of this excess stone, there was David.凿去多余的石头之后，大卫就诞生了。Not obviously easier said than done.虽然说的比做的容易。

But this story captured the metaphor of what this class very much is about.但是这个故事捉住了这门课程精髓。It’s about chipping away the excess stone;it’s about getting rid of limitations, of barriers, whether it’s the fear of failure, something that we didn’t have as kids.即凿除多余石块，也就是摆脱限制，阻碍或者对失败的恐惧，这些东西并不是与生俱来的。

But today most people in our culture have it.但如今却出现在了大多数人身上。

It’s about chipping away perfectionism that is debilitating and often hurts us.要凿除削弱甚至伤害我们的完美主义。

It’s about chipping away our ability for success because maybe we are afraid of success.凿除成功的能力因为我们可能害怕成功。

Maybe we feel guilty about some of the things that we have in our life and that in turn limit us.可能我们对生命中一些东西感到内疚，这些都会反过来限制我们。

Maybe it’s about chipping away the limitations on our relationships in while we don’t thrive within them.也许甚至凿除两性关系中的限制，尤其是带来消极面的时候。This is what this class is mostly about.这些就是本课程的主要内容。

As Doro says:”Soul grows more by subtraction than by addition, by getting rid of these limitations, limitations that are preventing us from fulfilling our potential”.就像俗话说的那样：“做减法比做加法让灵魂成长得更快，减法包括除去那些阻碍我们发挥潜能的限制”。

Because our potential is in there in nature, we talk a lot about human nature.因为我们的潜能是天生的，我们关注人类本性。

It’s there whether it’s through God, whether it’s through evolution.是与生俱来的，无论是上帝赐予的，还是进化产生的。

We have a lot of potential that overtime with we fix stone of voices with being parts of our culture, that very often these limitations are put on top of us just like the excess stone.但是渐渐地受到外部文化压力，像多余石料一样，把我们禁锢起来了。

Lao Tzu, ”In pursuit of knowledge everyday something is acquired, in pursuit of wisdom, everyday something is dropped”.老子说过：“为学日益，为道日损”。

Knowledge is about information.Wisdom is about transformation.学即信息,道即变形。

I was recently interviewed for a newsletter on coaching before a large conference on the topic.And the interviewer asked me.我最近参加一次大型咨询业会议时接受了一家相关期刊的采访。采访者问我。So what tips, what tools can you give from positive psychology? 能给读者传授一些积极心理学建议吗？ So I talked about some of the greatest hits, the importance of gratitude, the importance of physical exercise.于是我谈到了一些热门话题，感恩的重要性，体育锻炼的重要性。I talked about the importance of spending time on our relationships, about taking time aside and simplifying and so on and so on.我谈到了花时间经营爱情的重要性，谈到了休息，简化等等。

And I was going through my long list.She stopped me and she said.我正滔滔不绝时。她打断了我说。l You know, Tal, this is all good.The importance of stuff, I know.l But readers already know that.谢谢，Tal，这些都不错。那些事情的重要性，我知道。但这些我们的读者都已经知道了。

I am looking for the Wow factor.Come on, surprise me.我想要的是轰动的因素能让我意外的东西。What can you tell our readers? 能否告诉我们的读者？

And I thought about this question for a minute, and I realized that there is no Wow.And I told her that.我想了一会这个问题然后意识到根本没有什么惊奇可言。我跟她这么说了。

You know if there is a wow, the wow is that there is no wow.That’s it.所谓的轰动之处就是没有轰动之处。就是这样。

Because the over-not-transformation emperor, the emperor of quick fixes has no clothes.因为没有经过转变，快速见效的说法都是皇帝的新衣。

It doesn’t exist;it’s over-promising and under-delivering.是不存在的，是过高的承诺和过低的兑现。l A life, a fulfilling life, a rich life includes ups and downs, includes pain and getting up again, includes failure and getting up again.生活，令人满意的生活，丰富的生活包括了起起落落，包括了痛苦和再次振作，包括失败和再次奋斗。

l It includes success and celebrating it, victories and losses, ups and downs as we will talk about next week.它包括了成功和庆祝成功，胜利与失败，起起和落落，我们下星期会讲到。

l It’s not about this one secret, one Wow to the good life.而不是关乎一个秘密，一个能让人过上幸福生活的令人惊奇的诀窍。

l And many of the things you will learn in the class, you’ve heard before.而你们将在本课程中学到的很多东西，都是你们之前听说过的。

l Probably nothing new to you.也许对你来说没有什么新鲜的内容。

l You already know it inside of you.在你内心深处你已经知道了。

l And you are going to say:”Well, it is common sense”.你会说“这是常识”。

l And yes, a lot of it is common sense.是的，很多都是常识。

l However, it is Voltaire once said:”Common sense is not that common”.但是伏尔泰曾经说过：“常识并非那么平常”。l And this especially applies to application.特别是应用于实际。

l So the aim of this class is to make common sense more common, especially in the real world application.所以本课程的目标是让常识更加平常，特别是应用到实际中。

l At the end of the class.在本课程结束时。

l Here’s what I am hoping for, at the end of the class, if you decide to take it at the end of the semester.我所希望的是，在本课程结束之时，如果你打算上这门课的话在本学期结束时。

l I don’t think—I am not expecting you to come and tell me.我不想，我不期待你跑过来告诉我。

l Wow, thank you for teaching me so many new things.谢谢你教给了这么多新东西。

l That’s what I am expecting.那不是我所期待的。

l I don’t think that is what will happen.我不认为那会发生。

l What I hope will happen is for you to come and say rather than “Thank you for teaching me” something you would say.我所希望发生的是你过来跟我说，不是说“谢谢你教了我”之类的话。

l “Thank you for reminding me of something that I’ve already known”.而是“谢谢提醒了我一些我熟知的事情”。

l And this is what this class is about.这就是本课程要做的。

l It’s constant reminder, twice a week.经常性的提醒，一周两次。

l Constant reminder of what you already know of what is inside you, the David that is inside you.经常提醒你们记起你们已知的东西，你们内心深处的东西，你们心中的大卫。

l And what this class will hopefully do is to help you chip away some of these limitations, whether it’s limitation, cognitive limitations that prevent you from seeing what already knew, emotional limitations that are preventing you from deriving the benefits of what you already know or behavioral limitations.本课程希望做到的是帮助你们凿掉一些束缚，不管是哪种束缚，是阻碍你认识已经熟知事物的认知束缚还是阻碍你从已经熟知事物中获取益处的情绪束缚抑或是行为束缚。

l The ABC affects behavior and cognition that we’ll talk about during the change week.基本要素是影响，行为和认知正是我们在改变周将要讨论。

l So I’m making common sense more common.我要让常识更平常。

l Information in and of itself is simply not enough.信息本身还不够。

l It’s not enough and what we need in addition to our information highway is a transformation highway.还不够，而我们除了信息高速公路外还需要转变高速公路。l Transformation highway or transformation back roads to come through the fast increasing pace because as we’ll talk about next time.转变高速公路还是转变乡村小道上来经历快速增长的步伐，因为我们就像下次课会说到的那样。

l Rates of depression are on the rise, rates of anxiety are on the rise, not just in this country, globally.抑郁率呈上升趋势，焦虑率呈上升趋势，不只是在这个国家，是全球化的现象。

l It’s literally global epidemic.简直就是全球传染病。

l And to deal with it, more information will just not do, just not enough.而为了应对它，更多的信息也并不够。

l Here is Archibald MacLeish.下面是Archibald MacLeish的话。

l He was a poet, was a Harvard professor.他生前是一位诗人，是哈佛的教授。

l What is wrong is not the greatest discoveries of science—information is always better than ignorance, no matter what information or what ignorance.错的不是科学的重大发现，有信息永远比无知强，不管是什么样信息和什么样无知。

l What is wrong is the belief behind the information, the belief that information will change the world, it won’t.错在于信息背后的信念，认为信息会改变世界的信念，但它不会。

l Just adding it and filling up our containers with more and more stuff, more and more information, more and more data.往我们的容器里增加装上越来越多的东西，越来越多的信息，越来越多的数据。

l It’s just not enough, we need more than that.还是不够，我们需要更多。

l This class will take a humanistic approach.本课程将采用一种人性的方法。

l Let me read you a quick excerpt by Abraham Maslow who talks about this approach.我来给你们读一小段Abraham Maslow的话。

l If one took a course or picked up a book on the psychology of learning, most of it, in my opinion, would be beside the point—that is, beside the “humanistic” point.如果有人上了一门关于心理学学习的课大部分内容在我看来是与重点无关的，也就是与人性无关。

l Most of it would present learning as the acquisition of associations of skills and capacities that are external and not intrinsic to the human character, to the human personality, to the person himself.大部分内容把学习展现为获得联想技能和能力，这些对于人的性格，人的个性，人本身来说只是外在的而并非本质的。

l External refers to information.外在指信息。

l Internal refers to the transformation, the changing of the form.内在指转变，形态的转变。l And when we talk about transformation, actually mean it quite literally—change of the form, changing of the brain as we’ll talk about.当我们谈到转变时实际上是非常字面的说法，形态的改变，大脑的改变，我们一会就谈到。

l We’ll talk about meditation for instance.比如我们会谈到冥想。

l We know our brain today can actually change through MRI studies since 1998.1998年后通过核磁共振研究我们知道大脑而已被改变。

l A new concept came up which is Neurogenesis or Neuroplasticity, meaning our brain actually changes and transforms.一个新的概念叫做神经形成或者神经可塑性，是指我们的大脑实际上会改变和转变。

l It changes its form throughout our life.在我们的一生中其形态都在改变。

l So I don’t just mean it metaphorically, I also very often mean it literally.所以我不只是在打比方，我也经常指的是字面意思。

l Abraham Maslow continues.继续Abraham Maslow的话。

l Humanistic philosophy offers a new conception of learning, of teaching and of education.人性的哲学衍生出关于学习，教学和教育的新概念。

l Stated simply, such a concept holds that the function of education, the goal of education, the human goal, the humanistic goal, the goal so far as human beings are concerned—is ultimately the “self-actualized” of a person, the becoming fully human, the development of the fullest height that the human species can stand up to or that the particular individual can come to.简单地说，这一概念认为教育的功能，教育的目标，人的目标，人性的目标，只要人还是被关注的目标——从根本上是一个人的自我实现，完全成为一个人，达到人类或者特定的某个个人能达到的最高高度。

l In a less technical way.通俗点讲。

l It is helping the person to become the best that he is able to become.就是帮助一个人成为最好的自己。

l And this was before the Ad came up for the army that “Be all you can be”.这些是军队的广告“做最好的自己”。

l This is what the class is about.这就是本课程所要讲的。

l It’s the humanistic approach.这就是人性的方法。

l It’s about fulfilling our potential, chipping away those limitations.关于实现我们的潜能，凿掉那些束缚。l Now to many of you this may sound naïve, idealistic.现在对于你们许多人这种方式似乎很天真，很理想主义。

l Naïve it is not, Idealistic it is.并不天真，但理想主义。

l And we’ll talk about and discuss the importance of idealism and maintaining idealism.我们会谈到和讨论理想主义和保守理想主义的重要性。

l If we are to introduce personal change, inter-personal change or community or society change.如果我们要介绍个人的改变，个人之间的改变，或群体与社会的改变的话。

l This class is not about providing answers concerning the good life and happiness.本课程不是提供关于美好生活和幸福的答案的。

l It is about identifying the right questions.是关于辨识正确的问题。

l Ask and ye shall your receive, say the Scripture.问过之后便会有收获，圣经如是说。

l This class is what I think education is all about which is that the quest for information and transformation must begin with the question.本课程就是我认为的教育的宗旨也就是对信息和转变的探索必须由一个问题开始。

l Quest, question.探索，问题。

l There is no coincidence that there is an etymological link between the two.这两者在词源上有所关联并非巧合。

l In this class we’ll be asking, you’ll be asked many questions, questions that as you’ll see, create reality.在本课程中，我们会问，你们会被问许多问题，你们将会看到那些问题创作了现实。

l We’ll talk about it already next time.我们下次会讲到。

l The importance of the questions you ask of yourselves first and foremost of your partner, of your students, of your parents, of your employees in the future, teammates and so on.那些你首先向你自己，然后问你的搭档，学生，父母，未来的雇员和同事提出的问题的重要性。

l Questions make a difference.问题十分重要。

l Peter Drucker, ”The most common source of mistake in management decisions is the emphasis on finding the right answer rather than the right question”.Peter Drucker说：“在管理决策最常见的错误来源是强调找到正确答案而非正确的问题”。

l Peter Drucker considered the most important management scholar of 20th century just recently passed away, saying the biggest mistake is not asking the right questions.Peter Drucker是20世纪最重要的管理学学者，最近刚刚去世，说最大的错误是没有问正确的问题。l As we’ll see next week, this is the biggest mistake in research potential;this is the biggest mistake in application.我们下次会看到，这也是在研究中潜在的最大的错误，这也是在应用中最大的错误。

l Not asking the right questions as well.没有问正确的问题。

l Whether it’s in managing organizations, whether it’s managing our lives.不论是在管理组织还是在管理我们的生活。

l Now, when I said that questions are important and answers matter less, I am not coming from a point of relativism.现在当我说问题重要而答案没那么重要时，我不是从相对论的观点来说的。

l I’m not a relativist, I think they are…….我不是相对论者，我认为他们……。

l To some questions definitive answers that are important to know.对于某些问题，知道决定性的答案很重要。

l However, what I’m saying is that it’s important, not less important to focus on questions when it comes to education.但是，我所说的是当提到教育时关注问题很重要，而不是较不重要。

l The educator, Neil Postman once said.教育家Neil Postman曾经说过。

l The kids enter schools as question marks and they leave as periods.孩子进校时像问号而毕业时像句号。

l My hope in this class is to bring up many more question marks than periods.我的希望是本课程培养的问号要比句号多。

l Once again, it’s about chipping away the excess stone because as kids.再一次，这是关于凿掉多余的石头。

l We are always asking questions, we are always curious.因为作为孩子，我们永远都在问问题，我们永远都很好奇。

l Let me show you a quick excerpt from a video of one of my favorite psychologists, actually the comedian Seinfeld.我来放一段我最喜爱的心理学家之一的录影，其次是喜剧演员宋飞。

l Here he is talking about…… 他要讲的是……

l We will watch a lot of excerpts throughout the semester.我们这个学期会看很多录影。

l Talking about what we were like as kids.如果像孩子一样我们会是怎样。

l So, the first couple of years I made my own costumes which of course sucked, the ghost, the hobo, then finally, the third year, begging the parents, I got the Superman Halloween costume, not surprisingly, Cardboard box, self-made top, mask included, remember the rubber band on the back of that mask? That was a quality item there, wasn’t it? 于是前两年，我自己做服装当然不怎么样，鬼啊，流浪汉啊，第三年终于求了爸妈，我得到了超人的万圣节服装，并不奇怪，纸盒箱，自己做的上衣，还有面具，还记得面具后面的橡皮筋吗？那可是个质量不错的玩意，不是吗。

l That was good for about 10 seconds before it snapped out of that cheap little staple they put it in there with.它可以坚持用10分钟之后就会从那个廉价订书钉里掉出来。

l You got to your first house, “Trick or…”, Snap!It broke, I don’t believe it.你去了第一个人家。“不给糖就……“啪嗒，橡皮筋断了，简直不敢相信。

l Wait up you guys.I gotta fix it!Hey, wait up!Wait up!你们等我一下，我能修好它，等我一下，等我一下。

l Kids don’t say “wait”.孩子们不说“等“。

l They say “wait up!Wait up!” 他们说等我一下，等我一下。

l Coz when you are little your life is up.因为当你还小的时候，你的生活都在上面。

l Your future is up, everything you want is up.你的未来在上面，你所要的一切都在上面。

l Wait up!Hold up!Shut up!等一下，举起来，闭嘴！

l Momma, clean up!Let me stay up!妈妈，打扫一下，让我晚点睡吧！

l Parents of course are just the opposite, everything is down.父母当然刚好相反，一切都在下面。

l Just calm down, slow down!冷静，慢一点！

l Come down here, sit down, put that down!给我冷静，坐下，把那个放下！

l So again this curiosity, this looking up.所以孩子们的这种好奇，这种寻找。

l This opening up is opposed to closing down that kids have.这种开放的心态是与封闭相反的。

l This notion, this is what I hope will happen in this class.我希望在本课程中会产生这种观念。

l The one real objective of education is to leave a man in the condition of continually asking questions.教育的真正目的是让一个人可以连续发问。

l So here is a longitudinal study that was done by John Carter.所以下面讲讲John Carter所作的纵向研究。

l John Carter, professor of leadership management of the business school across the river, came to Harvard in 1972, joined the faculty and started to follow Harvard class, MBA class of 1973 and followed them through 20years.John Carter是河对面的商学院的领导管理学教授，1972年来到哈佛做了老师并开始关注哈佛的课程，从1973年起一直关注了20年MBA课程。

l And what he was interested in was to find all the information he could about this class.他想尽可能收集所有关于这门课的信息。

l What he found 20years later, early 90s when this study ended was these students were extremely successful or ex-students were extremely successful, students were extremely successful.20年后，90年代初当这个研究结束时，他发现这些学生都极其成功，以前的学生都极其成功，学生们都极其成功。

l Very wealthy, having a lot of impact whether it’s on the organizations, on the community.非常有钱，有很大的影响力，不论是在组织上还是社会上。

l They did extremely well.他们都做得极其好。

l But within the large group of highly successful Harvard MBAs.但是在这群极其成功的哈佛MBA里。

l He found a small group that was extraordinary successful, more successful than the rest of group whether in terms of income whether in terms of impact whether in terms of overall quality of life.他发现有一部分人是格外成功的，比其他人要更成功，无论是在收入上还是在影响力上抑或是在总体生活质量上。

l Extraordinary successful, what he wanted to identify was why—what distinguishes this small group from the rest of the pack, very successful, but not quite as successful as that small group.格外的成功，他想弄明白其中的原因——这一小部分人和其他人有何分别，其他人也非常成功，但没有那一小组人那么成功。

l And he found two things.他只找出了两件事。

l It was not their IQs that made no difference whatsoever to their long-term success.不是他们的智商，智商对他们长期成功的因素没有影响。

l It was not where they came from, pre-MBA, what they did had nothing to do with it.不是他们在读MBA之前的出身，他们做的事和这一点关系都没有。

l Two and two things along mattered in terms of determining who will be the extraordinarily successful and the rest.只有两件事会决定谁会成为格外成功的人和其余的人上有关系。

l The first thing was the extraordinarily successful groups really believe in themselves, they thought they could do well.第一是那部分人真的相信自己，他们认为自己能做好。

l They were driven, they were motivated.他们有目的，他们有动力。l And we’ll talk about it in future lecture as belief it self-fulfilling prophecies.我们会在下一次课程讲到自我实现的预言。

l They thought ”I’m going to make it, I’m going to succeed”.他们认为我会做到，我会成功。

l That’s the first thing, the sense of the confidence.这是第一件事，自信。

l The second thing that he found was this group they were always asking questions—always asking questions.他发现的第二件事是这部分人一直在问问题，一直在问问题。

l Initially of their boss, later of their employees, of their partner, children, parents, friends.最初是问他们的老板，后来是问他们的雇员，他们的搭档，孩子，父母，朋友。

l They were always asking questions.他们一直在问问题。

l They were always at the state of curiosity.他们一直处于好奇的状态。

l Always looking up, opening up, wanting to understand the world the more.一直在寻找，有开放的心态，想要更加了解世界。

l They didn’t say ”Now I have my MBA, that’s it, I know enough”.他们没有说“我现在有了MBA学位，就行了，我知道的够多了”。

l They were life-long learners.他们是终身学习者。

l They were always asking questions.他们一直在问问题。

l These two distinguishing characteristics account for the difference between the extraordinarily successful and those who were successful.这两个区别性的特质导致了格外成功和成功的人之间的差别。

l The question that has guided me whether it’s in writing the book, whether it’s in creating this class, whether it’s first and foremost my personal life is what I call “the question of the question” which is how can we help ourselves and others, individuals, communities and society become happier.那个指引了我的问题，不论是写书还是开设这门课，还是被我所称的“问题的问题”就是我们如何能帮助自己和他人，个人，群体和社会变得更幸福。

l Note that it is not about helping ourselves and others become happier, it is about become happier.注意这不是关于帮助我们自己和他人变得幸福，而是关于变得更幸福。

l Why? Because many people ask me.为什么？因为很多人问我。

l So Tal, are you happy? 那么Tal，你幸福吗？ l And I can’t really answer that question;I don’t know what it means.我真的不能回答那个问题，我不知道那是什么意思。

l How do I determine whether or not I am happy? 我如何判断自己是否幸福？

l Is it compared to someone else? 是和别人比较？

l Is there a certain point beyond which I become happy? 是不是存在一个点，超过之后就变幸福了？

l Happiness is not a binary either or zero or one, either I’m happy or I’m unhappy.幸福不是二进制的非此即彼，0或1，要么幸福要么不幸福。

l Happiness resides on a continuum.幸福存在于一个连续统一体。

l So my answer to this question “am I happy?” 所以我对这个问题的回答——我幸福吗？

l Is today I’m happier than I was 15years ago when I started focusing on this pursuit.我今天是否比我15年前刚开始关注追求幸福时更幸福？

l 15years from now I certainly hope to be happier than I am today.15年后我当然希望自己能比今天幸福。

l Happiness is lifelong pursuit.幸福是终身的追求。

l Hopefully this class is part of that pursuit, but just part.希望本课程是这种追求的一部分，但只是一部分。

l You’ll not be happy at the end of class.你们不会在课程结束时幸福。

l Hopefully you’ll be happier.希望你们能比现在幸福。

l Cos many people sit here during the lectures on self-esteem, for example, or when we talk explicitly about happiness.因为很多人坐在这听有关自尊的讲座时，比如或者当我们明确地讨论幸福时。

l They say, ”Wait, do I have self-esteem?”.他们说，“等等，我的自尊心强吗？”。

l Thinking to themselves.他们自己想到。

l Do I have high self-esteem or low self-esteem? Irrelevant.我的自尊是较强的还是较弱的？

l Impossible to answer also.这也是没有意义，无法回答的。l The question is “how can I improve my self-esteem?, my healthy self-esteem, not narcissism of course”.问题是，我如何能提高我的自尊？我健康的自尊而当然不是自恋。

l How can I become happier? 我怎样才能变得幸福？

l That’s an important question.那是一个重要的问题。

l And this is the question of questions.这是问题的问题。

l This class is not a survey of positive psychology.本课程不是一个积极心理学的概论。

l If you want a survey on positive psychology.如果你想要关于积极心理学的概论。

l I can recommend some excellent textbooks.我可以推荐一些很不错的课本。

l Whether it’s by Lopez(Shane Lopez)or by Peterson(Chris Peterson).Lopez 或是Peterson的书。

l Great textbooks, There is also The Handbook of Positive Psychology which is a huge book with most what you want to know about this field.很不错的课本，还有一本积极心理学手册，一本很厚的书，里面有这个领域大多数你想知道的内容。

l You can also use it in self-defense, very useful in that respect.你也可以用它自卫，自卫非常管用。

l But a wonderful book, very well-written, very accessible in the spirit of positive psychology.但是很棒的书，写得非常好，让人很容易里面积极心理学。

l But this is not that, this is not the survey of positive psychology.但这里讲的不是那些，不是积极心理学概论。

l What it is is a selective exploration of the question of the questions.而是对问题中的问题的选择性探索。

l In that way, it is eclectic.从那个角度讲，它是折中的。

l My background is in psychology and philosophy.我的背景是心理学和哲学。

l I studied organizational behavior.我学了组织行为学。

l I worked as a consultant in business for a few years, still do some work there.我做过几年商业顾问，仍然还做一些这方面的工作。

l I worked in the field of education, doing a lot of work in field of education.我在教育领域工作过，在教育领域内做过很多工作。l And I take from all these areas.我从所有这些领域中吸取内容。

l I also draw on not just from positive psychology;I draw on clinical psychology in this class.我还不只是从积极心理学中吸取内容，我把临床心理学的内容融入这个课程中。

l I draw on cognitive psychology, social psychology and so on.我融入了认知心理学，社会心理学等等内容。

l It is eclectic class.这是一个折中的课程。

l Because my questions.因为我的问题。

l My guiding question was “what would contribute to happiness?”.我的引导性问题是什么会对幸福有贡献。

l And if something within psychopathology I thought could contribute to our wellbeing.如果我认为精神病理学的内容能对我们的幸福有贡献。

l I took that and used that.我会吸取并利用之。

l And if something from the field of consulting in organizational behavior could contribute that became part of the class as much as I could fit in of course in one semester.而如果一些有关组织行为学的咨询领域的东西有用的话，那也会成为本课程的一部分，只要能在一个学期内讲完。

l So the class is eclectic.所以本课程是折中的。

l The class is not cross-cultural.本课程不是跨文化交流。

l I will bring in ideas from eastern thought.我会引进一些东方思想的观点。

l I lived in Asia for a few years;I worked there, studied and continue to study the eastern philosophies and psychologies.我在亚洲住过几年，我在那工作，持续研究东方哲学和心理学。

l But my train primarily is in western psychology and the focus of the class will be that.但我的专业主要是在西方心理学上，而课程的重点将会是西方心理学。

l However that doesn’t mean that positive psychology doesn’t apply to people from different places in the world.但是那并不意味着积极心理学不适用于世界上其他地方的人。

l There was recently a meeting between senior scientists psychology from the west.最近有一场高资历科学家之间的会议，来自西方的心理学家。l People like Paul Ekman, Richard Davidson, some of the most important minds in the field of psychology, meeting with the DLLM and some of his monks.像Paul Ekman和Richard Davidson，这些在心理学领域内最重要的人物，和DLLM还有他的一些僧侣进行会谈。

l They were talking about the future of psychology, about the research, and how can you research meditation and so on.他们谈论了心理学的未来研究，还有如何进行冥想等等。

l And one of the things they were talking a lot about is the cultural difference.而他们谈论最多的话题之一就是文化差异。

l And when that came up, the DLLM suddenly seemed uneasy.当提到这个问题时，DLLM突然好像不舒服。

l And when Daniel Goleman who was writing about this whole event and it was hold in India asked him what’s wrong.当记录整个会议的Daniel Goleman，会议是在印度开的，问他怎么了。

l DLLM said that he was not comfortable with talking and emphasizing so much cultural difference.DLLM说他不是因为谈到并强调文化差异而不舒服。

l You can say many things about DLLM.对DLLM你可以有很多评价。

l One thing you cannon say about him is that he’s culturally insensitive.但你不能说他在文化方面不敏感。

l Arguably one of the most sensitive people alive.他可以说是还在世的最敏感的人之一。

l And yet he said we are focusing too much on cultural difference.然而他说，我们对文化差异的关注太多了。

l And he added not because there are no cultural differences.他补充道不是因为没有文化差异。

l Of course they are and they are important.当然有而且很重要。

l But there are many more similarities than differences.但文化共同性要比差异多。

l And we shouldn’t ignore those similarities.而我们不应该无视这些共同性。

l Daniel Goleman about the DLLM.Daniel Goleman如此评价DLLM。

l We were a little bit surprised by the DLLM’s seeming resistance to the notion of cultural differences.我们有点惊讶于DLLM这种表面上的对文化差异概念的抵触。l So I am willing to introduce these ideas but A because it is not my training and people who are focusing on cultural differences will do a much better job than I do.所以我想介绍这些观点，但是首先因为这不是我的专业，研究文化差异的人会比我做的更好。

l And second, because what I hope to look into is the universal, things are common across cultures.其次，因为我所希望研究的是普遍事物，不同文化中普遍的东西。

l So we’ll study research in this area but even more than that.所以我们会在这方面进行研究，但不只是这样。

l We’ll become even more particular than just talking about psychology in this part of the world.我们的讨论比这部分心理学更具体。

l We’ll study yourselves.我们将会研究你们自己。

l We are going to go that particular.我们会如此具体。

l Now why? When I put this class together, I didn’t think to myself.为什么？当我开这么课程时，我自己没有想过。

l OK, so what are the things that I need to introduce in order to please the participants in the class, the students? 好的，我需要介绍些什么东西以便能取悦课程的参与者，这些学生呢。

l That’ not what I thought.那不是我所想的。

l What I thought about was “what was the class that I would have wanted to take as an undergraduate here”? 我所想的是如果我是个本科生，会想上什么课？

l What would help me become happier if I were sitting there? 如果我坐在这，什么能让我更幸福？

l In other words, thinking from my perspective from very personal perspective.换言之，从我的观点，我非常个人的观点出发。

l In this class, I am going to encourage you.在我们的课上，我会鼓励你们。

l Of course you’ll look at research and read research about other people about large sample sizes.当然你们可以看和阅读关于别人的研究，有大量的样本。

l But I’m going to encourage you more than anything to look inside yourselves, to study yourselves.但最主要的，我会鼓励你们去看自己的内心，去研究自己。

l Whether it’s through response papers that will be due weekly starting in 2 weeks.无论是通过两周后开始的每周一次的课后论文。l Whether it’s in your final project that will be a presentation that you won’t have to give but you’ll have to write out.还是你们最后的演示作业，你们不用做演示但要写出来。

l A presentation about your favorite topic or the topic that matters most to you.关于你敢兴趣的话题或者对你来说最重要的话题。

l Whether it’s in sections that you’ll be talking about how I can apply these ideas to my life.还是关于如何能把这些观点应用于我的生活。

l The time-ins are about thinking about how can I take in the ideas and use them.联系时间时关于如何接受和利用一些观点。

l It’s about studying ourselves.是关于研究我们自己。

l Because as Carl Rogers says.因为正如Carl Rogers所说。

l What is most personal is most general.越是个人的东西越普遍。

l And as Maslow adds.正如Maslow所补充。

l We must remember that knowledge of one’s own deep nature is also simultaneously knowledge of human nature in general.我们必须记住对一个人深层本性的认识，同时也是对普遍人类本性的认识。

l When we understand ourselves better.当我们更了解自己时。

l When we identify ourselves.当我们认识到自己时。

l We are better able to identify with others.我们就更能认识他人。

l In fact, this is in many ways the source of empathy, of the healthy empathy.事实上，从许多方面说这是有益移情的来源。

l And there are some studies showing that people who know themselves, who study themselves, who are self-reflective display less egregious behavior, less immoral behavior toward others.有些研究表明了解自己的人、研究自己的人、反思自己的人对别人做出过分的事情、不道德的行为会相对较少。

l Behavior that would fall under say, racism.那种比如说种族歧视的行为。

l And it’s counter-intuitive to some extent.在一定程度上这是反直觉的。

l Wait, don’t you first need to study the other so that you can be more sensitive to others? 等等，你难道不要首先研究别人才能对别人更敏感吗?

l Yes, that too, but it’s not enough.是的，那也需要，不过还不够。l It’s important to also study ourselves.研究我们自己也很重要。

l Because when we see our deep nature.因为当我们看到自己的深层本性时。

l What we encounter there is actually part of the universal nature.我们看到的是部分普遍的本性。

l The similarities among us all, regardless of where we are from.我们所有人之间的共性，不管我们来自哪里。

l And this was what DLLM was talking about, not stop cross-culture, do it, important, but the same time, not ignore the self, not ignore the universal within each one of us.而这就是DLLM所说的，不是组织跨文化研究，去做吧，很重要，但同时，不要忽略自己，不要忽略我们每一个人身上的普遍性。

l C.S Lewis, “There is one thing and only one in the whole universe which we know about that we could learn from external observation, that one thing is ourselves”.C.S Lewis说，整个宇宙中有且只有一件我们知道我们可以从外部观察中学习到的事，那就是我们自己。

l We have, so to speak, inside information, we are in the know.我没有，可以说是，内在的信息，我们是知道的。

l Now there are of course biases when we study ourselves, which is why it’s not enough to just study the self.当我们研究自己时当然会有偏颇，这就是为什么只研究自己是不够的。

l It’s important to counter it, to add to it, academic work, studying others.要克服这个问题，把学术工作，研究他人融入进去很重要。

l That’s why we’ll do some research or study research as well as do some search, searching inside us.那就是为什么我们除了探究我们的内心外，也会做一些研究或者调查研究。

l Both are important.两者并重。

l We shouldn’t, just because there are biases and mistakes that potentially can be made.我们不应该只是因为会有潜在的偏颇和错误。

l It doesn’t mean we need to throw out the baby with the bath water and stop studying ourselves.这并不意味着我们要因噎废食，停止研究自己。

l So we’ll do that or rather you’ll do that probably more than any other class on campus.所以我们会，更准确地说是你们会这样做比学校里的其他课程做得更多。

l Finally this may be news to you.最后这个可能对你们来说有些新。

l But this is not English 10A or Math 55.但这不是10A号英语课和55号数学课。l Meaning you will not have to read as much as you will read for 10A or for a history class.就是说你不用像10A号课或者历史课那样做大量的阅读。

l And this class is not as difficult as Math 55 so you rest.也不像55号数学课一样难，所以你们可以轻松些。

l I’m sure there are some people here who took the class.我相信这有些人上过这门课。

l This class at the same time is about rigorous fun.本课程同时是一种严格的乐趣。

l Fun…Because it’s fun to study ourselves.乐趣……因为研究我们自己很有意思。

l Sometimes it hurts and sometimes we see that we may not like.有时会让我们受伤有时我们看到一些我们不愿意看到的东西。

l But overall it’s fun, it’s interesting.但总的来说还是有趣的，很有意思。

l And at the same time it’s rigorous, based on research.同时又是严格的，以研究为基础。

l Now many of the ideas that you’ll encounter in this class are very simple, very accessible, common sense.你们将在本课程中遇到的许多观点都很简单，很容易理解，常识。

l However they are simple, not simplistic.但它们是简单，不是过分简单化。

l And here is the difference.这两者是有区别的。

l Oliver Wendell Holmes, this court is attributed to him not 100% sure it’s this—said.Oliver Wendell Holmes，这个报告厅就是他捐建的，但不能完全确定是他所有的——说过。

l I would not give a fig for the simplicity on this side of complexity.我不会认为与复杂性一致的简单性是微不足道的。

l But I would give my life for the simplicity on the other side of complexity.但我会把我的一生用来研究与复杂性相对的简单性。

l What Holmes means here is that he doesn’t care about just simplicity, easy, off-the-cuff, whimsical ideas.Holmes这里的意思是他关心的不只是简单性、简单的、随意的、难以预料的想法。

l What he does care about through is the simplicity that comes after.而他所关心的是之后的简单性。

l We have chewed the idea after we have digested it, after we have thought about it.我们深思了这个观点在我们吸收了它之后，在我们考虑过它之后。

l Ideas that have been worked on.那些我们所研究的观点。l And if on the other side of complexity we can read simplicity and common sense, that’s great.而如果与复杂性相反，我们能看出简单性和常识，那就很好。

l That’s what he’s interested in.那是他所感兴趣的。

l That is also positive psychology researchers that we’ll discuss throughout the semester are interested in.那也是我们整个学期要讨论的积极心理学研究者所感兴趣的。

l The simplicity on the other side of complexity.与复杂性相对的简单性。

l And there is a very big difference between these two simplicities.这两种简单性之间有很大的区别。

l Even though on the face of it, they may at times look similar.尽管乍看起来，它们有时也许是相似的。

l What this class requires is a very different kind of effort.本课程需要的是一种非常不同的努力。

l A very different kind of effort to other class.与别的课程非常不同的努力。

l Again it doesn’t require the effort that you’ll need in 55 or in English 10A.又一次，它不需要你像55号课和10A号英语课那样的努力。

l The kind of effort that it does require is the effort of application, of applying into your life, of introducing behavioral actual change to your life.它所需要的努力是一种应用的努力，努力把它应用到你的生活里，努力把行为的实际改变带入你的生活。

l And before we go into some of the technicalities of the class such as syllabus.在我们开始讲本课程的一些细节比如教学大纲之前。

l I want to end with a story about Peter Drucker.我想先讲一个关于Peter Drucker的故事。

l Peter Drucker, who I quoted earlier, father of study of management in modern times.Peter Drucker，我之前引用过他的话，是现代管理学研究之父。

l Peter Drucker lived to the grand old age of 94, passed away just a couple of years ago.Peter Drucker享年94岁，是几年前过世的。

l Toward the end of his life while he was still 100% lucid.在他生命的最后，当他头脑还百分比清醒时。

l It was more difficult for him to be mobile and to go into organizations.活动和参加组织活动对他来说更加困难了。l So what he did was invite people who wanted consulting from him, wanted to learn from him to come to his home.于是他邀请想咨询他问题的人，想跟他学习的人来他家。

l And he had Presidents, Premier Ministers of countries.有国家总统，总理。

l He had CEOs of Fortune 500 companies coming spend the weekend with him.财富500强公司的CEO和他一起过周末。

l And on Friday, this was how we started with every session with every world leader.而在星期五，每一次聚会都是这样开始的，对每一个世界级领袖。

l Whether in business, whether in non-for-profit, whether in politics.无论是商界的，非盈利机构的，还是政界的。

l He would say to them the following.他都会对他们说如下的一番话。

l On Monday I don’t want you to call me up and then tell me how wonderful it was.星期一我不想听到你们说有多美好。

l Meaning how wonderful the weekend was.意思是这个周末有多好。

l On Monday I want you to call me up and tell me what you are doing differently.星期一我想听到你们跟我说，你们做了些什么改变。

l At the end of the semester or at the end of the lecture.在这个学期结束后或者在这个讲座结束之后。

l If you enjoyed it.如果你们喜欢它。

l By all means tell me that enjoyed it, that you had fun.务必告诉我你们喜欢，你们获得了乐趣。

l But more important, it is what you are doing differently.但更重要的是你们所做的改变是什么。

l How this has an impact on your life and that takes effort.这对你们的生活有怎样的影响而那需要我们的努力。

l We are going to spend a whole week talking just about change.我们将用一周的时间讲改变。

l Nothing directly related to positive psychology.和积极心理学一点直接的关系也没有。

l Just about change.只是讲改变。

l Because it is so difficult to change.因为改变是那么难。l Because we know most organizational change fails because we know more individual change fails.因为我们知道大多数组织上的改变都失败了，因为我们知道更多的个人改变失败了。

l Unless we introduce behavioral change along with our cognitive and emotional change.除非我们引入行为上的改变的同时引入认知上和情绪上的改变。

l Affect and cognitive is not enough, behavior has to be there as well.影响和认知还不够，还必须有行为。

l What you are doing differently.你所做的改变。

l To do things differently very often takes courage.经常用不同的方式做事需要勇气。

l Some of your response papers that you’ll hand in—None of them are graded, they are all just graded “passed/failed”.一些你们要交上来的课后论文，都不会被打分，都只会有“及格和不及格”。

l You’ll have to hand them in and then you’ll pass.你们必须交论文，然后你们就及格了。

l But some of them may be the most difficult papers that you’ve written here.但一些也许是你所写过的最困难的论文。

l For some they’ll be the easiest.有一些会是最简单的。

l And things will just flow out.很自然地就能写出来。

l That’s about introducing change.那就是关于引入改变。

l That’s about reflecting.那就是关于反思。

l That’s about taking time-in.那就是关于花时间接受。

l That’s about chipping away the excess stone.那就是关于凿掉多余的石头。

l And it can only be done through this kind of effort.而这只能通过这种努力而实现。

l So if you really want class to make a difference in your life, it’s up to you.所以如果你真的想通过这门课来改变生活，一切取决于你。

l I’m going to introduce to you the material.我将会给你们介绍材料。

l I’m going to introduce to you this wonderful new field of positive psychology.我将会给你们介绍这个积极心理学的精彩的新领域。

l What is up to you is to then take it and apply it.而取决于你们的就是接收并应用它。l I want to talk a little about the syllabus and the requirements.我想谈一下教学大纲及要求。

l And I’ll give you a little time for questions.我会给你们一点时间去问问题。

l But before I do that.但在这之前。

l I would also like to welcome.我也想对。

l I know that some of you are watching this from home to the extension school students.我知道你们中的有些人正在家里看这堂课，对进修学校的同学们表示欢迎。

l It’s wonderful to have you here.很高兴你们能听我的课。

l Do come and visit once a while.有空过来看看。

l And you’ll be working with obviously part of this class.而你们将显然参与到我们的课程中来。

l But also with Deb Levy who is the.但也可以找Deb Levy。

l They had teaching fellow for the extension school.他是进修学校的助教。

l They had teaching fellow for the FAS class is Sean Achor.Sean Achor是文理学院的助教。

l And I’d like just to invite him for just a few words.我想请他来说几句话。

l Just introduce himself to you.向你们做个自我介绍。

l And you’ll be introduced to other TFs we have.而你们会被介绍给我们的其他助教。

l We have an amazing team this year.我们今年有只很棒的团队。

l This is Sean.这就是Sean。

l Hey, good morning.大家早上好。

l Can you guys hear me? 能听到我吗？

l Can you hear me now? Great.现在能听到吗？很好。

l This is absolutely honored to be back teaching positive psychology again.能回来再次为积极心理学做助教非常荣幸。

l Tal is too humble.Tal 太谦虚了。l This is not only extraordinary that he is sharing his time with us.很荣幸他能给我们上课。

l But he’s actually moved here back.他还把家搬来了。

l Moved his family back from Israel for the entire semester.把家从以色列搬到这一整个学期。

l His wife and his two little children just so he can teach this class with us.包括他的妻子和他的两个孩子只是为了能和我们一起教这门课。

l And this is absolutely an extraordinary opportunity for us to share this moment with them.对我们来说能和他们一起共事是个极好的机会。

l And I’m really excited about it.我真的很激动。

l Last time we taught this class.上一次我们教这门课时。

l We did a survey to find out what types of people were sitting in this room.我们做了调查看看坐在这上课的都是什么类型的人。

l They are just like yourselves.他们就像你们一样。

l And find out why you’ll be taking this class.看看为什么你们会上这门课。

l Coz the comment that we get so often about this class is why would Harvard students possibly be unhappy? 因为我们得到的关于这门课的评价常常是为什么哈佛的学生会不幸福。

l What do they have to be unhappy about? 他们有什么可不快乐的？

l They thought everyone who’d be taking this class would be taking it because they are already really happy.他们认为每个上这门课的人会上这门课是因为他们已经很幸福了。

l And they want to study about how amazing they are.他们想研究自己到底有多棒。

l And they’d like to learn things that they can tell the roommates so clearly that laugh themselves.他们想学一些能明白告诉室友他们得意的东西。

l But it turns out actually over a third of people who took this class last year took the class because they felt depressed.但是结果是去年有超过三分之一的人选这门课是因为他们感觉抑郁。

l And they were trying to learn about the research about positive psychology.他们想学习积极心理学。l And another third because they wanted to learn more about optimism.还有三分之一是因为他们想学会乐观。

l Another third did it for completely different reasons.另外三分之一的原因则完全不同。

l I think, Additional third this year did it because Tal was on the Jon Stewart Daily Show.我想今年还有三分之一的人选这门课是因为Tal上了Jon Stewart的Daily Show。

l So I am absolutely thrilled about this class.我很喜欢这门课。

l They syllabus which Tal is about to tell you about is… Tal 要告诉你们的教学大纲是。

l Actually we learned a couple of other things about you guys.其实我们了解你们的一些其他事。

l Did you know that of people who take positive psychology 75% of you are officers of club? 你不知不知道选了积极心理学的人中有75%的人是俱乐部的干部。

l 35% of you are the highest ranking officers of club.35%是俱乐部的高层干部。

l Which means that you think there are about 2000 clubs at Harvard.这意味着你认为哈佛有大约2000个俱乐部。

l You are in club of three, and you happen to be the president.你在一个只有3个人的俱乐部里，又恰好是主席。

l We learned other reasons why you are not happy.我们了解到你们不快乐的其他原因。

l We learned that the average number of romantic relationships for people to take positive psychology in 4 years is between zero and one.我们了解到上积极心理学课的人在4年里恋爱次数的平均数在0和1之间。

l Zero and one.0和1之间。

l No, I don’t believe it, don’t leave.不！我不信，不要走。

l But that was before taking positive psychology class.—That was before taking the class.但那是在上积极心理学课之前——是在上课之前。

l We are going to test you afterwards.我们之后会调查一下你们。

l The average number of sexual partners is between zero and 0.5.性伴侣数目的平均数是在0到0.5之间。

l I have no idea what.5 sexual partners is.我实在不知道0.5个性伴侣是什么。l This class is going to be amazing.这门课程将会很棒。

l It was amazing in the past and Tal we actually have extraordinary teaching staff here with us.它过去就很棒，而且我们有一个很出色的教学团队。

l It’s a large teaching staff.很大的教学团队。

l And Tal has actually already given us home works.Tal 实际上已经给我们布置了作业。

l So the teachers are going to be learning not only the material you are doing and talk you about which the experts that.所以老师们不仅要学你们学的那些材料和你们讨论专业的内容。

l But learning how to be better teachers.还要学习如何成为更好的老师。

l He’s given us books to read.他给了我们要读的书。

l He’s actually given us assignment.他事实上给我们布置了任务。

l It’s a big extraordinary class in that sense.从那个意义上说这是个很特别的课程。

l In terms of the syllabus, it’s going to be online.至于教学大纲，网上会有。

l Tal just described now we’ve decided to go green.Tal说现在我们决定要环保。

l So no trees are in making of this class except the large auditorium made of wood.所以这门课程中不能使用树木制品，除了这个木制的大礼堂。

l Sections—we are going to try sections online next weekend.我们下周会在网上分组。

l So we are going to get the numbers on Wednesday.所以我们星期三会知道有多少分组。

l On following weekend we will be doing sectioning that gives you a very short of turnaround time.下个周末我们会做分组任务，给你们的周转时间就非常少了。

l But that way you can give me Monday to change your section if you need to which I hope you won’t.如果需要的话，你们可以在周一换组，虽然我不希望你们改。

l And sections will start the following week.分组会在下一个星期开始。

l Thank you very much, if you have any questions, sends me an email.非常感谢，如果还有什么问题，给我发邮件。

l OK, so… 好的，那么……

l I think I don’t need to explain to you.我想我不需要跟你们解释。l Why there is one lecture in the semester that I don’t teach and Sean will teach it.为什么这学期有一节课不是我教而是Sean教的。

l And that is the lecture on humor.而那节是讲幽默的。

l Figure out why yourselves.你们自己想想为什么。

l I do think you’ll have to walk and talk if you are teaching something.我确实认为如果你想教什么你就必须擅长。

l The syllabus.教学大纲。

l The class, is to introduce you to my thinking about the class is what I call it integrated class.本课程，是像你介绍我关于这门课程的想法的，是我所谓的整体的课程。

l What that means is that integrated vertically as well as horizontally.就是指纵向的整体和横向的整体。

l Vertically means that every class connected to the next class is connected to every class throughout the semester around a spiral.纵向意味着每一节课都和下一节课有关系，和整个学期内的每一节课都有关系，呈一个螺旋状。

l So what we’ll talk about next week.所以我们下周所讲的内容。

l We’ll revisit it again in lesson 7, lesson 17 and lesson 24.我们将在第7课，第17课和第24课里再回顾一遍。

l Everything is interconnected on the higher level on a spiral.所有内容在一个更高的水平上呈螺旋状互相联系。

l In other words will lead to deep understanding and hopefully assimilation of the material.换言之，会带来深刻的理解和我所希望的对材料的吸收。

l So it’s vertically interconnected.所以是纵向相互联系的。

l It’s also horizontally interconnected.同样也是横向相互联系的。

l That means every part of the class reinforces and influences the other part.就是说课程中的每一部分都强调并影响另一部分。

l The lectures, not enough, you’ll get a lot more in sections.上课还不够，你们在分组作业里面将收获更多。

l Sections are mandatory.分组作业是强制的。l You’ll do a lot of work in your sections very much related to your response papers.你们要在你们的分组里做大量和你课后论文相关的工作。

l That many students claim the most important part of the class.许多学生说这是本课程最重要的部分。

l Because that’s where you get the time-in.因为这样你们才有了练习时间。

l That’s when you really get to chip away.这个你们真正开始凿掉的时候。l Very much connected to the final project.和期末的大作业有很大的关系。

l The final project is a presentation that you’ll write out.期末作业是一个演示稿。

l You don’t actually give it but give it to a couple of friends just to get feedback.你们不用阵的做演示，但要向几个朋友演示以及获得反馈。

l Not graded on that part.那部分不计分。

l The final project is graded as a final paper but just what you hand in what you submit.期末作业是以期末论文计分的，但只是你们教上来的，你们提交的那份。

l And the reason why there is a final paper because the best way which is like a presentation.为什么写期末论文是因为像演示那样的最好的方式。

l Because the best way to learn is to teach.因为最好的学习方式是教。

l And you’ll be teaching these materials to other people—any material that you are interested in in your presentation.你们将把这些材料教给别人，任何在你的陈述中你所感兴趣的内容。

l So the readings very much connected and take you to the next level of understanding and assimilations.那么阅读非常有关系，会把你们带到理解和吸收的另一个水平的高度。

l So any questions before I finish up? Any questions from you? 在我讲完之前有问题吗？你们有什么要问的吗？

l Alright, so let me just say—one second finishing words.好了，那就让我说最后一秒钟结束语。

l I am very excited to be back here.对于能回到这里我感到非常激动。

l My families are very excited to be back here.我的家人对于回到这里也非常激动。

l Looking forward to a meaningful, pleasurable, enjoyable and happier semester with you.期望能和你们共度一个有意义的，愉快的，令人享受的和更加幸福的学期。 l Thank you.谢谢。

第二篇：片尾字幕中英文对照

co-production 联合拍摄production摄制Consultant 策划

projectsupervisor专案主管executive producer执行监制senior producer总监制

assiatantproducer助理监制

Post-Production Supervisor 后期制片监制人 Producer 制片人

Production Controller 制片总监 Production Director 监制人

Production Supervisor 制片监制 Co-Producer 联合制片人

Associate Producer 助理制片人 Executive Producer 执行制片

Produced by制作人production co-ordinator/continuity外联制片/场记 location manager 外联制片production administration 行政制作

administrationsupervisor行政主管marketing producer制片主任

productionmanager制片production secreary制作秘书

production accountant制作会计unit manager 项目经理 clapper 场记板

Chief Director 总导演Director 导演 Assistant Director 助理导演

Associate Director 副导演

Shooting Script 分镜头剧本 Original Story 原著 Adapted by 改编 Based on X’s Y（电影）根据X（作家）的Y（小说）改编 Writer编剧

Written by / Scripted by 编剧screenplay by 编剧script translation剧本翻译 english subtitles by英文字幕翻译

Conducted by 指挥

Director of Photography 总摄影 Cinematography摄影Cinematography by 摄影 Associate Director of Photography 副摄影师 Cutter 剪辑师 Montage 剪辑（蒙太奇

Film Editing剪辑firstcameta assistant 副摄影师camera assistant摄影助理 Fireworks 烟火 Lighting 灯光，照明 lighting assistant 灯光助理

Art Design 美术设计 Scenic Artist 美工师Art Director 美工师

Associate Art Director 副美工art directors美术指导Art Direction by美术设计

assistanteditor剪辑助理Editor 编辑 Animated by/ Animation 动画

animationdesign电脑动画制作Digital Effect 电脑数字特效

visual affect artist视觉特效师Visual Effect 视觉效果

Visual Effects Supervisor视觉特效

Sound Engineer 特效化妆 Special Effect Make-up 特技效果摄影 Special Effect Supervisor 特技监制 Visual Effects by 视觉特效film title designed by 片头设计

senior animator/artist高级动画师CG producer电脑特效监制

animators动画员digital intermediate post production数码后期

seniortelecinecolorist高级配光师assistant telecinecolorist助理配光师 digitaleditorial数码编辑assistant digital editorial助理数码编辑

digital output technical supervisors数码输出技术主管digital output

technicians数码输出技术员

filmmusic音乐制作

Mixer 调音师 Recording Engineer 录音工程师 Music by 配乐 original music 原创音乐

Music Composed by 作曲 Music Editor 音乐编辑 Music Supervised by 音乐监制 Orchestrated by / Orchestration 配器 Original Score 原创作曲改编 Lyrics by 作词 Song by 歌曲创作 Sound Design 拟音，音响效果 Sound Effect 音响工程师

Vocal by 演唱 Audio Coordinator 音响统筹人 Audio Supervisor 音响监制人 Production Designer艺术指导Military Advisor 军事顾问 legal consultant法律顾问

Best Boy 剧务 Scrip Holder 场记 Set Decorator 布景 Set Designer布景设计师 Prop Master 道具师 Property 道具

Wardrobe 服装 Costume Design 服装设计 Costume Designer 服装设计师 Wardrobe assistant 服装助理properties masters道具make-up artial化妆 Make-up 化妆Hairdresser 发型师assitanthairstylist发型助理

Starring / Co-Starring 主演/联合主演 Starring 演员表 Stunt 替身演员 The Crew 职员表 Casting by… 挑选角色 special appearance 特别演出

ADR&soundeffect录音及音效

Dubbing 配音/录音，电影译制setconstruction音量工程sound assistant 录音助理

unit managers（）production sound mixers录音师ADR recording配音室 foleyartists动效foleyrecording效果录音

EFX editor动效编辑dialogue recording对白录音dialogue editor对白剪接 soundmixers混音sound design音响设计

titles subtitles by字幕制作

mandrin recording supervisor国语配音导演mandrinrecordist国语配音录制 cantonese dialogue coach粤语对白录制making-of制作花絮（拍摄）

camera and lighting equipment supplizedby器材提供film stock胶片提供 print洗印sponsored by/ the director wishes to thank鸣谢

television& entertainment licensing authority影视娱乐事物管理处

copies& laboratory copies &laboraory拷贝洗印加工单位

all events, characters and incidents portrayed in this photoplay are fictional any similarity to any persons, living or dead, or to any actual event

iscoincidental and unitentional本片纯属虚构,如有雷同纯属巧合Film movie motion picture 电影

Cast 演职员表

Adapted by 改编

Animated by/ Animation 动画

Art Design 美术设计

Art Director 美工师

Assistant Director 助理导演

Associate Art Director 副美工

Associate Director 副导演

Associate Director of Photography 副摄影师

Associate Producer 助理制片人

Audio Coordinator 音响统筹人

Audio Supervisor 音响监制人

Based on X’s Y（电影）根据X（作家）的Y（小说）改编 Best Boy 剧务创思英语http://

Casting by… 挑选角色

Chief Director 总导演

Cinematography by 摄影

Conducted by 指挥

Consultant 策划

Co-Producer 联合制片人

Costume Design 服装设计

Costume Designer 服装设计师

Cutter 剪辑师

Digital Effect 电脑数字特效

Director 导演

Director of Photography 总摄影

Dubbing 配音/录音，电影译制

Editor 编辑

Executive Producer 执行制片

Fireworks 烟火

Hairdresser 发型师

Lighting 灯光，照明

Lyrics by 作词

Make-up 化妆

Military Advisor 军事顾问

Mixer 调音员

Montage 剪辑（蒙太奇）

Music by 配乐

Music Composed by 作曲

Music Editor 音乐编辑

Music Supervised by 音乐监制

Orchestrated by / Orchestration 配器 Original Score 原创作曲改编

Original Story 原著

Post-Production Supervisor 后期制片监制人 Producer 制片人

Production Controller 制片总监

Production Director 监制人

Production Supervisor 制片监制

Prop Master 道具师

Property 道具

Recording Engineer 录音工程师

Scenic Artist 美工师

Scrip Holder 场记

Set Decorator 布景

Set Designer布景设计师

Shooting Script 分镜头剧本 Song by 歌曲创作

Sound Design 拟音，音响效果 Sound Effect 音响工程师

Sound Engineer 特效化妆

Special Effect Make-up 特技效果摄影 Special Effect Supervisor 特技监制 Starring / Co-Starring 主演/联合主演 Starring 演员表

Stunt 替身演员

The Crew 职员表

Visual Effect 视觉效果

Vocal by 演唱

Wardrobe 服装

Written by / Scripted by 编剧

第三篇：功夫熊猫2中英文对照字幕

功夫熊猫2 Kung Fu Panda 2(2011)中英文对照字幕

很久以前，在古代中国，Long ago, in ancient China, 孔雀家族统治着宫门城。The Peacocks ruled over the Gongmen city.他们给这座城带来了快乐与繁荣。They brought great joy and prosperity to the city 因为他们发明了烟火。For they had invented fireworks.但他们的儿子，沈王爷 But their son, Lord Shen 在烟火中看到了一个邪恶的计划。Saw darker path in the fireworks.能带来色彩与快乐的东西 What that brought color and joy 同时也能带来黑暗与毁灭。Can also brink darkness and destruction.沈王爷令他的父母感到不安从而向一位先知求教。Shen trouble parents consult to a Soothsayer.她预言道，如果沈王爷继续在邪路上执迷不悟，She foretold that if Shen continue down to this dark path, 他会被一名黑白勇士所打败。He will be defeated by the warrior of black and white.这位少主开始改变他的命运。The Young Lord set out to change his fate.但他下一步所做的事，人们无法得知。But what he did next, only sealed.沈王爷回到他的父母那里期待能够得到赞赏。Shen returned to his parents for a pride.但在他们的脸上，他只看到了恐惧。But in their faces, he saw only horror.他被驱逐出了这座城市，永远不得回来。He was banish from the city forever.但沈王爷发誓要报复。But Shen swore revenge.他朝他必定会回来 Some day, he will return 到时候天下所有人都要臣服于他脚下。and all of China will bow at his feet.就要完成了，沈王爷。但我们的金属不够用了。Almost done, Lord Shen.But we ran out of metal.到最远的村庄去查探，找更多的金属回来。Search the furthest villages, find more metal.天下将是我的了。China will be mine.然后神龙大侠加入了盖世五侠。And then the Dragon warrior joined the Furious five.所以他们成为了最棒的功夫队伍。So they became the most awesome kungfu team ever.废话少说。动手吧。Enough talk.Let's fight.听！你现在可以听到神龙战士正在训练呢。Listen!You can hear the Dragon warrior is training right now.三十三，阻止他。这太危险了。Thirty-three, stop him.It's too dangerous.保持专心。-三十六。Stay focus.-Thirty-six.他的脸怎么能变成这样啊？ How is he doing that to his face? 三十八个豆沙包。Thirty-eight bean buns.新纪录。你这个怪物。New record.You monster.继续，吃40个。-他绝不能达到40个。Keep going, hit forty-He never hit forty.没问题，兄弟，我现在就塞40个！You got it, buddy, I'm going to forty!来吧。没问题。Do it.No problem.等等。Wait a moment.他做到了。做得好，阿宝。He did it.Well done Po.你的训练还没去呢。Your training is paid off.噢，师傅。我要走了。待会见。Oh, master Shifu.Gotta go.See you later.那些包子你会帮我留着是吧？ You'll save those to me, right? 心如止水。Inner peace.心如止水。Inner peace.心如止水。Inner peace.师傅。Master Shifu.师傅。什么情况？有海盗吗？ Master Shifu.What do we got? Pirates? 还是火山上的山贼？ Vandals of volcano mountain? 不管是什么我都会把他们干掉，因为我在很有状态。Whatever it is I will take them down.Cuz I'm in the mood 我得找些事干干，你知道我的意思吧？ I need to get something done, you know what I mean? 你在干什么呢？ What are you doing? 龟仙大师的最终教义之一。One of Master Oogways' final teachings.太牛了。你是怎么做到的？ Awesome.How did you do that? 心如止水。-心如止水，太酷了！Inner peace.-Inner peace.that cool!心如什么样的止水？-这是你下一阶段的训练内容。Inner peace of what?-It's the next phase of your training.每一位高手都必需找到令自己心如止水的方法。Every master must find his path to inner peace.有些人在一个山洞里冥想了50年，就像这样。Some chose to meditate for 50 years in a cave just like this.基本上不吃也不喝。Without the slightest taste of food or water.或者？有些人精神和肉体上都备受折磨，和我一样。Or? some find pain and suffering as I did.阿宝，在你被选为神龙大侠的那一天 Po, the day you was chosen to be Dragon Warrior „是我一生中最糟糕的日子。...was the worst day of my life.到目前为止，没有一样东西是像样的。By far, nothing else came close.这曾是最痛苦，令人心碎，可怕的时刻，-好吧。It was the most painful, mind destroying, horrible moment,-Okay.我之前从来没有体验过的。I have ever experienced.但自从我发现问题并不在于你，而是在于我 But once I realized the problem was not you, but within me 我领悟到了心如止水，从而能够利用宇宙之量。I found inner peace, and was able to harness the flow of the universe.就这样，我只需要心如止水？ So that's it, I just need inner peace? 我的内心已经是非常非常平静的了。My inner is already super-super peaceful 那么我只需要做的，就是发挥它的作用。So i only need to do, just get this thing going.心如止水，你完了。Inner peace, You're going down.现在让我看看你的脚之前是怎么弄的，我只看到你那漂亮的„ Now show me what you were doing with your feet, I saw you just show a fancy...阿宝！Po!有强盗，正在朝音乐家们的村子进发。Bandits, approaching from the musicians' village.危险。让音乐家们来点动感音乐吧，因为好戏开始了。Danger.Tell those musicians to start playing some action music, cuz it is on.不要担心师傅，我会参悟心如止水的，只要我一回来。Don't worry Shifu, I will master inner peace, as soon as I get back.这回可不是玩过家家。No snack stop this time.哈哈哈！过家家。Ha-ha-ha!Snack stop.等等，你是说真的？ Wait, are you serious? 把你能找到的金属全带走 Get all the metal you can find 拿走这些金属。Grab the metal.救命，救命，救命。Help, help, help.都在这了。走吧。That's everything.Let’s get out of here.正义之翅。Wings of justice.神龙大侠。The dragon warrior.熊猫？这不可能。Panda? That's impossible.我的拳头正等着伸张正义呢。My fist hunger for justice.这是我的„拳头。This was my...fist.干掉他们。Get them.来吧。Come on.尝尝这个。Take that.阿宝，有箭来！Po, incoming！谢啦，螳螂。Thank you, Mantis.虎妞，过来双管齐下。Tigress, double-jump strike.旋风腿！Feet of Fury！虎妞。Tigress.猴子。毒蛇。Monkey.Viper.螳螂。小兔兔。什么？ Mantis.Bunny.What? 噢，不好意思。oh sorry.仙鹤，上。我就来了。Crane, go, I’m on it.大家都没事吧？ Is everyone ok? 太棒了！Awesome!这个给我吧。I got this.太菜了，黑白怪。Shoo on that, Toby!你还好吧？怎么了？ Are you okay? What happened? 我想我看到了 I think I saw 我想„ I think...我要走了 I gotta go 谢谢光临神龙大侠面豆腐。Thank you for coming in Dragon Warrior Noodles and Tofu.还要茶吗？柠檬酱？有什么需要，尽管说。More tea? Lemon sauce? If you need anything, just ask.谢谢。Thank you.神龙战士的地拖。他肯定很穷了。Dragon Warrior's mop.He might be very poor 不要碰，你会弄脏它的。No touching, you'll get the mop dirty.他曾在招呼着我呢。-太棒了。He was waiting on me.-awesome.我有证据证明。神龙大侠在哪里？ I have a stand to prove it.Where is the Dragon Warrior? 他已经不再在这里上班了。He does not work here anymore.他在外头很忙的。保护着这个山谷呢 He's busy out there.Protecting the valley 神龙大侠.-阿宝。The Dragon Warrior.-Po.好，行。Here, ok 你应该告诉我你要过来。You should have told me you would come.嗨，爸。Hi dad.我会帮你留点臭豆腐。-额。I would save you some stinky tofu.-Ah.额，我可以和你说句话吗？-当然可以了，儿子。Ah, can I talk to you?-Of course, son.以我儿子之威名：免费豆腐甜点全场供应„ In honor of my son: Free Tofu desserts for everybody...不过得先消费。...with purchases.看到你很高兴，阿宝。So good to see you.Po.你是不是减肥了。Have you lost weight.我差不多能用我的翅膀抱你一圈了。I could almost put my wings around you.也许有一点点。Maybe a little.阿宝，你肯定感到很虚弱，让我给点做点汤吧。Po, you must feel weak, Let me get you some soup.不用了，爸。我不饿。That's ok dad.I'm not hungry.不饿？阿宝，你没事吧？ Not hungry? Po you alright? 没事，我很好，我只是 Yeah, I'm fine, I just 今天早些时候我在打强盗。没什么危险的 Earlier today, I was fighting with the bandits.Nothing too dangerous 他们只是„你知道的。They were just..you know.然后一件非常奇怪的事情发生了，And then, a strangest thing happened, 我看到了一个奇妙的画画。I had a crazy vision.我想我看到我妈了，我还看到了自己是个婴儿。I think i saw my mom.And me as a baby.妈？婴儿？ Mom? a Baby? 爸？ Dad? 他在说什么？ What he talk about? 我该怎么说好呢？ How do I say this? 我是从哪里来的？ Where did I come from? 嗯，你知道，儿子。Well you see, son.小鹅就来自一个小鹅蛋。Baby geese come from a little egg.不要问我蛋是从哪里来的。Don’t ask me where the egg come from.爸，我不是这个意思。Dad, it is not what I meant.我知道不是。I know it's not.我想现在是时候告诉一些事。I think this is time to tell you something.我早就应该告诉你的。I should have told you a long time ago.你可以算得上是 You might have been kind of 被收养的吧。Adopted.我就知道。你知道？谁告诉你的？ I knew it.-You knew? Who told you? 没有人。我是说，不要这样，爸。No one.I mean, come on dad.但如果你早就知道了，为什么你什么都不说呢？ But if you knew it, Why didn't you ever say anything? 你为什么又什么都不说？ Why didn't you say anything? 我是怎么到这里的？我是从哪里来的？ How did I get here dad? Where did I come from? 实际上 Actually 你是从这个来的。You came from this.那是我在餐馆平常的一天，It was just another day at a restaurant, 做面条的时候 Time to make a noodle 我走到后面。I went out to the back.蔬菜刚刚被送到那里。Where the vegetables had just been delivered.那里有白菜，大头菜，萝卜„ There were cabbages, turnips, radishes...但没有萝卜。Only there was no radish.只有一只非常饥饿的熊猫宝宝。Just a very hungry baby panda.没有字条。There was no note.当然也有可能让你吃了。Of course you could eat it.我在等着是不是有人会来找你 I waited for someone to come looking for you 但没有人。But no one did.我把你带到里面 I brought you in side 喂你 Fed you 给你洗澡 Gave you a bath 再喂你，And fed you again, 再喂。And again.我试着给你穿裤子。I tried to put some pants on you.然后我做了一个会永远改变我一生的决定。And then i made a decision would change my life forever.做没有萝卜的汤。To make my soup without radishes.还有把你当作自己儿子一样抚养。And to raise you as my own son.小宝，我的小熊猫。Sao Po.My little panda.从那时开始，我的汤和人生 And from that moment on, both my soup and my life 都变得甜美了很多。Have been much sweeter.我的小宝，事情就是这样子了。My little Po, Is this the end of the story.看着我。不，不要看着我。Look at me.No, do not look at me.就这么多？ That's it? 这不可能只是这样。这肯定还有更多的事。That can't be it.That have to be more dad.有次你把我所有的竹子家具都吃光了。Well, there were the time you ate all my bamboo furniture.这件事也很重要。It was important too.一个饺子，神龙大侠尺寸的。One dumpling please, Dragon Warrior size.噢，阿宝，你人生的开始也许不算好 Oh Po, your story may not have such a happy beginning 但看看你现在的生活 but look how it turn out 你有我，你有功夫，你还有面条。You got me, you got kungfu, and you got noodles.我知道，我只是有太多的问题了。I know, I just have so many question.比如我是如何能够被放在这个这么小的篮子里。Like how I ever fit in this tiny basket.我为什么不喜欢裤子。Why didn't i like pants.还有，我是谁？ And who am I? 好，注意你的战术。Good, Watch your thought.好。Good.沈王爷？ Shen? 下午好，先生们。Good afternoon, gentlemen.客套的话我们就不多说了。Now we've got the pleasantries out of the way.请离开我的宅子。Please leave my house.你的宅子？ Your house? 对，你没看到前门上那只孔雀吗？ Yes, Didn't you see the peacock in the front door? 你在这呢，羊仙姑。There you are, Soothsayer.看来你的运气和占卜术并没有你想象中那么好。It seem your fortune and skills are not as good as you thought.我们尽管看看，沈王爷。We shall see, Shen.你尽管看看，老山羊，我们说到哪了 You shall see, old goat, where were we 你想要什么东西，姓沈的？-本来就属于我的东西„ What do you want Shen?-What is rightfully mine...宫门城。Gongmen city.宫门城现在归武委会管理。Gongmen is under stewardship of the master council.我们将会守护它。And we will protect it.即使要面对的是你。Even from you.你这样想我很高兴。I'm so glad you feel that way.否则他们带那份礼物来就没什么用处了。Otherwise they drag that gift for nothing.箱子里装的是什么，姓沈的？ What's in the box, Shen ? 想看吗？这是份礼物啊。Want to see it? It's a gift.这是你的分解礼物。It is your parting gift.它会将你分解。It will part you.一部分的你分解在这里，一部分的你分解在那里，Part of you here, part of you there, 还一部分的你分解在你曾在位置上„ and part of you where you were there...粘在墙上。staining the wall.你这个无礼的白痴！You insolent fool！

很好。-这只是一个警告。Show off.-That is a warning.你的功夫并不是我们的对手。You are no match for our kungfu.我同意，但这个是。I agree, but this is.你知不知道宫门城大师？ Are you familiar with the master of Gongmen city? 雷犀牛大师？是的。Master thundering Rhino? Yes.传说中飞天犀牛的儿子？-是的。Son of the legendary Flying Rhino?-Yes.在恶狼谷手刃一万条蛇的杀手？ And the slayer of ten thousands serpents in the valley of Wolf？

他已经死了。这个，这个不可能。He's dead.That, that is impossible.犀牛角防守能够对抗任何武术。Rhino's horn defense is impervious to any technique.并不是武术。沈王爷发明了一种武器。There were no technique.Lord Shen has created a weapon.一种可以利用烟火发射出金属的武器。One the breathes firer and spits metal.除非他被制止，不然这有可能为功夫画上句号。Unless he is stopped, This could be the end of kungfu.我才刚刚学会功夫而已。But I just got kungfu.现在你要去拯救它了。And now you must save it.去吧！毁掉那武器，Go!Destroy this weapon, 将沈王爷绳之于法。and bring Lord Shen to justice.好，我们出发吧。Ok here we go.等一等，我怎么能办到这件事？ Wait a second, how can I do this 我是说，功夫如何能终结一个把功夫终结的东西。I mean how kungfu stop something that stop kungfu.记住了神龙大侠，任何事都有可能 Remember Dragon Warrior, anything is possible 当你心如止水的时候。when you have inner peace.心如止水。Inner Peace.止水了。Peace on.阿宝，我帮你准备了旅行袋。Po.I get you travel bag.我帮你准备了一个星期的食物，饼干，I pack you food for week, cookies, 小面包，蔬菜，甚至连你全部的玩偶。buns, vegetables, and even pack all your action figures.我不知道这是什么东西。I don’t know what those are.我之前压根就没见过这些东西。Never seen them before in my life.爸，你在我的老虎姐姐身上弄了条划痕。Dad, you make a scratch on my tigress.我还为了准备了画像，我们在一起最快乐的时光，I also pack your painting, the best time together, 只是为了以防你感到孤独。just in case you get lonely.这是你和我在做面条，That me and you making noodles, 这是你和我在吃面条。and that me and you eating noodles.这是我让你骑大马时的样子。And that me giving you a piggy back ride.真可爱，我得再想想要不要给你这张。That cute, on second thought, I'll hang on to this one.嗯，他们在等我呢。Hey, they are waiting for me.当然了，你有事要去做。离家很远。Of course, you have a job to do.Far from home.一个陌生的城市，充满了陌生人和陌生的面条。A strange city, filled with strange people and strange noodles.面对着可怕的危险，这有可能让你永远也回不来。Facing horrible danger, which could you never return.不要走，阿宝。Don’t go, Po.我必需走，我是神龙大侠，I got to go, I'm Dragon Warrior, 拯救功夫就是我的使命。It's kind of my job to save kungfu.如果我不做，我会是什么？ And if I don't.What am I? 你是我的儿子。You are my son.是吗？ Right? 阿宝，要走了。Po, it's time.再见。Goodbye.不要担心，平先生，他会在你说“面条”前就会回来了(指很快能回来)。Don’t worry, Mr.Ping, He will be back before you can say “noodles”.面条。Noodles.快点伙计们，冲吧。Come on guys, let's go.妈妈。Momma 妈，爸？是你们吗？妈！爸！Mom? Dad? is that you? Mom!Dad!噢，嗨，嘿嘿，儿子，你回来了。Oh hi, hey hey, son, you are back.宝贝，你在这里干什么？ Honey, what are you doing here? 但我以为„-我们把你换了一个可爱的萝卜。But I thought„-We replaced you, dear, with a lovely radish.萝卜？ Radish? 他安静，礼貌，功夫也不错。He is quiet, polite, and frankly does better kungfu.等等。Wait.大头菜。Radish.心如止水。Inner peace.心如止水。Inner peace.心如止水。Inner peace.我在训练呢。I'm training.桅杆可不是个好对手。The mast is not a worthy opponent.我准备好了。I'm ready.好吧，挺认真的。Ok.So serious.我想我还是打桅杆比较好。I think I prefer the mast.对不起，我以前训练的时候经常徒手击打铁木树。Apologize, I used to punch iron wood tree by the paws in training.现在我什么都感觉不到。Now I feel nothing 这可真的很酷。That is severely cool.再来。Again.那么击打铁木树这事，So this punching iron wood tree, 你花了多长时间去练。how long did you have to do that.20年。-噢20，20年。Twenty years.-Oh twenty, twenty years.有没有快点方法？你知道啊，就是练到没感觉的程度。Is there any faster way? You know until don't feel anything.没有。除此之外„ No.Besides„

我不觉得勤学苦练的方式适合你。I don't think hard style is your thing.阿宝。你在这里干什么？ Po.Why do you really out here? 我刚刚发现我爸不是我真正的爸。I just found out my dad isn't really my dad.你父亲？那只鹅。Your father? The Goose.对你肯定打击不小。Must have been quite a shock.是啊。Yea.这事困扰你吗？ And this bother you? 开什么玩笑，我们是大侠，不是吗？ Are you kidding me? We are warriors, right? 钢一般的神经，铁一般的意志。就像你一样。Nerves of steel, souls of Platinum.Like you.那么铁石心肠，就什么都感觉不到了。So hardcore, you don't feel anything.我„你们在谈什么呢？ I was...What are you talking about? 没什么。Nothing.阿宝的正为爸爸的事烦恼。Po is having daddy issue.我很幸运，我爸爸没有任何问题。I'm so lucky, I don't have any problem with my dad.因为我妈在我出生前就把他的头吃掉了。我不知道。Because my mother ate his head before i was born.I don't know.螳螂，这不是关于你的事，阿宝才是那个不知所措的人。Mantis, it is not about you, Po is the one freaking out.我没有不知所措。I'm not freaking out.阿宝。Po.我不知所谓。I'm freaking in.阿宝！-啥？ Po!-what? 我们到了，宫门城。We are here, Gongmen city.我父亲的王位。My father's throne.他经常让我在旁边玩。He always let me play here beside him.向我保证有一天这王位会是我的。Promising someday this throne would be mine.向左一点。A little to the left.但这个很重啊，师傅。But it is so heavy, Master.三十年了，我就在等这一刻。Thirty years, I've waited for this moment.每一样东西都必需和我设想的一样。Everything must be exactly how I've envisioned.我设想的就是，再往左一点。And I envisioned, a little to the left.完美。Perfect.凭借着这件武器，在我„再往左边一点。With the weapon, by my..left a bit more.凭借着这件在我旁边的武器，整个天下都将臣服于我。With the weapon, by my side, all china will be bowed for me 我们将在三天后出发，We move out in 3 days, 在那月满潮涨之时。when the moon is full and the tide is high.现在你这只老山羊，为何不跟我说说我的„ Now you old goat, why don’t you tell me my...财富？ Fortune? 未来，我说的是未来。The future, I was going to say the future.瞧瞧你的碗，Looking to your bowl, 告诉我什么样的辉煌在等着我 And tell me what glorious waits 如果你继续在你现在这条路上走下去„ If you continue on your current path...你会发现你自己„ You will find yourself...走下了这个台阶。At the bottom of this stair.我看到 I see...我看到 I see...我看到了痛楚。I see pain.还有愤怒。And anger.好大的胆子，这可是全省最名贵的衣服。How dare you, That is the finest suit in the province.我也这样认为。Followed by denial.这不是叫预言，你只是在说什么样事情发生在...This is not fortune telling.you just say what is happening right„ 现在？ Now? 现在是最重要的时刻。The most important time is now.但如果你真的想看到未来„ But if you really want to see the future...你看到了什么？ What do you see? 一只孔雀...A peacock...被一个黑白勇士所打败了。is defeated by a warrior of black and white.什么都没有改变。Nothing has changed.这是不可能的，你知道的。That's impossible.and you know it.这并不是不可能的，他也知道。It is not impossible.And he knows it.谁？ Who? 沈王爷。我看到一只熊猫了。-一只熊猫？ Lord Shen.I saw a pandas.-A panda? 一个武林中人，他身手不凡。A kungfu warrior, he fought like a demon.又大又勇，又软又茸。Big and fury, soft and squashy.毛长长的很可爱。Kind of plushy and cuddly.现在已经再也没有熊猫了。There are no more pandas.就算他眼神不好，他也能看到真相。Even with the poor eye sight, he can see the truth.为什么？是你看不到吗？ Why? Is that you cannot? 找到这只熊猫，然后带回来给我。Find this panda and bring him to me.遵命！Yes, sir.一只熊猫活着，并不能证明你是对的。One panda lives, that does not make you right.你说得对，但我也对，因为对所以对。You are right, being right makes me right.那我就把他杀了，然后让你错。Then I will kill him and make you wrong.你给我住口！Would you stop that!城的另一边肯定是沈王爷的宫殿。That must be Shen’s palace in the other side of the city.太好了，我们就直接走到塔下然后宣布„ Great, we march to the tower and proclaim...我们是神龙大侠和盖世五侠 We are the Dragon Warrior and Furious Five 我们要将你绳之于法。and we are here to bring you justice.你在搞什么？ What are you doing? 这里满街都是狼啊。This place is crawling with wolves.嘿，那个不是用锤子砸你脸的家伙吗。Hey, isn't that the guy who hammered you in the face.我不喜欢那个家伙„ I do not like that guy...我们要在不被狼发现的情况下到达那个塔。We need to get to that town without being spotted by those wolves.明白，潜行模式。Got it.Stealth Mode.哦~ Ow~ 你好，呵呵呵呵，我„ Hello.Hehehehe, I...好吧。管他呢，我之前到哪里了？ OK.anyway, Where was I? 阿宝呢？那么大块头我们怎么走散了？ Where is Po? How can we lose a guy that big? 伙计们，伙计们。Guys, guys? 阿宝„-不好意思。Po...-Sorry.那么这就是所谓的潜行模式了，嗯？ So that was stealth mode huh? 老实说吧，这不是我的强项。Be honest, not one of my stronger mode.你还有更多的金子吧，快点拿出来。You got more gold.Come on.这米是生的。This rice is raw.你把我的锅偷给沈王爷了。You stole of my metal pots for Lord Shen.要么你煮我的饭要么我把你煮了。-我的锅„ Either you cook my rice or I cook you.-My pot is...阿宝，想想办法。Po, do something.我怎么才能在不被捉的情况下帮他做饭？ How am I supposed to help the cook-rice without getting caught? 等等。我有个更好的主意。Wait.I have a better idea.一„嘿。嘿。One hey? hey? 我们来这里是为了解放这座城还有将姓沈的绳之于法。We are here to liberate the city and bring Shen to justice.你会需要帮助的。You will need help 谢谢了，勇敢的羊。但这太危险了，我不能让你„ Thank you, brave sheep.But it was too dangerous and I can't let you...噢，不是我。在这里说话不安全。-对。Oh, not me.It's not safe to speak here.We'll get inside, and then...-And then you'll be stopped!被那无法阻止的武器。By the unstoppable weapon.没有什么是无法阻止的。除了我，Nothing is unstoppable.Except for me，当我在阻止你跟我说有些东西是不可阻止的时候。When I'm stopping you from telling me something unstoppable.牛师傅，我不会让你待在这个牢房里的！Master Ox, I'm not let you stay in the cell!我倒想看看你怎么把我弄出去！I like to see you get me out!你看到了吗？这就叫给力了！You guys see that? It's called being awesome!拜托！当英雄又怎么了？ Come on!whatever happened being hero? 这个城里的唯一的英雄，已经死了。The only hero in this town, is a dead one.正如我所说，你不能让我离开这个牢房！Like I said, you are not getting me out of the cell!成了！Yes!好了。走吧！Alright.Let's go!我要睡上铺。I get the top bunk.是时候投降了，熊猫。It's time to surrender, panda.功夫已经死了。Kung-Fu is dead!我„ I..你„你„功夫已经死„死„了。You..You..Kung-Fu is a dea..aa.ad!好吧！Fine!你就留在你恐惧之牢里吧！You stay in your prison of fear!被绝望制成的高墙所囚禁。With bars made of hopelessness.你们一日三餐虽然丰盛但却充满„耻辱。And all you get is 3 square meals a day of...Shame.还有绝望甜点。With despair for dessert.我们会搞定姓沈的。We'll take on Shen.向所有渴望正义的人证明！And prove to all those who hunger for justice!向所有渴望荣誉的人证明，功夫仍然存在。And honor, 'The Kung-Fu still lives'.耶！Yeah!猴子！Monkey!嘎嘎！Gaga!你„你是我的了。You..You're mine!我会告诉你什么将会是你的。I'll tell you what's gonna be yours.我那打在你毛茸茸脸的拳头。My fist in your plush cuddly super soft face.呃-噢！Uh-ouh!捉住他！Get him!带我离开这里！-遵命！-Get me out of here!-Yes, sir!阻止他！-耶！Stop him!-Yeah!快点！Faster!阿宝，冲啊！Po, go!甩掉他！-遵命！Lose him!-Yes, sir!稳住了！Hang on!注意了！Watch out!很卑鄙！Very uncool!尝尝这个！Try this!伙计们，伙计们，伙计们。Guys, guys, guys.或者来点小东西。Maybe something small.噢，不要！Oh, no!你们最好别挡我的脸！You better get off my face!让一下！好了，让一下。Pardon me!Ok, pardon me.有火！有火！Fire!Fire!我们跟丢他们了。We lost them.耶！再来一次！Yeah!Again!仙鹤，接住了！Crane, catch!伙计们，伙计们，伙计们„助我一把！Guys, guys, guys..give me a shot!螳螂，就是现在！Mantis, now!这就是你的全部本事吗？ Is that all you got to defeat us 像一团又大又软的云就想来击败我们？ like a big old fluffy cloud！这可是一片带电云！This cloud is about to bring the thunder!到你了！Your turn!为什么会有„这么„多„招牌啊？ Why there are..so..many...signs? 到这边来！Come here!我会将你像壁球一样打。I like to squash you.好！失败的滋味。Yes!Taste of the defeat.我跟你说件事„ Let me tell you something..你下次你惹上一只熊猫的时候，你最好带上„ Next time you mess with a panda, you better bring a whole...我猜没人告诉过你；如果你惹上了一只狼„ Guess nobody told you;If you miss with a wolf..你就会被撕成碎片。You'll get the fangs.我打了你两次„ I hit you twice..你现在准备怎么做？ What are you gonna do now? 我们投降了！We surrender!你可以锁住我的身体，但你永远也锁不住我的„斗志。You could chain my body but you will never chain my..warrior spirit.嘿，不要忘了这小东西！-你是在说我„ Hey, don't forget the little guy!-Did you just called me..阿宝，你在搞什么？ Po, what're you doing? 相信我，我有一个计划哇哇哇！Trust me, I gotta a...pla..ww!不可能！No way!八针连环锁！Eight-point acupuncture cuffs!就像锁太郞那个锁，越挣扎就锁得越紧„ Just like the one that held Tai Lung, the more you move the tighter they get...这是“最”牛的锁了。These are “the” best cuffs.你好啊，熊猫。终于我们见面了。Greetings, panda.At last we meet.不，不，不，不„ No.No, no, no..我们终于见面了。We meet at last!没错！就是这样！Yes!That's it!你好啊，熊猫。我们见面„ Greetings, panda.We meet at..你害怕是因为一个理由。You are afraid for a reason.我没有害怕。I'm not afraid.他来的时候是被锁着的。He's coming to me in chains.有谁该感到害怕？ Have anyone should be afraid? 你！You!这个你想也不用想。Don't you even think about it.我希望这个计划能变得比你那„ I hope this turns out better than your plan to...吃生米喝开水在胃里做饭的计划要管用。cook rice in your stomach by eating it raw and then drinking boiling water.这个计划和那个计划一点都不像。This plan's nothing like that plan.为什么？ How? 这个计划肯定管用！Cuz is one's gonna work!继续走。Keep moving.噢„我的老对手！Ah...My old enemy!楼梯！Stairs!感谢抬我上来，这是最后一程了。Thanks for carrying me.This is last free flight.好了。我在三楼吐了点东西，Okay.I threw up a little bit on the third floor, 有人得去清扫一下。Someone might wanna clean that up.这里有没有像黑道清洁工，或者其他人的？ There's some sort of evil janitor, or something? 你好啊，熊猫。我们最终见„ Greetings, panda.We meet at...嘿，你好吗？ Hey, how you doing? 嘿„ Hey...你比我想的长大了不小嘛。You've grown up bigger than I thought.嘿，好了。不要毛手毛脚的。Hey, okay.enough of the poking around.强壮。Strong.健康。Healthy.听着，我不知道你是谁，但请你站远点，先生。Look, I don't know who you are.But please stand aside, sir.这是位女士！That's a lady!噢..对不起！Oh..Sorry!这胡子误导了我。The beard threw me, it's kind of misleading.样子真悲剧。False avatar.废话少说！Enough of this nonsense!把犯人带到我跟前。Bring the prisoners to me.失陪了，夫人。准备好了，伙计们，注意观察那件„ Sorry ma'am.Get ready guys, keep your eyes peeled for the..武器！Weapon!麻雀回旋踢！Sparrow kick!我们做到了！我刚把它“功夫”掉了。你们看到了吗？ We did it!I just Kung-Fued it.Did you guys see that? 我刚才就像„ I was all like..哇！Waao!你真的相信这个就是命中注定要打败我的大侠吗？ Do you actually believe this is the warrior destined to defeat me? 我不相信！I do not!但我知道他就是。I know he is.看看他！Look at him!用一辈子来策划的复仇计划，他却是跪着来见我的。A lifetime to plot his revenge, and he comes me on his knees.一辈子„哇哇哇！我可没有用了一辈子的时间。A life time..Wo-wo-wo!I did not have a life time.我们只是在几天前听说过犀牛大师的事，We only heard about master Rhino a few days ago, 我们是来帮他报仇的！And we've came to avenge him!你只是来报仇的，没其他事了？ You've come to avenge, nothing else? 嗯，有。那些你偷的锅锅盘盘，Well, Yeah.All the pots and pants that you stole, 我们要拿回来。I want those back.没其他事了？ Nothing else? 你之前可能还做过其他坏事。You probably did some evil stuffs along the way.我不知道。你还做了什么事？ I don't know.What else did you do? 你不知道？-知道什么？ You don't know?-Know what? 有什么好笑的？ What's so funny? 很多事。Many things.你真的一点都不知道？ Did you clearly do not know? 好了，不要再拐弯抹角了！Okay, enough for these riddles!你们能不能有话就直说？ Would you guys spill the beans? 首先，我们进来了然后看到这武器是很小的。First we know, we came in and the weapon is tiny.很惊喜，其实是大的。Surprise, it's big.然后，这边的女士，我以为是男人，他„ And then, lady over here, I think is a guy, he's got 你现在还活着的唯一一个原因，The only reason you're still alive, 是我发现你很笨和可笑。Is that I find your stupidity, mildly amusing.额，谢谢。但我发现你的恶行真的很烦人！Well, thank you.But I found your evilness extremely annoying!你以为你是谁，熊猫？ Who do you think you are, panda? 你以为我又是谁，孔雀？ Who do you think am I, peacock? 我们在笑什么？ Why are we laughing? 干掉他。Take him.点火！Fire!啊，点火啊。Well, light that thing.我点了啊。I did!虫子在此！Here the bug!拿下那武器！Get the weapon!虎妞！Tigress!你„你曾在那里。-是的，我曾在。You...You were there.-Yes.Yes, I was!你刚让姓沈的跑掉了。You just let Shen get away.起码我们毁掉了那件武器。We destroyed the weapon.开火！Fire!呃，不！他还有更多。Uh..No!He's got a way more.哇！Wow!我的翅膀！My wings!救命，阿宝！-来了！Help, Po!-Coming!小心！Watch out!阿宝！Po!拉我上去！-不，放他下去。Help me up!-No.Get him down.抓住那些绳子。Use the ropes.跑呀，跑呀，小熊猫！Run, run.Little panda!起来！我们需要你集中精神。Come on!We need you to focus.我知道了，我知道了！I've got it, I've got it!炸掉他们！Bring 'em down!我们被困住了！-这边！We trapped!-This way.再见了！Good bye!开火！Fire!回去！Get back!唯一的出路就是上面。The only way out is up.什么？ What? 跟着我。Follow me.快点！Come on!他们在去哪里？ Where are they going? 到顶部！To the top!快点，继续跑！Come on, keep going!我们来了！Here we go!你这个笨蛋！You idiot!我的鼻子！My nose!召集狼，所有的狼！Call in the wolves..All of them!我要他们做好出发的准备！I want them ready to move!孔雀年现在开始了！The year of the peacock, begins now!现在？ Right now? 因为现在只是一年之中的中旬。'Cause it's the middle of the year.所以你只剩下一半的孔雀年了。So you only get, like a half of the year of peacock.今年就是，当然了，孔雀年。And this is the year, of course, of the peacock.新年快乐，长官！Happy new year, sir!让狼们准备好了。Get the wolves ready.我们现在装船，马上。We're loading the ships, now.马上！Now!马上，马上，马上„！Now, now, now...!快点，快点，快点。Move, move, move.这边。This way.走！Go!噢„是你！Oh..You!你干了什么好事？ What did you do? 上面这么乱。阻止姓沈的的时候发生什么事了？ It's chaos up there.What happened to stopping Shen? 是啊。Yeah.伙计们，拜托！请给我点信任嘛。Guys, come on!Give me a little credit.我特意放走他，I meant for him, to get away, 是因为„这是个计策，是条计谋。'Cause..It's a trick, it was a plot!我当时在想，嗯，搞清楚他的诡计。I was thinking, uh, figure out his plot...more.这一点，都不合理。That makes, no sense.你是什么意思？这当然合理了。What you mean? It sure does.阿宝，说事实！你抓到了姓沈的。Po, the truth!You had Shen.发生什么事了？ What happened? 你在说什么？我不知道，你在说什么？ What're you talking about? I don't know, what are you talking about? 额，对！额„他把我吓着了。Uh..Yeah!Ahh..He caught me off guard.事实！The truth!好吧！Fine!他们会保护你的安全。They'll keep you far from danger.非常安全。Real far.什么？ What? 你留在这里。You're staying here.等„等！Wa..Wait!我得回去。I have to go back.你留在这里。You are staying here.我就是要走，而且你阻止不了我！I'm going ,and you can't stop me!好吧，我刚才没有准备好。Okay, I wasn't ready that time.伙计们，不要！Guys, don't!准备好了！Ready!看！Look!不要打了。Stay down.我一定要找他。I have to get to him.那么就告诉我为什么。Then tell me why.他曾在那里。行吗？ He was there.Okay? 那只孔雀曾在那里，我最后看到我父母的时候。The peacock was there, the last time I saw my parents.他知道发生了什么事情。He knows what happened.我从哪里来。Where I came from.我是谁。Who I am.听着，我要走了。Look, I'm going.我一定要知道。I have to know.“铁石心肠”是理解不了的。The hardcore can't understand.虎妞„不要！Tigress...No!“铁石心肠”可以理解。The hardcore do understand.但我不能看着我的朋友被杀。But I can't watch my friend be killed.我们走了。We're going.嘿！也许你不能看着我被杀。Hey!Maybe you can't watch me be killed.不要做个懦夫。Stop being a wimp.她变回来了。And..She's back.不要担心，孩子。Don't worry, kid.你离开这里比较好。You’re better off here.你错了，羊仙姑。You’re wrong, Soothsayer.今晚我们就要向胜利前进了。We sail to victory tonight.你那神奇的熊猫是个不折不扣的笨蛋。Your magic panda is clearly a fool.你确定那个笨蛋就是那只熊猫吗？ Are you certain it's the panda who is a fool? 你刚刚摧毁你了祖上的家宅。You just destroyed your ancestor's home Shen.一个无关重要的牺牲。A trivial sacrifice.当整个天下都属于我的时候！When all of the China is my reward!这样你就感到满足了吗？ Then will you finally be satisfied? 征服了这个世界 Will the subjugation of the whole world 会最终让你感觉好些吗？ finally make you feel better? 嗯„这只是个开始。Hmm...It's a start.我也许也要把地下室改成地牢。I might as well convert the basement into a dungeon.你选择的这条路是没有尽头的。The cup you choose to fill has no bottom.现在是时候停手了！It's time to stop this madness!我为什么要这样做？ Why on Earth would I do that? 你的父母就可以得到安息了。So your parents can rest in peace.我的父母„ My parents...恨我！Hated me!你明白吗？ Do you understand? 他们不应如此对待我。They wronged me.不过„ And...我会证明我做的是对的。I will make it right.你父母爱你。They loved you.他们是多么的爱你，所以他们因为驱逐你离开而难过致死。They loved you so much, that having to send you away kill them.死亡存在于过去。The dead exist in the past.我必需放眼于未来。And I must attend to the future.把羊仙姑放了吧。Set the Soothsayer free.她对我再也没有作用了。She is not a use to me.别了，沈王爷。Good bye, Shen.我愿你过得幸福。I wish you happiness.幸福，必需是夺回来的。Happiness, must be taken.而且我会夺到属于我的（幸福）。And I will take mine.快点！Hurry it up!如果那些武器全部离开这间工厂„ If all of those weapons leave the building...天下将沦陷。China will fall.我们毁掉这间工厂。-明白。We bring down the building.-I got it.这样如何？ How about this? 这肯定有用！That's will work!好了，行动吧。-我感觉不到我的脸了。Alright, let's go.-I can't feel my face.靠，孔雀年！Dumb hell crow, year of Peacock!嘿！Hey!嘿！Hey.好的，淡定，淡定。Ok, keep it cool, keep it cool.你！You!你要去哪里？ Where you going? 站起来！On your feet!不要像傻B一样在笑！And wipe those stupid grins off your faces!动起来！快点，快点！Move, you dogs!Faster, faster!装船。Load the boat.你好啊，熊猫！Greetings, panda!告诉我那天晚上发生什么事了？ Tell me what happened that night? 哪天晚上？ What night? 那天晚上！That night!哦„那天晚上。Ahh..That night.对。Yes.是的，我曾在那里。Yes, I was there.是的，我看着你父母把你遗弃了。Yes, I watched your parents abandoned you.真是件可怕的事情。It's a terrible thing.我觉得，和这个差不多！I believe, when something like...This!新年礼物！Happy New Year's gift!希望你们喜欢。因为你们不可以退回来的！Hope you like it.'Cause you can't return it!阿宝？他在那边干什么？ Po? What's he doing there? 退了它，退了它！Return it!Return it!你愿不愿意以死来找出真相？ Are you willing to die, to find the truth.你认为我愿意。You bet I am.虽然我希望不要。Although I prefer not to.他们交给我们了，你快走！We got them, Go!在找我吗？ Looking for me? 我说得太早了，是不是？ I said that too soon, Didn't I? 阿宝！Po!阿宝，离他远点！Po, get away from him!不要再跑了，姓沈的。No more running, Shen.好像只能这样了。So it seems.现在„ Now...答案！Answers!噢，你是那么的想知道啊。Oh, You want to know so badly.你觉得知道了能够安抚你吗？ You think knowing it will heal you? 嗯？ Huh? 修补你灵魂创伤。Fill some craters in your soul.好吧，这就是你的答案。Well, here's your answer.你的父母不爱你。Your parents didn't love you.但在这里，让我安抚你吧！But here...Let me heal you!不要！No!是啊，好像你能让我喝下这个„ Yeah, like you can make me drink that...如果我要你死，If I wanted you dead, 我就会弃置你在河里不管。I would have left you in that river.你为什么要救我？ Why do you save me? 这样你就可以完成你的使命了。So you can fulfill your destiny.你在说什么？ What're you talking about? 我在哪里啊？ Where am I? 这里是哪里？ What's this place? 我很惊讶，你居然还记得那么一点点。I'm surprised you remember so little.但你的确还很小，当然事情发生的时候。But you were so little, when it happened.也许你真的记得。Perhaps you do remember.记得什么？这只是个无聊的噩梦。Remember what? It's just a stupid nightmare.噩梦„ Nightmare..还是记忆？ Or memory? 不要躲了！Stop hiding!这曾是一个繁荣的村庄。This was a thriving vilage.年轻的沈王爷将要成为宫门城继承人。Young Shen was in line to rule Gongmen city.但他想得到更多。But he wanted more.我预言有人将会出来阻止他。I foretold that someone will stand in his way.一只熊猫。A panda!但我永远也预言不了，下一步将会发生什么事。But I never could've foretold, what came next.杀光他们！Kill them all!带上我们的儿子，跑得远远的！Pick our son, and run away!走啊！Go!不要挣扎了。Stop fighting!让它自然地流动吧。Let it flow.你人生的开始也许不算好。Your story may not have such a happy beginning.但是，这并不能决定你是谁。But, that doesn't make you who you are.你的其他部分的人生才能决定。It's the rest of your story.你想成为什么人。Who you choose to be.那么„ So..你是谁，熊猫？ Who are you, panda? 我是阿宝。I am Po.而且我需要顶帽子。And I'm gonna need a hat.真是苦瓜脸。Such sad-sad faces.但现在只能是开心的时刻。But now it's a time only for joy.你们将会成为某种漂亮的东西的一部分。You are going to be part of something, beautiful!一旦我们到了那个码头。Once we reach the harbor 在全世界的面前„ In front of all the world...你和你那华丽的功夫，将会死！You and your precious Kung-Fu, will die!天下，将会向我俯首称臣。And China, will nod and bowed before me.起锚！Set sail!老实说，伙计们，我从来没想过会像这样死掉的。Honesty guys, I never thought I'll die like this.我一直在想我会遇到个好女孩，I always thought I'll meet a nice girl, 然后她吃掉了我的头。And she'll it my head.然后成家，and settle down, 真悲伤！So sad!阿宝也会希望我们能够坚强下去。Po would want us to remain strong.我们不可以绝望的。We cannot give up hope.铁石心肠。是吗？虎妞？ Hardcore.Right? Tigress? 沈王爷，那座桥怎么办？ Lord Shen, what about the bridge? 没有东西能够挡住我。Nothing stands on my way.开火！Fire!你这个懦夫！You coward!阿宝？ Po? 阿宝？ Po? 我究竟要把这只相同的臭熊猫杀多少次？ How many times, do I have to kill this same stinking panda? 姓沈的！Shen!一只熊猫，站在你和你的命运之间！A panda, stands between you and your destiny!什么？ What? 你好好准备接受严厉的正义制裁吧。Prepare yourself for a hot serving of justice.会将恐怖终结！...bring terror to the end!啥？ What? 现在，释放五侠！And now, free the Five!毁灭之拳！Fist of Destruction!好吧。Okay.干掉他！Take him!准备好了？ Ready? 这里啊那里，那里啊这里。This way and that way.That way and this way.没错。Yes.你不可能瞄中我的！You can't follow me!给我，射他！Just, get him!嗯，啊。来了。Yeah.Ha.Here we go.不，不，不要开火！-不要开火。No, no, no..Don't shoot!-Don't shoot!不要开火！-不要开火！Don't shoot!-Don't shoot!不要开火！Don't shoot!不要„ Don't...耶！-不要开火！Yeah!-Don't shoot!火力交叉了！Crossfire!攻击！Attack!拿到你们的自由了！got your freedom!猴子！Monkey!很给力，神龙大侠。Impressive, Dragon Warrior.你的计划是什么？ What's your plan? 第一步，解救你们五个。Step 1: Free the Five.那第二步呢？ What's step 2? 老实说，我以为自己办不到这事。Honestly, I didn't think I'd make it this far.阿宝！Po!在姓沈的到达码头前阻止他。Stop Shen before he gets to the harbor.漂亮！Nice!毒蛇，死亡傀儡！Viper, Puppet of Death.虎妞！Tigress!牛师傅！Master Ox!还有鳄鱼！And Croc!复仇开始了。Vengeance is served.你们为什么„-你那边的朋友„ Why did you...-Your friend there..非常有说服力。Is very persuasive.师傅！Mr.Shifu!快！利用他们的船挡住去路。Quickly!Use their boats to block the way.仙鹤！Crane!正义之翅！Wings of Justice!卡-卡。Ca-ca!什么？ What? 我爱你们！I love you guys!我们为什么不开火啊？ Why aren't we firing? 他们在打我们的炮手呢，长官。They're taking our gunmen, sir.他们就要来了！They're getting close!那就开火啊！去用那炮开火！Fire then!Go fire that gun!但是长官，他们是你的人啊。But sir, they're your own.我说，朝他们开火，开火！I said;Fire at them, fire!不！No!阿宝！Po!虎妞？ Tigress? 正如你所愿...As you wish...收拾完这摊子吧。Let's finish this!开火！Fire!心如止水。Inner peace.心如止水。Inner peace.再来！Again!耶！嗨！Yeah!Hoo!干掉他！Kill him!来人，干掉他！Somebody, kill him!什么？不要！What? No!继续开火！Keep firing.继续开火！Keep firing!受死吧。Skadoosh.你是怎么做„ How did you..你是怎么做到的？ How did you do it? 很简单，只要抬高你的肘子，You know, you just keep your elbows up, 然后放松肩膀。-不是这个！你是如何领悟到静的？ and keep your shoulder loose.-Not that!How did you find peace? 我带走了你的父母！I took away your parents!所有东西！我在你的生命留下了伤痕。Everything!I scarred you for life.知道吗？这就是为什么。伤痕会痊愈。See? That's the thing, Shen.Scars heal.不，不会的。No, they don't.伤口才能痊愈。Wounds heal.噢，是哦。那伤痕会怎么样？ Oh, yeah!What do scars do? 会消失吗？我想。They fade? I guess.我才不管伤痕会怎么样。I don't care what scars do.你应该管，姓沈的。You should, Shen.你得让过去的事过去。因为这已经不重要了。You've got to let go that stuff in the past.'Cause, it's just doesn't matter!唯一重要的事情，The only thing that matters, 是你选择现在成为什么。is what you choose to be now.你说得对。You're right.这样，我选择„ Then, I choose..这个！This!这可是相当的硬朗。That was pretty hardcore.阿宝！这边来！Po!Come here!不要再这样子了，好吗？ Don't ever do that again, please? 看来你好像领悟到了心如止水。It seems you have found, Inner Peace.在这么年轻的时候！At such a young age!其实，我有一个非常棒的老师。Well, I had a pretty good teacher.他不在这里，你这是什么意思？ What do you mean he's not here? 今天是我儿子的生日！It's my son's birthday!他只是想见到神龙大侠而已！All he wanted was to meet the Dragon Warrior!用些豆腐生日蛋糕代替怎么样，嗯？ How about some tofu birthday cake instead.Huh? 你知道吗，我想我们还是下回再来一次。You know? I think we'll just try again another time.你觉得他什么时候会回来？ When do you think he will be back? 我不知道！行吗？我不知道！I don't know!Okay? I don't know!也许，永远也不回来了。Maybe, never!我很担心的。知道吗？ I'm worried.Okay? 但这是我的职责。But that's my job.我是他的爸爸！我意思是„我曾是他的爸爸。I'm his dad!I mean...I was his dad.为什么他会离开去拯救天下啊？ Why did he go and save China? 我知道为什么„但是为什么啊？ I know why...But why? 这只是一只小熊猫！This is one little panda!那么，事情办得怎么样了？ So, how did it go? 你拯救了天下了吗？ Did you saved China? 是的。Yep.嗯，我知道你会的。Well..I knew you would.所以我做好了新的海报。That's why I have new signs made.我的儿子拯救了天下。My son saved China.你也可以，买一个饺子送一个饺子。You too can save, buy one dumpling get one free!嘿，这个方法相当不错。Hey, that's a pretty good deal.你要不要尝一个？ Would you like to try one? 也许等会吧。Maybe later.有些事情我要和你说说。There's something I should tell you.当我离家的时候„ While I was gone...我找到了那个我出生的村子。I found the village where I was born.我知道了，我是如何被放在那个萝卜篮子里。I found out, how I ended up in that radish basket.你知道了？ You did? 我知道我是谁？ I know who I am.你知道？ You do? 我是你的儿子！I'm your son!噢„ Oh..我爱你，爸。I love you, dad.我也爱你，儿子！I love you too, son!美味可口的萝卜。Delicious fat radishes.你应该饿了。让我做点东西给你吃。You probably hungry.Let me cook something for you.你说什么啊，我去做。What're you talking about? I'll cook.不，不。我做。No, no.I'll cook.爸？！Dad?!这是我力所能及的事，你拯救了天下。This is something I can do, you saved China!不„这是我起码能做的事。你把我抚养成人了。No..It's the least I can do.You raised me!阿宝。-爸。Po?-Dad? 阿宝！Po!好吧。Okay.我们做吧。Let's both cook.一起做。-一起做。Together.-Together.不。我做。No.I'll cook!感谢观看

我的儿子还活着！My son is alive!

第四篇：Positive Psychology哈佛幸福课英文字幕

Positive Psychology – Lecture 1 Tal Ben-Shahar Hi Good morning.It's wonderful to be back here.Wonderful to see you here.I'm teaching this class because I wish a class like this had been taught when I was sitting in your seat as an undergrad here.This does not mean it is a class you wish to be taught, nor does it mean that it is the right class for you.But I hope to doing the next couple of lectures is giving you an idea what this class is about so that you can decide whether or not it is for you.I came here in 1992 And then I had a mini epiphany half way through my sophomore year.I realized that I was in a wonderful place with wonderful students around me, wonderful teachers.I was doing well academically.I was doing well in athletics.I was playing squash at that time.I was doing well socially.Everything was going well.Except for the fact.That I was unhappy.And I didn't understand why.It was then in a matter of moments, that I decided that I had to find out why and become happier.And that was when I switched my concentration from computer science to philosophy and psychology with a single question: how can I become happier? Over time I did become happier.What contributed most to my happiness was when I encountered a new emerging field But essentially research that falls under or within the field of positive psychology.Positive psychology, studying it, applying the ideas to my life has made me significantly happier.It continues to make me happier.And it was when I realized the impact that it had on me that I decided to share it with others.That's when I decided that I wanted to be a teacher and teach in this field.So this is positive psychology, psychology 1504.And we'll be exploring this new, relatively new and fascinating field.And hopefully, we will be exploring more than the field ourselves.When I first taught this class that was back in 2002, I taught it at a seminar and had eight students.Two dropped out.That left me with six.The year after, the class became slightly larger.I had over three hundred students.And then third year when I taught it which was the last time, I had 850 students in the class, making it at that point the largest course at Harvard.And that's when the media became interested.Because they wanted to understand why.They wanted to understand this phenomenon that “here you have a class, that's larger than Introduction to Economics”.How could that be? So I was invited by the media for interviews, whether it was newspapers, radio, television.And I started to notice a pattern during those interviews.So I would walk into the interview.We would have the interview.And afterwards, the producer or the interviewer would walk me out and say something to the effects of “well thank you Tal for the interview.But you know I expected you to be different”.And I would ask, as nonchalant as I could of course.I didn't really care but had to ask anyway, “how different?” And they would say, “Well you know, we expected you to be more outgoing.” Next interview, the end of the interview, same thing.“Thank you for doing the interview.But you know Tal, I expected you to be different.” And once again, nonchalant of course.“Well you know, we expected you to be less, less introversit.” Next interview, same thing.“How different?”“Well, you know, more extroverted.More outgoing.” Next interview.“Well, you know, less shy.” Coz I get very nervous in interviews.Interview after interview, literally dozens.More outgoing, more cheerful.Less introverted, more extroverted.And on and on.But here is the best one.So this is one of the local channels here around Boston.I was going to the interview.We had a quite long interview, which I thought was actually pretty good.And at the end of the interview, the interviewer is a very jolly guy.He walks me out and puts his hands on my shoulder, and says, “thank you very much for doing the interview.” And then the usual comes.“But you know Tal, I expected you to be different.” And I said, “How different?” Just so you understand, by this time, my self-esteem is short.But still with some resemblance of nonchalance I asked, “how different?” And he looks at me and says, “Well I don't know Tal.I expected you to be taller.” Taller? What? Five seven, well ok five six and a half is not enough to teach happiness? And I thought about it.I thought about it a lot.The whole pattern from the beginning.And I think I understand why they expected someone different.You see they had to explain to themselves as well as the audience, “how come this lecture is larger than the Introduction to Economics?” And the way to explain it must be that the teacher is very outgoing, extremely charismatic, very cheerful and extrovert and of course, tall.Well, there is one L missing there.cannot wait.In that case, please just put your hand up.Coz it's just like when you have to go to the bathroom.Just can't stop.Can't wait.And when you gotta go, you gotta go.So we'll take a positive psychology break for that.And just stop me half way through and I'll answer any question.All the power points, as well as the videos of the classes will be online.Will be available within couple of days.Well the power points will be available before, say for this lecture it will be before so that you can use them in class.The videos, unfortunately, cannot be made available before.We tried.Couldn't figure it out.So it will be available within a day or two after.And the reason why they are up there.First of all, I do prefer that you attend lecture.I do prefer that you are physically here.You get things in the energy of the room with so many students so you wouldn't just get from your computer.The reason why I do put them up is so that you have the opportunity if you want to see it again or if you have to miss a class.That's perfectly fine.And also because, and this is also the reason why the power points are always available, I want you to be engaged in the material.I want you to be engaged in whatever it is that we are discussing in class.Not necessarily thinking about getting down every word that I say on paper, remembering everything, memorizing everything.I want you to take rather than passive notes of writing down what is on the power point or every word that I say.I'd like you to take active notes.And that means being engaged with the material.For example, if you heard something and idea and you say, “Oh, that's interesting.” Star it.Write it down.Or “Ok I think I'll start applying this.” Write it down.“Or I want to tell my mom about this later.” Or “I want to talk to my roommates or my team about this idea.” Write it down.Active note-taking is opposed to passive note-taking for two reasons.First of all, as I said, this class is a class about making a difference in people's lives.I would not be teaching the class just for its academic beauty, although there is a lot of academic beauty in this field.So write down if you have an idea that you think you can apply.The second reason why we should that is because you'll remember more.Better attention, better understanding of the material if you are actively engaged, as opposed to just taking down passive notes.Throughout the class, starting next week, we'll take what I called, “time-ins” as opposed to “time-outs”.it's like a time-out.It's the time where we stop the class and you look inward.And this is literally a time of silence in a class.I will stop for a minute or two.And you'll have a chance either to just stare at me or anyone else, or think about what we've just discussed, or have a guiding question that I will provide you that you'll address during the class.The reason why I have “Time-ins”...This is something that I am introducing this year for the first time.We didn't have it last time.It's because over the last two years since I last taught it, I've done a lot work in the area of silence.I've read a lot of research in this area about the importance of quiet times whether it's in a class, in a lecture, whether it is at home, whether it is for a leader in the business, for relationship, for children starting from pre-schools.Now many of you, as you are going through these “time-ins” if you decide to take this class may think, “Well, is this what I'm paying 40,000 dollars a year for? To sit a class and be quiet?” First of all, it will only be a minute or two at a time, maybe once or twice a lecture.But second, it is maybe the most important thing you'll take from this class.The notion of embracing stillness.Let me read to you an excerpt from a study that was run by two MIT professors.By the way, all the names that I read and that are not on the power points, you don't need to remember or write down.This is just for your edification.So David Foster and Matthew Wilson.Both of them are from MIT.Indeed the following study that I think confirms the importance of “time-in”, time to look inside.What they did is they scanned the brains of rats while they were in a maze and after they went through the maze.And here's what they found.“What the results suggest is that while there certainly is some record of your experience as it is occurring.in other words when they were doing the maze, when you try to figure out: 'What was important? What should I keep and throw away?' during periods of quiet wakeful introspection.What they show was rats who went through the maze and went through the maze again and again, learned far less than rats who took time aside, chilled out a little bit after a maze, had more margarita.Experience, embrace stillness.This has implications and they showed implications to human beings as well.Not only those of the rat race, all human beings.So what they say is that ”replay might constitute a general mechanism of learning and memory“.Both learning, understanding, as

People like Carl Rogers.And more than anyone, Abraham Maslow.Was the American Psychological Association President.Was the professor just down the road here at Brandeis(Brandeis University).And he introduced this humanistic psychology in 1954.He wrote a chapter, called ”Toward the Positive Psychology“.1954.In it he said we need to also research kindness, goodness and happiness and optimism.In many ways it was way ahead of his time.Then if Maslow is the grandfather, then Karen Horney is the grandmother.Initially a psychoanalyst, trained through the works of Freud, she realized the focuses had been too much on the negative--on neurosis, on psychosis and said we also, not only but also have to focus on what is working on human organism.We have to work and look at the fine qualities and cultivate those.Because part of being human is being those things as well.In many ways, brought about the movement toward humanistic psychology and through that--positive psychology.Aaron Antonovsky, the third person I would consider the grandfather, brought in the idea of focusing on health.He has a new concept.Or he introduced a new concept.I'm still here.Don't worry.He introduced a new concept, which he called--his own neologism, ”salutogenesis“.Salutogenesis: saluto--(which is)health;geneis(which is)origin.The origin of health.And this was an alternative model, to the conventional ways model of pathologies.So instead of just studying pathologies whether it's in physical health or psychological health, we should also study the origin of health.In many ways that is what prevented medicine is about.So this was a novel idea back in 1970s when he introduced it.And we'll talk a lot about Aaron Antonovsky.Now the parents.Martin Seligman, considered the father of the positive psychology, network of scholars, started the field in 1998.Like Maslow, he too, was the President of American Psychological Association.And as his mandate, during his presidency, he had two aims: the first aim--to make academic psychology more accessible,--in other words--bridge Ivory tower and mainstreet.This was the first aim of his presidency.The second aim was introduce a positive psychology.A psychology that will look at also things that work, that were not just study--depression, anxiety, schizophrenia and neurosis.A psychology a network of scholars who will focus on--love, relationships, self-esteem, motivation, resilience and well-being.And he introduced these ideas and it's all been literally uphill from then.Before Martin Seligman, this all happened in 1998 and we'll talk about it a little bit more next time.This all happened in 1998.Long before 1998, our very own professor Ellen Langer did research in all these areas, bringing the humanistic spirit and combining it with the academic scientific rigor.We'll be talking probably more than any other scholar about her work in this class.And another person from Harvard, one of the parents of positive psychology was Philip Stone, who passed away two years ago, yesterday.Both Langer and Stone were my physicist advisors, introduced me to the field of positive psychology into this research.In 1998 when I had the first positive psychology summit, Professor Stone took me along with him.I was a graduate student.In 1999 he taught the first positive psychology class at Harvard, one of the first in the world.I was his teaching fellow.A couple of years later, he taught it again.Again I was his teaching fellow.And then when I graduated, he suggested I take over his class.And here we are today.So this is 1504.Let me give you a sense of, in the next half an hour and so, a sense of what you expect in this class.The first thing is this class is not just about information, it is also explicitly about transformation.What do I mean by that? You see most of education today is about information.What is information? So we have a container, which is our mind.And information is about taking data, taking science, taking information and putting it inside the form.That is information.Now when this form is filled, that's when we are educated.More information, more data, better.Not enough.Because it's not just information that determines our wellbeing, our success, our self-esteem, our motivational level, the relationship and the quality of our relationships.It's much more than information.Transformation is about taking this form and changing it.Trans,(which is)change, form,(which is)shape.Change the form.This is transformation.This is the distinction that I learned first from at the school.Professor Robert Kegan who taught about this.Information in and of itself is not enough.Think about this example.You go for an athletic meet.Your aim is to get into the top three--to be a medalist.You come in number eight.What's the analysis? What's the interpretation?--Terrible.I just failed.You feel deflated.Enervated.On the other hand, the exact same

over-not-transformation emperor, the emperor of quick fixes has no clothes.It doesn't exist.it's over-promising and under-delivering.A life, a fulfilling life, a rich life includes ups and downs, includes pain and getting up again, includes failure and getting up again.It includes success and celebrating it.Victories and losses, ups and downs, as we'll talk about next week.It's not about this one secret.One Wow to the good life.And many of the things you will learn in this class, you've heard of before.Probably nothing new to you.You already know it inside of you.And you are going to say, ”Well, it is common sense.“ And yes, a lot of it is common sense.However, it is Voltaire once said, ”Common sense is not that common.“ And this especially applies to application.So the aim of this class is to make common sense more common, especially in the real world application.At the end of the class, here's what I am hoping for, at the end of the class, if you decide to take it.At the end of the semester, I don't think—I am not expecting you to come and tell me, ”Wow!Thank you for teaching me so many new things.“ That's not what I amexpecting.I don't think that is what will happen.What I hope will happen is for you to come and say, rather than ”thank you for teaching me“, something you would say ”thank you for reminding me of something that I've already known“.And this is what this class is about.It's constant reminder, twice a week.Constant reminder of what you already know, of what is inside you.The David that is inside you.And what this class will hopefully do is to help you chip away some of these limitations, whether it's limitation, cognitive limitations that prevent you from seeing what you already knew, emotional limitations that are preventing you from deriving the benefits of what you already know, or behavioral limitations.The ABC: affect, behavior, and cognition that we'll talk about during the change week.So I'm making common sense more common.Information in and of itself is simply not enough.It's not enough and what we need in addition to our information highway is a transformation highway.Transformation high way, or transformation back roads, to come through the fast increasing pace.Because as we'll talk about next time, rates of depression are on the rise, rates of anxiety are on the rise, not just in this country, globally.It's literally global epidemic.And to deal with it, more information will just not do.Just not enough.Here is Archibald MacLeish.He was a poet, was a Harvard professor, ”What is wrong is not the great discoveries of science--information is always better than ignorance, no matter what information or what ignorance.What is wrong is the belief behind the information, the belief that information will change the world.It won't.“ Just adding it and filling up our containers with more and more stuff.More and more information, more and more data.It's just not enough.We need more than that.This class will take a humanistic approach.Let me read you a quick excerpt by Abraham Maslow who talks about this approach, ”If one took a course or picked up a book on the psychology of learning, most of it, in my opinion, would be beside the pointimportance of idealism and maintaining idealism if we are to introduce personal change, inter-personal change, or community or society change.This class is not about providing answers, concerning the good life and happiness.It is about identifying the right questions.“Ask and ye shall you receive”, say the Scripture.This class is what I think education is all about, which is that the quest for information and transformation must begin with the question.Quest, question, there is no coincidence that there is an etymological link between the two.In this class we'll be asking, you'll be asked many questions, questions that as you'll see, create reality.We'll talk about it already next time.The importance of the questions you ask of yourselves first and foremost, of your partner, of your students, of your parents, of your employees in the future, teammates and so on.Questions make a difference.Peter Drucker, ―The most common source of mistakes in management decisions Peter Drucker, considered the most important management scholar of 20th century, just recently passed away, saying the biggest mistake is not asking the right questions.As we'll see next time, this is the biggest mistake in research potentially.This is the biggest mistake in application.Not asking the right questions as well, whether it's in managing organizations, whether it's managing our lives.Now.When I said that questions are important and answers matter less, I am not coming from a point of relativism.I'm not a relativist.I think they are...To some questions definitive answers that are important to know.However, what I'm saying is that it's important, not less important to focus on questions when it comes to education.The educator, Neil Postman once said, “The kids enter schools as question marks and they leave as periods.” My hope in this class is to bring up many more question marks than periods.Once again, it's about chipping away the excess stone because as kids, we are always asking questions.We are always curious.Let me show you a quick excerpt from a video of one of my favorite psychologists, actually the comedian, Seinfeld.We will watch a lot of excerpts throughout the semester.Talking about what we were like as kids.See is this in your way “So, the first couple of years I made my own costumes which of course sucked: the ghost, the hobo...Then, finally, the third year, begging the parents, I got the Superman Halloween costume.Not surprisingly.Cardboard box, self-made top, mask included.Remember the rubber band on the back of that mask? That was a quality item there, wasn't it?That was good for about 10 seconds before it snapped out of that cheap little staple they put it in there with.You go to your first house: ”Trick or...“ Snap!” It broke.I don't believe it!“"Wait up you guys!I gotta fix it!Hey wait up!Wait up!” Kids don't say “wait”.They say “wait up!Hey wait up!” Coz when you are little your life is up.Your future is up.Everything you want is up.“Wait up!Hold up!Shut up!Momma, clean up!Let me stay up!” Parents of course are just the opposite.Everything is down.“Just calm down!Slow down!Calm down here!Sit down.Put that down!” So again this curiosity, this looking up, this opening up is opposed to closing down that kids have.This notion.This is what I hope will happen in this class.The one real objective of education is to leave a man in the condition of continually asking questions.So here is a longitudinal study that was done by John Carter.John Carter, professor of leadership management of the business school across the river, came to Harvard in 1972, joined the faculty and started to follow Harvard class, MBA class of 1973 and followed them through 20 years.And what he was interested in was to find all the information he could about this class.What he found 20 years later, early 90s when this study ended was these students were extremely successful, Or ex-students were extremely successful, students were extremely successful, very wealthy, having a lot of impact, whether it's on the organizations, on the community.They did extremely well.But within the large group of highly successful Harvard MBAs, he found a small group that was extraordinarily successful, more successful than the rest of group, whether in terms of income, whether in terms of impact, whether in terms of overall quality of life.Extraordinarily successful.What he wanted to identify was why--what distinguishes this small group from the rest of the pack: very successful, but not quite as successful as that small group.And he found only two things.It was not their IQs that made no difference whatsoever to their long-term success.It was not where they came from, pre-MBA, what they did had nothing to do with it.Two and two things along mattered in terms of determining who will be the extraordinarily successful and the rest: the first thing was the extraordinarily successful groups really believe in

event and it was held in India asked him what's wrong, Dalai Lama said that he was not comfortable with talking and emphasizing so much cultural differences.You can say many things about Dalai Lama.One thing you cannot say about him is that he's culturally insensitive, arguably one of the most sensitive people alive.And yet he said we are focusing too much on cultural differences and he added not because there are no cultural differences.Of course there are and they are important.But there are many more similarities than differences.And we shouldn't ignore those similarities.Daniel Goleman about the Dalai Lama, “We were a little bit surprised by the Dalai Lama's seeming resistance to the notion of cultural differences.So I am willing to introduce these ideas but A, because it's not my training and people who are focusing on cultural differences will do a much better job than I do;and second, because what I hope to look into is the universal, things are common across cultures.So we'll study research in this area.But even more than that, we'll become even more particular than just talking about psychology in this part of the world.We'll study yourselves.We are going to go that particular.Now why? When I put this class together, I didn't think to myself, ”Ok, so what are the things that I need to introduce in order to please the participants in the class, the students?“That's not what I thought.What I thought about was ”what was the class that I would have wanted to take as an undergraduate here? What would help me become happier if I were sitting there?“ In other words, thinking from my perspective from very personal perspective.In this class I am going to encourage you.about large sample sizes.But I'm going to encourage you more than anything to look inside yourselves.To study yourselves.Whether it's through response papers that will be due weekly starting in 2 weeks;whether it's in your final project that will be a presentation that you won't have to give but you'll have to write out--a presentation about your favorite topic or the topic that matters most to you;whether it's in sections that you'll be talking about how can I apply these ideas to my life.The time-ins are about thinking about how can I take in the ideas and use them.It's about studying ourselves.Because as Carl Rogers says, ”What is most personal is most general.“"What is most personal is most general.” And as Maslow adds, “We must remember that knowledge of one's own deep nature is also simultaneously knowledge of human nature in general.” When we understand ourselves better, when we identify ourselves, we are better able to identify with others.In fact, this is in many ways the source of empathy, of the healthy empathy.And there are some studies showing that people who know themselves, who study themselves, who are self-reflective, display less egregious behavior, less immoral behavior toward others.Behavior that would fall under say, racism.And it's counter-intuitive to some extent.“Wait.Don't you first need to study the other so that you can be more sensitive to others?” Yes, that too.But it's not enough.It is important to also study ourselves, because when we see our deep nature, what we encounter there is part of the universal nature, the similarities among us all, regardless of where we are from.And this was what Dalai Lama was talking about: not stop cross-cultural.Do it.Important.But at the same time, not ignore the self.Not ignore the universal within each one of us.C.S.Lewis, “There is one thing and only one in the whole universe which we know about that we could learn from external observation.That one thing is ourselves.We have, so to speak, inside information;we are in the know.” Now there are of course biases when we study ourselves which is why it's not enough to just study the self.It's important to counter it, to add to it, academic work, studying others.That's why we'll do some research or study research as well as do some search--searching inside us.Both are important.We shouldn't, just because there are biases and mistakes that potentially can be made, it doesn't mean we need to throw out the baby with the bath water and stop studying ourselves.So we'll do that or rather you'll do that probably more than any other class on campus.Finally this may be news to you, but this is not English 10A or Math 55, meaning you'll not have to read as much as you will read for 10A or for a history class, and this class is not as difficult as Math 55 so you rest.I'm sure there are some people here who took the class.This class at the same time is about rigorous fun.Fun...because it's fun to study ourselves.Sometimes it hurts and sometimes we see things that we may not like, but overall it's fun.It's interesting.And at the same time it's rigorous, based on research.Now many of the ideas that you'll encounter in this class are very simple, very accessible.Common sense.However they are simple, not simplistic.And here is the

0us to share this moment with them.And I'm really excited about it.Last time we taught this class, we did a survey to find out what type of people were sitting in this room--they are just like yourselves--and find out why you'll be taking this class.Coz the comment that we get so often about this class is why would Harvard students possibly be unhappy? what do they have to be unhappy about? They thought everyone who'd be taking this class would be taking it because they are already really happy and they want to study about how amazing they are.And they'd like to learn things that they can tell the roommates so clearly that(?)themselves.But it turns out actually over a third of people who took this class last year took the class because they felt depressed.And they were trying to learn about the research about positive psychology.And another third because they wanted to learn about optimism.Another third did it for completely different reasons.I think.Additional third this year did it because Tal was on the Jon Stewart Daily Show.I am absolutely thrilled about this class.The syllabus which Tal is about to tell you about is..Actually we learned a couple of other things about you guys.Did you know that of people who take positive psychology, 75% of you are officers of club, 35% of you are the highest ranking officers of club, which means that you think there are about 2000 clubs at Harvard, you are in club of three, and you happen to be the president.We learned other reasons why you are not happy.we learned that the average number of romantic relationships for people to take positive psychology in 4 years is between zero and one.Zero and one.(Tal: No!I don't believe it.)Don't leave.from you? Alright.So let me just say--one second finishing words.I am very excited to be back here.My families are very excited to be back here.Looking forward to a meaningful, pleasurable, enjoyable and happier semester with you.Thank you.Positive Psychology – Lecture 2

Hi.Good morning.I'm so glad that you came.I was worried that no one would show up in this weather.I'm glad you are Ok.Just a couple of announcements.Questions that I received via email.A few things before we jump into the material.First of all, I was asked,‖ who is this class for? Is it for people--you know it's positive psychology--people that are very unhappy? Is it only for people who are depressed? Who is this class for?“ Well, the class is for anyone who is interested in Positive psychology and anyone who wants to be happier.If you are extremely happy, you can still be happier.If you are very unhappy, you can still be happier.So the class essentially is for anyone who's interested in the material.And I would add someone who is really interested to work, to put the kind of effort that we talked about last time.Just not the kind of effort that we would require you to wreck your head about understanding certain concept, but it is effort in terms of applying these ideas to your lives.Now you may want to take this class, because you are interested on academic level in positive psychology that's perfectly fine.And you'll get many--we'll talk about numerous studies in every lecture, starting next time.We'll talk about study after study after study, so you'll get that element as well.However, if you are thinking about taking positive psychology for personal benefits, you need to put the effort in.And I'll talk more about that today.So the class is for everyone.Anyone who's extremely happy and wants to be happier and anyone who's not happy and wants to be happier.Pass/fail--perfectly fine.Again the idea about this class is first and foremost for you.So I would urge you if you do take pass and fail to put in the work, and that's why the one element of pass/fail is not negotiable is that all the response papers have to be submitted.Now the response papers, as you know, are not graded.They are basically reflection papers.Will you reflect about the ideas about things that can be applied to your life? But they are

3through the class.I taught the Thursday class.That started 2 years ago.It started on Tuesday.So I taught on Tuesday.Somehow Thursday, completely drugged.This lecture I made it through somehow.And I went to home and I couldn't fall asleep.I was in real pain.I went to the doctors.That was on Friday afternoon, just saying ”you know I have to go.The medication I took didn't help.“ Went to the doctors.Had some blood tests.And finally after days I couldn't sleep because of pain, fell asleep.This was Friday night.In the midnight, there was a phone call.I don't hear it.I am fast asleep.My wife picks it up.Tommy picks it up.It's the doctor.And the doctor says to Tommy, ”the test results just came in.And Tal should get to the hospital now.“ She said to the doctor, ”He just fell asleep.He hasn't slept for days.Can it wait till tomorrow morning?“

And the doctor said,‖ No.And he has to go to Beth Israel, because they have the best labs for what he needs right now.” And she doesn't elaborate it any more.Tommy wakes me up, retells me the story of what's happening.Somehow I get up.She can't take me to the hospital because David, at that time one year old, is asleep.We don't want to wake him up.So we get a cab to take me to Beth Israel.On the way--so this was the year after I was no longer resident tutors in Leverett.We were(?), driving down the Charles River.Up and drive and then next to Harvard.I look at Harvard.I look at the beautiful river.It's very quiet.Not many cars just after midnight after a Friday night.And I can't help myself but think, “what if there's something really terrible going on?” I mean, why would they call me midnight to the hospital--Beth Israel, insisting on just one specific hospital? There must be something really wrong.And my mind begins to wander.And I say, “what if I only have a year left? What would I do in that year?” I become very sad because I think I won't see David grow up.I won't see--I won't have any future children.Be careful up there.And I become very wistful and sad.And then I ask myself,“ Ok so professionally, what would I want to do in that last year?” So I know personally exactly what I'll do.I'll spend all the time that I can with my family.But professionally what do I want to accomplish in this year? And my immediate response was I want to leave behind a coherent body of work, a coherent course introducing people to positive psychology.While I arrived at the hospital, I had some more checks.It ends up being nothing too serious.They put me on antibiotics.And within a couple of days I am on the way to recovery.I want to share with you today though why.Why is it the most important thing for me at that time and still today, is to leave behind a coherent body of work about positive psychology, to introduce you to this wonderful field? Why positive psychology? Why is it? Its own field? Why is it not--well, just study happiness, wellbeing as part of social psychology or clinical psychology? Why have so many scholars around the world united around

this concept of positive psychology? So this is what I want to do today.In the year of 2000,a research was done by David Myers.Davis Myers, from Hope College--some of you who've studied social psychology may have read his textbook, did research, looking at psychological abstracts.What he looked at was the ratio between “negative research” and“positive research”.Here is what he found.From 1967 to year of 2000-this was around the time when positive psychology started, what he found in the 33 years are over 5000 articles on anger, 5000 research articles on anger.He found over 41000 research articles on anxiety and over 50000articles on depression.And then he looked at the positive words, positive research.He

looked for research on joy.And he found staggering 415 studies.It does get better.He looked at research on happiness and he found close to 2000 articles on happiness in 33 years.Life satisfaction came on top: over 2500 studies.Still, if you look at that, the negative studies versus the positive studies, the ratio that you get is 21 to 1.For every one article on some positive aspect, some positive element of life, wellbeing, satisfaction, joy, happiness, you get 21 articles on depression, anxiety, schizophrenia, neurosis and so on.Ratio of 21 to 1.Very depressing ratio, I must admit.In fact, it made me very angry and anxious.Studies focus on, primarily on what doesn't work, mostly on what doesn't work.And this is not a new phenomenon.5

We see it around campuses.This is not peculiar to Harvard.Not at all peculiar to Harvard.Richard Kadison, who is the head of mental health services here, in the New England Journal of Medicine--probably the leading journal in the field of Medicine, recently published an article, where he talked about a survey that was done among 13500 college students nationwide, different kinds of colleges, universities, states schools, private schools.And what they found in this very significant study was that 45% of college students nationwide over the past year have experienced depression to the point of not functioning.So The Harvard Crimson found 47;nationwide, it was 45--essentially identical, no significant difference among the two.This is a nationwide phenomenon.In this study, 94% of college students nationwide feel overwhelmed and stressed by everything that they have to do.94% I mean these are supposed to be the best four years of our lives.Something is going on here.Now this is not unique to United States.I just recently came back from a tour.I was in--spent time in Europe--in the UK, France;spent a lot of time in China and some time in Australia.In every one of these places, the governments are really concerned;university presidents are very concerned about the growing level of depression, anxiety and general mental disorder, rise of suicide rates in all of these countries that I mentioned.So we have a global epidemic here.And once again going back so: Is it the 21:1 ratio good? Is it important? Shouldn't it be increased? How can we even think about studying happiness and well-being and love and joy? Shouldn't we first deal with the real pressing problem of depression, anxiety, neurosis and so on?

Some truth to that, but again what I'm going to argue for in this class is that we do need to also, not only, not exclusively, not even necessarily primarily;we need to also focus on the positive.I am going to talk about three reasons why we should do that.The first reason is that it is important to focus on what works, because what works or what we focus on rather creates reality.If we focus on what is working, we'll have more working in our world, more working in ourselves, more working in our relationships.The second reason why positive psychology as an independent field of study as a course in and of itself is important is that being happy is not just the negation of happiness.It doesn't mean just get rid of depression or anxiety that I am experiencing, I spontaneously become happy.That's not the case.That's not how it works.And finally, prevention which is very important today, the most effective way of preventing hardship,--whether it's depression, whether it's anxiety,--is actually by focusing on and cultivating the positive.Now I will share with you some studies about this.So for these three reasons, we need positive psychology.Let me begin with the importance of focusing on what works.In the introduction to the Handbook of Positive Psychology, Martin Seligman who we talked about last time, considered the father of positive psychology, network of scholars, says this: “The aim of positive psychology is to catalyze a change in psychology from a preoccupation only with repairing the worst things in life to also building the best qualities in life.” Note that he says also.He doesn't say exclusively or even primarily.It's important to focus on what works,--whether it is in our relationship, whether it's in ourselves, whether it's in others, whether it's in Harvard, whether it's in United States or the world--in order to have more what works.Now the question is “how do we focus on what works?” And the answer to this question is through the questions that we ask.Let me illustrate through a case study.Psychologists, starting in the late 1940s, studied at-risk population.More and more money--government money, university money, philanthropist money--went into study in the cities or places where generally the kids were considered at risk--more prone to dropping out of school, more prone to later-on crime, teen pregnancy and so on.So this study they put in a lot of money, a lot of effort into this.The question that the psychologists asked was “why do these individuals fail? why does such a high percentage of students in that as-risk population end up dropping out of school? Getting pregnant? Crime?”--And we'll talk about the statistics later on next week.“Why do so many of these individuals fail?” Now an important question, good intentions of the psychologists, smart people, lot of

7learned.that I'll mention here is that they can all be taught;In many ways, this class is about that.And when the psychologists identified these, they started to teach them and the individuals started to learn and that made all the difference.In addition to the faith andsense of meaning, pro-social behavior, helping other people, shifting from helplessness to helpfulness, they were significant.One of the things that we'll talk about is how meaningful it is to help other people.And how much it doesn't just only help others, it also helps us.And we enter an upward spiral between self-help and other-help.Because when we help others, we are helping ourselves.When we help ourselves, we help others.And so on and so on.So they were pro-social.They were helping other people.They focused on their strength rather than primarily deficiencies.They did not ignore their weaknesses, but they asked, “what am I good at? What am I really, really good at?” And again, part of this course, you'll identify your strength, whether it's through online test, whether it's through reflection papers, whether it's in section.You'll think about it whether it's through your readings.Identify the strength.What are they good at? They set goals for themselves.They were future-oriented, not just thinking about how bad things are today perhaps, but also thinking about “this is where I wanna be 5 years or 10 years from now.” We are going to devote three classes to goal setting, very significant part of resilience.They had a role model.Someone who they said about “I want to be like her;I want to be like him.” It could be a teacher.It could be a parent, sibling, and friend.Sometimes, it was a historical figure or a fictional character, someone that they want to emulate, to be like.That gave them strength.That gave them sense of direction.And finally, most significantly, they did not bowl alone.They had social support.They did not say : “well I am tough enough to do it by myself.” Rather they said:“I'm tough enough to reach out for help.” Because that does require certain toughness.The strength to admit weaknesses as well, the strength to admit a need.Now think about these: do you have

these things here for yourself at Harvard in life? And if not, you can cultivate all of these things, whether it's a social support--and it doesn't have to be a hundred people whom you talk to everyday;it can be one or two close friends, mom, dad, roommates--makes a big difference.No.1 contributor to resilience.Now the important thing about social support is identifying the right people.People who, when you reach out to them, will reach back to you and will be able to give back.I want to show you an example now of a not so good role model for social support.And that is an interaction between Grace and Karen from Will and Grace.Will and Grace(From Episode 309)

SALESMAN: This video game makes a nice birthday gift.Do you think your stepson would like that?

KAREN: I don't know, honey.Can he eat it or rub up against it?

SALESMAN: Let's come at this a different way.What are his interests? KAREN: Ham.SALESMAN: Why don't I just let you browse awhile?

KAREN: Yeah.Thanks.Ooh, and, uh, do you think there's anything you could do about all these kids in here?

SALESMAN: Ma'am, it's a toy store.KAREN: Yeah.See what you can do.Move it, Shorty.GRACE: Hi, Karen.Um...I can't help you shop today.I've got to go.KAREN: What's going on? What's happening? What's with the geisha hand? GRACE: Nothing.I just had something zapped at the dermatologist's, and it looks kinda funky, and I just don't want anyone to see it right now.KAREN: Grace, I'm sure it's not nearly as bad as you think it is.It's probably

9you,(that is what is working)is a radically new question, which provides the impetus for formulating a new paradigm to help us understand health and illness.It has serious implications for researcher and clinician, biological and social scientist alike.“ It was that question that essentially created the field of positive psychology as well as positive sociology.He was a sociologist by training as well as many other fields.Questions make a difference.Questions create reality.I want to do an exercise with you now.We'll do quite a few exercises in class.Here's the first one.To illustrate the importance of question, now I'm going to ask you to count the number of geometric shapes that you see on the screen--no, not this screen, the next screen.And you are Harvard students.It's fine.The next screen, I am going to ask you to count the number of geometric shapes that you see on the screen.It's a very difficult question.I've given it to people around the world.I've given it to mathematicians, to artists who are very visual.And the challenge here is you are only going to have 30 seconds in which to do it, 30 seconds to tell me how many geometric shapes you see on the screen.Ready? 30 seconds.How many geometric shapes do you see on the screen? Go.Ok.So that's 31 seconds.So there should be no problem.Now if you haven't done-I know a couple of you have done this exercise before, but if you haven't done-this exercise before,--and that's most of you, I'd like you to participate.So how many geometric shapes could you count on the screen? Throw out the numbers.6 8 48 58 44 36 110 38N6.8.48.58.44.36.110.38.How many? Up there? You have a good perspective.8.Anyone more than 110? Yeah, how many? 300?

200.Anyone more than 200 or less than 6?

Ok.So quite a range.But I grant you that it's a tough question.By the way if you have it on your power points that you downloaded, I took it off on the later downloading, but if you downloaded it, don't look at it now please.So we have the rate between 6 and 200.Now it's a tough question.In fact, it is so tough that I have no idea how many geometric shapes there are on the screen.But I have another question for you.Now if you know the answer to this question, just put your hand up--and if you haven't done this exercise before,--just put your hand up.Don't shout it out.If

you know the answer, put your hand up: what time was it on the clock? If you know the answer, put your hand up.If you think you know the answer, half way up.Maybe, quarter.And the rest of you may leave now.Ok, so we have a few halves.So out of the room,--how many were there--probably 600,700 students here, out of 700 Harvard students, five and a half people can read the time on the clock.But I understand, we all have digital watches today.It's difficult.So let me ask you an easier question.If you know the answer, just put your hand up.That's right!How many kids were visible on the bus? If you know the answer, put your hand up.If you think you know, half way up.Maybe, quarter.Yeah, most of you think,‖ what bus?!” You know.“What kids?” Well it was there.So out of a room of--again--700 Harvard students, there are approximately 11 and 3/4.Who can count? But that's Ok.That's not my 55(Math 55 course in Harvard)here.I understand.Another question.A little bit easier.What was the color of, the dominant color of the left-most geometric shape on the screen? Not the big one on screen, but the left-most geometric shape on the screen.What was the dominant color? If you know the answer, hand right up.If you think you know, half way.Ok.So that's about 12 1/4 people.According to my estimated research, there are probably between 5 and 7 people in this room who are color blind.Really--according to the statistics.The rest of you have

Questions create reality.The questions we ask very often determine the quest that we will pursue, the path that we will take, the life that we will lead, whether it's individually, whether it's interpersonally, whether it's organizationally.What is the question? Many of you I know are going into consulting.What's the question that most consultants ask, Either explicit question or implicit question, the first time when they meet a client?--“What's wrong? What can we improve? What are the weaknesses that we need to strengthen them?” Again, important questions to ask.But if you only ask these questions, then you are ignoring the strengths, the virtues of the organization.And what you are doing, you are enervating, you are weakening the organization over time.It is as important, if not more important, to also appreciate what is working, organizationally, interpersonally, as well as individually.It is important to appreciate what is good.I mean, look at the word, and ―appreciate Two meanings: first meaning--to say thank you for something, not to take it for granted.And that's a nice thing to do.We shouldn't take for granted our virtues, our successes.We shouldn't take for granted others.That's a nice thing to do.But appreciate has a second meaning, which is to grow.Money appreciates in the bank.The economy hopefully appreciates.When we appreciate the good, the good appreciates--the good grows.Unfortunately, the other side of the same coin applies as well.When we don't appreciate the good, when we take it for granted, the good depreciates.And that's what happens in most relationships after the honeymoon phase.That's what happens to most people, especially to very driven people who want to improve, who want to get better.And that's good thing, if that is what makes you happy.At the same time, it's equally important to also appreciate what is good inside me what my strengths, what my virtues are.And we are going to do a lot of that in the course.And again, not to go to the point of narcissism.If anything narcissism--and we'll talk about it in the second last lecture in the semester-narcissism is not about self-confidence, about self-esteem.It's exactly the opposite.We are talking about grounded self-confidence.Grounded, generous, benevolent happiness.In order to lead that kind of life, we need to also appreciate what is working, to also focus on, metaphorically speaking, the children on a bus.Stavros and Torres in the wonderful book on relationships, “We see what we look for and we miss much of what we are not looking for even though it is there.Our experience of the world is heavily influenced by where we place our attention.”

Questions very often create reality.The first important thing to understand about questions is that we need to understand the questions.And here I want to defer to a very important philosopher, a 20th and 21st century philosopher, who illustrates the importance of understanding questions--Homer Simpson.If you can just turn down the voice, the sound a little bit, because this is very loud.Thank you.The Simpsons SCULLY: Now we're gonna run a few tests.This is a simple lie detector.I'll ask you a few yes or no questions and you just answer truthfully.Do you understand? HOMER: Yes.Love it.Love it.So the first step is really understanding the question.But once we understand it, it is also important to know what questions are we going to ask.I mentioned earlier that one of the most important things in cultivating resilience is

3changes overnight.A producer, from the television CBS program “60 Minutes” finds out about Marva Collins and creates a 15 minutes segment on her.Overnight she becomes famous.November,1980, new

President elect Ronald Reagan calls up Marva Collins.offers her to be his secretary of Education.So I guess her father was right.Marva Collins turns his offers down and says, “I love to teach too much.My place is in the classroom.8 years later almost to the day, new president elect George Bush Sr.calls Marva Collins once again, offering her to be his secretary of education.Once again,‖ I love to teach too much.” My place is in the classroom.In 1995,a wealthy philanthropist donates tens of millions of dollars to Marva Collins.Now there are Marva Collins schools all over the country where thousands of students learn, where hundreds of teachers from all over the world come and see the miracle of Marva Collins.Today there are Marva Collins graduates who are politicians, business people, lawyers, doctors, and more than anything, teachers.Because they know what their teacher has done for them.I want to show you a brief excerpt of this extraordinary woman.You can turn the volume up a little bit please.This is soft.Marva Collins “Positive Learning” I think I did pretty wonderful.I think I'm bright.I think I am unique.And I'll teach every child of me to think that.When they misbehave, their punishment is they have to write 100 reasons why they are too wonderful to do what they are doing.And they have to be alpha order.I am adorable.I am beautiful.I am courageous.I give them the first ones until they get the hang out of it.I am delightful.I am effervescent.I am fabulous.I am heavenly.I am idolized.I am just wonderful.I am a kindred spirit.I am lovable.I am momentous.I am never,never under line.And it goes on to z.And if they do it again, then they have to use another synonym.They can't use adorable any more.Now the children will say to a new student, I know why you don't behave.Coz I'm tired of telling Ms.Collins how wonderful I am.Now she is wonderful.Here is her book.Now for all those--I know that there are quite a few of you who are interested in teaching, and there's one book you want to read.It's this.For all those of you who are interested in leadership and there's one book you want to read.It's this.For all those of you who are or are interested in the future of becoming parents, and there's one book you want to read.It's this.For all the rest of you, if there's one book you want to read.So what's her message? First of all, she herself is the message as a role model.And she studied with her kids, role models.They read fiction books.They read historical books.They read books about heroes and talk about heroes.They all identify role models.They identify role models in their neighborhood, in their families, constantly doing that, which is exactly what you need to cultivate resilience.First and foremost, she herself is the role model.She has high expectations.We are going to do a lot of believing in ourselves.We are going to do well, succeed.She expects a lot.She sees the potential.She appreciates that potential in each individual.Stop blaming others.Take responsibility for your life.Marva Collins is no push-over.If you see her in the classroom, she is tough.She is demanding.At the same time, she respects each individual.She is not one of the Pollyannaish “feel-good”, “let's make them all feel good” at all cost.Not at all.She believes in them.She respects them.And she is tough and demanding--important combination for leadership.It's why I mentioned earlier in the context of great leadership book.There are many very nice ex-CEOs whose primary aim was to be nice and to be liked, the keys to get the job done, to get the work done, while being respectful.Sense of optimism.You can do well.You are going to do well, helping them set goals for themselves and for community.And finally, from focusing on deficiencies to focusing on strength.Howard Gardner from the ED(Education)school here talks about multiple intelligences, says that we need to stop asking whether or not a student is smart.What we need to ask is what is the student smart at.And when we identify what that student is smart at, strong at, virtuous at, good at, then

5you in every way that you need.However, ultimately, it's your responsibility to do it in section.It's your responsibility to make it.One of the first questions that you'll be asking question in section next week when they start to meet is “how can you make this an excellent section?”“What can you do?”“what can you bring? What strength can you bring into the section so that it's an excellent section?” As opposed to blaming, other students, TF, Bush, Clinton, whoever Taking responsibility for it.There is a wonderful story about responsibility in the book by Nathaniel Branden.We are going to read some stuff by Nathaniel Branden when we talk about self-esteem.Nathaniel Branden talks about six pillars six important pillars in self-esteem.One of those pillars is self-responsibility.People who have high self-esteem take responsibility.People who want to cultivate high self-esteem and create confidence, take responsibility for their lives and so on.So in his workshop, one of the main things that he says there in his book is that understanding that you have to take responsibility for your life is recognizing understanding that no one is coming.No one is coming to--the knight in shining armour who will take you to the happily-after land.No one is coming to make your life better for you.No one is coming.You are responsible for your life, for your self-confidence, for your self-esteem, for your happiness.No one is coming.So he was talking about this in one of his workshops that's a three-day workshop.And this was already on the third day and the workshop was going well.The participants were getting a lot out of it.And he said, he told them about this idea that no one is coming.And one of the participants raises his hand and says, “Dr.Branden, that's not true.” And Nathaniel Branden asks him,‖ What do you mean?“ And he says, ”Dr.Branden, you came‖, to which Branden responded, “Yes, I came.But I came to tell you that no one is coming.” No one is coming.It's up to you to make the most out of this experience, 1504,your sections, your Harvard experiences and beyond.And we, as the teaching staff, can't wait to create the right conditions for that to happen.See you on Thursday.Positive Psychology – Lecture 3 Good morning, everyone.This semester has started, officially today.Glad to see you here.Just a couple of announcement and also hi to the extension school students.Last time we say hi to New Zealand.Today we are saying hi to Ireland.In terms of sectioning for the undergrads and graduate students here, you'll get an email from Sean Achor tomorrow.And you'll put in your section preference.We are sectioning this weekend.So it will be important that you submit your top preferences.And next week we are starting.Last time, if you remember the question that we ask, the guiding question was “why positive psychology?” And I mentioned three reasons, Why we need it as an independent field as opposed to just being “well, let’s do some studies on happiness, on relationships” as it is always being done? The reason why we need positive psychology is to shift the pendulum from the 21:1 ratio that we have today: for every one study on depression or anxiety, we have 21 studies on--sorry, for one study on happiness or wellbeing, we have 21 studies on depression and anxiety.We want to shift the pendulum slightly.And I mentioned three reason why we want to shift this pendulum despite the fact that there are rising levels of depression around the world, that anxiety has become epidemic globally— on college campuses in United States, China, Australia, UK.Despite that fact, I argue that we need to shift the pendulum and do more “positive research‖, or in other words, research that focuses on what works.And the reason is— the first reason that we gave and we are just finishing up is because the question that we ask, whether it's the research questions that we ask, or the questions that we ask of ourselves, or our partners, matter.And if our only questions, or primarily our

7why already in the 1940s, David Henry Thoreau(should be Henry David Thoreau), wrote that most men lead lives of quiet desperation.It's Ok.There's nothing really wrong.But it's just somewhere there in the words of Pink Floyd ”people are comfortably numb“.Comfortably numb.Not enough.How can we get beyond that ”comfortably numb“? How can we get beyond that ”quiet desperation“? To excitement, to joy, to happiness? In order to do that, we need to cultivate these traits.Once again, they don't spontaneously emerge once the painful experiences go away.And that is why we need positive psychology.Positive psychology essentially focuses on the health model, Salutogenesis.What is the source of health, physical, psychological, emotional? How do we get people to flourish, intellectually, emotionally, psychologically, interpersonally, intra-personally? How do we get them to thrive beyond just getting rid of what is not working in their lives?And under that model we see, to extremes on many levels.Here, the first level: do we focus on weaknesses, which is the disease model, say let's get rid of weaknesses? Or do we focus on strength? While you ask people this question, and this was done by the Gallup organization.A poll--global poll, whether it's in Japan, China, United States or Europe: most people think that it's more important to focus on their weaknesses if they are to succeed.Big mistake.The people who focus primarily, not only--remember the ”also“— who shift the pendulum, who focus more on their strength, are not only happier, they are also, on the long run, more successful.It applies to leadership as well.Positive psychology says let's focus also on our strength at least as much.In an organization, as well as on the individual level, are we focusing most on overcoming deficiencies or building the competencies— what we are good at--and getting better at it? What our natural inclination, individually or organizationally— do we focus on that and then build on that? Again, tie to success as well as wellbeing, if we are more toward the positive side.How do we live our lives? Running away from painful experiences? Or actively seeking pleasure? Running away from unhappiness? Or adhering to the Declaration(Declaration of Independence)and pursuing happiness?Now that may look quite similar--for example, someone may be working 80 hours a week, running away from something--running away from issues at home, running away from dealing intra-personal issues and then may look exactly the same as the person who works 80 hours a week and who's extremely passionate about what she does.May look the same but from the inside, they feel very different.One is the disease model: let's run away from what is not working.The other is the health model: let's pursue my passions, what I love to do.The disease model, the optimum level is the zero: let's just be Ok;let's just not hurt.And again, that’s important to get rid of hurt.It's important to get rid of depression.But with the health model, they are saying that's not enough;let's go beyond that.Let's go to the excitement, to the fun.Because the ideal is not just a tensionless state.It is the creative tension.We'll talk about it.We'll read about it.When we do ”flow“.Flow is the state where we are excited, where we are engaging what we are doing, where it's much more than being ”comfortably numb“.In fact, it’s a little bit uncomfortable.It's being outside of our comfort zone.It's being in our stretch zone— not the panic zone, where it hurts--the stretch zone, where there is excitement, where there's some nervousness.There is also growth there.So what do you want? Where do you want to go? What do you want to pursue? Do you want to run away from pleasure--run away from pain? Do you want to run away from unhappiness? Or do you want to pursue happiness and pleasure? Do you want to focus primarily on your deficiencies or your weaknesses? Or your strength? What is the optimum? what is the ideal? Is there a glass ceiling--the zero? Or can it go on and on— more excitement, more enjoyment, more passion? Now there's something frightening about the health model.Because there is no limit and there is less prescription there certainly today than in the disease model.Positive psychology, the field of health psychology is in infancy.There's much more research, much more advice on how to get rid of depression and how do I pursue my strength.But fortunately, again, this is why positive psychology as a network of scholars applying themselves to these ideas and ideals.It's so important because today you'll see throughout the semester that there are so many more tools that we can apply to our lives, to go beyond the zero.That's not all.So I said there are three reasons.It's about where we focus, focus creates reality;it's about happiness is not just a negation of unhappiness;the third reason why positive psychology

9have largely come from a perspective focused on systematically building competency, not correcting weakness.” In other words, the health model: let's work on competencies.Let's work on strength.Let's work on relationship.Let's help them identify something meaningful in their life, their passion.And that's how we will, over time, also help what comes off on the negative side.Health model versus the disease model that goes directly to deal with the disease.Now again, Seligman is not saying “to the exclusion of”;he's saying “also”.He continues, “We have discovered that there are human strengths that act as buffers against mental illness: courage, future-mindedness, optimism, interpersonal skill, faith, work ethic, hope, honesty, perseverance, the capacity for flow and insight, to name several.We've shown that learning optimism prevents depression and anxiety in children and adults, roughly halving their incidence over the next 2 years.Similarly, I believe that if we wish to prevent drug abuse in teenagers who grow up in a neighborhood that puts them at risk, the effective prevention is not remedial.Rather, it consists of identifying and amplifying the strengths that these teens already have.” It's exactly what Marva Collins did: focused on the health and cultivated it, watered it and shed a light to it, realized it.We'll talk about all these ideas throughout the course.What health model does— this is the theme we go through all the course is cultivate capacity.It cultivates the capacity to deal with the negatives when these arrive— whether it's negative and painful experiences in relationships, or in ourselves.What does that mean?Let me draw two analogies.Cultivating capacity is about creating a strong psychological immune system.These are the words of Nathaniel Branden.Psychological immune system.What happens when we have a strong physical immune system? Does it mean we don't get ill? Of course not.We do.But it means that we get ill less often and when we do get sick, we recover more promptly.This is exactly what cultivating strength, optimism, sense of purpose, meaning, mindfulness— this is exactly what these characteristics do.They enlarge transform— the way we see, the way we experience the world, enlarge the capacity of the form and that's we are better able to deal the inevitable difficulties.And there are inevitable difficulties.No life is completely immune to those.So it strengthens our immune system.And another analogy we can use is of an engine.If we have a small engine, and we have to pull the car up a steep hill, a difficult hill, the engine is more likely to collapse, to blow up.Whereas If our engine is large, we are much more likely to get up that hill, and to do it gracefully with relative ease.So what we are doing: we cultivate the positive;we are strengthening our, metaphorically speaking, psychological “engine”;and we are better able to deal with the negative to zero, not to mention the fact that we are also able to become happier.Because happiness does not just come spontaneously when we negate unhappiness.I want to go back to our local village.So remember last time I put up the article by the Crimson(Harvard Crimson magazine)that was unfortunately I couldn't find a more recent one--that was 2004? But the situation is rather similar today.And one of the things that the Crimson article said is that we need to put more resources into mental health at Harvard.And that's important, I agree.However, it’s only part of the picture.in some different places as well--not only, as well.Because it's just not enough to put these resources in places that help us deal with our depression and anxiety and unhappiness directly.It is also important to put these resources in places that help us cultivate capacity, the capacity to deal with these difficulties and hardships when they arise and they will arise.In other words, there has to be more resources put in places such as helping students identify their passions when they come here, helping students identify their sense of meaning in life, helping students identify what they really, really, really want to do, helping students overcome the pull, the external pull that is often there, taking them away from their core, helping them chip away those limitations, those voices, helping students identify who they really are, helping students identify their strengths and pursuing those while here at Harvard.All these capabilities, all these skills or skills that are mostly— and I'm not just talking about Harvard— globally--not taught in schools.And we need to teach them.This is not to say that what is going at Harvard with numerous resources that we do have here is not important.It is very important.Just take a small example: the Bureau of Study Counsel.I don't know how many of you have used that resource.I've used it as an undergrad.I still use it now, doing some work with them.I did some work with them last year.And they are wonderful.And at the same time, we also need

1unhappiness that you may experience thinking about that.Again, more on that next time.So let me begin with bridge building.Here I am going back to what I talked about right at the very beginning of the first lecture.The idea of bridging Ivory tower and Main Street.There are many people in academia, outside academia, who divide the world essentially into two.They talked about the real world that is outside, that is dirty, impure, profane versus academia, which is lofty, idealistic, sacred.Sacred versus the profane.This distinction hurts.It hurts academia and hurts people who are outside of academia.Alfred North Whitehead, the philosopher: “The careful shielding of a university from the activities of the world around us is the best way to chill interest and to defeat progress.Celibacy does not suit a university.It must mate itself with action.‖ This is very important for university.Talked about a second psychology.He said second psychology is a psychology that leaves the labs that draws on the research done in the labs that is important and meaningful, however, doesn’t only focus on that.It goes out to the outside world, interacts, gets its hand and mind dirty, does work outside and then applies its work and learns from ”the dirty experiences“ and brings it back to the lab and so on and so on in an upward spiral.He called it the important second psychology, which is what Alfred North Whitehead is also talking about.Now you may be sitting here and most of you aren't going to academia.And you are thinking to yourself, ”Ok, fine.So university, academia must make itself with action.What does it have to do with me? How is relevant to me?“ Not only is it relevant to you, it has everything to do with you.And here's why.What the world needs, more than anything else, are practical idealists.For 6 years, I was a resident tutor in Leverets House when I was a graduate student and then I also started to teach.And what struck me most about conversations that I had, either in Leverett or other houses, were students is their sense of mission, your sense of mission, your desire to do good, to make the world a better place.And as I followed many of the students after they graduate, whether the students who work with me here as undergrads or students who I tutored, when I followed the path, it wasn't just empty words.These students went ahead and did wonderful things, whether it was right out of college, whether it was once they established themselves, but there was always this, the back of their mind, very often fore of their minds, ”How can I make this world a better place?“ Passionate.Idealistic.Good--in the deep sense, good.This desire to make a difference come into just about all students.There are many people who talk about this generation as the ”ME“ generation: all I care about, all this generation cares about is ”well, let me just make more money“, ”let me just get a bigger house“, ”let me just be more successful and accrue more eclats, more prestige“.This is a false stereotype.Yes, eclats, prestige, money is important.It's important to most people in the world.A big deal.But were these people who have these stereotypes— were they(?)is that they see just that? And they don't see the desire to make a difference.1800 students at Harvard each year, about 1800 students are members of PBHA(Phillips Brooks House Association).That's not all.There are other students who outside PBHA and who volunteer.Just about every single one of you.At least if we look at the statistics, just about every single one of you, very soon, after you leave Harvard, will join an organization, whether--it could be your primary job or not— an organization that is a social enterprise, not for profit, something to better the world.You'll be on boards of such organizations.You'll donate money to such organizations.Harvard grads are generous with their time, with their money, with their efforts, whether the business school, the law school, college, Med school, Ed school— you give a lot, because you care.Again whether it's money, whether it's time--usually both.False stereotypes.There are also false stereotypes about Americans.Americans, empirically speaking— just empirically speaking about the Harvard students, looking the trends and statistics--empirically speaking, Americans are the most generous people in the world.Not just because they have more money to give, yes, Americans have more money to give and they give a lot more money, whether it's in food, whether it's in medical aid.Americans also spend the most time--this is a research done(?)— Americans spend the most time out of any other people in the world volunteering in average four hours a week, volunteering outside their job which may also have a social objective more than any other people in the world.Once again, false stereotypes about this wonderful country.And this is wonderful.This is wonderful to see, wonderful to be here，3week for 30 minutes.How many psychologists or psychiatrists prescribe ”run three times a week and see me in the morning“? Not enough.That's practical idealism coupled together.How are in conflict resolution, the dominant theme of most people with good intentions want to resolve conflict is let's get the people together, let's get them to talk, and they and we will live happily ever after.Well we have research from 1954— those of you who take social psych—Muzafer sheriff, showing that the contact hypothesis which is just get people to talk to one another, doesn't work;in fact very often it worsens the situation— very often the conflict actually gets worse as a result of just getting together and talking, that the contact is not enough, that what you need, in the words of Muzafer sheriff and later elaborated on by Elliot Aronson— what you need is a super ordinate goal— a goal that you have carry out together, that you cannot do by yourself— carry out together with a conflicting group.And that's how over time you resolve conflicts, not just bring people together.Now as you can imagine, this is very close to home for me.Because there were many people on both sides of the Arab/Israeli conflict who wanted to end it, many people in this country who wanted to end it.So what did they do? Let's just get them together.Let's get them in a room, whether it was in Camp David, whether it was in Oslo or in Egypt.Let's just get them together to talk, to resolve their conflict and their issue and then we will all live happily ever after.What happened? The situation worsened.Now we've known that.Muzafer sheriff showed that in 1954 that it is the most likelihood outcome of just contact hypothesis, just getting them to be together.And there were many people trying to resolve the conflict, not just in the Middle East, else in the world, with very good intentions but very often making inadvertently the matters worse.Idealism and good intentions are not enough.We need to merge, to mate the research with the practice.And this is where you come in, taking it seriously.Now when I take it seriously, there is a problem here because sometimes research doesn't deliver good news.It would be much easier and nicer if we could just simply get Israelis and Arabs together and the conflict would end.It would be much nicer and easier, smoother, it would be much easier, if we could just cultivate children self-esteem by giving them positive feedback— telling them how wonderful they are.It's easy to do, right? It feels good.They feel good.We feel good.But in the long run, it doesn't help, if it's only that.Much easier.And research very often delivers bad news, saying it's not enough--the contact;it's not enough to praise.And then people choose subconsciously, not consciously to ignore the research and go with her heart.And that's important to go with your heart.But it's important to with the heart and the mind.Imagine if an aeronautics engineer woke up in the morning and said, ”you know, the Law of Gravity thing really makes things difficult for me.It's a pain.Things would be so much easier without the law of gravity.The design would be simpler.“ And he designs airplane and he ignores the law of gravity.What kind of airplane machine would he or she design? A failure.Aeronautics engineer takes into consideration of reality.And reality--there's Law of Gravity.We deal with that.Similarly, what research shows us is reality: what's out there, what’s working and what's not working.And we need to conform to it.Take it into consideration.And it's up to you, to take responsibility, to bridge the Ivory tower and Main Street.You are being exposed in 32 classes fraught your Harvard career to the most rigorous thinking on different topics have you take it and apply it, whether it's psychology, whether it's in economics, obviously in engineering or computer science, where it's done much more readily than in social sciences and humanities.It's important to take responsibilities, because no one else is going to do it for you.No one is coming.Premise 2: To be a practical idealist, the foundation of it has to be the belief that change is possible.Because if the change was not possible on the individual level, on the society level, why am I doing what I am doing? Why would I spend time? Let me just be a hedonist, trying to enjoy my life as much as possible.Now for many of you,when you look at this you may say, ”Well, Ok, yes, change is possible.I believe that and why do we need to have it as a basic premise of the course, as opposed to change is illusive?“ Well, in the context of a psychology course, it's anything but trivial that change is possible.Let me share with you one study to illustrate what I mean.The Minnesota Twin study, one of the most famous studies in the field of psychology, was done by Lykken and Tellegen, two prominent psychologists.And what they did was they wanted

5miserable as an 8 year old.And she says to herself, ”That's it.That's my lot in life.I was born unlucky.“ And that, very often, becomes a self-fulfilling prophecy.And she remains unhappy.Sometimes it even makes her less happy than she was before.Because now she's also helpless.Change is possible.You know I often say that I am the right the person to teach positive psychology.Why? Because I wasn't born with ”happy genes“.I was born with, genetically speaking, relatively high level of anxiety, inclination toward rumination, over-examination— we'll talk about that later in the course.I went into the positive psychology, into the field of psychology, as I mentioned in the first lecture, because I was unhappy here.And over time, as a result of many of these studies, result of examination result of asking also the right questions, I have become happier.So on a personal level, I know it's possible to become happier.Now I am happier today than I was fifteen years ago when I started.I hope to be happier 15 years from today than I am today.It's a life-long process.But it is possible.And many people show that it's possible.And those who argue it's not possible and use science to argue for that, very often, are hurting more than helping the field.Now by the way Lykken and Tellegen were interviewed recently in TIME magazine issue of happiness.Let me quote to you what they said.This is in 2005--Lykken: ”I made a dumb statement.It is clear that we can change happiness levels, up or down.“ So they went back on their statement.It was a sensational statement at the time.It certainly is possible.So how do we do research that's more responsible, that does not lead to detrimental results?And at the same time, true.We don't want to invent research.Research is about identifying things that really occur/happen in reality.So one of the first things that I'll argue for in terms of healthy research is ”let's also focus on what is working“.That's first thing that we discussed in the past lecture.The second thing that I will argue for in addition to studying what works is also to study the best.What do I mean by best? Let's not just study what makes people happy.Let's not just study happy people.Let's not just study happy relationships and good relationships.Let's study the happiest people.Let's study the most successful relationships and learn from that.That is a radically different approach than studying just the average.Because what I am saying here is ”let's not study the average“, let's study the top five percent so that we can understand the phenomenon better.The person who talks about this is Abraham Maslow.When he talked about ”growing-tip“ statistics.Let me read to you--this is taken from his book: ”What this kind of research design means is a change in our conception of statistics, and especially of sampling theory.What I am frankly espousing here is what I have been calling “growing-tip statistics,” taking my title from the fact that it is at the growing tip of a plant that the greatest genetic action takes place.“ What he's saying is that ”let's study the sages, the saints, the extraordinary people, the arrowhead“ so that we can understand and realize the potential in all people.Let me quote him in greater length.This is very important, which is why I am doing it: ”If we want to know how fast a human being can run, then it is no use to average out the speed of a “good sample” of the population;it is far better to collect Olympic gold medal winners and see how well they can do.If we want to know the possibilities for spiritual growth, value growth or moral development in human being, then I maintain that we can learn most by studying our most moral, ethical, or saintly people.On the whole I think it fair to say that human history is a record of the ways in which human nature has been sold short.The highest possibilities of human nature have practically always been underrated.Certainly it seems more and more clear that what we call “normal” in psychology is really a psychopathology of the average, so undramatic and so widely spread that we don't even notice it ordinarily.“You see, the implications of what he's saying here? Essentially what he's saying is ”let's not just study why do most individuals fail;let's also study why do some--not many— but why do some individuals succeed despite the circumstances“.Let's not study just the average that says that people can't really change.Let's study those people who have changed, who have literally transformed their lives and those lives around them.This is a radical approach to research.This is a radical approach to the search, to studying ourselves as well.Because very often, if we only study the average, we only see the average, we only see the geometric shapes and completely missed the

7from these experiences in ourselves, the question is no longer whether or not it's possible to experience it more and more in our lives.The question is ”how is it possible to experience it“.Alright.So we talked about changing ourselves, how it's possible the ”growing-tip“ statistics which is the second significant idea within research in positive psychology: first significant idea is ”let's study what works“ the second significant idea is ”let's study what works best“.But this is about individual change.How about societal change? I want to share with you at the end today a study, one of the most famous studies in the field called ”the Cambridge-Somerville Youth Study psychology“.This was the study that was run, starting in the 1930s right here between Harvard and MIT, were the best minds— psychological minds, philosophical minds, psychiatrists— got together and said, ”let's create the Rolls-Royce—there wasn't a Rolls-Royce then— but best intervention program that we can think of.“ There was no limit in terms of how much money was put into it.As much as they needed, they got and they chose 250 kids from an at-risk population.And the intervention is not a quick fix, overnight change,” we can“ seminar--five-year intervention.And here is what they got.Twice a month, case workers visited them, helped them deal with the conflicts in the family, helped them deal with issues in their lives.Half of them had academic tutoring, those who needed it— got help, academic help.Psychiatric attention— all those who needed it, they were there.No limits on how much you needed it.Whatever you needed, you got from the best minds in the field.They joined the boy scouts, YMCA, other youth movements, benefited a great deal, supposedly from these experiences.They got everything.This would be a dream treatment— not just in the 1930s, today as well.This is what psychologists dream about at night.Just introduce this.And then measuring outcomes was as serious as the program itself.There was a random assignment— there were 250 kids who got nothing, who were also studied, just like the kids who got the five-year intervention were studied— 250 kids in the control group.40 years follow-up.This was not just about today, tomorrow for the five years;they followed them through much of their lives.This was serious study.This was serious intervention.And the results were shocking.Even though all those who participated in this study— whether it was the mental health workers, whether it was the philosophers, psychologists, the professors and the psychiatrists— praise the program as the best, as highly effective, when they looked at the raw objective data, the results were shocking.Juvenile offenses: control group versus intervention group--no difference.Over a third had official records and 20 more percent had unofficial records for misdemeanors.No difference in juvenile offenses.Adult offenses later on in their lives.Again, no difference.Over 20 percent offenses— whether against property or against person— in both groups: the 250 here versus 250 here, which is significant sample size.No difference whatsoever.other measures: physical health and mental health—no difference whatsoever.But finally, there was a significant difference on alcoholism, the number of people who became alcoholic later on in life as well as job status— how many people were able to getting to do ”the white collar“ jobs.So at least there are results there.At least they found statistically significant results when they came to that.That's good, right? Not at all.Because these results were ”in the wrong direction“, meaning there were alcoholics in the intervention group than in the control group;there were more people in the control group making it at work ”raising their status at work“ than in the intervention group.In other words, intervention did more harm than good.Idealism, good intention, a lot of money wasn't practical.Now many people who look at this study— this is a seminal study—very few studies in the history of psychology that were that serious.They say, ”Well, societal change is probably not possible“.Give me one minute and I'll finish.Societal change is not possible, they say.Is it? First of all, there are exceptions and we have exceptions that prove the rule--there are programs that actually work, whether it's the work again of Karen Reivich and Martin Seligman from U Penn,” resilience program“, whether it's Marva Collins who's certainly an exception, who shows how interventions work.And it's interesting to think about the difference of what Marva Collins does, or she doesn't give the students in sense of entitlement, or she praises them but she gives them hard love as opposed to free lunch, or she doesn't label them as needy and the study perhaps labeled these kids as needy.There are many differences.But the keys to study this exception and for practical idea is to come together and to say ”what is

9difficult change is.We talked about the Twin studies that illustrate that what Lykken and Tellegen said--maybe changing our happiness level is as difficult as--and futile--as trying to change our height.And we talked about the error of the average and the mistake that these researchers are making, misunderstanding the nature of change.Because if someone changes, the question is no longer “is it possible to change” but rather “how is it possible to change”.And then we talked about the Somerville Cambridge study that show that literally the Rolls-Royce of interventions failed--5 years with the leading scientists, researchers, psychiatrists, psychologists from Cambridge, Harvard and MIT, putting their minds and hearts for good intentions to bring about change--failure.Not only they have failed in bringing about positive change, they actually brought about negative change.Remember?--Alcoholism rates went up for the intervention group, compared to the control group.The control group that joined no intervention actually were more luckily to advance in their workplace 20, 30 years later.So change is difficult, but then we went over and said, “Well, Marva Collins creates change.So it is possible.Programs by Martin Seligmen and Karen Reivich and numerous others succeeding in bringing about change”.And the challenge then is, for us, if our goal is to become practical idealists is to understand what it is that brings about change and then do it.Spread the word.Spread the word about the research.Even if the research doesn't always communicate good news, it's about communicating what works, what is real, as opposed to our dreams , our desires, our hopes, our wishes--that's not enough.Good will, idealism, good intentions are not enough.We need to be grounded in research.And this is very much what Maslow has in mind when he talked about the analogous Manhattan Project, where scientists, positive psychologists or that time psychologists, social scientists would get together and pick out the tip of the stem--the few ideas, the few programs that work and then replicate them.Study the best and as one of the students here, Mariam--came to me after the class and she said, “the tip of the stem is actually about democratizing excellence.” I love that phrase.Democratizing excellence--studying the best and applying it to the rest of us.Ok, so we have this grand scheme, grand idea by Maslow to create a Manhattan-type Project.But what if I'm not interested in going into one of these projects? What if I'm not even interested in becoming an academic? Just want to do things on my own: Can I make a difference? And the answer is absolutely yes.One of the most significant barriers to people doing things in the world, to actually introducing change is that they underestimate their ability to bring about change.There is a lot of research in psychology.Primarily the people who started are Emerson and Moscovici and many others who have done research showing how minority--very often one person can make a big difference, can make a significant difference.Ralph Waldo Emerson: “All history is a record of the power of minorities, and of minorities of one, ”--a lot to backed that up in social science research.Margaret Mead, the anthropologist: “Never doubt that a small group of thoughtful, committed citizens can change the world.Indeed, it is the only thing that ever has.” All change begins in the mind of single person or a small group.“ And then it expands.Now the question is ”how does it expand“ and ”why is it so difficult for us to understand, accept, assimilate and live according to the fact that we can make a difference, if we understand that what we need to understand is how change happens.Change happens exponentially.Our connection to other people and their connection to others and so and so create an exponential function which explains for an example--that those of you are familiar with--“butterfly effect” how a butterfly flapping its wings in Singapore can theoretically cause a tornado in Florida.Because on particle hits another and another and another.It also explains the phenomenal 6 degrees of separation: how we are all connected and interconnected in a web potentially of goodness.To illustrate the exponential nature of human networks, let's look at smiles.What do we know from research is that smiles are contagious.Someone smiles--makes you smile.You smile--you make someone smile.And so on and so on.You know, even some goes pass you on the street and you don't smile ostensibly you don't smile--there are certain micro-muscles in your face that are moving that actually make you feel better.So smiles are contagious.Now if you smiled to--or make three people smile, and these three people--

1The final project for this course, as you know is a presentation that you'll give whether it's for the(?)students or the extension school students.You'll be giving a lecture to other people.And when we put together the class, this is precisely what we thought about: how you affect change and those people whom you change will hopefully influence others and so on and so on.In many ways, the idea was taken from the film “Pay it Forward”.What I want to do now is show you a quick excerpt--just the coming soon of “Pay it Forward”, for those of you who haven't seen it.Because in “Pay it Forward”, they capture this very idea of human networks as exponential functions.We underestinmate our capacity to effect change because we underestimate the growth of an exponential function What if the world is just a big disappointment? Unless you take the things that you don't like about this world and you flip them upside down and you can start that today.That's me.And that's three people.And I'm going to help them.And they do it for three other people.And they do it for three more.It has to be something really big.Something they can do by themselves.is it possible let one idea to change the world Lost your car? That's a keen observation.I can help you.You are giving me a brand new Jaguar and you don't want anything.Call it generosity between two strangers.What did you tell my son to make him bring homeless man into my house? I've got a story, Ok? A senior partner of Chandling and Moss is giving away new cars? Just pay it forward.Three big favors for three other people.You can't just put two people together and make them like each other.It's the one.Pay it forward.Pay it forward.Just like the idea.You could fix a person.Do you want to come in and stay?Come in.Supposed to be something hard.I don't care about your burns, Eugene, if that's even what they are.Is that what they are? I can't.So sorry.Don't tell me how sorry you are for me.Maybe you are scared to get rejected;well, I can't reject you, you're too quick for me!Are you still going to pay it forward? Give her another chance for me.You will miss!I wanna wear the(?)dress.No, you smell good!Yeah, yeah!Pay it forward is a movement in LA, Mrs.McKenney.Come on!decision: so either they were going to get the tenure or not.And he asked them, “How happy are you going to be, if you get the tenure?” And they said, “Ecstatic!This is something I've working on for many years and this will be it.This will be a dream come true.” And--“How happy are you going to stay for?” And they said, “For the rest of our lives.Because this is something we've been working for very long time.It will make everything so much easier.I can get off the publish-or-parish race.I can enjoy my work much more.This is going to transform my life.” And he asked them, “What happens if you don't get tenure? If you are rejected?” And they said, “We are going to be devastated.This is something we've been working for many, many years.” And--“How long are you going to be devastated for?”“Probably until we get tenure somewhere else.But even then, that may not be enough.”--Because once you don't get tenure in one place, you don't go up in terms of the ranking of the school--you very often would get tenure but elsewhere, school that is not considered as good as the one where you were rejected.So it will be devastating for a very long time.And Gilbert went to them at the moment when they got the tenure decision.Some of them got them.Others did not.“How are you feeling?” He asked.Those who got it, “Ecstatic!Happiest we've ever been.” And--“How long are you going to stay happy for?”“For the rest of our lives.We've made it.” And then he went to those who didn't get tenure and asked them, “How are you feeling?” They were devastated.And they were sure that they were going to remain devastated for a very long time.And he went back to see them three months later, six months later.And what Gilbert and his colleagues found was that almost to the person, those who got tenure or did not get tenure went back to their previous level of wellbeing: If they were happy before, they were happy six months hence;if they were unhappy before, regardless whether they get tenure or not, they were not happy.In other words, it looks like this and went back to base level or;it looks like this and back to base level.They did the same with lottery winners.“What if you really win ten million dollars, will it actually make you happier?” Yes--for a while, but not for long.Philip Brickman，Northwestern University did this research.After within 6 months, people go back to their base level of wellbeing.People in serious accidents with their paralysis as the result of the accident, very often, usually--again, this is all the average--go back to their base level of happiness: if they are happy before, they will be happy one year after;if they are unhappy, they will remain unhappy.Extreme circumstances make very little difference to our wellbeing.University of Illinois professor Ed Diener does a lot of research on happiness levels.He has been doing it since the 1970s.What he shows--he and others including Daniel Kahneman, Nobel prize winner--show is that wealth matters very little to our levels of wellbeing.Just like the lottery would make a very little difference to our wellbeing.Now this does not mean that a person who doesn't have enough food, someone who is homeless on the streets here, gets an extra thousand or two thousand dollars a month--that of course will make him or her much happier.But beyond the basic needs, once our basic needs are met and that means food, shelter, basic education.Once those needs are met, income makes very little difference.No change across generations.Our generation is much wealthier than our parents, much, much wealthier than our grandparents' generation.We are not happier.And that is global whether it's China, whether it's in the UK or Australia, or the United States.Levels of happiness are essentially static;and anxiety levels and depression levels, as we talked about in the first class have gone up significantly.So income levels make very little difference.In general, external circumstances make very little difference.I mean, think about your own experience: how did you feel--go back, just transport yourself to experience of getting into Harvard, getting this big package in the mail which said “You were accepted” on April 1 or the end of December, when you got this pack--how did you feel? Probably ecstatic.Probably one of your highlights.And that moment, if you are like me, you thought, “This is it.I'm really going to be happy for a very long time.Cos I really struggled in high school--a lot of it was difficult;a lot of it was painful, but it was all worth it.I made it.” And you went along with that feeling the next day, because in school they started to talk about how you got in.And you felt fantastic about it, right? And you felt great probably for the rest of the senior year--I

4wellbeing is if we have right vs.wrong expectations.It is wrong expectation to expect that getting into a certain place, getting a raise, finding our dream partner, is responsible for our happiness.Moving to California or to(Forts Heimer?).That in and of itself will not make us happier.That's wrong expectation.The right expectation is to believe in change from within.So these things will not make us happy.In fact, our readiness and potential to experience happiness is mostly depended on our state of mind, not on our status, or the states of our bank account.It's about changing our perception--state of mind.It's about changing our interpretation of the world, of what's happening to us, of our achievements, of our failures.It's about what we choose to perceive, what we choose to focus on.It's about transformation, as opposed to the external information or the external success.1504--this whole course, is about this transformation, as I mentioned during the first lesson.I want to move on to the fourth premise, one of the most important premises in this course.And in many ways, we can understand human intellectual history just based on this idea: should we accept human nature? Or can we perfect it? And can it change? This work relies on--or these ideas rely on the work of Thomas Sowell.Thomas Sowell, Harvard class of 58, now at Stanford, the Hoover Institute, one of my intellectual heroes.And what he does and what his work does is basically explain why people choose to back one political party versus the other;why they choose to live one kind of life versus the other.This single book helped me understand myself better as well as other people better--whether it's politically, whether it's psychologically, whether it's philosophically.Those of you who are interested in politics and there is one book you want to read, after you read Marva Collins of course, it's this.So what does Thomas Sowell say? Essentially what he does is divide people into two camps those who hold constrained vision, the limited vision;and those who hold the unconstrained, the unlimited vision of human nature.People who hold constrained vision of human nature, believe that human nature cannot be changed;it's immutable--we have certain instincts, we have certain inclinations.They are fixed.This is it.What you see is what you get.What you are born with or were born with, as species, is all we have.The flaws that are out there are inevitable--they cannot be changed.We need to accept them for what they are.That's the only thing we can do with these flaws.And people who have the constrained vision think that our instincts, our inclinations, our basic nature is immutable, accepted.And then what they do, rather than resign, they channel it.How do they channel it? By building certain political institutions that would channel the flawed, imperfect human nature toward the good.Philosophers and psychologists who fall under the constrained vision create them, philosophies and psychologies and institutions and systems to channel our flawed and imperfect nature.People who fall under the constrained vision in the history of ideas, are people such as Alexander Hamilton, Adam Smith--those of you are taking or will take EC 10, ?, Fredrick Kayak.These are people who say, “our nature is constrained.It's limited.” Edmund Burke--another one.What captures this idea best--the words of Francis Bacon, considered the father of the scientific movement, was a philosopher in 1600s: “Nature to be commanded must be obeyed.” Whether it's physical nature, or human nature.We need to obey it.It is what it is.Now we have the unconstrained vision.Perhaps you are a little bit more optimistic, a little bit more utopian--human nature can be improved.It can be changed.It is up to us to do so.It is perfectable.We don't need to accept these flaws as inevitable.We can perfect it.There are solutions to these flaws, to these imperfections and our role--the goal of institutions, whether it's political institutions, educational institutions, of systems, organizations, individual philosophers, psychologists, the role is to change our nature, to perfect it, to better it.Philosophers who help this position: people like Thomas Jefferson, people like Jean-Jacques Rousseau, George Bernard Shaw, Ronald Dworkin and other leading thinkers.And what Thomas Sowell did was map the entire intellectual history of world showing how people who held this view versus that view, that two radically different political prescriptions.The person who best captures the unconstrained view, Benjamin Constant, French philosopher and politician, “It is for self-perfectioning that destiny

6back to the baby's scene, we give ourselves the permission to be human, we know that it's natural.We don't even think about it in fact, to experience the high and then the low and high and then low.And later on, when we stop giving ourselves the permission to be human when the(?)become so important, we begin to realize that other people are watching us and evaluating us constantly and we think they do so much more than they actually do.That's when we stop giving ourselves the permission to be human, and we pay a price, in terms of our energy levels, of our wellbeing, of our happiness, of our creativity, and ultimately also our success.Let me give an example of someone who does give himself the permission to be human.The Permission to be Human Now I'm saying we should look like this.But what I am saying is that we all need a space, a place in our own lives where we give ourselves the permission to be human, whether it's with close friends, people we care about, whether it's first and foremost with ourselves when we write a journal, where we do give ourselves the permission to be, to cry, to be joyous--because if we don't, we pay a price.We need a space of unconditional acceptance.The best advice that I got, or that we got--my wife and I got when David, our first son was born from our pediatrician, Dr.Tok Shapiro--and David was born at 1 AM in the morning and around 8 AM in the morning, he came in to see, to check up on my wife, to check up on the baby, for some reason, he didn't check up on me.And everything was fine.As he is leaving the room, he turned around and said, ” Just one more thing.over the next few months, you are going to be experiencing every single kind of emotion to the extreme and that's fine.It's natural.We all go through it.“ And he walked out.It was the best advice that my wife and I got regarding child-rearing.Why? Let me give you an example.So after about a month, I started to, once in a while, experience some envy toward David.Because here he was for the first time in--well, since my wife and I were together--someone else is getting much more attention than I was, no matter how much I cried.And I felt envy toward him and five minutes later, I experienced this most intense love toward him--the emotion that I haven't felt before.Now normally I would think, ”what a hypocritic!It's just something is wrong: one minute you are envious and the next minute you experience love?“ There is nothing wrong.There is everything right.It's part of being human.And because I had Dr.Shapiro's voice at back of my mind--permission to be human, that helped me a great deal--experience the envy when I experienced it, accept it;and then enjoy and celebrate it--the positive emotions that I experienced toward David.Permission to be human.You see, there is actually a paradox playing--this is work done by our very own Daniel Wegner on ironic processing.When we suppress a natural phenomenon, that phenomenon only strengthens.Let me illustrate through an experiment.So for the next ten seconds, do not think of a pink elephant.For the next ten seconds, do not think of a pink elephant.You know the one that I am talking about? With the big ears, Dumbo? Do not think of a pink elephant for the next three seconds and I am sure no one thought of a pink elephant right? What happened?--Most people thought of a pink elephant.Because when we try to suppress a natural phenomenon such as having a visual of the word when we say it, that thing just intensifies.The same applies to the painful emotions that are natural.And when we try to suppress them, they strengthen.When I started to teach after hearing about Marva Collins and deciding teaching is my calling, I knew that I had to deal with the problem--the problem is that I am introvert, I get very nervous in front of audiences and large audiences for me is anything but five.But I had to deal with it and I knew I would have to deal with it.So I would go on in front of audience and before that I would say to myself, ”Tal, don't be nervous.Don't be anxious.No anxiety today.Don't be nervous.Don't be nervous.Don't!“ And what happened?--Pink elephants all around.Instead after especially reading about paradoxical intentions by Victor Frankl, I started to give myself the permission to be human.And now when I go into a lecture, the nervousness--because I give myself the permission to be human--goes away within as little as three hours into the lecture.But no, it's managable.I still get nervous before every single lecture, which is actually a good thing.But it's managable.I can deal with it.I can handle it.Permission to be human.8maybe the Dalai Lama--but other than that, who does not experience envy toward other people.And if it is true about the Dalai Lama, that is because he's worked on it for decades.Envy is part of human nature--nothing good or bad about the envy.Nothing good or bad about experiencing the anger.Nothing good or bad about experiencing the depression or anxiety.It's part of human nature.However, the question is, how do I choose to behave, to act as a result of it? That is where the moral domain enters.That's where I can have moral or immoral behavior toward my best friend or baby, or other people in general.I can still experience envy toward my best friend and choose to behave generously and benevolently toward him.The same with cognition and we will talk a lot about it when we talk about CBT--Cognitive Behavioral Therapy.I can feel it certain way.But it doesn't mean that I need to resign to my thoughts about that feeling.Rumination is one of the things that we'll talk about a lot actually not that helpful--to ruminate about painful emotions.It's much helpful to write about them.To talk to other people about them, rather than just be thinking constantly about how miserable I am because my girlfriend just left.I haven't found anyone in Pinocchio's.So rumination doesn't help.So I don't necessarily accept all my irrational thoughts and again, we'll talk about it much more next week of how we can cognitively reframe what we were thinking.But the emotion--that affect is the emotion, it is what it is.And the key is to be true to reality, which is also one of the main themes in the course.In many ways, this course should not be called ”Positive Psychology“.But I am telling you this after you already signed up for the class so it is too late to leave.This is actually not a course on positive psychology.It's a course in reality psychology.Because positive psychology may mean that we are only focusing on the positive and what works, ignoring all the rest that are not.Overdoing this class is shifting the pendulum.So there is more even playing field instead of the 21:1 ratio, we are doing much more, focusing on the positive.And at the same time, accepting the painful emotions are as much part of human nature as the wonderful emotions.And sooner we accept it, the better.That won't mean at the end of the course of 1504 or 100 or 100 other courses in the workshop and sold the books that you read, it's not that you will not have painful emotions anymore.It's simply your psychological immune system will become stronger, hopefully already by the end of this semester.Psychological immune system will become stronger.And that means not that we don't get ill.It means we get ill less often and when we do get sick, we'll recover more promptly.The difference between the extremely happy people and extremely unhappy people is not that one gets sad, of upset, or anxious, or depressed;and the other does not.Both groups do.It's how quickly, how promptly we can recover from these painful emotions--in other words, how strong our psychological immune system is.And our psychological immune system strengthens when we give ourselves the permission to be human.Many of you've probably read this, come across this, but I think this captures so well the foundation of what it means to be actively accepting.This has become the official mantra in many ways of the AA movement: ”God, grant me the serenity to accept the things I cannot change;the courage to change the things I can change;and wisdom to know the difference." The wisdom to know the difference--fortunately, a lot of this wisdom can come from studies, from research, from deep introspection that you will do throughout the semester.What I want to do now is an exercise.I want to do a group meditation.Trying to understand, not just on the cognitive level of the research, but also to experience on the visceral emotional level, what it really means to give ourselves the permission to be human.Those of you who don't feel comfortable doing it, you don't have to do it.Those who feel comfortable to do it, do it.If it's a stretch for you, I still recommend that you do it.If you never meditate before, this is a wonderful opportunity to do it for the first time.One thing I do ask you: If you are not doing it, if you don't participate, simply just keep quiet.Other than that, I really do recommend that you join us.What I want to do together now is enter the realm of unconditional acceptance.Se?or, just sit up straight as much as possible.If possible, your back relaxing against the back rest.Plant your feet comfortably on the floor.If you feel comfortable, close your eyes.Shift the focus of your breath.Shift the focus of your thoughts to your breathing.0-

第五篇：哈佛校训二十条(中英文对照)

哈佛校训二十条（中英文对照）博文五周年

(2010-09-30 11:03:50)

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标签： 哈佛校训

哈佛大学

校园 分类： 一博到底

0、Let Plato be your friend and Aristotle but more let your friend be truth.“Amicus Plato, Amicus Aristotle, sed Magis Amicus VERITAS.”（拉丁文）

0.“与柏拉图为友，与亚里斯多德为友，更与真理为友”。

1.This moment will nap, you will have a dream;But this moment study, you will interpret a dream.1.此刻打盹，你将做梦；而此刻学习，你将圆梦。

2.I leave uncultivated today, was precisely yesterday perishes tomorrow which person of the body implored.2.我荒废的今日，正是昨日殒身之人祈求的明日。

3.Thought is already is late, exactly is the earliest time.3.觉得为时已晚的时候，恰恰是最早的时候。

4.Not matter of the today will drag tomorrow.4.勿将今日之事拖到明日。

5.Time the study pain is temporary，has not learned the pain is life-long.5.学习时的苦痛是暂时的，未学到的痛苦是终生的。

6.Studies this matter, lacks the time, but is lacks diligently.6.学习这件事，不是缺乏时间，而是缺乏努力。

7.Perhaps happiness does not arrange the position, but succeeds must arrange the position.7.幸福或许不排名次，但成功必排名次。

8.The study certainly is not the life complete.But, since continually life part of-studies also is unable to conquer, what but also can make? 8.学习并不是人生的全部。但，既然连人生的一部分——学习也无法征服，还能做什么呢？

9.Please enjoy the pain which is unable to avoid.9.请享受无法回避的痛苦。

10.Only has compared to the others early, diligently diligently, canfeel the successful taste.10.只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。

11.Nobody can casually succeed, it comes from the thoroughself-control and the will.11.谁也不能随随便便成功，它来自彻底的自我管理和毅力。

12.The time is passing.12.时间在流逝。

13.Now drips the saliva, will become tomorrow the tear.13.现在淌的哈喇子，将成为明天的眼泪。

14.The dog equally study, the gentleman equally plays.14.狗一样地学，绅士一样地玩。

15.Today does not walk, will have to run tomorrow.15.今天不走，明天要跑。

16.The investment future person will be, will be loyal to the realityperson.16.投资未来的人是，忠于现实的人。

17.The education level represents the income.17.教育程度代表收入。

18.One day, has not been able again to come.18.一天过完，不会再来。

19.Even if the present, the match does not stop changes the page 19.即使现在，对手也不停地翻动书页。

20.Has not been difficult, then does not have attains 20.没有艰辛，便无所得.世界上最经典的一句话 不走寻常路

时间:2011-8-17来源:经典短信 作者: 短信大全点击:368次

TAG: 世界上最经典的一句话

1.不如意的时候不要尽往悲伤里钻，想想有笑声的日子吧

2.当思念太过积聚，深沉的有如负赘，会使一些遥远记忆中的说话浮到嘴边，让人忍不住想再听一遍。因为没人堪寄，所以只能借一双耳朵、、说给自己听。会使你泪流满面

3.当一个人真正觉悟的一刻，他放弃追寻外在世界的财富，而开始追寻他内心世界的真正财富

4.等待不苦，苦的是没有希望的等待。

5.第一个青春是上帝给的；第二个的青春是靠自己努力的

6.对于现在，我的信仰就是，以其绚烂的生命，将那些寂寞而惆怅的烟云驱逐殆尽

7.多希望时间能够停留在彼此抱着的那一瞬间

8.发光并非太阳的专利，你也可以发光

9.付出没有得到回报那很正常，就像食堂里吃饭，给的钱一样，别人碗里的肉比你多一样的道理。

10.很多时候我们不知道，却假装知道；很多事情我们知道，却假装不知道；很多时候我们不开心，却假装很开心。

积极上进的语言 全世界就都在你手心

时间:2011-8-17来源:经典短信 作者: 短信大全点击:1065次

TAG: 积极上进的语言

1.人生像一本书，愚人哗啦哗啦地翻它，而贤者潜心细读。珍爱生命吧，因为它短暂得经不起挥霍，精打细算地去花费你有限的生命吧。

2.人生有许多的喜乐哀乐，让我们用一颗平心去对待人生吧，祝你心情快点好起来。

3.人总会遇到挫折,只要你不怕跌倒你一定会开创出自己的一片天地来,记得还有我在你身边鼓励你!4.生活中若没有朋友，就像生活中没有阳光一样。

5.生气是拿别人做错的事来惩罚自己

6.世界上最成功的人往往不是最有才华的人，7.虽然我们无法改变人生，但我们可以改变人生观；虽然我们无法改变环境，但我们可以改变心境！

8.我们相聚在空间里，有着最珍贵的情谊。

9.我无所事事的度过了今天，是昨天死去的人们所期望的明天。

10.握紧拳头时，好像抓住了许多东西，其实连空气都没抓到！张开双臂时，好像双手空空，但全世界就都在你手心！

鼓励自己的句子 对自己要有信心

时间:2011-9-8来源:经典短信 作者: 短信大全点击:1261次

TAG: 鼓励自己的句子

1.if you would have a thing well done, do it yourself.想把事情来做好，就得亲自动手搞。

2.不要小看自己。

3.不要用自己的短处去比别人的长处。

4.成功并不取决于你目前所处的位置，而取决于你所朝的方向

5.对自己要有信心。

6.人生最大的失败是错过后不再去追求

7.人之所以能，是相信能。

8.如果你还可以努力、可以付出，就不要轻言停止和放弃。在你停止努力的那一刻之前，一切都还没有什么真正的结果。

9.设计一个自己能达到的目标，告诉自己：我能行

10.生气是拿别人做错的事来惩罚自己。

安慰失意朋友的话 逝去的不要再去挽留

时间:2011-6-15来源:经典短信 作者: 短信大全点击:1488次

TAG: 安慰失意朋友的话 安慰人的话 不要挽留 朋友

1.不必惆怅，让我们一起撕下这一页日历，该逝去的不要再去挽留它。

2.不要太肯定自己的看法，这样子比较少后悔。

3.不要为明天忧虑，因为明天自有明天的忧虑，一天的难处一天受就足够了。

4.得不到的东西，我们会一直以为他是美好的，那是因为你对他了解太少，没有时间与他相处在一起。当有一天，你深入了解后，你会发现原不是你想像中的那么美好。

5.多一分心力去注意别人，就少一分心力反省自己，你懂吗？

6.根本不必回头去看咒骂你的人是谁？如果有一条疯狗咬你一口，难道你也要趴去反咬他一口吗？

7.活着一天，就是有福气，就该珍惜。当我哭泣我没有鞋子穿的时候，我发现有人却没有脚。

8.境由心造退后一步自然宽，事在人为莫道万般皆是命。

9.你永远要感谢给你逆境的众生。

10.情执是苦恼的原因，放下情执，你才能得到自在。