第一篇：四六级英语作文-经典替换词
经典替换词 individuals, characters, folks(people, persons)2 charming, decent, fascinating, desirable, prosperous, positive, favorable, rosy, promising, perfect, pleasurable, excellent, outstanding(good)3 wrong, plain, negative, useless, evil, dark side, nasty, dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse(bad)4 an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of, many, if not most(many)注意查清 if not most 的用法 a slice of, quite a few, several(some)6 harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that(think)注意书面语that一般不省略 7 affair, business, matter(thing)8 shared(common)注意只是某些情况 9 reap huge fruits(get much benefit)10 for my part, from my own perspective(in my opinion)11 increasing(ly), growing(more and more)注意没有growingly，当修饰名词用increasing/growing。修饰副词用increasingly。另外参照红皮教材。12 little if anything, little or nothing(hardly)13 beneficial rewarding(helpful)14 shopper, client, consumer, purchaser(customer)15 exceedingly, extremely, rather, fairly, greatly, considerably, exceedingly(very)16 hardly unnecessary, inevitable(necessary)17 sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb(sb take interest in)18 capture one’s attention(attract one’s attention)19 facet, dimension, sphere(aspect)注意sphere用时要谨慎，facet更好用 be indicative of, be suggestive of, be fearful of(分别代替indicate, suggest, fear)21 give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger(cause)注意trigger引发一连串不好的事情 22 there are several reasons behind sth(reasons for sth)23 desire(want)24 pour attention into(pay attention to)25 bear in mind that(remember)26 enjoy, possess(have)注意possess是一个过程的感觉 27 interaction(communication)28 frown on sth(be against, disagree with sth)29 to name only a few, as an example, for instance(for example)next to/virtually impossible(nearly impossible)31 be interested, be fond of, crazy about, fanatical about, favorite,be keen on(like)32 fascinating, lovely, pure, handsome, promising, appealing(beautiful)33 modernization, globalization, industrialization, update, upgrade(development)34 significant, essential, substantial, play a vital part(important)35 argue, declare, admit, guess, reckon, conclude, I hold the opinion that, as far as I am concerned(think)36 discuss, talk about(say)37 means, measure, remedy, approach(method)38 notice, observe, be confronted with, witness(see)39 achieve, accomplish, implement, fulfill(finish, complete)40 reject, object, decline, the last thing, anything but(refuse)41 seek, chase, pursue, explore, trace(follow)查清搭配 42 alike, equivalent, identical, similar(same)43 slim, tiny, minute, minor, insignificant(small)44 obvious, transparent, known to all, well-believed, widely-held(clear)45 vacant, blank, idle, bare, hollow(empty)46 inspire, stimulate, impulse, motivate(encourage)47 disaster, misfortune, tragedy grief, sorrow(bad luck)48 sole, unique, single, lonely(only)49 illustrate, demonstrate, indicate, reveal, illuminate(show)50 flaw, error, fault, weakness, defect(mistake)51 obligation, responsibility, liability, charge(duty)52 accumulate, assemble, crowd(join)53 present, up-to-date, contemporary, nowadays(now)54 desirable, advisable, priceless, feasible(valuable)
国内考试作文常用表达(2008-10-10 12:01:54)
标签：杂谈
分类：考研与四六级写作
基本表达(Basic Elements of English Writing)：
越来越：be increasingly adj., be on the rise, the growing number of 人们认为：it is generally/widely believed/held/agreed that 许多问题：a host of/a number of problems 引起人们注意：claim call/attract general/public/world attention to sth.意识到：there is a growing awareness/realization of/that, awaken sb.to the fact/danger 适应新的形势/变化：adapt/adjust/accommodate oneself to new environment/change 接触各种思想/经历：be exposed to new ideas/experiences/problems 接触社会：come into frequent/close contact with the world/society 获得成功：achieve/accomplish success 提出观点/建议：advance / put forward / come up with the arguments/ideas/suggestions 作出努力：make tremendous/persistent/sustained effort to do sth., take great pains to do(with work/study)影响学习/工作：interfere with studies/work 产生影响：have/exert a profound influence on life/personality, have a dramatic/undesirable effect on 较好地驾驭生活：be a better pilot of one's life 剥夺机会/权力：deprive oneself of the chance/right/opportunity 取代就的方式：substitute for/take the place of the old way 采取措施：take effective steps/measures to 控制我们的环境：take/gain increasing control over our own environment 躲避危险/挑战：shy/run away from the dangers/challenge 满足要求：meet/satisfy/accommodate the demand of 补偿损失：compensate for/make up for the loss/damage 解释某现象：account for/explain the phenomenon 对……很好的了解：have a better understanding/appreciation of, have a new perspective on.provide/gain an insight into 把某因素考虑进去：take sth.Into account(consideration), give much thought to 品位人生/自由/青春：savor the life/freedom/youth 培养对……的信心：develop/foster one's interest/confidence in 经历变化/困难/艰险：undergo/experience great changes/hardships/experience 表现出自信心等：project one's confidence/feeling/image 生活充满不公正的地方：life is full of minor irritation/injustice 追求学习/职业：pursue one's academic interest/professional career 学习知识/技术：pursue/acquire knowledge/technology/skill 被看作学习的……榜样：be held up as a good example 交流经验/知识：share experience/ideas/problems/knowledge 发挥/起到重要作用：play an(important/active/great)role/part 逃学/缺课：skip school/a class/a meeting/a lecture 知识/经验丰富：rich in knowledge/experience 确立/追求目标：set/pursue a goal/higher standard 到达目标：achieve/accomplish/stain the goal/aim/objective 克服困难：overcome obstacles/difficulty 面临危险/困难：be confronted/faced with/in the face of danger/difficulty 阻碍了成功：stand in the way of success, be an obstacle/barrier to success/growth 阻碍了发展：hamper/impede/stunt the development of The contents 持传统的看法：hold conventional wisdom 发表看法：voice/express one's opinion 持相反/合理的观点：take the opposite/fresh view 揭穿某种一贯的说法：shatter the myth of 求得帮助：enlist one's support/help 缩小差别：bridge/narrow/fill the gap/gulf(between city and country)把成功/错误归咎于：attribute/own the success/failure to 对……重要：be indispensable/important/vital to 施加压力：put/exert a academic pressure on 重视：assign/attach much importance/significance to 强调：place/put much emphasis/stress/value on 把注意力集中在：focus/concentrate one's attention/efforts/thoughts upon 提供机会/信息：provide/offer/furnish an opportunity/information for sb.抓住机会：grab/seize/take the opportunity 得到机会：enjoy/gain access to a opportunity/information 有可能：there is(little/much)possibility/likelihood that, chances/the odds are that 展开竞争：compete against/with sb.for the prize/position/control/the mastery of 开展运动：conduct(carryon/undertake/initiate/launch/wage)a(vigorous/nation-wide/publicity/advertising)campaign(for/against)对我很有/没有什么意义：make much/little sense to me 带来无穷的幸福/满足：be a source of happiness satisfaction/contentment/pride/complaint 献身于：devote/dedicate/commit oneself to a cause/career 大不（没什么）两样：make much(little/no)difference 真正重要的是：what really matters/accounts is … 改变生活旅程：change/alter the course of life 建立在大量的学习/实践上：built on tremendous amount of study/practice 进行调查/执行任务：conduct/carry out an study/task/experiment 辞去工作/学习：leave/quit one's job/work/school 参加考试/竞赛等：enter(for)the examination/contest, race 参加活动/讨论：take part/participate/be engaged in sports/activities/discussion 影响思想/态度/事件的形成：shape one's thinking/attitude 进入大学/社会/家庭/劳力市场/职业：enter a school/college/society/the work force/professionals 实现自己的理想/愿望：realize/fulfill/achieve one's dream(hops/wish/desire)减轻压力/紧张：reduce/alleviate/relieve the stress/pressure/tension 提高社会地位：enhance/improve/upgrade social status/position/standing rise to the position of leadership 提高技术/能力：sharpen(increase/improve/enhance/boost)one's skill/ability 加快/促进发展：accelerate/facilitate/advance/enhance/boost the development of 随着生活节奏的加快：with the quickening pace/rhythm/tempo of modern life/society 开阔眼界/兴趣：broaden one's interest/outlook, expand(broaden/enlarge)one's mental horizons 有助于了解/发展/宣传/解决：contribute much/little/greatly/to a better understanding of/the popularity of/the growth of/the solution of 有助于解决问题：go a long way to(towards)solving the problem 迷恋名利/分数：be obsessed/preoccupied with grades/fame/fortune 把时间花/浪费在：spend/waste time doing sth., put in hours doing sth.利用机会/技术：make(full/better)use of/take advantage of opportunity/time, tap/harness technology potential/skills/talent 把知识/经验运用到…：apply/put the theory/knowledge/experience… to practice/daily life/good use 取得进步：make much progress/strides/gains in 充分发挥潜力/能力：develop one's ability/potential to the full, give full play to one's ability 充满激情/渴望：have a burning desire/a great passion for
写作练习方法----温故而知新
（一）(2008-10-10 14:34:22)
标签：杂谈
分类：考研与四六级写作
近日想到06年在东方的同事路程，实在是作文教学中的好手，却行卷求学于名校，无缘东方。痛惜。又温故而知新练习法也很多取材于此君，书于此以飨诸位。温故—— u 表达观点
1)have/hold/express opinions/views about/on/that 2)take/hold/have the attitude that/towards 3)in one’s opinion/view/point of view 注意：In my opinion, I think…是叠床架屋之举，删去一个。4)be convinced that 相当于firmly believe that 5)deem（正式）认为，视为。注意三种用法：
加从句：They deemed that he was a fool.加形容词：The novel was deemed successful.加名词：I deem it my duty to help the poor.6)presume 由某事推出某个结论：I presume from his accent that he is an American.7)suppose 侧重于主观推断，认为应该如何。I suppose that you have been there before.8)maintain, argue, assert, emphasize… u 表示同意
agree that/with/to/on 1)approve of sth.2)take a positive attitude towards that 3)consent of sth./to do sth.4)accede to sth.正式用语，（最初不同意）同意，答应。The government would not accede to public pressure.acced to a request/a proposal 这个词还有继职、就任的意思：accede to the minister 5)Support 6）vote / ballot for/against，cast one’s vote / ballot for / against
u 表示反对或意见不一 disagree 1)oppose/be opposed to 侧重于积极的对抗态度和行为，Congress is opposed to the military budget.2)object to sth.有强烈的不喜欢，逆反的涵义，Why do you always object to everything he wished to do for you? There’s nothing wrong with being painted in the nude;artists do it all the time.But our silly husbands have a way of objecting to that sort of thing.3)resist 有一种公开性，强调对外在威胁力量的驱除。抵制。They had resisted the and finally destroyed the Roman Empire.4)be divided over 在某件事情上有分歧。
u 表达应该做某事 should/ought to do 1)be supposed to do 2)be expected to do 3)be one’s duty/responsibility/obligation to 知新—— u 引起
大雨引起了水灾。
The heavy rain _______ a flood.他的新建议引起了他人的好奇心。
His new suggestion _________the others’ curiosity.这部电影引起了我对童年的回忆。
This film __________ my memory of childhood.人口的增长引起了住房的不足。
The increasing population _________ the shortage of housing.1)cause 是“引起”的全方位对等值对应词。不管引起的是什么事物、现象或活动，一般均可用cause表示。尽管如此，cause在表意上仍然有侧重——不如意或意外的发生。
North China was hit by unexpected heavy rain which caused severe flooding.The earthquake has caused only slight damages of houses.Many diseases are caused by microbes.2)arouse 侧重对某些心理活动的激起，以使其变得更活跃、更明显。
His speech aroused public indignation.sb’s curiosity, suspicion.3)provoke
=to cause a feeling or attention This little article has provoked great interest of authorities.4)evoke
侧重意念a memory, 情感a feeling的激起。
That movie evoked nice memories of my childhood.(call up)The suggestion of the headmaster evoked a heated discussion.(stir up)5)whet 引起食欲。Nothing can whet my appetite.6)originate 侧重于起源，发源。
The use of steam originated many other reforms.Many other reforms originated in the use of steam.蒸汽为因，改革为果。7)give rise to, give occasion to, give birth to, lead to, set off, touch off, stir up, bring forth, call forth 多见于书面语中。
The increase in population gave rise to a shortage of houses.That remark gave occasion to a burst of laughter.The new plan called forth a good deal of criticism.The inclement weather brought forth a host of diseases.Mind it will set off a chain reaction.Conflict of interests between the imperialists gave birth to two world wars.8)result from, result in 侧重表示由于某一过程的长期延续而形成的必然结果。
Liver and kidney damages result from prolong usage of a number of drugs.Sickness often results from eating too much.9)be responsible for+事情，to+人 表示这层含义的时候，作主语的必须是表示人的主语。
The only reason responsible for the traffic accident is carelessness of the driver.u 负责
这边的事由你负责。
You are ___________ the affairs here.他对工作很负责。He is __________ 1)charge 相当于have the management of，倾向于管理。
be in the charge of, be left in charge of, take charge of, have charge of, put…under one’s charge How would it be for you to take charge of this class? She took charge of the family business when her father died.He has been in charge of the whole office for 10 years.Who is in the charge of this work? Who is having charge of this work? He is in full charge of security affairs.Mr.Wang was left in full charge of the company’s business while the boss was ill.The general manager put everything under my full charge.2)responsibility 对……负责，倾向于“责任”
bear responsibility for, take(up)responsibility, take the responsibility for/of doing sth.lack responsibility, admit responsibility for, shoulder the responsibility for, assume responsibility, accept/undertake the responsibility for Successful leaders are emotionally and intellectually oriented to the future-not wedded to the past.They have a hunger to take responsibility, to innovate, and to initiate.He is lacking responsibility in his work.We must bravely shoulder the responsibility for our own acts.All of us want to share the responsibility with you.3)responsible be responsible for sth., be responsible to sb., be responsible to sb.for sth.Hold oneself responsible to The pilot of the plane is responsible for the passengers’ safety.Who should be responsible for the accident? Our duty is to hold ourselves responsible to the people.We must be responsible to the people for their interests.Who is the person responsible? Your side will be responsible for all the consequences arising therefrom.All the members of the committee are responsible directly to the president.4)undertake/take up 承担某个特定任务，担负起做……事的责任，前者为书面，后者为口语
A friend undertook to tape the proceedings at the opening of the exhibition.He has taken up too much.5)answer for, be answerable for, 强调责任
be in control, be in one’s hands, 侧重对……的管理
see about, see to, call the shots, 安排或关照，后者可直译为“发号施令”，引申为对……事全权负责
rest on/upon one’s shoulders，句型。对……事担负起责任。这些词组多见于非正式场合。
Who is in control here？（语气较重）Who is in charge here？
Who is the person responsible here？
I cannot answer for other people’s mistakes.If anything goes wrong, you’ll have to answer for it.I’ll see about the fuel.You won’t be put to that trouble again;I’ll see to that.The matter is in your hands.The task rested squarely on our shoulders.I’m calling the shots here.u 决心做…… 1)to determine 程度较强。to be determined, to be bound,后一种多用于口语。都是下定决心，决心干某事的意思。
The PLA men were to bound to fulfill the task even at the risk of their lives.We are determined to get the work done before May Day.He has determined to learn English well.2)to make up one’s mind, 口语色彩
to make a point of doing sth.to make it a point to do sth.书面语。Everybody of us must make a point of being punctual.Xiao Wang made it a point to learn ten new words every day.Xiao Wang made it a point of learning ten new words every day.He’ s made up his mind to learn English well.3)to resolve, to make a resolve, to be resolved, to make good resolutions.语义较重，多用于书面语的表达。
We are resolved to fulfill the tasks set before us by the Party.The local residents resolved to have the flood checked.He makes good resolutions to do the word well, but he never keeps them.We resolve to become one with the masses.4)to pledge, to pledge oneself to 语义重，有庄严的语体色彩。
He pledged to complete his father’s unfinished task, whatever the cost might be.They pledged themselves to save their comrades.5)to set one’s mind on sth, /doing sth., to be set on/upon doing sth.口语中惯用的表达方式。
We set on/upon transforming the barren hills to well-cultivated land.He has set his mind on going to Oxford University.She set her mind on finding out who it was.6)vow, make a vow, be under a vow to do.誓言，发誓。有坚定不移的语义 We vow to build up our factory and make it a strong modern enterprise by the year 2008.He is under a vow to drink no wine.7)我们学过的一些简单表达法：shall, 简单实用。语气较弱。We shall be the champions!be ready to, 由“准备”这个意义引申。After hearing the story, we are ready to help others.decide to do…强调计划上将要做某事，“下决心”的意味没有determine强烈。u 发生
happen, occur 1)happen,强调偶然性的色彩，usually by accident.occur 暗示“某种现象的发生往往与人们的思想活动或一定的客观规律有关。” 两者都能与to连用。
happen为通用语体词，occur则为书面语体词，多用于正式场合。A leap year occurs every four year.It happened to me an hour ago.1)take place, come about与happen完全等值。前者口笔语通用，后者多用于口语。How did the accident come about? The accident took place on the highway.The media have flocked to the place where the event took place.4)witness, see 主语必须是年代或地点。
The year 1949 saw a great change in China.The city has seen quite a few earthquakes.Beijing witness many a great historic event.The year 1976 witness many earth-shaking events in China.5)succeed 继……之后，表示一系列事物或现象的连续发生。One event succeeded another.During my illness, one trouble succeeded another.6)turn up 强调突然或意外，多用于口语。
manifest oneself, 多指事物、现象的显露 be in the wind强调即将发生。
No such disease manifested itself in these years.Something unexpected has turned up.She was told that something unusual was in the wind.There is something in the wind.7)There be结构
There have been many such uprisings in the history of our country.写作练习方法----温故而知新
（二）(2008-10-10 14:36:34)
u 在于
汉语中，“在于”通常有两种意思，我们来体会下面两个句子：
1、指出事物的本质所在：革命战争的目的在于消灭战争。
2、指出关键所在：决定于，取决于。这件事成功与否在于他自己了。1)lie in, lie with, lie in the fact that 指出关键所在
The remedy lies in education.Where does the difficulty lie? It lies in the lack of full proof.The fundamental way our for agriculture lies in mechanization.Our difficulty lies in the fact that we don’t know English.It lies with his whether he will study or not.2)consist in: have…as the chief or only element Leadership consists in farsightedness and forgiveness.Happiness consists in contentment.Happiness consists in serving the people wholeheartedly.National strength consists not only in national armies.2)stem from 流行于美国英语中的说法。起源于，发生于，滋长于。有追根溯源的隐含意味。His error stems from selfishness.Our failure stems from the lack of experience.5)be 主语多为point, idea, trouble, reason, worry, argument, suggestion,等。正是，就是的意思。一般主语比较抽象，需要系动词后面的表语加以说明。The point in dispute is the title to this newly-found manuscript.The problem is how to reduce costs.The trouble is that we don’t know English.In his book, the function of television is to edify, not to entertain.u 安排
1)arrange 有事先作好准备的意思。
We have arranged two trips for the students.The leadership has arranged for Xiao Wang to attend the meeting.We have arranged visits and sightseeing trips for the foreign guests.Everything has been arranged.It is up to you to arrange for the conference.2)Make proper/ necessary/ excellent/ adequate/ last-minute/ make-shift/ all/ a few arrangements Please make proper arrangements in the light of the specific situation.We must make adequate arrangements for the daily life of the students.If arrangements could be made, I still hope you will come.Do you agree to this arrangement? What do you say to this arrangement? The school authorities have already made the arrangements.3)fix, manage前者有明显的口语色彩。后者有克服困难想方设法做到的隐含意味。Don’t worry.I’ll fix everything for you.If you want to meet them, I can fix it.Properly managed, the money can last them three months.I doubt whether they can manage everything in time.3)see about, see to 美国惯用语。原意是关照。但在某些情境下，就对应了中文的“安排”之意。I’ll see to it tomorrow.明天我把这件事安排一下。
We’ve been seeing about a job for you since last week.I have seen to it that the nurse did day duty only.There are all kinds of things that have to be seen about.4)lay on for, lay out 有明显的口语色彩。前者尤用在服务性句子中。后者有精心考虑的意味。Concerts were laid on(=arranged)for the foreign guests.The work for tomorrow is all laid out.(=is all well arranged)5)schedule 强调安排工作的时间性、程序性。在美语中常用。What’s your schedule for tomorrow? We want to schedule a match for the next week.8)get up, work things, 前者是褒义短语，强调工作做得井井有条。后者是arrange matters.This book has been got up very nicely by the designers and printers.I think I can work things, so there will be no problem.I’d like to ask you to get up a special performance for the new students.6)reset, budget 前者有重新安排的含义。后者强调精心使用。Arrange again, arrange properly The things are changing all the time, so we must reset our business hours.The examination is at hand, and you must budget your time.7)set aside+time, choose+time We set aside one afternoon in a week for vocational study.My suggestion is that we must set aside more time for oral practice.To choose time is to save time.u 情况
1)situation 在某一时期里一个单位或一个地区事物的全貌。尤指复杂状态或事态。It is very important to handle complex situations aptly.After hearing the report from below, the newly-appointed manager got a general picture of the situation in the company.I know very little about the situation there.How is the situation at the front? The situation admits of no delay.2)case 一个个具体的或暂时的情况。
Special cases, of course, need special consideration.Those are isolated cases.This rule does not reach the case.Those are two different cases.What is the practice in such cases? 3)matter, affair or things Matter,多指重要的事情或情况
Affair通常用复数形式，且不加任何冠词，多指与日常公事有关的情况。Things用法特色同上，多指与日常生活中的一般事物有关的情况。前两者有书面语色彩。
The minister personally explained the matter to the ambassadors.How do matters /things stand with them? Things got much better later on.Things are well again with us.What’s the state of affairs? He told us how affairs stood in the countryside.3)facts, conditions 当“情况”在具体语境中有事实或条件的意味时，可酌情。
We must determine working policies in the light of actual conditions.Conditions are changing all the time.No uniformity should be imposed since conditions vary from place to place.In view of the above-mentioned facts, we wish to make the following proposals.4)circumstances 周围的事态状态。多用在作状语的惯用搭配中。Under no circumstances In/under certain circumstances In the present/prevailing circumstances Under such circumstances Under similar circumstances In these circumstances only three courses are open to us.Under the circumstances we had to give up the plan.In such circumstances we can’t afford to wait any longer.5)略而不译
关于那件事的情况，请你告诉我。
please inform me as touching the matter.今天早晨病人的情况加重了。
The patient is getting worse this morning.u 管理
管理生产（公司。旅店，商店）___________ production, company, hotel, business 管理华侨事务 ___________ affairs concerning overseas Chinese 管理群众生活 _____________ the everyday life of the masses 管理家务 __________ the household 管理学校 ___________ a school 管理城市 _____________ a city 1)manager 侧重对business的管理，即对生产性企业或各类经济实体的管理
I don’t think he is able to manage such a big factory./farm,/store The hotel is badly managed.The major corporation is managed by a board of three directors.2)administer 侧重指对于affair的管理，因而与非生产性单位的行政事务有关的管理，则多用administer.有些句子兼有上述两种色彩，所以可以兼用。
A government that is badly administered can never be expected to last long.In our country it is people who administer the affairs of the state.In many Japanese homes the funds/the financial affairs are administered by the wife.3)run=be in the charge of 不管是对business还是affairs的管理，均可以用run表示。汉语“管理”和run有全方面对等的关系。有明显的口语色彩。
Mr.Wang has been running this factory/company/theatre/school/publishing house for more than 20 years.People have the right to run their own affairs.An old woman runs the house for me.4)govern法制管理，rule意志管理。两者都是权力性管理。而manager和administer是专业性管理和行政性管理。注意这句话：The country is ruled but not governed.In fact, the city is governed by nobody.The new president governs the beautiful country.The headmaster ruled the school with a firm hand.4)control/have control over 突出控制
look after,突出关照料理 regulate, 强调“调节” supervise,，突出督察
operate，作为“管理”的对等词，是美国人常用的表达法。我认为类似于中国人说的“运作” The new teacher has a good control over the graduation class.The Education Department effectively controls all the schools in the city.The department is operated directly by the president.Looking after the everyday life of the masses is of great importance.其他高频词汇—— u 各种各样
1)all kinds of, all sorts of, 2)all manner of多用于口语。
My grandfather has seen all manner of men.All manner of things were happening.All manner of questions, all manner of excuses for being late/absence Of every description/of all descriptions The department store has goods of all descriptions.There are people of all descriptions.Our library has magazines of every description.3)various, a variety of,侧重于指一种东西的两个或多个不同的品种，或不同的表现形式，或同一件事在细节上的差别。表明多样化的同时，又强调差别的意味。Various accounts of the incident were reported.Various interpretations were attempted to account for the experimental result but with no avail.Iron has a variety of use.4)diverse, a diversity,强调性质、品质或形式上的全然不同。The European people speak diverse languages.A person of diverse interests can talk on many subjects.5)mixed，常喻指事物的多样化或感情上的悲喜交织。
The play? It was a mixed experience.Some parts were a deadly bore, but others were interesting.A mixed feeling.u 大概
1)probably, presumably, maybe有……的可能性。可能。2)about, approximate, approximately, 3)or so, or thereabout, in the rough, more or less, before or after 4)a dozen or so The teacher is forty or thereabout The dictionary is worth ten yuan in the rough.I still have more or less twenty pages to cover.We’ll be through with our work before or after the end of this month.5)some, some around,后者为美国用法。It must be somewhere round 6.The delegation will arrive somewhere about 9 o’ clock.That was some twenty years ago.As to the attack plan, the commander gave us only a brief account.From the report we could draw only a general picture.The author of the article has made only a rough estimate about the situation.Everybody acknowledge that Newton was a great man;yet few people have more than the vaguest acquaintance with his living personality.u 非常
1)very, very much greatly, terribly, deeply, awfully, highly, frightfully, simply, badly, vastly, extremely, immensely, … We need this dictionary badly.I am awfully sorry for it.2)注意：most在某些情况下也有非常的意思，不用定冠词the的时候。
This is a most interesting film.就相当于我们中国人说，这是一部顶顶有趣的电影。并不表示最高程度，而是非常的意思。Iron is most useful.The design of an aircraft is a most complicated matter.3)but too…to, only too… to We are but too glad to do so.We are only too pleased to work together with the workers.I am only too glad to go there.We shall be only too pleased to hear from you.4)more than We are more than willing to see him here again.Everybody was more than happy to hear of your success in the experiment.The soldiers were more than brave.5)用反身代词itself表示终极概念。相当于我们中国人说“极其”。The newly built bridge is magnificence itself.To the people, he is loyalty itself.Our English teacher is patience itself.He boasted that his wife was beauty itself.6)另一些比较奇特的表达：
He is burning with jealousy.The little boy is burning with desire for study.This book is ever so interesting.Students are ever so diligent.He is even such a clever boy.It is even such a useful tool.Everybody enjoyed himself ever so at the evening party.Box at the opera costs no end.He has no end of books.I am hungry to death.I’m enjoying my trip up to the handle.He was tired to the world.7)As they come, as the day is long怎么翻译？ Tom was as clever as they come.At that moment he felt as happy as the day was long.Away off in a big city there was a young girl.She was as pretty as the day way long.He is as happy as the day is long.He is as honest as the day is long.一般词典都找不到。但在20世纪现代英美文学作品当中，这些惯用语早已被广泛使用。程度比very, greatly重。
8)你可以使用一些词语，让表达更生动： They were working as blazes.That boy was running as hell.The enemies are all as tricky as monkey.That old man was as mad as the devil.Xiao Zhang is a storehouse of information.The professor is really a walking dictionary.Never mind about him.The man is a back number.u 量词的使用： 1)一口
a mouthful/drink/sip/gulp of water a sip of brandy/tea, a gulp of milk a mouthful/breath of fresh air a mouthful/morsel of food，后者是一小口的意思 taking a deep pull or two of smoke, he said, “…” a suck of wine/smoke/tea，不大的一口。a drain of beer/water/gin.a swallow of, 慢慢吞咽的一口，a draught of 一饮而尽的一口。2)一群
a crowd/group/host(许多大量)of people, a galaxy of，星系，天河，褒义，想想中文中的“灿若星河”。往往用来比喻出色或著名的人物的群。
A galaxy of talents, a galaxy of beauties A troop of, 正在进行中人或动物的群，a swarm of蜂拥而至
A multitude of animals/people/islands，不像crowd那样拥挤，have enough space A throng of people/ film fans，为数众多的挤在一处。
A band/gang of, 轻蔑色彩。+ gangsters, thieves, robbers, convicts A flock of sheep/geese/ducks/goats/hens…飞鸟家禽，羊群。A herd of cattle, buffaloes/elephants.大动物的群，牛马 A pack of wolves/hounds A swarm of ants/flies/bees A cluster of butterflies/bees/bright stars A school/shoal of fish 较为形象的一些量词：替代a large area of… a vast stretch of turf/woods an expanse of green crops
a cloud of dust a scene of prosperity/desolation/bumper harvest a hive of activity, a veil of silence 3)其他
a batch of books/ letters/ documents/ goods/recruits a stock of goods a load of goods/furniture a crop of promising football players.A whole set of policies/selected works of Lu Xun/stamps A pack/tissue of lies A loaf of cheese A nice cut of meat/pork A chop of beef一块带骨头的牛肉。
A bar of chocolate, a cake of soap/ clay A cube/lump(没有固定形状)of sugar A dollop of ice cream/ pudding/ cheese
a burst of laughter/merriment/tears/thunder/applause/crackers眼泪夺眶而出
an outburst of cheers/anger a flood of rain/light/tears/anger泪如泉涌 a spell of warm/cold/fine/bad weather/drought a fit of acute pain/rage/coughing/laziness/madness/despair疾病，感情
a gust of rain/smoke/fier/wind风雨雹烟火等猛烈突发 a stab of anxiety/envy/joy一阵突然而强烈的感情
4)在阅读中寻找好词
喜欢，对……有兴趣have the appetite for adventure, a strong desire foràa keen appetite for 放弃desert, desert our ideals 坚持不懈的努力great effortàunremitting endeavor 存在competition would never enter in.很重要Achievement counts for a great deal.极其，非常overwhelming strong 美妙fantasyàecstasy 理解apprehend 管理governàhold sway above 我们应该it is well that… should 对……毫不在乎not give a fig for 不重要of small account 因为for the sake of 极度紧张a bundle of nerves 痛苦agonizing 你在想什么？What was going through your mind? 继续proceed with 震惊startle 同情compassion 生命逝去die, pass awayàLife flickers out.有益身心beneficial to both mind and bodyàwhole 藏hideàtuck away 普遍的natural beauty is an all-pervading presence.合适的congenial to 胜利triumph 远离keep away fromàshrink away from 不时sometimesàat intervals 总是time and time again 一见如故Peter and I clicked straight away.找出find outàfigure out 举个小小的例子to take a trivial instance 写下set down 有名的eminent 形容房间很舒服the room is cozy and invitingßcomfortable
文章功能来看，我们可把这10大类文章归为三种类型：解决问题、论证观点、阐述现象。其中第一类具有解决问题功能的短文包括了：
1、身体健康类；
2、职业道德类；
3、人口增长类；
4、环境保护类。第二类具有论证观点功能的短文包括了：
5、情感类；
8、人生价值类。第三类具有阐述现象功能的短文包括了：
6、文化交流类；
7、教育类；
9、家庭关系类；
10、社会热点类。需要说明的是，以上分类并不是具有绝对意义的，譬如一些身体健康类的话题也可能适合以论证观点的短文模板来套用。我们这里所说的是指大致的分类和适用范围。除了以上三项功能，我们还将在本部分的最后列出两个具有对比论证功能的模板。虽然自从1997 年以来的历年短文题目中没有出现要求进行对比论证的话题，但是考生仍然应该有所准备，因为对比论证是英文写作的一种重要写作手法，需要引起一定的重视。
1、身体健康类 模板1：
The picture.What is strikingly noticeable is , but it can be easily explained by shown in the picture.The discernable unhealthiness discloses a prevalent phenomenon that has long existed in the China’s.One the one hand,.On the other hand,.As a result, the integration of poor living conditions and work pressure leads naturally to their poor health and short life-span, just as the picture tells us.The situation is rather depressing because , and it is largely owing to.To solve the problem, I think there should be a thriving social trend , and those who should be rewarded with good living and working conditions.（参见范文2）
模板2：
In the picture, we are amazed to find that.It clearly tells us that in the domain of , there are.has long been a problem since , and are turning to be an increasingly severe problem because of.Besides, there are more reasons responsible for this issue.Firstly,.Secondly,.Thirdly,.Judging from the analysis above, we may safely come to the conclusion that the daunting problem demands effective counter-measures.Most importantly, the government needs to implement sufficiently relevant laws and regulations in order to enhance the strength of.In addition, all residents should be aware of.（参见范文8）
2、职业道德类 模板1：
We can see from the picture that , but.If , he would surely express.There are three reasons to explain why it happens to.Firstly, , which resulted from.Secondly, though ,.Consequently,.Thirdly,.I maintain that effective measures should be taken to put an end to this phenomenon.Firstly, we need to endeavor to advocate.Secondly, strict regulations should be enacted and enforced to create a harmonious and orderly society.Only through the combined efforts can we eliminate this “tumor” forcefully and completely.（参见范文6）
模板2：
As is shown in the cartoon,.Take in the cartoon for example.This phenomenon appears commonly in our daily life.Nowadays,.Instead, they only try their best to Such deeds not only , but also.Therefore, it is of great significance to take actions to change this phenomenon.First and foremost,.In addition,.All these steps can help guarantee a solid economic order and a harmonious society.（参见范文8）
3、人口增长类 模板1：
The picture depicts a scene in which.The scene is presented in an artistic and ironic manner.Crowds of people are crammed in.Further examination reveals that.Apparently, the picture symbolizes that humans, with such a huge population, may one day suffer from the exhaustion of earth resources.Take for example.Given the fact that , we find that.To make it worse,.If the conflict between population boom and shortage of resources is not properly controlled, we have every reason to hold a pessimistic perspective towards human’s future on Earth.Perhaps eventually we would face the situation suggested by the picture, that is,.Accordingly, I strongly recommend that the whole globe launch aggressive programs to address this fatal contradiction.（参见范文3）
模板2：
Basically, what we see in this cartoon is.The interestingly echos the.while we can imagine.We can deduce from this picture that the artist is trying to attract our attention to the present exploding world population.The striking point is that.As a result,.On the contrary,.The simple picture is a wake-up call for the whole of human race..Hence, mankind should cooperate worldwide to control population by effective measures, in order to secure the prosperity of our future on this planet.（参见范文2）
4、环境保护类 模板1：
This is a very interesting piece of cartoon, in thanks to.Hence,.Though being a little exaggerating, the cartoon illuminates a serious fact that , and for that matter,.A recent report also supported this view by.On the contrary, we are sad to perceive that.Therefore, in my opinion, it is already high time for the whole world to form a solid cooperation fighting against , because not a single government or person can be exempt from its harm.A series of down-to-earth measures need to be urgently implemented to control.（参见范文2）
模板2：
Nowadays, lots of people have the illusion that.Just as what is shown in the picture,.This is a very serious social problem.Compared with other countries, China.If everybody behaves in this way, it would be far beyond the country’s capacity to.Moreover, it was reported that.Meanwhile,.Also,.Though , it is never the only way.What’s important, to solve these problems depends largely on our responsibility for society and environment.If the sense of responsibility is greatly aroused, the achievement of harmony between man and the environment will not be far away.（参见范文7）
5、情感类 模板1：
As is shown in the picture above,.Obviously from we can surmise that.It goes without saying that the primary purpose of the picture lies in eulogizing the practice of.As a matter of fact, it is not rare to find in our everyday life deeds of similar nature.For instance,.Additionally, we can also hear many stories about.Not to mention those moving cases of.All in all, I firmly believe that a harmonious society is based on a.By , people not only harvest , but also gain that can never be purchased via money.（参见范文7）
模板2：
, just as is depicted in the picture.It is not difficult to find that in today’s society, more and more people begin to.It is rather good news to.The picture reminds us that in China, due to ,.Moreover, there are.In addition, we should not forget.is a good way to express human love.To some extent, it also reflects individuals’ sense of social responsibility.It is also a feeling from deep heart that is beyond words and is difficult to obtain no matter how rich one is.Therefore, I strongly advocate that.I am sure our society will hence be more beautiful because of.6、文化交流类 模板1：
It is a very eye-catching photo in which.What makes this picture extraordinary is , which clearly indicates.The sense of that permeates this picture is representative of , that is, , and therefore,.China, in particular,.The effect of such communication can be best exemplified by.While people belong to nations, cultures know no boundary.is not only featured by , but more importantly, by.I firmly believe that is contributing, and will contribute more to the world’s peace, development, and prosperity.（参见范文1）模板2：
What is presented here is a very interesting scenario..From the subtitle we can infer that.Conspicuously,.We can deduce from the picture that.It partly owes to , and partly to.Except the case reflected in the picture, there are numerous evidence demonstrating.For example,.From a personal point of view, I am delighted to witness.To sum up,.As for China,.Therefore, I can firmly conclude that in the long run, cultural exchanges will contribute to a flourishing Chinese and global economy, as well as diversified cultures.（参见范文3）
7、教育类 模板1：
As the title indicates, “ ”, the set of pictures apparently reminds us that.It is discernable that.The drawing virtually reminds its audience a widespread phenomenon existing negatively in the area of basic education in China, that is,.That is to say,.Such a practice is very harmful in terms of the following aspects.Firstly,.Secondly,.Last but not the least,.In my point of view, , but it is only part of the picture.On the other hand,.Therefore, it is an urgent task to.As children are the future of our nation, creating a good environment for their upbringing means creating a bright and promising future for our nation.模板2：
The picture shows.symbolizes.As is quoted in the picture,.It apparently mirrors an increasingly common social phenomenon in China— in contrast with.One the one hand, the problem partially attributes to.Sometimes.On the other hand,.For example, , while.In my opinion, the government needs to launch a reform in the education system with measures that can show immediate effect.proves to be most beneficial to students.Further, a large-scale reform in the macroeconomic level to is the basic solution of this issue.（参见范文4）
8、人生价值类 模板1：
As the old Chinese saying goes,.It echoes with this picture in which.The title of the picture further points out that.The picture is meant to.As far as I am concerned, I think.This universal truth can be particularly proved in the field of , where.A brief survey of history about also demonstrates the fundamental importance of., for example,.The same principle applies to common people as well, and I am sure everybody can benefit from.（参见范文5）
模板2：
From the picture we can perceive that.What astonishes the drawing and the readers is that.It is known to all that , but it seems.The artist utilizes this artistic presentation to imply a spreading vogue that.Ultimately, the trend boils down to.Accordingly,.To worsen the problem, this behavior is evoking.In my point of view, we are in a prime time to curb the problem from deteriorating.First and foremost, the whole society should arrive at the consensus that.Besides, an awareness of should be infused into everybody’s mind.（参见范文6）
9、家庭关系类 模板1：
The cartoon reveals a very thought-provoking scene.The artist purposefully exaggerates.This picture reveals the in-depth problem of.In fact,.There are two reasons for this.The first and perhaps most important is that.The other reason is more serious from a practical point of view..It owes to.In my point of view, the trend goes quite against the genuine and original purpose of our.What I want to emphasize by the above analysis is that,.Therefore, I strongly contend that.模板2：
There is a popular Chinese song, named “ ”, which encourages.However,the in the picture does but for a very different reason—.From the facial expression of we can read.Sadly as it is, this phenomenon does not occur rarely in today’s society, for which are responsible.For one thing,.For another,.As a matter of fact, the boosting economic development in China sadly and ironically witnesses a deterioration of.The above analysis is best exemplified by.In my opinion, the awareness of is elementary for paving the way towards success.（参见范文6）
10、社会热点类 模板1：
The two pictures illustrate vividly.In the left picture , while in the right.From the two pictures we can sense a crazy tendency of.Aside from , another telling example is , which was so successful in that.The pictures also make it obvious that we should.Admittedly, it is natural that.Nevertheless, it is the responsibility of our government and society to.In my opinion, what’s the more important is to.In short,.（参见范文1）
模板2： It goes without saying that this picture aims at revealing a current problem:.In this drawing,.Even.It seems to me that the artist is sending a message about the importance of.Though the drawing is a little exaggerating, it is not rare for us to find in.If we let this situation of continues, it not only harms , but also prevents.Accordingly, we urgently call for.Though the government has already taken pains to implement regulations, it still failz to.In my opinion, this problem should be urgently solved so as to protect benefits.I expect the government will put forward more effective propositions as soon as possible.（参见范文5）
比较类 模板1：
According to the two pictures presented, it can be observed that.In the left picture,.A the same time, as the right one shows.Different people have different views on.Some people support by claiming that.In their opinion,.In addition,.Meanwhile, there are some people, especially young men, who.Their reasons are quite different, sometimes for , sometimes for , sometimes simply for.In my point of view, both sides are partly right.To thoroughly analyze this problem, we should take into consideration of all relevant aspects, so as to make the right decision.Therefore, my conclusion would be that.模板2：
From the drawing, we can learn that.It can be seen easily that..We can deduce from that people’s opinion on vary from person to person.Some people take it for granted that.For example, they firmly believe that.But they often neglect that fact that.Yet there are also another group of people who hold a different point of view.They think that.Beside,.Personally, my attitude for this matter is positive, with reasons as follows.Firstly,.Moreover,.Lastly,.Therefore,
第二篇：英语作文替换词
词的多样性
一篇好的四、六级作文要具备以下一些特点：
用词是否多样、准确、形象，尽量使用能够吸引阅卷老师眼球的闪光词；
关键词是否换用，切勿老用重复词
常用替换词
1.individuals,characters, folks替换people ,persons.2.positive, favorable,，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good.3.dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill(有害的)替换bad（如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换）
4.an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many a替换many.(注意：many a 后面要跟可数名词单数，其后谓语动词用单数)
5.a slice of, quiet a few 替换some.6.harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that, argue that, suggest that替换think 7.affair ,business ,matter 替换thing.8.shared 代 common.9.reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits.10.for my part ,from my own perspective, as far as I am concerned, as for me替换 in my opinion.11.Increasing(ly),growing 替换more and more(当修饰名词时用 increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.)
12.beneficial, rewarding替换helpful.13.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser 替换customer.14.overwhelmingly,exceedingly,extremely, intensely 替换very.15.indispensable, inevitable替换necessary
16.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb, sth capture one's attention, sb is fascinated by 替换sb.be interested in.17.facet, dimension, sphere, respect代aspect.18.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause.19.desire 替换want.20.bear in mind that 替换remember.21.enjoy, possess 替换have
22.frown on sth, be against 替换disagree with sth.23.to name only a few, as an example替换 for example, for instance.24.regarding/concerning 替换about(关于).25.crucial/paramount, significant, essential 替换important.26.第一（in the first place/the first and foremost）;第二（there is one more point ,I should touch on, that„.）;第三（the last but not the least）.27.diligent替换hard-working
28.intelligent, smart 替换 wise 29.underdeveloped/financially-challenged 替换poor
30.demonstrate /manifest/illustrate 替换show
31.perilous/hazardous替换dangerous(社会现象是不好的，有害的)
32.distinguished, renowned 替换famous
33.feasible替换possible
34.approximately, around 替换about(大约)35.the old, senior citizens, the elderly替换old people 36.the young, the youth, young adults替换young people 37.be fond of, be keen on, enjoy, care for, adore替换like
一位同学的文章
I never forget the exceedingly thrilling day when my mother bought me a computer as birthday present, which exerted a tremendous fascination on me so that I indulged myself in googling an army of useful information i had expected, and enjoy a sea of melodious classic music.That night I was sleepless, feeling that the whole world belonged to me.exceedingly 替换 very；（个人认为替换成overwhelmingly更出彩）
thrilling 替换 exciting；
sth.exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换 sb.be interested in sth；
google 替换 search；
an army of 替换 a lot of。
The dawn of the new century witnessed the increasing popularity of computers.Coincident with the advancement of science and technology, computers pouring into the current society as a fashion are appealing to growing individuals.It is no exaggeration to say we have been submerged by them, in large measure!For a start, we can, freely, search desired information at any moment.Little by little, our knowledge will be well enriched, and our horizons will be greatly broadened.Additionally, we can get huge recreations online by chatting, playing games, or delivering email.There is no denying that, however, computers can function in the disservice of human beings, in a way, especially the growing violence, porn pictures, AV-films emerging on the screen, which leads quiet a few net citizens to copying.The dawn of the new century witnessed 是一个精彩句型，用来描述在某个时期发生了什么事情；
Increasing popularity 替换 more and more popular；
Coincident with „ 非常地道的句型，表达“与„一致”的意思，替换 With „；
Advancement 替换
development；
Pour into(flood into / swarm into)替换 enter into；
Current(currently)替换 now；
Appeal to sb.替换 sb.be interested in sth.；
Growing individuals 替换 more and more people；
It is no exaggeration to say 经典句型，说某事是毫不 夸张的。（it goes without exaggeration that更好）
For a start 替换 To begin with；
We can, freely, search 用了插入语的写作手法；
our knowledge will be well enriched, and our horizons will be greatly broadened.用了非常精彩的被动；
Additionally 替换 In addition / Besides；
Deliver 替换 send。There is no denying that , however, computers can function in the disservice of human beings, 这个句子有三个精彩之处，首先There is no denying that这个句型；其次however作为插入语；再次，function in the disservice of 替换 do harm to。
Emerging 替换 appearing(fading 替换 disappearing)；
Net citizen 网民，属于精彩用词。（直接用 netizen更好）
As a classic proverb goes that no garden has no weeds.Computers do play a positive role in the development of people' lives, despite a slice of unfavorable impacts.We should, therefore, take advantage of the fruits and avoid the opposite facet.No garden has no weeds 替换 Every coin has two sides；
Computers do play，使用do 表示强调；
Positive 替换 important / good 等；
A slice of 替换 a part of；
Unfavorable 替换 bad；
Impacts 替换 effects / influences；
We should, therefore, take advantage of „ 使用插入语；
Fruits(而且fruits 用的非常形象，merits/ virtues)替换 advantage(defects 替换 disadvantage)；
Facet 替换 aspect。
第三篇：英语写作常用替换词
写作常用替换词
★ 形容词：
1.贫穷的：poor = needy = poverty-stricken 2.富裕的：rich = wealthy = well-to-do = well-off 3.优秀的：excellent = top = outstanding 4.积极的，好的：good = conducive = beneficial=advantageous 5.消极的，不良的：bad = baneful =undesirable 6.明显的：obvious = apparent = evident 7.健康的: healthy = sound = wholesome 8.惊人的：surprising = amazing = extraordinary 9.美丽的：beautiful = attractive = eye-catching 10.有活力的：energetic = dynamic = vigorous ★ 动词：
1.提高，加强：improve = enhance= promote = strengthen
2.引起：cause = endanger 3.解决：solve =resolve =address = tackle =cope with = deal with 4.拆除：destroy = tear down = knock down 5.培养: develop = cultivate = foster 6.激发，鼓励：encourage = motivate = stimulate = spur
7.认为： think = assert= hold = claim = argue 8.完成：complete = fulfill = accomplish= achieve 9.保留：keep = preserve = retain = hold 10.有害于：destroy = impair = undermine
11.减轻: ease = alleviate = relieve = lighten ★ 名词：
1.影响：influence= impact 2.危险：danger =hazard 3.污染：pollution = contamination [kənˌtæmɪ'neɪʃən] 4.人类：human beings= mankind = human race 5.老人： old people= the old = the elderly = the aged = senior citizens 6.幸福：happiness = cheerfulness = well-being 7.老师：teachers = instructors = educators = lecturers 8.教育：education = schooling = family parenting = upbringing 9.青少年：young people = youngsters = youths = adolescents 10.优点：advantage = merits = superiority [su:pɪəri’ɒrəti] = virtue 11.责任： responsibility = obligation = duty
12.能力： ability = capacity[kə'pæsətɪ] = power = skill 13.职业：job = career = employment = profession 14.娱乐：enjoyment = pastimes = recreation= entertainment 15.孩子： children = offspring = kid
★ 短语：
1.充满了：be filled with = be full of 2.努力：struggle for = strive for = spare no efforts for 3.从事： take up = set about = go in for 4.在当代: in contemporary society = in present-day society= in this day and age 5.大量的: a host of = a vast number of = a vast amount of
词的替换
1.individuals,characters,folks替换(people ,persons)2: positive, favorable, rosy(美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, excellent, outstanding, superior替换good
3: dreadful, unfavorable, poor, ill(有害的)替换
bad, 如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换
4: a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some
5: harbor the idea that, take the attitude that, hold the view that，it is widely shared that，it is universally acknowledged that替think(因为是书面语，所以要加that)
6:affair ,business ,matter 替换thing 7: shared 代 common
8.reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits)
9: for my part ,from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion
10..beneficial, rewarding替换helpful，11.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser,换 customer 12.sth appeals to sb，fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb.be interested in
13.capture one's attention替换attract one's attention.14.desire 替换want.15.bear in mind that 替换remember
16.enjoy, possess 替换have(注意process是过程的意思)
17.frown on sth替换 be against , disagree with sth 18.to name only a few, as an example替换 for example, for instance 恰当用词
1.accelerate: 后面接名词，表示“加速”，中性词，好事坏事都能用。
2.adequate: “足够的”，用来替代经常被使用的enough。
3.advance: 名词，“进步，发展”，用来替代文章开头经常使用的development，progress。
4.advisable / sensible: “合理的”，都可以替代reasonable。
5.cannot afford to: “不应当做”，不纯粹是我们说的“负担不起”。
6.be alert to something: “对…保持警惕”，后面接消极概念。
7.alternative: “其他的选择或办法”，比如an alternative is that… 就相当于in addition（除此 之外）了。
8.approach / channel: “方法，手段”，用来替代我们经常使用的一些简单词汇，如method 等等。9.approve of something: “批准，同意”，注意不要
忘记介词of。
10.attach importance to something: 表示“重视，强调”，替代pay attention to。
11.ban / prohibit something: “禁止，杜绝”，表达这个含义时尽量不要使用stop。
12.barrier / obstacle: “障碍、阻碍”，名词，在写作考试中经常被用到。
13.capital / fund: 解决社会问题时一般都会提到需要投资，可以用到这两个单词，替代money。
Finance 金融 financial 14.challenging: “困难，有难度”，用来替代difficult。
15.in such circumstances: “在这类情况下”，写作时用于总结某个内容。
16.considerable: “相当大，相当多的”，非常常用的修饰语，比如considerable changes就是相当大的变化。17.in contrast: “相反”，用来替代我们经常使用的on the contrary，on the other hand。
18.copy / repeat one’s experience / success: “借鉴别人的经验，成功经验”。
19.critical: “至关重要的”，用于替代已经被用滥的important。
20.currently: “目前”，用来替代now，nowadays。21.damage: 作为名词，含义是“损失、损失金额”，动词“损坏”的搭配能力非常强，和表示物品或抽象概念的词都可以放在一起使用，因此可以用来替代destroy。
22.decline: “衰退”，表示数字下降得比较缓慢，在图表作文中根据图表曲线的实际情况使用，替代我们使用的普通单词decrease。
23.demonstrate / illustrate: “说明，表明”，用在图表作文中替代show，reveal等单词。
24.drop: “下降”，用来替代decrease。这个词表示下降比较快，如果再用修饰语，应当是sharply，dramatically，drastically。这三个单词一般都用在消极的单词上。积极的用greatly。
25.emerge as: “逐渐崛起并成为”，这个词组虽然很短，但是含义非常复杂，可以用在文章的开头，表达某种事物或社会现象从无到有，并迅速传播。比如 Internet has emerged as a channel for people to exchange information。
26.employ: “采纳，采用”，与表示“观点，方法，政策，法令”等英语单词搭配使用，用来替代adopt。
27.enforce: “执行”法律法规，通常用于作文结束部分，对某个社会问题提出解决办法时使用。28.essential: “至关重要，核心的”，形容词，用来替代important。
29.It is generally established that: “众所周知，公认”。
30.exchange: 这个词才是文化，教育等方面的“交流”，而不是communication。
expand: “扩大”，后面接影响，范围一类的词汇。
32.facet / factor: “方面，因素”，写作时尽量避免使用element，这个词中国人用得不是很好，aspect因为用的人较多，也可以避免。
33.fail to do: “没有能够”，可以适当替换带有cannot的句子。
34.frequently: “经常”，替代often，表示发生频率很高。
35.fresh / novel: “新的”，比如fresh idea等，都可以用来替代我们经常使用的new。36.fulfill: “完成，取得”，记住以下词组，fulfill the task, fulfill the dream, fulfill the role。
37.give priority to something: “重视，优先考虑”。
38.give rise to something: “引发，导致…的出现”，积极消极概念都可以使用。39.given that: “由于…原因”，可以用在句子的开始位置，后面接完整的句子，相当于 because。40.greatly / remarkably: “非常，相当”，作为褒义词，可以用在表示上升、前进、发展等积极含义的单词前面加强程度。41.household: “家庭”，这个词偏重的家庭生活中的设备，物质概念，因此，比如计算机，汽车等设备进入家庭，就应当用enter the household，而不是我们用的home或family。生活垃圾也可以表达为household wastes。
42.be ignorant about something: “对…没有引起足够重视”，表示没有意识到。
43.increasingly: “越来越”，副词，可以用在动词和形容词前面，加深程度。
44.individualistic / selfish / self-centered: 都是“自私的”含义，可以交替使用。
45.inspire / stimulate: “鼓励”，替代encourage。46.for instance: “例如”，虽然这个词组我们经常见到，但很少有人在写作文时用它来替代for example。
47.instruct: “教育”，名词形式为instruction，同educate，education交替使用。
48.intend to do: “计划，打算”，可以替代be going to等词组，表达做事的意愿。49.make investment into: “投资，投入”，投资是解决社会问题的一个核心方式，因此这个词组在英语写作中经常会用到。
50.issue: “问题”，中性词，我们平常使用的problem是贬义词，因此比如网络问题等词组都应当用issue来表达。
51.launch a campaign to do something: “大力开展…活动”。
52.maintain: “一贯认为，坚持认为”，一般写成somebody maintains that，后面使用完整的句子，用来替代think, believe。
53.major: “主要的”，用来替代main。
54.misleading: “误导的，错误的”，替代wrong。55.observe: “遵守”，后面接名词，如法律法规等。
56.be out of / be short of: “耗尽”/“短缺”，用来替代lack，同时提醒大家lack这个词的动词形式在英语中使用的很少。
57.outlook: “前景，未来”，用来替代future。当然，如果用future，就可以加个修饰语，比如
foreseeable future等等。
58.possess: “拥有”，用于替代have，既可以表示拥有具体事物，也可以说拥有抽象品质，特征。59.poverty-stricken: “贫困的，低收入的”，替代poor。
60.practice: “（广泛，大范围）的从事”，常与laws and regulations, policy或其他类似范畴的单词连用，用来替代carry out。
61.profit: “好处”，这个词本来是指经济上的利润，但现在可以用来替代benefit，表示广义的好处。
62.progress: “发展，进步”，可以同advance交替使用，以避免重复，并可以替代development。63.a range of / a series of / a string of: “一系列”，特别是后两个单词通常都可以用在消极概念前边，可以用作修饰语，增加文章长度。
64.relieve: “减轻，缓解”，用于消极概念前，词组为relieve somebody of something“消除某人的…。
65.remain: “一直处于某状态”，后面一般使用形容词。
66.resolve difference: “消除分歧，差异”，常用写作词组。
67.rewarding: “有收效，有回报的”，用在方法手段或政策法规的内容上。
68.shrink: 过去式和过去分词为shrank，shrunk，“缩小，减少”，用来替代我们经常使用的decrease。
69.slight / slightly: “稍微，有点”，这个词可以在我们写作文时做修饰语，比如slight difference或drop slightly，起到增加字长和提高单词水平的作用。
70.strategy: “策略”，其实也就是“方法手段”的含义，自然就可以替代method，way等单词。71.strengthen: “加强，巩固，改善”，同improve交替使用，以避免重复。
72.sufficient: “足够的”，用在资金，资源等单词前做修饰语，替代enough。
73.system: 这个词的搭配能力非常强，比如educational system, legal system, economic system等等，只要形容词后面加上这个词，其实就成了形容词本身可以变化的名词，上面三个例子就可以理解为教育，法律或者经济。74.threaten: “威胁到，危及”，后面接诸如环境，发展，进步等单词。
75.traditionally: “过去”，用于替代in the past。
76.when it comes to something: “当我们谈到…时”，用于文章开头。
第四篇：四六级写作30个最经典的替换词
四六级写作30个最经典的替换词
1.individuals,characters, folks替换(people ,persons)
2: positive, favorable, rosy(美好的)，promising(有希望的)，perfect, pleasurable , excellent, outstanding, superior替换good
3:dreadful, unfavorable, poor, adverse, ill(有害的)替换bad如果bad做表语，可以有be less impressive替换
eg.An army of college students indulge themselves in playing games, enjoying romance with girls/boys or killing time passively in their dorms.When it approaches to graduation ,as a result, they find their academic records are less impressive.4.(an army of, an ocean of, a sea of, a multitude of ,a host of, many, if not most)替换many.注：用many, if not most 一定要小心，many后一定要有词。
Eg.Many individuals, if not most, harbor the idea that….同理 用most, if not all ,替换most.5: a slice of, quiet a few , several替换some
6:harbor the idea that, take the attitude that,hold the view that, it is widely shared that, it is universally acknowledged that)替think(因为是书面语，所以要加that)7:affair ,business ,matter 替换thing 8: shared 代 common
9.reap huge fruits 替换get many benefits)
10:for my part ,from my own perspective 替换 in my opinion
11:Increasing(ly),growing 替换more and more(注意没有growingly这种形式。所以当修饰名词时用increasing/growing.修饰形容词，副词用increasingly.Eg.sth has gained growing popularity.Sth is increasingly popular with the advancement of sth.12.little if anything, 或little or nothing替换hardly 13..beneficial, rewarding替换helpful, 14.shopper,client,consumer,purchaser, 替换customer 15.exceedingly,extremely, intensely 替换very
16.hardly necessary, hardly inevitable...替换 unnecessary, avoidable
17.sth appeals to sb, sth exerts a tremendous fascination on sb 替换sb take interest in / sb.be interested in
18.capture one's attention替换attract one's attention.19.facet,demension,sphere代aspect
20.be indicative of ,be suggestive of ,be fearful of代 indicate, suggest ,fear 21.give rise to, lead to, result in, trigger 替换cause.22.There are several reasons behind sth 替换..reasons for sth 23.desire 替换want.24.pour attention into 替换pay attention to 25.bear in mind that 替换remember
26.enjoy, possess 替换have(注意process是过程的意思)27.interaction替换communication
28.frown on sth替换 be against , disagree with sth
29.to name only a few, as an example替换 for example, for instance 30.next to / virtually impossible,替换nearly / almost impossible
大学英语四级写作经典句型
1）主语从句
It is common knowledge that honesty is the best policy.It is well-known that…
It is self-evident/ conceivable / obvious / apparent that…
It goes without saying that… It is universally acknowledged that… It is / that 2）宾（表）语从句
We cannot understand why he was so cruel to his roommates.The problem is not who will go, but who will stay.3）定语从句（限定性和非限定性）
As is shown/ demonstrated/ illustrated/ depicted/ described…in the cartoon/ picture/ graph/ table…，There are many reasons why I want to study in your university.It is estimated that tens of billions of pounds spent on cigarettes every year in our country, which is a huge waste.4）状语从句（时间，原因，地点，条件，让步，转折等）
When the man is enjoying the cigarette, the smoke becomes a monster（怪物）which will devour him.Whatever the reason, there are still some problems with student use of computers.5）分词短语做定语或状语
Prof.Kang came to our university, giving us a lecture on how to acquire English better.6）倒装句
Only through these measures can we hope to solve the problem.Scattered around the globe are more than 100 small regions of isolated volcanic activity known to geologists as hot spots.7）被动句
Some measures should be taken to deal with the problem.He is said to have accomplished a lot of great deeds.Many people believe that…（It is believed that…）
8）设问句
Do you still remember the boy who cried wolf for several times so no one would trust him? 四六级写作便于引用的36个经典谚语
1.Practice makes perfect.熟能生巧。
2.God helps those who help themselves.天助自助者。
3.Easier said than done.说起来容易做起来难。4.Where there is a will,there is a way.有志者事竟成。
5.One false step will make a great difference.失之毫厘，谬之千里。6.Slow and steady wins the race.稳扎稳打无往而不胜。7.A fall into the pit,a gain in your wit.吃一堑，长一智。8.Experience is the mother of wisdom.实践出真知。
9.All work and no play makes jack a dull boy.只工作不休息，聪明孩子也变傻。
10.eauty without virtue is a rose without fragrance.无德之美犹如没有香味的玫瑰，徒有其表。
11.More hasty,less speed.欲速则不达。
12.It's never too old to learn.活到老，学到老。
13.All that glitters is not gold.闪光的未必都是金子。
14.A journey of a thousand miles begins with a single step.千里之行始于足下。15.Look before you leap.三思而后行。
16.Rome was not built in a day.伟业非一日之功。17.Great minds think alike.英雄所见略同。
18.well begun,half done.好的开始等于成功的一半。19.It is hard to please all.众口难调。
20.Out of sight,out of mind.眼不见，心不念。
21.Facts speak plainer than words.事实胜于雄辩。22.Call back white and white back.颠倒黑白。23.First things first.凡事有轻重缓急。24.Ill news travels fast.坏事传千里。
25.A friend in need is a friend indeed.患难见真情
26.live not to eat,but eat to live.活着不是为了吃饭，吃饭为了活着。27.Action speaks louder than words.行动胜过语言。
28.East or west,home is the best.金窝银窝不如自家草窝。
29.It's not the gay coat that makes the gentleman.君子在德不在衣。30.Beauty will buy no beef.漂亮不能当饭吃。31.Like and like make good friends.趣味相投。32.The older, the wiser.姜是老的辣。
33.Do as Romans do in Rome.入乡随俗。
34.An idle youth,a needy age.少壮不努力，老大徒伤悲。35.AS the tree,so the fruit.种瓜得瓜，种豆得豆。
36.To live is to learn,to learn is to better live.活着为了学习，学习为了更好的活着。
英文写作开头结尾万能公式
一 开头万能公式：
1.开头万能公式一：
名人名言有人问了，“我没有记住名言，怎么办？尤其是英语名言？”，很好办：编！原理：我们看到的东西很多都是创造出来的，包括我们欣赏的文章也是，所以尽管编，但是一定要听起来很有道理呦！而且没准将来我们就是名人呢！对吧？经典句型：A proverb says, “ You are only young once.”(适用于已记住的名言)It goes without saying that we cannot be young forever.(适用于自编名言)更多经典句型：As everyone knows, No one can deny that…
2.开头万能公式二：
数字统计原理：要想更有说服力，就应该用实际的数字来说明。原则上在议论文当中不应该出现虚假数字的，可是在考试的时候哪管那三七二十一，但编无妨，只要我有东西写就万事大吉了。所以不妨试用下面的句型：According to a recent survey, about 78.9% of the college students wanted to further their study after their graduation.看起来这个数字文邹邹的，其实都是编造出来的，下面随便几个题目我们都可以这样编造：
Honesty
根据最近的一项统计调查显示，大学生向老师请假的理由当中78%都是假的。
Travel by Bike
根据最近的一项统计调查显示，85%的人在近距离旅行的时候首选的交通工具是自行车。
Youth
根据最近的一项统计调查显示，在某个大学，学生的课余时间的70%都是在休闲娱乐。
Five-day Work Week Better than Six-day Work?
根据最近的一项统计调查显示，98%的人同意每周五天工作日。
更多句型：A recent statistics shows that …
二结尾万能公式：
1.结尾万能公式一：如此结论
说完了，毕竟要归纳一番，相信各位都有这样的经历，领导长篇大论，到最后终于冒出个“总而言之”之类的话，我们马上停止开小差，等待领导说结束语。也就是说，开头很好，也必然要有一个精彩的结尾，让读者眼前一亮，这样，你就可以拿高分了！比如下面的例子：
Obviously(此为过渡短语), we can draw the conclusion that good manners arise from politeness and respect for others.如果读者很难“显而见之”，但说无妨，就当读者的眼光太浅罢了！
更多过渡短语：
to sum up, in conclusion, in brief, on account of this, thus
更多句型：
Thus, it can be concluded that…, Therefore, we can find that…
2.结尾万能公式二：如此建议
如果说“如此结论”是结尾最没用的废话，那么“如此建议”应该是最有价值的废话了，因为这里虽然也是废话，但是却用了一个很经典的虚拟语气的句型。拽！
Obviously, it is high time that we took some measures to solve the problem.这里的虚拟语气用得很经典，因为考官本来经常考这个句型，而如果我们自己写出来，你说考官会怎么想呢？更多句型：
Accordingly, I recommend that some measures be taken.Consequently, to solve the problem, some measures should be taken.1.It must be pointed out that it is one of our basic State policies to control population growth while raising the
quality of the population.2.It is(has been)estimated that the worlds population
could reach 6 billion by the end of the century.3.It must be kept in mind that there is no secret of
success but hard work.4.It can be seen from this that there is no difficulty in
the world we can overcome.5.As is known man is the product of labor.6.It is a common saying that man who has a settled purpose
will surely succeed.7.It is clear that the enemy has no desire for peace.8.It is hard to imagine how Edison managed to work twenty
hours each day.9.Its hard to say whether the plan is practicable.10.There is no doubt that others will help you if you have
any difficulties.11.It seems certain that they have made a series of
experiments.12.It is said that bats have been using radar for millions
of years.13.To tell the truth, many mistakes we made could have
been avoided.14.As we know, it was not until recently that the problem
was solved.15.It must be admitted that you havent done what you
promised to do.16.In my opinion, this computer is different from that one
you saw.17.It is certain that we have a long way to go.18.All this shows that nothing can prevent us from
reaching our aims.19.As far as we know, it took him more than a year to
write the book.20.It has been proved that every substance, no matter what
it is, is made up of atoms.21.It has been decided that we are going to build a railway whose base must be completed within his year.22.It is obvious(evident)that the success of the innovation depends on our concerted efforts.23.To be frank, whether you like it or not, you have no
other choice.24.It is natural that one may have trouble expressing
complicated ideas in simple English.25.What is more important, the agreement they have
negotiated is being carried out.26.We will be successful as long as we persevere.27.Frankly speaking, what you call the truth may not apply
to things happening here.28.It is true that we must redouble our efforts;otherwise
we cannot catch up with the developed countries.29.I take it for granted that they will support this idea.30.In a certain sense, a successful scientist is a person who is never satisfied with what he has achieved.31.The oceans do not so much divide the world as unite it.32.There is no denying the fact that the new management
method has greatly increased the production.33.There is no denying the fact that the new management
method has greatly increased the production.34.Upon hearing the unexpected news, he was so surprised that he couldnt utter a word.35.As the saying goes, nothing in the world is difficult for one who sets his mind to it.36.Our goal must be attained.Our goal can unquestionably be attained.37.Noting can prevent us from realizing the four modernizations.38.Now in China, more and more families can afford to buy high-grade goods, such as washing machines, TV sets, video
orders.39.No matter how difficult English may be, you should do
your best to learn it.40.It can be said that without knowledge of science and technology, it is impossible to build socialist modernizations.
第五篇：四六级写作常用词语高级替换词PART2
写作常用词语高级替换系列—副词
非常（very['verɪ]）exceedingly[ɪk'siːdɪŋlɪ]
【例句】The child has skipped to the third grade as he did exceedingly well in his studies.【翻译】这孩子因成绩优异而越级升入三年级。extremely[ɪk'striːmlɪ] 【例句】He had been extremely tactful in dealing with the financial question.【翻译】他在处理这个财务问题时很有分寸。considerably [kən'sɪd(ə)rəblɪ] 【例句】The need for sleep varies considerably from person to person.【翻译】不同的人对睡眠的需要差异相当大。
尤其(especially [ɪ'speʃ(ə)lɪ])specially['speʃəlɪ] 【例句】It will be hard to work today---specially when it’s so warm and sunny outside.【翻译】今天无心工作——尤其是外面这样风和日丽。notably['nəʊtəblɪ] 【例句】Some subjects are very popular among students, notably computer science.【翻译】一些课程在学生当中是非常受欢迎的，尤其是计算机课。particularly[pə'tɪkjʊləlɪ] 【例句】Traffic is bad, particularly in the city center.【翻译】交通状况很差，尤其实在市中心。
立即（immediately [ɪ'miːdɪətlɪ]）directly [dɪ'rektlɪ] 【例句】Tell them I’ll be there directly.【翻译】告诉他们我一会就到。instantly ['ɪnst(ə)ntlɪ] 【例句】The diplomat threw in a joke, and the tension was instantly relieved.【翻译】那位外交官插进一个笑话,紧张的气氛顿时缓和下来。promptly ['prɒm(p)tlɪ] 【例句】She promptly seized the opportunity his absence gave her.【翻译】她立即抓住了因他不在场给她创造的机会。
明显地（clearly ['klɪəlɪ]）obviously ['ɒbvɪəslɪ] 【例句】Obviously, they've had sponsorship from some big companies.【翻译】很显然，他们已经得到某些大公司的赞助。apparently[ə'pærəntlɪ] 【例句】Apparently they are getting divorced soon.【翻译】看样子，他们很快就要离婚。evidently ['evɪd(ə)ntlɪ] 【例句】Ellis evidently wished to negotiate downwards after Atkinson had set the guidelines.【翻译】埃利斯显然希望在阿特金森制定了指导方针后继续往下协商。
确定地(certainly ['sɜːt(ə)nlɪ])definitely['defɪnɪtlɪ] 【例句】I definitely remember sending the letter.【翻译】我记得这封信肯定发出去了。undoubtedly [ʌn'daʊtɪdlɪ] 【例句】Mr.Brooke is undoubtedly in a spot of bother.【翻译】布鲁克先生肯定遇到了点小麻烦。decidedly [dɪ'saɪdɪdlɪ] 【例句】He made all the other players on the field look decidedly ordinary.【翻译】他使场上所有其他运动员都黯然失色。
完全地（totally ['təʊtəlɪ]）completely[kəm'pliːtlɪ] 【例句】This newspaper gave a completely different slant on the tax reform.【翻译】这家报纸对税制改革持有完全不同的看法。absolutely['æbsəluːtlɪ] 【例句】At the end of a day’s teaching, her nerves were absolutely shattered.【翻译】教了一天课，她精疲力竭。entirely [ɪn'taɪəlɪ] 【例句】An entirely rigid system is impractical.【翻译】一套完全死板的体制是不实际的。
广泛地(widely)generally['dʒen(ə)rəlɪ] 【例句】The plan was generally welcomed.【翻译】该计划大受欢迎。extensively [ik'stensivli] 【例句】She has travelled extensively.【翻译】她游历甚广。universally[juːnɪ'vɜːsəlɪ] 【例句】The scale of the problem is now universally recognized.【翻译】现在全世界的人都已认识到了这个问题的严重性。
写作常用词语高级替换系列—动词
认为(think [θɪŋk])deem [diːm]
【例句】I deem it advisable to purchase the shares in the railway now.【翻译】我认为现在购买铁路股票是明智的。reckon['rek(ə)n] 【例句】I reckon she has good reason to feel smug.【翻译】我认为她洋洋得意必有其缘故。maintain[meɪn'teɪn]
【例句】She maintains that the accusation is groundless.【翻译】她坚称该指控是毫无根据的。
解决（solve[sɒlv]）tackle['tæk(ə)l] 【例句】I don't know how to tackle this problem.【翻译】我不知道该如何处理这个问题。cope with[kəʊp]
【例句】We have taken on extra staff to cope with the increased workload.【翻译】我们已经额外雇用员工来应付增加了的工作量。dispose of
[dɪ'spəʊz]
【例句】You did us a great favor by disposing of that problem.【翻译】你解决了那个问题，可算是帮了我们一个大忙。
提高（improve[ɪm'pruːv]）enhance [ɪn'hɑːns]
【例句】They'll be keen to enhance their reputation abroad.【翻译】他们会非常渴望提高他们在国外的声誉。boost [buːst]
【例句】We need a big win to boost our confidence.【翻译】我们需要大胜一场来增强信心。elevate['elɪveɪt] 【例句】Good books may elevate the mind.【翻译】好书可以提高思想修养。
激励(encourage [ɪn'kʌrɪdʒ])motivate ['məʊtɪveɪt] 【例句】Stock options are a good way to motivate employees to work harder.【翻译】股票选择权是激励员工更努力工作的好方法。stimulate['stɪmjʊleɪt] 【例句】They counted on foreign investment to stimulate their economy.【翻译】他们想依靠外国投资来刺激他们的经济。inspire [ɪn'spaɪə] 【例句】Her work didn’t exactly inspire me with confidence.【翻译】她的工作并没有真正的使我产生信心。
引起（cause[kɔːz]）result in 【例句】The flood resulted in a considerable reduction in production.【翻译】这次洪水造成相当大的减产。give rise to 【例句】So many things concurred to give rise to the problem.【翻译】许多事情同时发生而导致了这一问题。trigger ['trɪgə] 【例句】The current recession was triggered by a slump in consumer spending.【翻译】目前的经济衰退是由消费支出骤跌引起的。
完成(finish ['fɪnɪʃ])fulfill[ful'fil] 【例句】Unless we make a move soon, we shall not be able to fulfill our plan.【翻译】如果不赶快采取行动, 我们就不能完成计划了。accomplish [ə'kʌmplɪʃ] 【例句】Though the task was difficult, they managed to accomplish it in time.【翻译】尽管任务困难, 他们仍按时完成了。complete[kəm'pliːt]
【例句】He pulled out all the stops to complete the work in time.【翻译】他竭尽全力及时完成了工作。
支持（support [sə'portəbl]）advocate ['ædvəkeɪt] 【例句】We advocate solving international dispute by negotiation, instead of appealing to arms.【翻译】我们主张通过协商解决国际争端, 而不主张诉诸武力。argue for['ɑːgjuː]
【例句】Do directors see new risks that argue for a different approach? 【翻译】董事们有没有看到可能支持不同做法的新风险? infavour of ['feɪvə] 【例句】The majority voted in favor of the proposal.【翻译】多数人投票赞成这项提案。
反对(object['ɒbdʒɪkt])argue against['ɑːgjuː]
【例句】Three considerations argue against increasing fee.【翻译】三种理由反对增加费用。be opposed to[ə'pəʊzd] 【例句】Mr Clarke has shown himself to be resolutely opposed to compromise.【翻译】克拉克先生已表示自己坚决反对妥协。frown on[fraʊn] 【例句】He would frown on such a proposal.【翻译】他不会赞成这样的建议。
写作常用词语高级替换系列—名词
事情（thing[θɪŋ]）business[ˈbɪznəs] 【例句】I've got some unfinished business to attend to.【翻译】我还有一些未完的事要处理。issue ['ɪʃuː]
【例句】Is it right for the Church to express a view on political issues? 【翻译】教会对政治问题发表看法是否恰当？ affair[ə'feə] 【例句】The government has mishandled the whole affair.【翻译】政府对整个事件处理不当。matter ['mætə] 【例句】Until the matter is resolved the athletes will be ineligible to compete.【翻译】除非这个问题得以解决，否则这些运动员没有资格参加比赛。
优点（advantage[əd'vɑːntɪdʒ]）virtue ['vɜːtjuː]
【例句】The chair has the virtue of being adjustable.【翻译】这种椅子具有可调节的优点。merit ['merɪt] 【例句】They have been persuaded of the merits of peace.【翻译】他们被劝服，认识到了和平的好处。benefit ['benɪfɪt] 【例句】The benefit of an x-ray far outweighs the minutely increased risk of cancer.【翻译】X光检查的好处远远大于其在很小程度上增加的罹患癌症的风险。
缺点(disadvantage [dɪsəd'vɑːntɪdʒ])shortcoming['ʃɔːtkʌmɪŋ]
【例句】Marriages usually break down as a result of the shortcomings of both partners.【翻译】婚姻常因为配偶双方的缺点而破裂。drawback['drɔ,bæk] 【例句】He felt the apartment's only drawback was that it was too small.【翻译】他觉得这个公寓唯一的缺点就是太小了。defect['diːfekt]
【例句】A report has pointed out the defects of the present system.【翻译】一份报告指出了当前体制存在的毛病。demerit [diː'merɪt] 【例句】The committee are looking at the merits and demerits of the proposal.【翻译】委员会正在评判该提议的优缺点。错误(mistake[mɪ'steɪk])fault[fɔːlt]
【例句】It is a big fault to think that you can learn how to manage people in business school.【翻译】以为在商学院能学会如何管理人是一大错误。error['erə] 【例句】She went through the typescript carefully to eliminate all errors from it.【翻译】她认真地检查了打字稿, 排除了所有的错误。fallacy['fæləsɪ] 【例句】It exposes the fallacy of short-term industrial gain at long-term environmental expense.【翻译】这暴露了以长久的环境破坏为代价换取短期工业利益的错误。
名声（fame[feɪm]）reputation[repjʊ'teɪʃ(ə)n] 【例句】He tried to lie away her reputation.【翻译】他极力以谎言毁损她的名誉。renown [rɪ'naʊn]
【例句】His renown has spread throughout the country.【翻译】他的名声已传遍全国。prestige[pre'stiː(d)ʒ]（强调好的名声）
【例句】Their products enjoy ever higher prestige in the world market.【翻译】他们的产品在世界市场上享有越来越高的声誉。
能力（ability[ə'bɪlɪtɪ]）capacity [kə'pæsɪtɪ] 【例句】Her mental capacity and temperament are as remarkable as his.【翻译】她的才智和气质和他一样出众。capability[keɪpə'bɪlɪtɪ] 【例句】Organizing a whole department is beyond his capability.【翻译】他难以胜任组织整个部门的任务。competence ['kɒmpɪt(ə)ns] 【例句】This mess is a poor reflection on his competence.【翻译】这种混乱情况说明他难当此任。
顶点（top[tɒp]）climax['klaɪmæks] 【例句】It was the climax to 24 hours of growing anxiety.【翻译】24小时里不断加重的焦虑在那一刻达到顶点。peak[piːk]
【例句】Traffic reaches its peak between 8 and 9 in the morning.【翻译】上午8、9点钟之间是交通高峰期。zenith['zɛnɪθ]
【例句】His career is now at its zenith.【翻译】他的事业现在处于鼎盛时期。
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