第一篇:国际贸易实务训练题
国际贸易实务训练题
第一章 商品品名、品质、数量与包装
一、单选题
1、()样品不能作为明确商品品质的标准,因而对买卖双方都没有约束力。
A.参考样 B.买方样 C.卖方样
2、()可以按“平均良好品质”进行买卖。A.机床 B.船舶 C.小麦 D.服装
3、()可以采取“以毛作净”的方式计重。A.裘皮 B.珠宝 C.矿石 D.蚕豆
4、唛头是运输包装标志中的()。
A.目的地标志 B.主要标志 C.原产地标志 D.体积和重量标志
5、()是国际标准化组织为适应国际贸易发展的需要而制定的品质管理和质量保证标准。
A.ISO9000 B.WS C.UL D.B&W
6、()可以凭等级进行买卖。
A.轿车 B.牙膏 C.男衬衫 D.钨砂
7、凭样交易,合同没有其他规定,卖方所交货物的品质()。
A.可有合理误差 B.可与样品大致相符 C.必须与样品完全一致
8、参考样品是()。
A.作为今后交货品质的依据 B.作为对等样之用 C.供对方了解商品品质之用
9、我出口葡萄酒一批,合同中规定该酒含酒精为16%±0.5%。这里的±0.5%是()。
A.溢短装条款 B.合理温差 C.品质公差
10、凡属“货”、“样”不能做到完全一致的商品,一般都不适宜()。A.凭样品买卖 B.凭规格买卖 C.凭商品买卖
11、凭样成交的出口商品的品质条款应力争()。
A.Quality as per seller's sample B.Quality as per buyer's sample C.Quality as per sample
12、出口生丝、羊毛,计算重量的方法一般采用()。A.毛重 B.公量 C.理论重量 D.净重
13、散装货如没有规定数量伸缩幅度,按“UCP500”解释().A.不能伸缩 B.公量 C.有5%的伸缩幅度
14、用科学的方法抽出商品中的水分,另加标准水分求得的重量叫().
A.理论重量 B.公量 C.约定重量
15、合同中订有品质与数量条款,正确的应是(). A.白籼米:碎粒(最高)25%,水分15%,1000公吨±2%. B.白籼米:碎粒(最高)25%,水分(最高)15%,1000公吨±2%.
C.白籼米:碎粒(最高)25%,水分(最高)15%,约1000公吨.
16、按照《公约》规定,卖方交货数量如超过规定数量时,()A.买方有权拒收超过的部分 B.买方有权拒收全部数量
C.买方可以收取或拒收超过的部分,但不得拒收整批货物
17、按重量计价的商品,如合同未规定计算重量的方法,按惯例应以()计价.A.毛重 B.净重 C.以毛作净
18、定牌中性包装是指在包装上()A.没有生产过别、地名、厂名和商标牌号 B.没有生产过别,但有国外厂商名称 C.没有生产过别,但有买方指定的商标牌号
19、运输标志一般由()出具.A.买方 B卖方 C.运输部门 20、运输标志是().A.商品包装上的标志 B.运输包装上的标志 C.运输工具上的标志
21、包装费用一般由().A.买方负担 B.卖方负担 C.买卖双方各半负担
二、多选题
1、在规定品名条款时注意().A.必须考虑品名与运费的关系
B.尽可能使用国际上通用的名称
C.正确反映商品的品质和使用性能
D.以海关税目表中的品名为准
E.必须做到内容明确,具体
2、国际货物买卖合同中的包装条款主要包括().A.包装材料 B.包装方式 C.包装费用
D.运输标志 E.包装由何方安排
3、如卖方同意接受卖方提供包装时,在合同的包装条款中还应订明()A.寄送包装的方法 B.包装费用的支付方式
C.是否采用集装箱运输方式
D.包装费用增加的部分应由何方负担E.送交包装延迟的时间应由何方负担
4、在国际贸易中,为了避免因交货品质与买卖合同稍有不符而造成争议,而应在合同的品质条款中做出某些变通规定:包括()
A.品质公差 B.机动幅度
C.溢短装条款 D.低于约定品质者赔偿损失 E.低于约定品质的免责条款
5、商品品质的内在素质包括()A.透明度 B.化学成分
C.机械性能 D.生物特征 E.色泽
6、商品品质的外观形态是()A.外形 B.款式
C.物理形态 D.构成材料 E.使用价值
7、根据《中华人民共和国计量法》规定我国出口商品计量可采用()A.英制 B.美制
C.公制 D.国际单位制 E.包装等
8、运输标志包括()A.目的地的名称或代号 B.收、发货人的代号
C.件号,批号 D.生产厂家的代号
E.商品识别标志
三、判断题
1、如果卖方的货物不符合合同规定的品名或说明, 买方有权拒收, 撤消合同并提出损害赔偿。()
2、合同中的品质条款既是构成商品说明的重要部分,又是买卖双方在交接货物时对货物品质进行评定的依据。()
3、溢短装条款中一般规定机动幅度不得超过10%。()
4、包装也是实现商品的价值与使用价值,促进商品增值的一种手段。()
5、()由一方违反了合同中有关包装条款的规定,另一方不得拒收货物但可要求损失赔偿。
6、在国际贸易中,在买卖双方洽商交易和签定合同时很少见到具体商品,一般仅凭必要的描述来确定交易的标的。()
7、在使用商品名称时一般选用出口国通用的叫法。()
8、品名条款构成合同的要件。()
9、品质条款构成合同的要件。()
10、品质公差是国际上公认的产品品质误差。()
11、()如果合同没有具体规定,则商品与合同规定之间的误差不实用于国际公差的规定。
12、卖方为了维护自身的利益,可以在合同中规定:“卖方交货品质与合同不符,买方不得拒收货物或撤消合同,但可向卖方提出索赔。()
13、我出口大豆一批,在合同中明确规定大豆的水份为14%,含油量18%,杂质1%,不完善粒7%。这样的规定既科学又合理,事后不会发生纠葛。()
14、凭卖方样品洽谈业务,卖方在对外寄送样品的同时,应留一复样存放海关,以便凭以核对放行。()
15、在出口贸易中,表示品质的方法多种多样,为了明确责任,最好采用既凭样品又凭规格买卖的做法。()
16、凭样品买卖中,凡是样品都能作为卖方交货的品质依据。()
17、出口合同中的品质规格条款要订得高一点,以便提高出口商品的售价,保证其销路和信誉。()
18、在约定的品质机动幅度或品质公差范围内的品质差异,除非另有规定,一般不另行增减价格。()
19、一箩等于144打。()
20、1,000公斤等于2,204.62磅。()
21、我与外商按CIF条款每公吨500美元的价格成交某商品一批,合同规定数量可增减5%,由卖方决定。我按合同规定数量多装5%,装船时该商品国际市场价格上涨10%,我可向可户要求多装部分按装船时的市价计算,对方不得拒绝。()
22、出口棉布150,000码。信用证规定布包装,每包1,000码,共150包。则在装船时可援引《UCP500》中第39条b款之规定,即允许有5%的伸缩。()
23、品质机动幅度一般不计价,数量机动幅度则要计价。()
24、订立合同数量条款时,可用”约“字代表溢短装条款。()
25、凡在信用证上对货物的饿数量、金额、单价前有”约“、或”大约“之类的字样,其上下幅度可按10%掌握。()
26、溢短装条款是指在装运数量上可增减一定幅度,在装运时该幅度可由卖方决定,也可由买方决定,但应视合同中的具体规定而定。()
27、运输标志是商品包装上的标志。()
28、合同和信用证均规定散装货物,出于舱位不足,可以若干桶或袋装补足合同和信用证规定的数量。()
29、定牌和定牌中性包装实质上的同一个概念。()30、”小心轻放“属警告性标志。()
31、一般包装费用应在价格之外另行计收。()
32、运输标志,指示性和警告性标志,除刷在外包装上外,也应该在运输单据中表示出来。()
33、我国在采用定牌和无牌出口时,除非买卖双方另有协议,一般都应在出口商品和包装上标明”中国制造“字样。()
34、本国有关商品包装和标签的规定,通常不适用于从外国进口的商品。()
四、填空题
1、商品的品质是指商品()和()的综合。
2、以说明表明商品品质的方法有:----,---,---,---。
3、数量条款的内容主要包括---和 ---。按重量成交的商品还需订明---。
4、中性包装包括 ---和---。
5、根据一般的商业惯例,通常计算重量的方法有以下五种:--,--,--,--,--。
6、运输包装的标志按目的用途可分为三类:--,--,--。
7、在规定品质的表示方法时应视商品的特性而言,一般地说,凡能用科学的指标说明其质量的商品,适于--,--买卖。有些难以规格化和标准化的商品,如工艺品等适于--买卖。有些质量好并具有一定特色的名优产品适于--或--买卖,具有地方风味的产品则可凭 --买卖。
8、《UCP500》规定,除非信用证规定货物的指定数量不得有增减外,在所支付款项不得超过信用证金额的条件下,货物数量准许有--的增减幅度。但是当信用证规定数量以--或
--记数时此项增减不适用。信用证的数量采用”大约“词语时,应解释为数量不超过--的增减幅度。
9、国际贸易中的不同商品需要采用不同的计量单位,通常使用的有下列六种:
10、在国际贸易中采用的度量制度有(1),(2),(3),(4)。就表示重量吨而言,实行--的国 家一般采用长吨,1长吨=--公斤,实行--的国家一般采用短吨,1短吨= --公斤。
11、国际贸易中表示商品品质的方法可分为二大类,一是用--,包括 ----;二是用 --表示,包括----。
12、凭卖方样品成交的出口商品提供样品应注意: ---。
13、凭买方样品成交时应注意: ---。
14、凭样品交易中的出口商对于”货“、”样“难于一致的商品,应在合同中加列---的字样或类似的条款。
15、凭样品买卖的基本要求是:(1);(2)。
16、在按标准洽谈交易时应说明---以免发生争议。
17、品质机动幅度的规定办法有三:(1)--;(2)--;(3)--。
18、对出口商品品质的要求包括:(1)--;(2)--;(3)--;(4)--。
19、商品的品质条件是进出口合同中的 ---,卖方所交货物的品质如不合乎合同的规定,买方有权 --并要求 --。20、进出口贸易合同中数量条款的基本内容是--和 --
21、目前国际上常用的度量衡制有--,--、--和--.我国目前使用的是--。
22、国际贸易中计算重量的方法主要有--、--、--和--。计算皮重的方法有 --、--、--和--
23、我按每箱100美元的价格出售商品1000箱,合同规定”数量允许有5%上下,由卖方决定。“该条款是 --条款。我最多可装--箱,最少应装--箱。如我实际装运1030箱,对方应付我货款 --美元。
24、对溢短装部分的货物价格,通常有如下几种确定方法:(1)按 --计算;(2)按--计算;(3)按 --计算。若合同中未明确按何种方法计价时,根据国际贸易惯例应按 --计算。
25、国际贸易中商品包装的主要功能是:
(1)--;(2)--;(3)--;(4)--。
26、我国商品包装遵循的原则是:科学、经济、--。
27、包装条款的主要内容有:
28、运输标志又称 --,一般由三个部分组成,依次分别是:(1)--,(2)--,(3)--。
29、按国际标准化组织建议的唛头,第一行应刷 --,第二行刷 --,第三行刷--,第四行刷--。
30、不注明生产国别﹑地名﹑厂名,也不谰明原有商标和牌号的商品包装称为--。
31、商品包装按用途不同,可分为 --和--。
32、对易破碎﹑残损﹑变质的商品,应作出 --标志,以便引起有关方面注意。
33、采用中性包装是为了打破某些国家或地区对某些商品实行 --和--合理的 限制或其它一些 政策。它是推销出口商品的一种手段。
34、中性包装有--和--两种做法
35、我们采用定牌,是为了利用买方的 --和他们的--,以提高商品售价和扩大销路。
36、在我国出口业务中定牌的做法有:(1)、;(2)、;(3)、。
五、计算题
1.某出口商品共210箱,每箱毛重9.3公斤,每箱体积为42*30.5*30(厘米),求该批商品的毛重共多少公吨?体积共多少立方米?合多少立方英尺?如每箱的皮重为2.3公斤,试求该批货物的净重共多少公吨?
2.如按每箱100美元的价格售出某商品1000箱,合同规定”数量允许有±5%,由卖决定“。试问:(1)”数量允许有±5%“ 是什么条款?(2)我方最多可装多少箱?最少应装多少箱?(3)如我方实际装运1030箱,对方应付我方货款多少?
3.某国外客户要求我出口公司报1000长吨大米的出口价,但我国出口大米一般用吨计量,问应换算成多少吨对外报出?又出口大米一般用麻袋包装,每袋净重100千克,如按以上条件达成交易,应用多少麻袋来装这批大米?
4.某公司出口生丝,买卖双方约定标准回潮率为11%。现有生丝105公吨,经过测定,回潮率为13%。问符合双方约定回潮率的重量应为多少公吨?
5.已知某种钢板每平方米的理论重量如下:
厚度(毫米)重量(公斤)
0.2 1.57
0.25 1.963
0.3 2.355 现有钢板500张,每张长度为5,000毫米,宽度为500 毫米,厚度为0.25 毫米,求该批货物的总重量。(1平方米=1,000,000平方毫米)
6.某公司出口水产品10公吨。合同规定为箱装,每箱净重为40磅,总数量可以有5%的机动幅度。问在信用证金额也有5%增减的情况下,该批货物最多能装多少箱?最少应装多少箱(已知1磅=0.45359公斤)
六、案例分析
1、某公司在一笔出口合同中,规定由我方出唛头,因此,我备货时就刷好唛头,但到装船国外来证又指定唛头,问在这种情况下应如何处理?
2、某外商欲购我”菊花“牌手电钻,但要求改为”鲨鱼“牌,并不得注明”Made in China“。问可否接受?并应注意什么问题?
3、我出口某化工原料,共500公吨。合同规定为麻袋装。但到了船时发现麻袋装的只有450公吨,其作50公吨只好以塑料袋的充抵。问这样做妥当吗?
4、我出口水果罐头一批,合同规定为纸箱装,每箱30听,共80箱。但我发货时改为每箱24听,共100箱,总听数相等。问这样做妥当吗?
5、我出口处行车800辆。合同规定木箱装,来证亦为”Packed in wooden case“但在Case之后加有C.K.D.字样,我未注意,结果单据按证照打。货到国外后被海关罚款并多上关税。问我有无责任?
6、我与中东某国商人凭规格成交出口货物一批,签订合同后的第三天我向对方寄出货样,并声明”所交货物与样品基本一致“,一月后向对方发货,货到后外商来电称:”货物与样品品质相差10%“,并出具当地检验机构证明,要求我方降价10%。请对此案做一分析。
7、我与英商凭样成交一批高档瓷器,复验期为60天,货到中外经英商复验后未提出任何异议,但事隔一年买方来电称瓷器全部出现”釉裂“,只能削价销售,要求我方按原成交价赔偿60%,我接电后立即查看留存之复样,亦发现釉下有裂纹,问我可否考虑?
8、我某公司通过香港商人与法国巴黎某公司凭牌名成交一批商品,合同由巴黎某公司签字,港商要求我方寄样品至香港及巴黎总公司各一份,此后接到法商开业信用证证内规定:买方巴黎总公司认可样品抄作为议付单据之一。我经办人员未提出异议,将货物装运出品,仅凭该香港分公司样品认可电抄送银行议付,遭开证行拒付,问应该受什么教训?
9、我凭规格向西德出口一批大麻。我在成交前曾向买方寄过样品,成交后又电告对方货物与样品相似,货到国外后,买方提出货物质量与样品不符并要求赔偿损失,问我应否赔偿?
10、我出品冻鸭一批,合同规定需按伊斯兰教方法宰,但我用的是先进的”钳杀法“结果货到国外遭拒收,问其原因何在并应如何处理?
11、我向某国出品纯毛纺织品数批,买方一一收货从未提出异议,但数月后买方寄来服装一套,声称用我毛料制成的服装色差严重,要求赔偿,问应如何对待?
12、我出品白砂糖一批,合同规定质量以96°旋光度为标准,每低1°按FOB售从折让1.5%,不够 1°时按比例计算,若低于93°,买方有权拒收,问这样的条款是否公平合理?
13、某出品公司凭买方样品成交金属门拉手一批,合同规定须俟买方认可回样后,方能发支,我方多次试制回样均未得到买方的认可,故难如期装运,事后,买方以我延误船期要求索赔,问我方如何处理?
14、某出品公司向美国出品自行车3000辆,合同规定黑色,墨绿色,湖蓝色各1000辆不生分运,发运时始发现墨绿色的库存仅有950辆,于是便以黑色车50辆顶替,问这样有无问题?
15、某公司对外出口红枣一批,合同与来证均规定为三级品,发货时方知三级红枣已无库存,便以二级品顶替并在发票上注明:”二级红枣仍按三级计价“问这种以好顶次,原价不变的做法妥当吗?
16、某出口苹果酒一批,信用证上的货名为”Apple Wine“,制单时亦用此货名,但货到国外遭海关扣罚,因该批酒的内外包装上均用的是:”Cider“。于是外商要求我赔偿其罚款损失。问我有无责任?
17、仍以上题为例,”Cider"中文的含义也是苹果酒,为什么进口国的海关要扣留罚款呢?
18、我进口特种钢板50公吨,合同规定6尺,7尺,8尺,9尺,10尺五种尺平均搭配,但来货全为6尺一种规格,问我应如何处理?
19、某公司向日本出品驴肉一批,合同规定第箱净重16.6公斤,共有1500箱,合24.9公吨.货到国外经日本海关查验每箱净重为20公斤,共合30公吨,海关认为进口商以多报少.问这将会出现何种后果? 20、某出口公司与外商当面成交出口大米10000公吨,但在合同上写的是10000吨。问这有何不可?
21、按净重计量定价的货物,在制单时对货物的毛重是否可以估算填写?
22、某单位出口羊毛一批,合同规定按公量计算,其计算公司为:公量=实际重量(1-实际回潮率)(1+标准回潮率)问此公式是否正确?
23、大雨后散装出口煤一批,来证规定为10,000公吨±5%,不准分批。以商检局发的离岸重量证书为准。我实装货9,600公吨,取得商检证。到目的港后,收货人声称水份过高,实收重量只有9100公吨,要求更正数量重新制单。应如何处理?
24、我向海湾某港口出口冻羊肉类20公吨,每公吨FOB价值400美元。合同规定数量可增减10%。国外按时来证,证中规定金额为8,000美元,数量约20公吨。我按规定22公吨发货装运,但持单到银行办理议付进遭拒付。问银行拒付是否有理?问出口单位有无补救办法?
25、某笔交易合同订明由我方提供双层旧麻袋装,装船时,因缺这种麻袋就自行换成单层新麻袋,也没有要求对方额外支付费用,但对方认为我方包装不符规定,向我方索赔。请问对方是否有理?
第二篇:国际贸易实务真题
国贸实务真题(一)
一.单项选择题(本大题共20小题,每小题1分,共20分)
1、我方出口大宗商品,按CIF Singapore 成交,运输方式为Voyage Charter,,我方不愿承担卸货费用,则我方应选择的贸易术语的变形是()。A、CIF Liner Terms Singapore B、CIF Landed Singapore C、CIF Ex Ship’s Hold Singapore D、CIF Ex Tackle Singapore
2、按照《INCOTERMS2000》的解释,以FOBST成交,则买卖双方风险的划分界限是()。
A、货交承运人 B、货物越过装运港船舷
C、货物在目的港卸货后 D、装运港码头
3、山东渤海公司与日本东洋株式会社在万国博览会上签订了一份由日方向中方提供BX2-Q船用设备的买卖合同,采用的贸易术语是DES。运输途中由于不可抗力导致船舶起火,虽经及时抢救,仍有部分设备烧坏,则()应来承担烧坏设备的损失。
A.东洋株式会社 B.山东渤海公司 C.船公司 D.保险公司
4、在CIF条件下,Bill of Lading对运费的表示应为()。
A.Freight Prepaid B.Freight Collect C.Freight Pre-payable D.Freight Unpaid
5、在进出口业务中,能够作为物权凭证的运输单据有()。
A.Rail Waybill B.Bill of Lading C.Air Waybill D.Parcel Post Receipt
6、预约保险以()代替投保单,说明投保的一方已办理了投保手续。A、B/L B、Shipping advise from abroad C、Mate,s receipt D、Sales contract
7、我某公司与外商签订一份CIF出口合同,以L/C为支付方式。国外银行开来的信用证中规定:“Latest shipment 31st, May, L/C validity till 10th, June.”我方加紧备货出运,于5月21日取得大副收据,并换回正本已装船清洁提单,我方应不迟于()向银行提交单据。
A.5月21日 B.5月31日 C.6月10日 D.6月11日
8、某批出口货物投保了CIC 的WPA,在运输过程中由于雨淋致使货物遭受部分损失,这样的损失保险公司将()。
A、负责赔偿整批货物 B、负责赔偿被雨淋湿的部分 C、不给于赔偿
C、该证必须经修改才能使用 D、装运期可视为与有效期相差一个月
18、根据《CISG》的规定,OFFER AND ACCEPTANCE的生效采取()
A、投邮生效原则 B、签订书面合约原则 C、口头协商原则 D、到达生效原则
19、OCEAN BILL OF LADING中对货物的描述()。
A、必须与L/C完全相同 B、必须使用货物的全称 C、只要与L/C对货物的描述不相抵触,可以用货物的统称 D、必须与商业发票的填写完全一致
20、在寄售协议下,货物的所有权在寄售地出售前属于()。
A、代理人 B、寄售人 C、代销人 D、包销人
二、多项选择题(本大题共10小题,每小题2分,共20分)
(每小题列出的四个选项中有二至四个选项是符合题目要求的,多选、少选、错选均无分)
1.根据《INCOTERMS2000》的解释,以下()是风险和费用划分点相分离的贸易术语。
A.CFR B.CIF C.CPT D.FCA
2、某公司向国外某客商出口50吨小麦,合同规定: 5% MORE OR LESS AT THE SELLER'S OPTION.卖方实际交货时多交了2吨,买方可就卖方多交的2吨货物作出()的决定。
A、收取52吨货物 B、拒收52吨货物 C、收取多交货物的1吨 D、拒收多交的2吨货物
3、在国际贸易中,More or less clause包括的内容有()A、溢短装的百分比 B、溢短装的选择权
C、溢短装部分的作价 D、买方必须收取溢短装的货物
4、共同海损的构成条件有()。A、必须确有共同危险
B、采取的措施是有意的、合理的 C、牺牲和费用的支出是非常性质的
D、构成共同海损的牺牲和费用的开支最终必须是有效的
5、根据《CISG》的规定,发盘内容必须十分确定,所谓十分确定,指在发盘中,应包括的要素有()。
A、货物的名称 B、货物数量或规定数量的方法 C、交货时间和地点 D、货物的价格或规定确定价格的方法
6、以下关于进料加工的说法中正确的是()。
知必须在受盘人发出接受通知之前送达到受盘人。()
7.《The Hague Rules》规定,向船公司提出索赔的期限是货物到达目的港交货后1年。()
8.买方来电表示接受发盘,但要求将D/P at sight改为D/P after sight远期,卖方缄默,此时合同成立。()
9.Bill of Exchange的抬头人通常是Payer,Commercial Invoice的抬头人是Consignee,Insurance Policy的抬头是the Insured。()
10、拍卖贸易方式属于一种现货买卖,一旦拍卖成交,无论在何种情况下,拍卖人和货主都对商品的品质不承担异议和索赔的责任。()。
第三篇:自考国际贸易与实务简单题
简答题部分
一、贸易术语的作用?答a 成为从事国际贸易的行为准则,明确彼此在货物交接方面所应承担的风险、责任和费用。这就大大简化了交易手续,缩短了洽商时间,从而节约了费用开支。
b 有利于交易双方进行比价和加强成本核算。
C 有利于妥善解决贸易争端。
二、班轮运输的特点?答:
1、船舶行驶的航线、停靠的港口都是固定的;
2、船舶按船期表航行,船舶开航、到港时间都较为固定;
3、船公司按照预先公布的班轮运价表收取运费,运费率相对固定;
4、在班轮运费中包括装卸费用,由船方负担;
5、班轮承运货物比较灵活,不论货物多少,只要有舱位都能接受装运(少量、件杂货)。
三、提单的性质和作用?答:
1、是承运人或其代理人出据的货物收据,证实其以按提单的记载收到托运人的货物;
2、是代表货物所有权的凭证;
3、是承运人和托运人双方订立的运输契约的证明。
四、多式联运单据和联运提单的区别?
区别 使用范围 签发人 风险、责任
多式联运单据 各种运输 多式联运经营人 全程
联运提单 由海运和其他方式组成的联合运输 承运人、船长、船东 第一程运输
五、我国基本险别除外责任的重要内容?
答:
1、被保险人的故意行为、过失所造成的损失;
2、属于发货人的责任所引起的损失;
3、在保险责任开始承担之前,被保险货物已经存在品质不良或者数量短少;
4、被保险货物的自然损耗、本质缺陷、特性、市价跌落、运输延迟所引起损失费用;
5、战争险条款和罢工险条款所规定的责任以及除外责任。
六、影响成交价格的因素?答:
1、商品的质量和档次;
2、运输距离;
3、交货地点和交货条件;
4、季节性需要的变化;
5、成交数量;
6、支付条件和汇率变动的风险;
7、国际市场价格的走势;
8、交货期的远近、市场销售习惯、消费者的爱好。
七、实际全损的情况有哪些?
1、保险标的物完全灭失;
2、保险标的丧失(控制权——海盗劫走);
3、保险标的物发生质变,失去原有使用价值;
4、船舶失踪达到一定时期。
八、托收结算方式的利弊?答:
1、利——有利于调动买方订购货物的积极性,从而有利于卖方扩大出口。
2、弊——由于托收属于商业信用,存在收不回货款的风险,尤其是托收方式中的承兑交单风险更大,故卖方对此方式的采用应持慎重态度。
3、注意事项:
A.要切实了解买方的资信
情况和经营作风,成交金额不宜超过其信用程度;
B.了解进口国家的贸易管制和外汇管制条例,以免货到时由于不准进口或收不到外汇造成的不应有损失;
C.了解进口国家的商业惯例,以免由于当地习惯做法影响安全迅速收汇;
D.应争取CIF条件成交,除办理货运保险外,还应投保卖方利益险;
E.对托收交易要建立健全的管理制度,定期检查,及时催收清理,发现问题立即采取措施,以免或减少可能发生的损失。
九、信用证的使用程序?答:
1、买卖双方在合同中约定凭信用证付款;
2、买方向当地银行申请开证,并按合同内容填写开证申请书和缴纳开证押金或提供其他保证。
3、开证行按申请书内容开证,并通过通知行交与受益人;
4、卖方收到信用证后,如审核无误,即按信用证要求发货,并开出汇票和备妥各种单据向有关银行议付货款;
5、议付行讲汇票和单据寄给开证行或信用证指定的付款行索偿;
6、开证行收到单据后,即通知买方付款赎单。
十、延期付款、分期付款的区别?
区别 货款交付 所有权转移 利息问题 分期付款 在交货时付清或者基本付清 只要付清最后一笔货款,所有权就转移 买方没有利用卖方资金,不存在利息问题
延期付款(货价较高)大部分货款在交货后一个相当长的时间内分期摊付 货物所有权一般在交货时即转移 买方利用了卖方的资金,所以就存在买方需要支付利息的问题。
十一、使用仲裁解决贸易争端的好处?
答:
1、仲裁具有一定的灵活性,以双方自愿为基础,由双方当事人约定仲裁机构并自行选定仲裁员;
2、程序较为简单,仲裁员一般是熟悉国际贸易业务的专家或者知名人士,故仲裁解决问题较快;
3、仲裁费用比诉讼费用低;
4、仲裁气氛缓和,不影响争议双方继续发展贸易关系;
5、仲裁是终局性裁决,败诉方不得上诉,必须执行裁决。(诉讼——带有强制性、程序复杂、有伤和气不利于双方今后贸易关系的发展、费用较高)
十二、商检证书的作用? 答:
1、作为证明卖方所交货物的品质、重量(数量)、包装、卫生条件是否符合合同的依据;
2、作为买方对品质、重量、包装等条件提出异议、拒收货物、要求索赔、解决争端的凭证;
3、作为卖方向银行议付货款的单据之一;
4、作为海关验关放行的凭证。
十三、发盘的必备条件有哪些? 答:
1、发盘应向一个或者一个以上特定的人提出;
2、发盘的内容必须十分明确(标明货物的名称、明示或默
示地规定货物的数量或者规定数量的方法、明示或默示地规定货物的价格或者确定价格的方法);
3、必须表明发盘人对其发盘一旦被接受人接受即受约束的意思。
十四、发盘效力的终止有哪些? 答:
1、在发盘规定的有效期内未被接受,或者虽未规定有效期但是在合理时间内未被接受;
2、发盘被发盘人依法撤销;
3、被收盘人拒绝或者还盘之后;
4、发盘后,发生了不可抗力事件;
5、发盘人或者受盘人在发盘被接受以前丧失行为能力。
十五、国际保理业务的特点? 答:
1、必须是商业机构与商业机构之间货物销售生产的应收账款,该应收账款不属于个人或家庭消费或者类似使用性质;
2、该商业机构必须将应收账款的权利转让给保理商;
3、保理商必须履行的职能:以贷款或者预付款的形式向供货商融通资金、管理与应收账款有关的账户、收取应收账款、对债务人的拒付提供坏帐担保;
4、应收账款的转让通知必须送交债务人。:
十六、在大陆法中损害赔偿责任成立的条件是什么? 答:
1、必须要有损害事实(一般须由请求损害赔偿的一方出具证明);
2、必须有归责于债务人的原因(这是大陆法承担违约责任的基本原则和前提条件);
3、损害发生的原因与损害之间必须有因果关系(损害是由于债务人应予负责的原因造成的)。
十七、寄售的特点以及利弊? 答:
1、特点:寄售人与代销人是委托代售的关系;是凭实物进行的现货交易;代销人不承担任何风险费用,货物售出前的一切风险费用均由寄售人承担。
2、优点:对寄售人来说,有利于开拓市场和扩大销路,还可根据市场供求掌握有利的推销时机;有利于调动那些有推销能力、经营作风好、但资金不足的客户的积极性;大大节省了交易时间,减少了风险和费用,为买主提供了便利。
3、缺点:承担的贸易风险大; 资金周转期长、收汇不够安全。
十八、展卖的特点和优点? 答:特点——把出口商品的展览和推销有机地结合起来,边展边销,以销为主。
有点:
1、有利于宣传出口商品,扩大影响,招揽潜在买主,促进交易;
2、有利于建立和发展客户关系,扩大销售地区和范围。
3、有利于开展市场调研,听取消费者的意见,改进产品质量,增强出口竞争力。
十九、拍卖的特点? 答:
1、是一种公开竞买的现货交易;
2、是在一定的机构内又组织的进行;
3、具有自己独特的法律和规章。
二十、期货交易的特点? 答:
1、以标准期货合同作为交易的标的;
2、特殊的清算制度;
3、严格的保证金制度。
二十一、补偿贸易的特点?答:
1、它是在信贷的基础上进行的,设备引进方要承担利息;
2、设备供应方必须承诺回购对方产品或者劳务的义务;
3、是一种通过商品交易起到利用外资作用的交易方式。
二十二、对销贸易的利弊?答:优点——有利于发展中国家冲破贸易壁垒,扩大出口,并且在不增加外债的情况下,换取急需的技术、设备和物资。发达国家也可以通过对销贸易,以较优惠的价格获得原材料。缺点:
1、它是在互惠的原则下进行的,使得交易对象的选择和交易的达成以及履约出现很大的困难。
2、在对销贸易的方式下,市场机制的作用收到很大削弱,价格往往与正常价格有很大的偏离,对一国来说,难以获得社会劳动的最大节约。
二十三、在我国,国际电子商务和一般电子商务相比其特殊性表现在哪些方面?
答:
1、国际电子商务主要是针对国际经贸的电子商务活动;
2、国际电子商务一般涉及政府的行政管理部门、贸易伙伴、相关的商业部门;
交易的行为和过程本身并不直接针对市场上的消费者;
3、国际电子商务的具体运作涉及的部门和范围要远远多于或大于一般的电子商务,其相关的协调工作和法律惯例规范都是国际性的;
4、在我国国际商务的发展将具有社会连动和示范效应
名词解释部分:
1、贸易术语——在长期的国际贸易实践中产生的、用来表明商品的价格构成,说明货物交接过程中有关的风险、责任、费用划分问题的专门术语。
2、象征性交货——卖方只要按期在约定的地点完成装运,并向买方提交合同规定的、包括货物权凭证在内的有关单证,就算完成了交过义务,而无须保证到货。卖方凭单交货、买方凭单付款。
3、良好平均品质——一定时期内某地出口货物的平均品质水平,一般指中等货而言。(指农产品的每个生产的中等货、指某一季度或者某一装船月份在装运地发运的同一种商品的“平均品质”)
4、品质公差——国际上公认的产品品质的误差。在工业制成品生产过程中,产品的质量指标出现一定的误差有时是难以避免的。
5、品质机动幅度——某些初级产品的质量不稳定,为了便于交易顺利进行,在规定其品质指标的同时,可另订一定的品质机动幅度,允许卖方所交的货物的品质指标在一定幅度内有灵活性。
6、溢短装条款——卖方在交货时,可按合同中的数量多交或少交一定的百分比,他一般是在数量条款中加订的。(散装货:粮食、矿砂等)
7、中性包装——即不标明生产国别、地名、厂商名称,也不标明商标或者品牌的包装。(无牌中性包装、定牌中性包装)
8、定牌——卖方按照买方要求在其出售的商品或者包装上面标明买方指定的商标或品牌。
9、滞期费——负责装卸货物的一方,如果未按约定的装卸时间和装卸率完成任务,需要向船方缴纳延误船期的罚款。
10、速遣费——如果负责装卸货物的一方在约定的装卸时间内提前完成任务,有利于加快船舶周转,则可以从船方取得奖金。
11、OCP条款——陆上运输通常可到达的地点。OCP地区是以落基山脉为界,其以东地区均定为内陆地区范围。从远东地区向美国OCP地区出口货物,如按OCP条款达成交易,出口上可以享受较低的OCP海运优惠费率,进口商在内陆运输中也可以享受OCP优惠费率。
12、提单(B/L)——是承运人或其代理人在收到货物后签发给托运人的一种证件,它体现了承运人和托运人之间的相互关系。
13、联运提单——在由海运和其他运输方式所组成的联合运输时使用,他是由承运人(或其其代理人)在货物启运地签发运往货物最终目的地的提单,并收取全程运费。
14、过期提单——提单晚于货物到达目的港;向银行交单时间超过提单签发日期21天。
15、多式联运单据——证明多式联运合同以及证明多式联运经营人接管货物并且负责按照合同条款交付货物的单据,它由多式联运经营人签发,这种单据应依发货人的选择,或为可转让单据,或为不可转让的单据。
16、共同海损(GA)——载货的船舶在海上遇到灾害、事故,威胁到船货等各方面的共同安全,为了解除这种威胁,维护船货安全,是航程得以继续完成,船方有意识地、合理地采取措施,造成某些特殊损失或者支出
特殊额外费用。
17、舱至舱条款——保险责任自被保险货物运离保险单所载明的启运地仓库货储存处所开始,包括正常运输中的海上、陆上、内河、驳船运输在内,直至该项货物运抵保险单所载明的目的地收货人的最后仓库或者储存处所,或者被保险人用作分配、分派、非正常运输的其他储存处所为止。但被保险人的货物在最后到达卸载港卸离海轮后,保险责任以60天为限.18、联合凭证——是一种更为简化的保险凭证。在我国,保险机构在外贸企业的商业发票上加注保险编号、险别、金额,并加盖保险机构印戳,即作为承保凭证,其余项目以发票所列为准。此种凭证不能转让,目前只适用于香港地区一些中资银行由华商开来的信用证。
19、保险单——是保险人对被保险人的承保证明,是规定保险人和被保险人双方各自权力和义务的契约,当被保险货物遭受承保范围内的损失时,它又是保险索赔了理赔的主要依据。20、对等样品——卖方可以根据买方提供的样品,加工复制出一个类似的样品交给买方确认,这种经确认后的样品称为回样(确认样品)。
21、价格调整条款——在定约时只规定初步价格,同时规定,如原材料价格和共资等发生变化,按原材料价格和工资等的变化来计算合同的最终价格。(主要适用于类似生产加工周期较场的机器设备等商品的合同)
22、汇票(Draft)—一个人向另外一个人签发的要求见票时或者在将来的固定时间,或者可以确定的时间,对某人或其指定的人或持票人支付一定金额的无条件的书面支付命令。
23、背书——转让汇票权利的一种手续,就是由汇票抬头人在汇票背面签上自己的名字,或再加上受让人的名字,并把汇票交给售让人的行为。
24、支票(Check)——是以银行为付款人的即期汇票,即存款人签发给银行的无条件支付一定金额的委托命令,出票人在支票上签发一定的金额,要求受票的银行于见票时,立即支付一定金额给特定人或持票人。
25、付款交单D/P——出口人的交单是以进口人的付款为条件。即期付款交单——银行提示即期汇票和单据,进口人见票时即应付款,并在付清货款后取得单据。
远期付款交单——银行提示远期汇票,进口人审核无误后在汇票上进行承兑,于汇票到期日付清货款后再领取货运单据。
26、承兑交单D/A——出口人的交单以进口人在汇票上承兑为条件,进口人在汇票到期时,方履行付款义务。(只适用于远期汇票的托收)
27、信托收据——进口人借单时提供的一种书面信用担保文件,用来表示愿意以代收行的受托人身份代为提货、保管、存舱、保险、出售,并承认货物所有权仍归银行。
28、信用证L/C——银行开立的有条件的承诺付款的书面文件,也是开证行对受益人的一种保证,只要受益人履行信用证所规定的条件,即受益人只要提交符合信用证所规定的各种单据,开证行就保证付款。(银行信用)
29、背对背信用证(转开信用证)——受益人要求原证的通知行
或其他银行以原证为基础,另开一张内容相似的新的信用证。30、对开信用证——两张信用证的开证申请人互以对方为受益人而开立的信用证。开立信用证是为了达到贸易平衡,以防止对方只出不进或者只进不出。
31、备用信用证——是一种特殊形式的信用证,是开证银行对受益人承担一项义务的凭证。开证行保证在开证申请人未能履行其应履行的义务时,受益人只要凭备用信用证的规定向开证行开具汇票,并随附开证申请人未履行义务的声明或证明文件,即可得到开证行的偿付。
32、保函(保证书L/G)——银行、保险公司、担保公司、个人应申请人的请求,向第三方受益人开立的一种书面信用担保凭证,保证人对申请人的债务或应履行的义务承担赔偿责任。
33、定金——合同
一方当事人根据合同的约定预先付给另一方当事人一定数额的金钱,以保证合同的订立、合同的成立、担保合同的履行、保留合同的解除权等。
34、不可抗力——买卖合同签订以后,不是由于合同当事人的过失或者疏忽,而是由于发生了合同当事人无法预见、预防、避免、控制的事件,以至于不能履行或者不能如期履行合同,发生意外事故的一方可以免除履行合同的责任或者推迟履行合同。(免责条款)
35、发盘(要约)——凡是向一个或一个以上的特定的人提出订立合同的建议,如果其内容十分确定并且表明发盘人有在其发盘一旦得到接受就受其约束的意思,即构成发盘。
36、接受(承诺)——受盘人在发盘规定的时限内,以声明或者
行为表示同意发盘提出的各项条件。实质上是对发盘表示同意。
37、逾期接受——不是有效的接受。如接受通知未在发盘规定的时限内送达发盘人,或者发盘没有规定时限,且在合理时间内未曾送达发盘人。
38、大副收据——货物装船后,承运船舶的大副签发给托运人的,表明已收到货物并已装船的货物收据,托运人凭此收据可向船公司或其代理人交付运费并换取正式提单。
(是划分船货双方责任的重要依据,是换取提单的依据)
39、定期结汇——议付行根据向国外付款行索偿所需要时间,预先确定一个固定的结汇期限,并与出口企业约定该期限到期后,无论是否已经收到国外付款银行的货款,都将主动安当日外汇牌价将票款金额折成人民币拨交出口企业。
40、国际保理(承购应收账款业务)——在使用托收、赊销等非信用证方式结算货款时,保理商向出口商提供的一项集买方资信调查、应收款管理和追帐、贸易融资、信用管理于一体的综合性现代金融服务。
41、经销——进口商根据他与国外出口商达成的协议,在规定的期限和地域内购销指定商品的一种做法。
独家经销——经销商在协议规定的期限内和地域内,对指定商品享有独家经营权力。一般经销——经销商不享有独家专营权,供货商可以在同一时期、地区内,委派几家商号来经销同类商品。
42、代理——代理人按照本人的授权,代表本人与第三人订立合同或者从事其它法律行为,而由本人直接负责由此所产生的权利与义务
43、寄售——是一种委托代售的贸易方式,寄售人先将准备销售的货物运往国外寄售地,委托当地代销人按照寄售协议规定的条件代为销售后,再由代销人向货主结算货款。
44、套期保值(海琴)——在卖出或买入实际货物的同时,在期货市场上买入或卖出同等数量的期货。
45、对销贸易——在互惠的前提下,由两个或者两个以上的贸易方达成协议,规定一方的进口产品可以部分或者全部都以相对的出口产品来支付。
46、电子商务——通过电子信息技术、网络互连技术、现在通信技术,使得交易涉及的各方当事人借助电子方式联系,而无需依靠纸面文件、单据的传输,从而实现整个交易过程的电子化。
47、国际电子商务——企业通过利用电子商务运作的各种手段从事的国际贸易活动,它反映的是现代信息技术所带来的国际贸易过程的电子化。
第四篇:国际贸易实务综合训练总结报告
重庆科技学院
学生实习(实训)总结报告
学院:__法政与经贸学院_专业班级:国贸2011级3班 _学生姓名:__段强_________ 学号:_2011443909实习(实训)地点:H201报告题目:____国际贸易实务综合训练总结报告_报告日期:2013 年7 月12 日
指导教师评语: __________________________________________
成绩(五级记分制):
指导教师(签字):
国际贸易实务综合训练总结报告
前言:
改革开放以来,特别是我国加入WTO以后,我国的对外贸易正在不断发展和加强,因此需要越来越多的专门人才参与其中,而身为国际贸易专业的我们,要想成为这个大行业的专门人才,很有必要熟悉外贸业务的各个环节,而外贸业务中的各个流程,包括开始的订立买卖合同,再到备货、租船订舱、报检、报关、装运、保险、结汇以及索赔等,都要涉及相关单证的制作与流转。这正是我们学院开展为期两周实训课的目的。
正文:
这次实训学习和了解的单据大体上包括如下几种:
1.合同(Contract)
合同适用于大宗业务,其内容较为详细,条款全面完整。合同中除了列明商品品名、品质、数量、包装、价格、装运、保险、支付等主要交易条款之外,通常还包括商检、索赔、不可抗力、仲裁等条款。进口使用销售合同,进口时使用购买合同。
2.确认书(Confirmation)
确认书作为书面合同的一种,主要适用于小批量货物,其内容较合同简略,通常只包括交易的主要条件,如品名、品质、数量、包装、价格、装运、保险、支付等。出口使用销售确认书,进口使用购货确认书。
3.信用证(Letter of Credit,L/C)
信用证是开证行根据进口人的请求和指示向出口人开立的一定金额的在一定期限内凭规定的单据付款的书面保证文件。信用证开立的依据为合同,一旦开立便独立于合同。
4.商业发票(Commercial Invoice)
商业发票是出口商对所装运货物的情况进行的详细描述,并凭以向买方收取货款的一种价目总清单,是全套进出口货物单据的核心。商业发票填制的内容主要包括货物的品名、规格、单价、数量、总价等。
5.装箱单(Packing List)
装箱单是商业发票的补充单据。他列明了信用证或合同中买卖双方约定的有关包装事宜的有关细节,如包装件数、规格、唛头(运输标志)等,便于国外的卖方对进出口商品包装及数量的了解和掌握。
6.海运提单(Ocean Bill of Lading,B/L)
提单是船方或其代理人接管货物或货物装船后签发给托运人的货物收据,以及承运人据以保证交付货物的凭证。
7.报关单
进出口货物报关单是指进出口货物的收、发货人或其代理人,按照海关规定的格式对进出口货物的实际情况做出的书面申明,以此要求海关对其货物按适用的海关制度办理通关手续的法律文书。
8.不可撤销跟单信用证申请书(Irrevocable Document Credit Application)
当进口方与出口方签订国际贸易货物进出口合同并确认以信用证为结算方式后,即由进口方填写信用证申请书向有关银行(开证行)申请开立信用证。
9.出口货物订舱委托书
出口方在出口货物时在报关前委托船公司或者货运代理公司代为祖租船订舱填写的一种单据。
10.出境货物报检单
根据国家相关法律规定,有国家质检总局及其各地的检验检疫分支机构对大宗的、关系国计民生的重点进出口商品、容易发生质量问题的商品、涉及安全卫生的商品以及国家指定由检验检疫机构统一执行检验的商品等实施强制性检验检疫,以维护国家的信誉及利益。法定检验检疫的商品的货主或其代理人应当在检验检疫机构规定的时间和地点向报关地出入境检验检疫机构报检,填写出境货物报检单是报检时必须履行的手续。
11.投保单(Insurance Slip)
投保单是投保人向保险人申请订立保险合同的书面要约。投保人须如实填写,列明投保的主要条件,一经保险人接受,便成为保险合同的一部分。
12.装运通知(Shipping Advice)
装运通知指出口商在货物装船后发给进口方的包括货物详细装运情况的通知。其目的在于让进口方做好筹资、付款和接货的准备(某些交易条件下好让买方及时办理保险)
13.汇票(Draft,Bill of Exchange)
汇票是出票人签发的,委托付款人在见票时或者在指定日期无条件支付确定的金额给付款人或者持票人的票据。
在这次国际贸易实务实训课中,我们认识到单证业务虽然使外贸的过程运行起来更加便捷,但表面简单的单证业务其实真正实践起来却非常不容易,制单必须做到正确、及时、完整、简洁、整洁,相关业务员必须小心谨慎且熟练制单或者审核单据,单证工作的完成质量直接关系到买卖双方的利益。例如:在以信用证为结算方式的交易中,卖方交货时向开证行提交的单据,如果不能做到“单单一致,单证一致”会导致开证行拒付,即使卖方还有时间去修改单据,在这期间会产生大量的不必要的费用,所以制单不准确将会影响到卖方顺利取得货款。
包括单证工作在内的国际贸易工作因为其国际性,所以从事这方面的工作对于我们的英语能力是一种考验,需要我们能够识别和理解合同单证中大量的条款信息。通过这次的实训课,我们不仅学到了很多技能,并且英语水平得到了很大的扩展和提高。
国际贸易实务训练已然结束,这两周以来我们收获颇丰,即使如此,但我们学到的并不是全部,行百里者半九十,制单和审单作为我们将来职业生涯里一项非常有用的技能,我们必要在以后花更多时间去学习和实践。
致谢。
第五篇:国际贸易实务双语教程课后题答案
Key Chapter1 I.Answer my questions 1.International trade is business whose activities involve the crossing of national borders.It includes not only international trade and foreign manufacturing but also encompasses the growing services industry in areas such as transportation, tourism, banking, advertising, construction, retailing, wholesaling, and mass communications.It includes all business transactions that involve two or more countries.Such business relationship may be private or governmental.2.Sales expansion, resource acquisition and diversification of sales and supplies.3.To gain profit.4.To seej out foreign markets and procurement.5.There are four major forms which are the following: Merchandise exports and Imports, Service Exports and Imports, Investment and Multinational Enterprise.6.It is the account which is a summary statement of the flow of all international economic and financial transactions between one nation(eg.the United States)and the rest of the world over some period of time, usually one year.7.Merchandise Exporting and Importing.8.Yes.There are great differences between them.1)direct investment takes place when control follows the investment.It usually means high commitment of capital, personnel, and technology abroad.It aims at gaining of foreign resources and foreign markets.Direct investment may often get higher foreign sales than exporting.And sometimes it involves two or more parties.2)While portfolio investments are not under control.And they are used primarily for financial purposes.Treasures of companies, for example, routinely more funds from one country to another to get a higher yield on short term investments.9.MNE is the abbreviation of the multinational enterprise.Its synonyms are NNC(the multinational corporation)and TNC(transnational corporation).10.Examples are travel, transport, fee, royalties, dividends and interest.11.The choice of forms is influenced by the objective being pursued and the environments in which the company must operate.12.It is limited by the number of people interested in a firm‟s products and services and by customers‟ capacity to make purchase.13.This is because at an early stage of international involvement these operations usually take the least commitment and least risk of a firm‟s resources.14.Royalties means the payment for use of assets from abroad, such as for trademarks patens, copyrights, or other expertise under contract known as licencing agreements.Royalties are also paid franchising.15.It is a way of doing business in which one party(the franchiser)the use of a trademark that is an essential asset for the franchisers‟ business.II Match each one on the left with its correct meaning on the right 1.J 2.A 3.E 4.B 5.C 6.D 7.I 8.G 9.F 10.H III Translate the following terms and phrases into Chinese 1 购买力 11 经济复苏;恢复 2 潜在销售量 12 经济衰退 3 加价,涨价 13 间接投资 4 国内市场 14 有形货物 5 制成品 15 有形进出口 边际利润 16 收入及支出;岁入及岁出 7 市场占有率 17 超额能力 贸易歧视 18 贸易中间人(商);经纪人 9 时机选择 19 全部包建的工程承包方式 10 经销周期 20 许可证协定
IV Translate the following into English 1.Trade is often the „engine‟ of growth.However oversimplified this metaphor may be, it does serve to underline the importance of foreign trade in the process of growth.A healthy expansion of exports may not always be sufficient condition for rapid and sustained growth, but a strong positive association between the two is clearly undeniable.Trade expansion contributes to economic growth in many ways.Among them are the benefits of specialization;the favorable effects of international competition on domestic economic efficiency;the increased capacity to pay for the imports required in development and more generally the stimulus to investment.2.International trade is the exchange of goods and services produced in one country for goods and services produced in another country.In addition to visible trade, which involves the import and export of goods and merchandise, there is also invisible trade, which involves the exchange of services between nations.Nations such as Greece and Norway have large maritime fleets and provide transportation service.This is a kind of invisible trade.Invisible trade can be as important to some nations as the export of raw materials or commodities is to others.In both cases, the nations earn the money to buy necessities.3.There exist different ways of conducting international business.Exclusive sale means the seller gives the overseas client the exclusive right of selling a particular product in a designated area within a specified period of time.In this kind of business transaction, the product is bought by the exclusive seller and therefore he should sell the product by himself, assuming sole responsibilities for his profit and loss.Exclusive sale is different from agency where only commission is involved.And difference exists between general contract and exclusive sales because the exclusive seller enjoys exclusive right in a particular area.4.There is no country in the world that can produce all the products it needs.Thus countries join in international division of labor for effective production and reproduction.Sometimes a country can buy goods and services from abroad on a barter basis.Barter means doing business by exchanging goods of one sort for goods of another sort without using money.Barter trade itself is not enough to meat a country‟s import needs.But as a form of international trade, it is still attractive in developing countries where foreign exchange is in short supply and inflow of foreign funds is far from sufficient to meet their obligations in external trade.Chapter2 I.Answer the following questions(Omited)II.Filling the blanks with the suitable words in the text: 1.meeting/satisfying;2.agent, foreign/overseas;3.commission;4.own;5.setting;6.patent;7.profits;8.outlets;9.joint, venture;10.subsidiary III.Translate the followings into English 1).Economic activity began with the cavemen, who was economically self-sufficient.He did his own hunting, found his own shelter, and provided for his own needs.As primitive populations grew and developed, the principle of division of labor evolved.One person was more able to perform some activity than another, and therefore each person concentrated on what he did best.While one hunted, another fished.The hunter then traded his surplus to the fisherman, and each benefited from the variety of diet.In today‟s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are
self-sufficient nations are self-sufficient.Nations have utilized different economic resources;people have developed different skills.This is the foundation of international trade and economic activities.Foreign trade, the exchange of goods between nations, takes place for many reasons.The first, as mentioned above, is that no nation has all of the commodities than it needs.Raw materials are scattered around the world.Large deposits of copper are mined in Peru and Zaire, diamonds are mined in South Africa, and petroleum is recovered in Middle East.Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy from countries that export them.Foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of a particular item to meet its needs.Although the United States is a major producer of sugar, it consumes more than it can produce internally and thus must import sugar.Third, one nation can sell some items at a lower cost than other countries.Japan has been able to export large quantities of radios and television sets because it can produce them more efficiently than other countries.It is cheaper for the United States to buy these from Japan than to produce them domestically.Finally, foreign trade takes place because of innovation or style.Even though the United States produces more automobiles than any other country, it still imports large quantities of autos from Germany, Japan and Sweden, primarily because there is a market for them in the United States.2).The different kinds of trade nations engaged in are varied and complex, a mixture of visible and invisible trade.Most nations are more dependent on exports than on any other activity.The earnings from exports pay for the imports that they need and want.A nation‟s balance of payment is a record of these complex
transactions.By reflecting all of these transactions in monetary terms , a nation is able to combine the income it receives, for example, from exports, tourists expenditures, and immigrant remittances.This combined incomes is then spent on such items as manufactured goods from other countries, travel for its citizens to other countries, and the hiring of construction engineers.Chapter3 I.Translate the followings from Chinese into English: 1 terms of payment 2 written form of contract 3 execution of the contract 4 sales contract 5 purchase confirmation 6 terms of transaction 7 trading partners 8 the setting up of a contract 9 trade agreement 10 consignment contract 11 the contract proper 12 extension of the contract 13 the contracting parties 14 special clause 15 general terms and conditions II.Answer the following questions in English: 1 A contract is an agreement which sets forth bind obligations of the relevant parties.And any part that fails to fulfill his contractual obligations may be sued and forced to make compensation.2 There are two parties of business contract negotiations: oral and written.The former refers to direct discussions abroad;written negotiations often begin with enquiries made by the buyers.3 A written contract is generally prepared and signed as the proof of the agreement and as the basis for its execution.A sales or purchase confirmation is less detailed than a contract, covering only the essential terms of the transaction.It is usually used for smaller deals or between familiar trade partners.4 The setting up of a contract is similar to that of a trade agreement or any other type of formal agreements.It generally contains: 1)the title.The type of the contract is indicated in the title;2)the contract proper.It is the main part of a contract;3)the signature of the contracting parties indicating their status as the seller or the buyer;4)the stipulations on the back of the contract and are equally binding upon the contracting parties.5 It generally contains the time of shipment, the mode of payment described in addition to an exact description of the goods including the quantity, quality, specifications, packing methods, insurance, commodity inspection, claims, arbitration and force majeure, etc.III.Translate the following into Chinese: 合同是在双方达成协议的基础上制定的,而协议又是双方进行商务谈判的结 果。商务谈判有口头谈判和书面谈判两种形式。口头谈判是通过参加商品交易会,派遣贸易小组,出国或邀请客户本国进行的面对面讨论,而通过国际长途电话所 进行的商务讨论也属于口头谈判。IV.Case Study 1 The law of the United States of America applies to this contract because:(a)this was a CIF contract;(b)the place of conclusion of the contract was in the USA;(c)the place of the execution of the contract was also in the USA.The seller completed this responsibilities after he delivered the goods at the port of the USA.2 This contract was not concluded effectively.Item 1 of Article 19 of the CISG indicates, “ A reply to an offer which purports to be an acceptance but contains additions, limitations or other modifications is a rejection to the offer and constitutes a counter-offer.In this case, though Mr.Johnson accepted Mr.Anderson's offer, his acceptance contained some additions to and modifications of the offer;for example, Mr.Anderson asked for ” telegraphic transfer“, Mr.Johnson sent the money to the bank to be kept there.According to Item 3 of Article 19 of the CISG, alteration to the mode of payment is material one, thus Mr.Johnson might keep silent and reject the acceptance.Chapter4 I(Omited)II 1)F.Price terms, or trade terms, are used to indicated the different liabilities, cost and risks of the buyer and the seller.2)F.Warsaw-Oxford rules specialize in explaining CIF contracts.3)T.4)T.5)F.On CIP terms the seller‟s responsibilities end when he hands over the goods to the carrier at the place of shipment, although he has to pay the freight rate and insurance premium.6)T.7)T.8)F.By CFR Landed is meant that the seller pays for unloading the goods at the port of discharge.9)T.10)F.On FAS terms the seller needs only to put the goods within the reach of the ship‟s tackle.He is not responsible for loading the goods on board.III.Judgment a)Incorrect.On FOB terms the seller‟s responsibilities end when he delivers the goods at the port of shipment, that is, at one of the ports in China.b)Incorrect.On CIF terms the seller pays for transportation and insurance till the goods reach the destination;the terms should be followed by the port of destination.c)Correct.d)Incorrect.On CIP terms the seller pays for transportation and insurance till the goods reach the destination;the terms should be followed by the port of destination.e)Correct.f)Correct.g)Incorrect.On FOB terms the seller‟s responsibilities end when he delivers the goods at the port of shipment, that is, at one of the ports in China.h)Incorrect.On DES terms the seller must put the goods under the actual control of the buyer at the port destination;a port of destination should be attached to DES.i)Incorrect.On DDP terms the seller must physically deliver the goods to the buyer at a named place in the import country, that is, a named place of destination should be added to DDP terms.j)Correct.IV.Translation 1)please refer to INCOTERMs(19900 2)you must load the goods on board in accordance with the stipulations of the INCOTERMS 3)In reference to the consignment of June 5 4)but our business is on cash payment whether the customs are new or old 5)meeting each other halfway and allowing you a 10% discount 6)the lowest FOB Liverpool prices of the following articles.7)Our prices are subject to change without notice 8)As this is a big order, we hope you can make a 5% discount off the list price 9)Because of the frequent change of the market prices, it is not possible for us to keep the prices open for a whole week 10)to receive your cable offer of July 15 for 300 dozen shirts of sample No.1302 CIF New York at USD 35 per dozen V.Case Study 1)It was not right for the buyer not to take delivery of the goods.In this case, the contract concluded between the seller and the buyer was on CIF terms, according to which, the seller‟s responsibilities ended when he loaded the goods on board the ship and paid the freight and insurance premium;the risk separation was the side of the ship;that is to say, the risks were transferred to the buyer or the other parties concerned after the seller put the goods on board the ship.Since the documents presented by the seller were right and proper, the seller could directly get paid form the Issuing Bank of the L/C.However, part of the goods got lost because of rough sea.Does this mean that the buyer suffered loss? It is definitely not the case because there are other two sub-contracts existing on CIF terms-I/P and Bill of Lading.In this case the buyer could claim damages with the insurance company, but he had to take delivery of the goods.Obviously, the actual reason for the buyer‟s refusal to accept the goods in this case was that the prices of the goods were going down.This is, certainly, unjustified.2)In this case the contract was concluded between Company E and Company W on FOB term, according to which the seller(Company E)ended his responsibilities when he delivered the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment.He did not need to pay for transportation of the goods or the insurance premium.Therefore, it was not right for W to ask E to pay the freight and indicate “Freight Repaid” on the Bill of Lading.The reason why W asked E to do that might be that he wanted to transfer the freight charges to E.However, in practical dealings, foreign trade companies often come across such situations, especially when a contract is concluded with an agent, who wants to resells the goods.In this case, E might comply with W‟s request, but he had to indicated that the freight should be borne by W.Chapter5 I.Give the Chinese equivalents for the following English terms: 1 本身所具有的特性 2 光泽、造型、结构 3 耐用性 4 可销售性 5 社会属 6 消毒 7 适用性 8 卫生 9 规格 10 水产品 跨国公司 12 保证生活质量
II.Two columns are given for you to decide which method is best suited for a certain commodity.Please match them.1 A , 2 C, 3 D, 4 E, 5 B, 6 G, 7 F, 8 H III.单项选择题
1.D 2.A 3.A 4.B 5.D 6.C 7.A 8.C 9.D 10.C 11.C 12.C 13.A 14.B 15.B 16.C 17.D 18.B 19.C 20.C 21.D 22.D 23.A 24.A 25.D 26.B IV.多项选择题
1.AE 2.ABE 3.ABC 4.CDE 5.AC 6.ABD 7.BCE 8.ACDE 9.BD 10.AC 11.BC 12.AC 13.BCDE 14.CD 15.AB 16.CDE 17.ABCDE V.案例分析
1、答:买方的要求不尽合理。理由如下:
采用FOB 术语成交,一般由买方负责租船订舱。卖方可以接受卖方的委托代为 租船订舱,但卖方不承担租不到船的责任和风险。就此案例来说,因公司代为租 船没有租到,买方又不同意更换条件,因此,该公司不承担因自己未租到船而延 误装运的责任,买方也不能因此提出撤消合同。所以,买方的要求不合理,责任 和风险应该由买方自己承担。
2、答:我方不能因床单受潮而拒付货款,也不能向卖方提出索赔。理由如下:(1)采用CIF 术语成交时,属于象征性交货,卖方是凭单交货,买方是凭单付 款,只要卖方如期向买方提交了合同规定的全套合格单据,即使货物在运输途中 损坏或灭失,买方也必须旅行付款义务。反之,如果卖方提交的单据不符合要求,即使货物完好无损地运达目的地,买方仍有权拒付货款。就此案例而言,卖方提 交了全套合格单据,我方应支付货款。
(2)在CIF 条件下,买卖双方风险转移界限以船舷为界。货物越过船舷后的风 险应由买方负担。就本案例可以看出,货物越过船舷之前是完好的,因此卖方不 承担风险。我方据此不能向卖方提出索赔,可依据所投险别向保险公司提出索赔。
3、答:该公司可向卖方提出索赔。理由如下:
按CFR 条件成交时,尽管货物在海运途中的风险已转移给买方,但买方为降低 自己的风险可办理货运保险,这取决于卖方是否及时向买方发出装运通知。据惯 例解释,如果卖方未及时向买方发出装运通知,导致买方未能及时办理保险手续,由此引起的损失由卖方负担。就本案例而言,该公司货物部分丢失是由于卖方未 发出装船通知而公司未办理保险手续而引起的损失,故此,该公司应向卖方提出 索赔。
4、答:此项损失应由买方承担,买方不应该向该公司提出索赔。
以CPT 术语成交时,风险转移以货交承运人为界,即卖方将货物交给指定承运 人,风险即由卖方转移至买方,买方可投货物保险以确保损失最小。就本案例而 言,该公司已将货物交给承运人,运输途中及后期风险均由买方自己承担,因此,该公司可拒绝买方的索赔要求。
5、答:按照CIP 条件成交,卖方要承担保险费和运费。因为CIP 条件适合于各 种运输方式,风险是在承运人控制货物时转移,所以卖方要负责办理交货地点到 指定目的地的全程运输,而不仅仅是水上运输,因此卖方应支付全程运费。就本 案例而言,卖方支付了海上运输的费用,但并没有将货物送往指定目的地,因此 还需支付铁路运输的费用。由此,我方应支付货款,但不需支付铁路运费,卖方 行为不尽合理。
Chapter6 I.Here given in the following are short forms for some units of measure and weight.Please give the complete form of each: 1)吨 2)盎斯 3)磅 4)品脱 5)码 6)加仑 7)令 8)公斤 9)克 10)平方米
II.Please read the statements carefully, and then give your choice True or False.1.T 2.F where the goods are to be unloaded must be decided and confirmed by the buyer at least 48 hours before the ship arrives at the first optional port.3.T 4.T 5.T 6.F a letter of indemnity is issued by the shipper to the shipping company in exchange for a clean-on-board shipped bill of lading.7.F according to article 23 of the UCP NO.500,” IF A Credit calls for a bill of lading covering a port to port shipment, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in Credit, accept a document, however named, which „„contains no indication that it is subject to a charter party „„” 8.T 9.F dispatch money is an amount paid by the ship-owner to the shipper for the shipper‟s quicker loading and unloading of the goods.10.T III.Please give the following definitions for the names in English: 1.Gross weight is the sum of total weight of the commodity itself and the tare(the package weight).That‟s to say it refers to the net weight plus the tare weight of the goods.2.Net weight is the actual weight of commodity without the addition of the tare.In international trade if the goods are sold by weight, the net weight is often used.3.Actual tare: The actual weight of packages of the whole commodities.4.Average tare: In this way, the weight of packages is calculated on the basis of the average tare of a part of the packages.5.Customary tare: The weight of standardized package has a generally recognizer weight which can be used to represent the weight of such packages.6.Computed tare: The weight of package is calculated according to the tare previously agreed upon by the seller and the buyer instead of actual weighing.IV.简答题
1.答:数量条款规定了买卖双方交货数量及与之有关的权利和义务,他涉及 成交数量的确定、计量单位和计量方法的规定及数量机动幅度等内容。为订好数 量条款,应依据政策的规定和经营意图,根据需要和可能,按外商资信情况和市 场行情变化,正确掌握进出口商品的成交数量,以利于合同的履行。
2.答:(1)大宗农、副产品、矿产品及一部分工业制成品惯于采用按重量 计算,一些贵重商品也惯于采用重量单位。
(2)按数量计算适用于大多数工业制成品,尤其是日用消费品、轻工业品、机械产品及一部分土特产品。
(3)按长度计算多用于金属绳索、布匹,绸缎等商品买卖。(4)面积单位可用于玻璃板、地毯、皮革等商品。
(5)体积单位仅用于木材、天然气及化学气体的买卖。
(6)容积单位中的蒲式耳是美国用来计量各种谷物的,公升和加仑多用于 液体商品。
(7)有些国家对某些商品有自己习惯的或法定的计量单位。例如棉花许多 国家以”包“为单位,糖以”袋“为单位。
3.答:(1)毛重。是商品本身加包装重量。
(2)净重。是商品本身实际重量,不包括皮重。计算皮重时有按实际皮重、平均皮重、习惯皮重、约定皮重计算等四种做法。
(3)公量。有些商品因较强的吸湿性导致重量不稳定,对此类商品可用科
学的方法除去其所含实际水分,然后再加上国际公认的标准含水量。即公量=干 量+标准含水量。
(4)理论重量。对按固定规格形状和尺寸所生产和买卖的商品可从其件数 推算总重量,此总重量即为理论重量。一般只作为计算实际重量的参考。(5)法定重量和实物净重。法定重量是商品重量加上直接接触商品的包装
物料的重量,而除去这部分重量所表示出来的纯商品重量即为实物净重。此方法 大多用于海关征税。
4.答:数量机动幅度是指卖方可按买卖双方约定的某一具体数量多交或少 交若干的幅度。他的规定方法有:
(1)合同中明确具体的规定数量的机动幅度。它既可只简单规定机动幅度,也可在此基础上约定由谁选择及作价原则。
(2)合同中为明确规定数量机动幅度,但将数量定为约数。《跟单信用证统 一惯例》规定约数的增减幅度不超过10%。
(3)合同中未明确规定数量机动幅度。此时卖方交货数量原则上应与合同
完全一致,但《跟单信用证统一惯例》500 号出版物规定货物数量允许有5%的 伸缩。
5.答:(1)目前对在机动幅度范围内超出或低于合同数量的多装或少装部 分,一般按合同价格计价结算。
(2)为防止有权选择溢短装的当事人利用行市变化有意多装或少装而获取
额外好处,有的合同规定多装或少装部分不按合同价格计算,而代之以按装船日 的行市或目的地的市场价格计算。
(3)若双方未能就装船日或到货日或是市场价格取得协议,则可交由仲裁 机构解决。
(4)有的合同还规定多交或少交货物中一部分按合同价格计算,其余部分 按装船时或到货时的市价计算。IV.Case study 1[Answer]: According to Article 11 of CISG: “A contract of sale need not be
concluded in, or evidenced by, writing and is not subject to any other requirement as to form.It may be proved by any means, including witnesses.” Though China and the US are both member countries of the CISG, China declared that it won‟t be bound by Article 11 and its related articles.That is to say, any kind of contracts in China must be evidencing by writing.In this case, though both companies agreed orally as to the main terms of the sales contract, there is no writing evidencing the contract.This contract, according to Chinese law, is not effective.2[Answer]: According to Item 2 of Article 21 of CISG: “If a letter or other writing containing a late acceptance shows that it has been sent in such circumstances that if its transmission had been normal it would have reached the offeror in due time, the late acceptance is effective as an acceptance unless, without delay, the offeror orally informs the offeree that he considers his offer as having lapsed or dispatches a notice to that effect.In this case, in order to avoid unnecessary loss, the Chinese company should telephone or dispatch immediately a notice informing that the acceptance is ineffective as it is late.__
Chapter7 I.For the false statements, please state True or False 1.(T)2.(F)3.(F)4.(F)5.(F)6.(F)7.(F)8.(F)9.(F)II.Put the following into English: 1.consuming taste 2.gift packing 3.prettify commodities 4.portable packing 5.social customs 6.transparent packing 7.creative design 8.suspensible packing III.Suppose you are an exporter and your business place is in China, please make the judgment if the following statements are correct or not and give your reasons.1.(F)2.(F)3.(T)4.(F)5.(T)6.(T)7.(F)8.(F)9.(F)10.(T)IV.简答题
1.答:包装重要性体现在以下几个方面:
(1)是实现商品价值和使用价值的重要手段,是商品生产和消费之间的桥 梁。
(2)出口商品需经过长距离辗转运输,有时需多次装卸、搬运和存储,包 装可保证商品质量和数量完整,方便货物装卸、搬运、储存。
(3)商品生产过程,包装是最后一道工序;在流通领域中,包装具有保护
商品、美化商品、宣传商品、提高售价的重要作用,并可作为对外竞争的重要手 段。约定包装条件的意义在于:
(1)不仅起到保护和美化商品作用,且包装本身还是货物说明的组成部分。(2)按一些国家法律解释,如一方违反了所约定的包装条件,另一方有权 提出索赔,甚至拒收货物。
2.答:(1)必须适应商品特性。
(2)必须适应各种不同运输方式的要求。
(3)必须考虑有关国家的法律规定和客户要求。
(4)要保证包装牢固的前提下节省费用,便于各环节有关人员进行操作以 免使货物遭受损失。
3.答:(1)按包装方式,可分为单件运输包装和集合运输包装,后者又分 为集装包和集装袋。
(2)按包装造型,可分为箱、袋、桶和捆等方式。
(3)按包装材料,可分为纸制,金属、木制、麻制品、玻璃制品、陶瓷制 品及竹、柳、草制品包装等。
(4)按包装质地,可分为软性,半硬性和硬性包装。(5)按包装程度,可分为全部包装和局部包装。
4.答:(1)便于陈列展销,以吸引顾客和供消费者选购。(2)便于识别商品,以便消费者了解,看货成交。(3)便于携带和使用,为消费者提供方便。
(4)要有艺术吸引力,以便吸引顾客、提高售价、扩大销路。
5.答:(1)包装的装潢画面要美观大方,富有艺术吸引力,突出特点,图 案和色彩要适应有关国家民族习惯和爱好,便于扩大出口。
(2)包装上的文字说明应同装潢画面紧密配合,互相衬托,以达到宣传和 促销目的,使用文字应简明扼要,并能让顾客看懂,必要时可中、外文并用。(3)包装上标签应注意有关国家的标签管理条例,尤其是食品、药品、服 装。
(4)销售包装还应注意条形码技术的使用问题。
6.答:(1)有效提高结算效率和准确性,也方便了顾客。
(2)有利于提高国际间贸易信息传递的准确性,使交易双方及时了解对方 商品有关资料和本国商品在对方的销售情况。
(3)条形码的使用是有效促使名优商品打入许多国家超级市场的前提条件。7.答:定牌生产产生的原因有:
(1)世界许多国家超级市场、大百货公司和专业商店在其经营出售商品上 标有本商店使用的商标或品牌,以扩大本企业知名度并显示该商品身价。(2)出口厂商为利用买方经营能力及商业信誉和品牌声誉,以提高商品售 价和扩大销路,也采用定牌生产。我国出口贸易中定牌生产具体做法有:
(1)在商品或包装上,打印上外商所指定的商标或品牌,而不标明生产国 别和出口厂商名称。
(2)在商品或包装上,表明我国的商标或品牌,同时加注国外商号名称或 表示其商号的标记。
(3)在商品或包装上,采用买方指定商标或品牌,同时注明”中国制造“字样。8.答:制定原因为:
(1)运输标志内容较多。(2)有时要加进一些不必要项目。
(3)各国和各种运输方式之间对运输标志的要求差异较大,不能适应国际 货物流动量的增加和多式联运的开展,不利于电子计算机在运输和单证流转方面 的应用。作用有:
(1)减少了运输标志内容,节省出口成本、时间和费用。(2)提高计算机操作和审单效率,加速船舶和资金周转。
(3)消除因运输标志内容过多和繁杂而可能造成的失误和困难,保证交货 的顺利进行。10.答:
(1)对包装要求应当明确具体,做到明确规定包装材料、造型、规格。除
传统商品外不宜采用”按惯常方式包装“等含糊包装术语。另外,除非买卖双方对 具体内容事先充分交换意见或在长期业务往来中就问题取得一致认识,包装条款 一定要明确具体。
(2)应订明包装费用由何方负担。按惯例,包装费用一般在货价之内,包 装条款中无须另行订明。若买方坚持要求对原本不需包装的商品实施特殊包装,导致包装费用超出正常,增加产品成本,或包装物料刚好构成产品成本增加时,则需订明包装费用负担。若卖方同意接受买方提供包装,包装条款中还应订明寄 送包装方法,包装送达日期,送交包装延迟责任及运送包装费用负担等内容。进 口合同中对包装技术性较强的商品通常在单价后注明”包括包装费用“,以免发生 纠纷。
(3)明确由何方提供运输标志。按惯例,运输标志可由买方提供,也可由
卖方决定。卖方决定时可不订入合同,或只订明”卖方标志“,由卖方设计后通知 买方。买方提供时应在合同中规定买方提供时间,如超过时间卖方可提出其他补 救方法。
(4)明确包装不良应负的责任。保险公司一般不负责因包装不良造成的损
失。在包装条款中,应对包装不善所造成损失的索赔问题作适当规定,以防止进 口货物因包装不良受到损失,对仪器、机器设备进口时使用的包装条款,更应就 索赔问题作出详细规定。V.案例题
1、答:(1)外商做法是否合理应从两个方面来看。(2)一般来讲,保险公 司不负责因包装不良所造成的损失。所以在进口合同条款中外商应对包装不善造 成的损失的索赔问题做出详细规定。若买方已做出规定,包装不良造成损失由卖 方负责,那么外商的做法是合理的。若买方未作具体规定,则外商做法不尽合理,应由双方协商解决,或提交仲裁机构解决。
2、答:(1)按国际贸易习惯,唛头由买方提供时在合同中应规定买方提供 时间。如超过时间,卖方可提出其他补救办法,如自行规定唛头。(2)该公司在
此情况下应致电买方询问延误原因,请其快速电告所设计唛头,否则将由该公司 自行规定。
3、答:(1)我方据此提出拒收或索赔是完全合理的。(2)在国际货物买卖 中,如一方违反了所约定的包装条件,另一方有权提出索赔,甚至可以拒收货物。由此可知,虽然外商交货数量与合同规定数量相符,但他的行为违反了合同中的 包装条款,已构成违约,我方可以提出拒收或索赔。__ Chapter8 I、单项选择题
1、C
2、B
3、D
4、A
5、B
6、A
7、C
8、D
9、A
10、B
11、B
12、D
13、C II、多项选择题
1、ABCE
2、ABC
3、BCD
4、ABCDE
5、BCE
6、ABC
7、ABCDE
8、ABCE
9、AC
10、ABCE 11.ABCDE III、名词解释
1、出口总成本:是外贸企业为出口商品支付的国内总成本。它的构成因素有进 货成本和国内费用。如是需缴纳出口税的商品,还应包括出口税。
2、出口换汇成本:指某商品出口净收入一个单位的外汇所需要的人民币成本。是衡量外贸企业和进出口交易盈亏的重要指标。
3、固定价格:指交易双方协商一致的基础上,对合同价格予以明确、具体的规 定。
4、后定价格:指在合同中不明确规定价格,具体价格留待以后确定。
5、暂定价格:在合同中先订立一个初步价格,作为开立信用证和初步付款依据,待双方确定最后价格后再进行最后清算,多退少补。
6、待定价格:交易双方就其他条件达成一致,合同已成立,但规定“价格待定” 或合同中没有明示或默示规定货物价格的情况。
7、价格调整条款:在订约时只规定初步价格,同时规定,如原材料价格和工资 等发生变化,按原材料价格和工资等的变动来计算合同最终价格。
8、佣金:指代理人或经纪人为委托人服务而收取的报酬。
9、明佣:交易双方在洽谈时将佣金明确表示出并写入价格条款中。
10、折扣:是卖方给予买方一定的价格减让,一般可在买方支付货款时预先扣除。
11、出口成本价格:是企业以出口总成本为基础计算出来的单位成本价格。
12、出口外汇净收入:是出口外汇总收入扣除劳务费用等非贸易外汇后的外汇收 入。
13、出口盈亏额:是指出口销售的人民币净收入与出口总成本的差额。IV、简答题
1、答:(1)要考虑商品的质量和档次,贯彻以质论价的原则。
(2)要考虑运输距离,核算运输成本,做好比价工作,以体现地区差价。(3)要考虑交货地点和交货条件,把买卖双方的责任、费用和风险在价格 中体现出来。
(4)要考虑季节性需求的变化,掌握好季节性差价,争取有利价格。(5)要考虑成交数量,成交量大时可给予适当优惠。
(6)要考虑支付条件是否有利和汇率变动的趋势,把利息负担和汇率变动 风险也计入货价。
(7)要考虑国际市场价格走势,注意搜集国际市场信息,对其价格及供求 状况进行分析和预测。
(8)要考虑交货期远近、市场销售习惯及消费者爱好与否等因素。
2、答:固定价格明确、具体、肯定,便于核算和执行,是国际市场上常见 做法。它的不足之处在于:
(1)合同缺乏稳定性。行市剧变时,不守信用的商人会寻找各种借撕毁合 同,使我方遭受不应有的损失。
(2)价格不稳定时,国外商人会观望不前,怕承担价格波动带来的风险。为使交易顺利达成,提高履约率,减少风险,我们采用固定价格时应注意两点。(1)必须对影响商品供求的各种因素细致研究,并在此基础上对价格走势 作出判断,以此作为决定合同价格依据。
(2)通过各种途径了解客户资信情况,慎重选择订约对象。
3、答:非固定价格是一种变通做法,它的有利之处在于:
(1)有助于暂时解决价格方面的分歧,双方可先就其他条款达成协议,早 日签约,待日后再确定成交价格。
(2)解除客户对价格风险顾虑,使之敢于签订交货期长的合同。有利于巩 固和扩大出口市场,有利于生产、收购和出口计划完成。
(3)虽不能完全排除交易双方的价格风险,但有利于出口方不失时机地做 成生意,也有利于进口方保证一定的转售利润。非固定价格的缺点在于:
(1)因先订约后作价,就不可避免的带来较大的不稳定性。特别是待定价 格,万一双方作价时不能取得一致意见,合同就无法执行。(2)如作价条款规定不当,合同还有失去法律效力的危险。
4、答:在实际业务中,如果交易双方对佣金虽已达成协议,却约定不在合
同中表示出来,约定的佣金由一方当事人按约定另行支付,则称为“暗佣”。国 外中间商或买主,为赚取“双头佣”,或为达到逃汇或逃税的目的,往往提出使 用“暗佣”。
“暗扣”是指当事人出于各种考虑,对折扣虽已达成协议,却不在合同价格 条款中表示出来,折扣的金额由一方当事人按约定另行支付。
5、答:佣金的支付要根据中间商提供服务的性质和内容而定。支付方法有 两种:(1)交易达成时就向中间商支付佣金。(2)卖方收到全部货款后,再另行
支付佣金。第一种情况下,虽交易已达成,但万一合同无法履行,委托人仍要向 中间商支付佣金。第二种情况对委托人比较有利。为避免误解、除要明确规定委 托人与中间商之间权利与义务之外,委托人最好事先与佣金商达成书面协议,明 确规定出支付佣金的方法。
通常佣金可在合同履行后逐笔支付,也可按月、季、半年,甚至一年汇总支 付。折扣的支付一般可在买方支付货款时预先扣除,或采用“暗扣”、“回扣”的 方法。
6、答:(1)明确规定作价标准。规定作价标准可减少非固定价格条款给合 同带来的不稳定因素,消除双方在价格方面的矛盾。
(2)谨慎选择作价时间。它可使出口方安全收汇,保证合同顺利履行。时 间的确定可分为装船前作价、装船时作价、装船后作价三种。
(3)充分考虑采用非固定价格对合同成立的影响。在实际业务中,商品具
体价格可以不在合同中规定,只规定作价办法或原则,合同即为有效成立。因此 在采用非固定价格时应尽可能将作价方法订得明确具体。
7、答:我国进出口商品的作价原则是,在贯彻平等互利的原则下,根据国 际价格水平,结合国别(地区)政策,按我方的经营意图确定适当的价格。
8、答:出口成本价格是企业以出口总成本为基础计算出来的单位成本价格。它与出口成交价格的主要区别在于出口成本价格并不涉及有关国外的任何费用; 而出口成交价格则可能包括单位商品的国外费用,如国外运费、保险费、佣金等。
9、答:(1)明确规定作价标准。为减少非固定价格条款给合同带来的不稳 定因素,消除双方在作价方面的矛盾,明确订立作价标准是一个重要的必不可少 的前提。
(2)谨慎选择作价时间。在采用非固定价格时,作价时间的规定非常重要,为了使出口方安全收汇,保证合同顺利履行,应谨慎选择作价时间。(3)充分考虑采用非固定价格对合同成立的影响。
10、答:(1)合理地确定商品的单价,防止偏高或偏低。(2)根据船源、货源等实际情况,选择适当的贸易术语。(3)争取选择有利的计价货币,必要时可加订保值条款。
(4)灵活运用各种不同的作价办法,避免承担价格变动的风险。(5)参照国际贸易的习惯做法,注意佣金和折扣的合理运用。
(6)如交货品质、交货数量有机动幅度或包装费用另行计价时,应一并订 立机动部分作价和包装费计价的基本办法。
(7)单价中的计量单位、计价货币和港口名称,必须书写清楚,以利于合 同的履行。V、计算题
1、解:出口总成本=4000×(1+15%)=4600(人民币元)出口外汇净收入=1000-(80+10+1000×3%)=880(美元)出口换汇成本=4600÷880≈5.227(人民币元/美元)
2、解:CIFC3%纽约价=(500+60)÷(1-1.1×0.8%-3%)≈582.6(美元)
3、解:fob 中国岸价=1000×(1-1.1×0.85%)-75=915.65(美元)
4、解:CFRC4%价=1000÷(1-4%)≈1041.7(美元)
5、解:出口方单位商品净收入=1000×(1-2%)=980(美元)
6、解:按题意可知P0=100 万,A=20%,B=50%,C=30%,M=110,M0=100,W=112,W0=100 则最终价格P=100×(20%+50%×110/100+30%×112/100)=108.6(万 美元)
VI.True or false 1.(F)2.(F)3.(T)4.(T)5.(F)6.(T)7.(T)8.(F)9.(T)10.(F)__
Chapter9 1.T 2.F where the goods are to be unloaded must be decided and confirmed by the buyer at least 48 hours before the ship arrives at the first optional port.3.T 4.T 5.T 6.F a letter of indemnity is issued by the shipper to the shipping company in exchange for a clean-on-board shipped bill of lading.7.F according to article 23 of the UCP NO.500,” IF A Credit calls for a bill of lading covering a port to port shipment, banks will, unless otherwise stipulated in Credit, accept a document, however named, which „„contains no indication that it is subject to a charter party „„” 8.T 9.F dispatch money is an amount paid by the ship-owner to the shipper for the shipper‟s quicker loading and unloading of the goods.10.T II.Answer the following questions in English(Omitted)III.Answer the following questions briefly according to what you have learnt in this unit.1.It is also called tramp.A shipping by chartering is a freight-carrying vessel which has no regular route or fixed schedule of sailing.It is first in one trade and then in another, always seeking those ports where there is a demand at the moment for shipping space.The shipper charters the ship from the ship-owner and uses it to carry the goods.It falls into 3 kinds: voyage charter, time charter and demise charter.2.The time of delivery refers to the time limit during which the seller shall deliver the goods to the buyer at the agreed place by the agreed methods.There are the following ways to stipulate the time of delivery in the contract.In stipulate the time of delivery we have to pay attention to the followings:(1)The shipment date should be made in such a manner that it facilitates the seller and enables the seller to effect shipment on time and perform the relevant obligations stipulated in the contract.For instance, the seller should be given a period of reasonable time for arranging the supply of the contracted goods.(2)Different shipment period should be fixed, based on the availability of shipping space, for contracted goods of different nature.An unreasonable short time for shipment shall cause no little inconvenience to the seller.(3)According to the relevant stipulations of(Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary Credits): Expressions such as “prompt”;“immediately”, “as
soon as possible” and the like should not be used.If they are used banks will disregard them.(4)Unless otherwise stipulated in the credit, the expression “shipment” used in
stipulating an earliest and/or a latest shipment date will be understood to include the expressions “ loading on board”, “dispatch”, “accepted for carriage”, “flight date”, “date of post receipt”, ”date of pickup“ and in the case of a credit calling for or allowing a multi-modal transport document the expression “taking in charge”.(5)If the expression “on or about” and similar expressions are used, banks will
interpret them as a stipulation that shipment is to be made during the period from the five days before to five days after the specified date, both end days included.The words “to”, “until”, “till”, “from” and words of similar expressions applied to any date or period in the credit referring to shipment will be understood to include the date mentioned.The word “after” will be understood to exclude the date mentioned.The term “first half”, “second half” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 15th, and the 16th to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.The terms “beginning”, “middle”, or “end” of a month shall be construed respectively as the 1st to the 10th, the 11th to the 20th', and the 21st to the last day of such month, all dates inclusive.3.The Bill of Lading has three important functions.a.It is a receipt for goods signed by the shipping company and given to the shippers;b.It is also evidence of a contract of carriage between the shipping company and shippers.In addition, c.it is a document of title because the legal owner of the Bill of Lading is the owner of the goods.For this reason the Bill of Lading can be used to transfer the goods-from one owner to another.“When the exporters complete it, they can write the buyer‟s name in the space, “consignee”.This means the consignee is the legal owner of the goods, as named on Bill of Lading.Otherwise the exporters can write “to other” in the
consignee space.Underneath “to order” they write the name and address of the agent.Then the agent in the importing country can endorse the bill to the buyer.In this way the importers can transfer the consignment to their customers.This means that there has to be a separate Bill of Lading for each consignee and several consignments can not be consolidated on to one bill.4.There are several types of Bills of Lading which are categorized in different ways.(1).On board B/L and received for shipment B/L According to whether the goods are loaded or not, the bills of lading can be classified into on board(or shipped)B/L and received(or received for shipment)B/L.A shipped on board B/L is evidence that the goods have been loaded on board a certain steamer.It commences with the wording “Shipped in apparent good order and condition”, According to general foreign trade practices, only the shipped on board B/L is accepted by banks for payment under a L/C.(2).Clean bill and unclean bill According to whether there are notes on the B/L, it falls into 2 kinds: clean B/L and unclean B/L.A clean B/L shows that the goods have been shipped on board a vessel in apparent good order and condition, and there is no modification of the shipowner.This bill of lading is called “clean” or “unclaused”.It confirms that the goods have not suffered apparent or outside damage and there does not seem to be any defect in the packing.By issuing clean bill of lading, the shipowner admits his full liability of the cargo described in the Bill under the law and his contract.This type is much favored by banks for financial settlement purpose.Unclean B/L is generally marked “insufficiently packed”, “covers old and
stained”, “wet by rain”, “…packed in damaged condition”, “unclean”, “foul”, etc.There are many recurring types of such clauses including inadequate packaging, unprotected machinery, wet or stained cartons, damaged crates, etc.This type of B/L is usually unacceptable to a bank.But not all B/L(s)which are noted are unclean B/L.(3).A straight B/L, An order B/L and A blank B/L According to whether the B/L is transferable, it is divided into 3 kinds: straight B/L, order B/L and blank B/L.A straight B/L is made out so that only the named consignee at the destination is entitled to take delivery of the goods under the bill.The consignee is designated by the shipper.The carrier has to hand over the cargo to the named consignee, not to any third party in possession of the bill.This kind of B/L is not transferable.The shipper cannot pass the bill to a third party by endorsement.So the bill is of very restricted application.When the goods are shipped on a non-commercial basis, such as samples or exhibits, materials in aid of other countries, or when the goods are extremely valuable, a straight B/L is generally issued.An order B/L indicates that the bill is made out to the order of or to order of …any person named in such a bill, which may be transferred /negotiated after endorsement.So it is sometimes called transferable B/L.It is because of this that nowadays, it is commonly used in international practice.A blank B/L is also called open B/L or bearer B/L.It refers to the bill in which the name of a definite consignee is not mentioned.The area in B/L calling for the name of the consignee is left blank, with neither the name of the consignee nor the phraseology of “to order” filled in.This kind of B/L can be transferred/ negotiable without endorsement.There usually appear in the box of consignee words like “to bearer” and holder of the B/L can take delivery of the goods against the surrender of B/L, i.e., ownership of the goods passes when the bill is handed over to anyone.(4).Direct B/L, A transshipment B/L, A through B/L According to the modes of transport, it can be divided into 3 kinds.A direct B/L is referred to the consignment carried to the port of destination directly without transshipment.A transhipment B/L is issued by shipping companies when there is no direct service between the port of loading and port of destination, and the ship owner arranges to tranship the cargo at an intermediate port at his expense.This kind of Bill usually bears such a clause “Transhipment to be made”
A through B/L is issued when the entire voyage involves more than one carrier, where the ocean shipment forms only part of the complete journey and, subsequent thereto, the goods have to be carried by other land or sea carriers.The first carrier issues the bill and collects the freight for the entire voyage, and arranges transshipment and forwarding of the goods at the intermediate port.The shipper prefers this kind of B/L because of the trouble having been saved to deal with other carriers by himself.(5).A long form B/L, A short form B/L According to the contents of the B/L, it can be divided into 2 forms: Long Form B/L and Short Form B/L A long form B/L refers to the B/L on the back of which all the detailed terms and conditions about the rights and obligations of the carrier and the consignor are listed as an integral part of the bill.It is more frequently used.A short form B/L is a document which omits the terms and conditions on the back of B/L.(6).A freight prepaid B/L, A freight to be collected B/L According to the time for payment of freight, it can be divided into 2 types.A freight prepaid B/L means that all the freight is paid by the consignor when B/L is issued by the carrier on which “freight prepaid” is indicated.A freight to be collected B/L refers to the B/L on which “freight payable at destination” is indicated.(7).A liner B/L, A charter party B/L According to the types of the carrying vessels, it can be classified into a liner B/L and a charter party B/L.(8).Other types of B/L Besides the above-mentioned types of B/L there are some other types such as: container B/L;on Deck B/L;stale B/L;groupage B/L;house B/L;antedated B/L and advanced B/L.IV.Case study 1.[Answer]: The loss to the stationary pertained to particular average, while the loss to the tea was a partial one… The insurance company will have compensated for the losses if the goods had been insured against FPA.2.[Answer]: The most important lesson we can learn is that, it is essential for the exporter to present documents in accordance with the stipulations of the relevant LC.In this case, finding the shipping marks illegible on the LC, the export salesman in the ABC Company, instead of asking the buyer for clarification, decided the shipping marks himself.This constituted discrepancy between the documents and the LC.Article 14 of the UCP500 clearly indicates, “When the Issuing Bank authorizes another bank to pay, incur a deferred payment undertaking, accept draft(s), or negotiate against documents which appear on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit…” It is clear that the documents presented must be in conformity with the stipulations in the L/C.Chapter10 I.True or false 1.F many countries in the world have begun to adopt the Institute Cargo Clause, including China.2.T 3.T 4.T 5.F all risks do not cover other special risks like War risk, Strike risk, etc.6.F the insured may choose to attach War of Strike risk to W.P.A.7.F according to international business practice, insurable interest is required only when the insured claims damages with the insurance company.8.T 9.F by franchise in meant that the insurance company must still compensate the insured once the damage exceeds the percentage stipulated.10.F irrespective of percentage is applied to goods which are easily broken or delivered short;it has nothing to do with other disasters such as strikes, war, and other natural disasters.II.Fill in the blanks with the following words and expressions: 1.cover 7.covered 2.covers 8.insure 3.cover 9.insurance 4.covered 10.effected 5.covering 11.insurance 6.covering 12.coverage III.Translate the following into English: 1.The clients think it more convenient for the insurance to be covered /to be taken care of by you than by themselves.2.Please effect insurance for 150% of the invoice value against All Risks and War Risk, as required by the buyer.3.We can only cover insurance for 110% of the invoice value according to the contract stipulations and therefore we regret being unable to comply with your request.4.The P.I.C.C.enjoys high prestige among trade circles at home and abroad for their low rates as well as prompt and equitable settlement of claims.5.After damage has incurred, the insured may file a claim supported by the insurance policy and a survey report with the insurance company or their agent at his end.6.Please see to it that the above-mentioned goods are to be shipped before 15th June and insured against All Risks for 150% of the invoice value.We know that according to your usual practice, you insure the goods only for 110% of the invoice value, therefore, the extra premium will be borne by us.7.An insurance claim should be submitted to the insurance company or its agent as promptly as possible so as to provide the insurance company or its agent with ample time to pursue recovery from the relative party at fault.8.We regret to inform you that Case No.8 was invoiced as containing 10 type writers, eight of which were badly damaged upon arrival.We enclose an inspection certificate issued by the Shanghai Commodity Inspection Bureau and the shipping agent's statement and hope that no difficulty will arise in the settlement of our above claim amounting to US$3,000.9.In the absence of your definite instructions regarding insurance, we covered your ordered goods against W.P.A.for 110% of the invoice value according to our usual practice.10.If you desire to cover your goods against All Risks, we can provide such coverage, but at a slightly higher premium, the difference of which will be for your account.IV.Case study
1、答:(1)保险公司应赔偿1000 美元的损失,而1500 美元的损失应由买方自 己承担。
(2)因为,根据中国人民保险公司《海运货物保险条款》水渍险的责任
范围的规定,该案例中的1000 美元是运输工具遭到自然灾害造成的部分损失,保险公司对此应负责赔偿。
化肥袋包装破裂险属一般附加险的责任范围,它不在所投保的水渍险的责任 范围,故保险公司不予赔偿。又因为按CIF 条件成交,卖方只需按合同规定投保 险别,运输途中的风险则由买方承担,故案例中的1500 美元则由买方自负。因此,保险公司应对1000 美元予以赔偿,1500 美元的损失由买方自己承担。
2、答:(1)是因运输工具遭遇意外事故而造成的直接损失,属单独海损;(2)是因维护船、货共同安全、进行修船而造成的损失和产生的费用,属共同海损。
Chapter11 I.True or false 1.T 2.T 3.F this is a discrepancy between the contract and the covering L/C.4.T 5.F this “ more or less “ tolerance does not apply when” the Credit stipulates the quantity in terms of a stated number of packing units or individual items.6.F according to article 42of the UCP 500, a freely negotiable credit does not need to “ stipulate a place for negotiation.”
7.F article 43of the UCP 500 also states :”„„if no such period of time is stipulated, banks will accept„„”.Here the L/C stipulated an expiry date of the L/C, the presentation of documents, therefore, should not exceed that date(September 15)8.T 9.F article 11 of the UCP 500 reads :” if a bank uses the services of an Advising
Bank to have the Credit advised to the Beneficiary, it must also use the services of the same bank for advising an amendment.10.T 11.T 12.F on CFR,CPT or FOB terms, it is the buyer who must insure the goods and pay the insurance premium involved.13.F according to Item of article 13 of the UCP 500:” documents which appear in their face to be inconsistent with one another will be considered as not appearing on their face to be in compliance with the terms and conditions of the Credit ,” discrepancies between the documents themselves are not allowed.14.F banks won‟t refused to effect payment, as is stated in article 13 of the UCP 500,” documents not stipulated in the Credit will not be examined by banks.If they receive such documents, they shall return them to the presenter or pass them on without responsibility.”
15.F the time allowed for examining and negotiating the documents is seven banking days, as is indicated in article 13(b)of the UCP 500:” the Issuing Bank „„ shall each have a reasonable time, not to exceed seven banking days following the day of receipt of the documents, to examine the documents and determine whether to tale up or refuse the documents and to inform the party form which it received the documents accordingly.”
16.F the beneficiary does not need to act on suggestions written in the L/C if they ate not indicated as documents, as is stated in article 4 of the UCP 500:” in Credit operations all parties concerned deal with documents and not with goods, services and /or other performances to which the documents may relate.” 17.T 18.T 19.F the beneficiary must present all the originals if more than one original insurance policy has been issued.This is clearly specified in article 34 of the UCP 500 :” if the insurance document indicates that it has been issued in more than one original, all the originals must be presented unless otherwise authorized in the Credit.” 20.F a Certificate of Origin is used to prove that a certain commodity is produced and manufactured in a certain country.II.In each blank space write a word that fits naturally: method, international, letter, ideal, for, trade, gives, starts, issue(open, establish), amount, and instructions, transaction, sends, correspondent, On, correspondent, credit, usual, confirm, undertakes, due, forth(out), with, knowing, money, secure, behalf, carried out III.Payment and acknowledgement A.Read the bill of exchange below and answer questions.1.Drawer: Henan native produce … Drawee: Hanover Trust Co.2.4th DEC, 1999 3.two copies 4.US$63,162.00 5.Unite States Dollars Sixty Three Thousand One Hundred And Sixty Two Only 6.The sender's place is on the bottom right and the receiver's is on the bottom left.7.90 days 8.LC 3.US dollars, number, letter of credit, company B.Figures and words 1.one hundred pounds sterling only 2.eighty-nine dollars and fifty cents only 3.Yen eight hundred and sixty-eight thousands only 4.Two hundred and thirty-four pounds, four shillings, and three pence only 5.Deutsche mark five hundred and ninety only IV.Read the following letters regarding payment terms.Identify the writer, the term proposed and the reason given.Then fill the Information Form.Letter No.Buyer/Seller Term proposed Reason 1 Buyer CAD 凭单付款 Deal of small value 2 Buyer T/T 电汇 Assure the time of delivery & save expenses 3 Seller CIA(not COD 货到 付款)Usual practice 4 Seller D/A 承兑交单 To push sales 5 Seller D/P 付款交单 To expand business 6 Buyer Consignment Unable to make purchase on his own V.Identify the problems and complete the letters by suggesting a solution.1.increase the amount of your LC by $600 LC amount is insufficient 2.make the necessary amendment to the LC so that the currencies of the documents are the same.discrepancy in currency 3.amend your LC as stated in your order payment terms differ between LC and order sheet 4.amend your LC to read ” Transshipment is allowed“.discrepancy in terms of delivery VI.Case Study 1.[Answer]: The law of the USA applies to this contract because(1)this was a CIF contract;(2)the place of conclusion of the contract was in the USA;(3)the place of the execution of the contract was also in the USA.The seller completed his responsibilities after he delivered the goods at the port of the USA.2.[Answer]: It seems that the seller delivered the goods more than what was stipulated in the contract;therefore, according to Article 52 of the CISG, the buyer may refuse to take delivery of the excess quantity delivered.However, in this case because of the ignorance of the staff concerned, difference occurred between the actual goods delivered and the quantity specified in documents.What‟s sunny is that the weight indicated on the documents was the same as that stated in the contract.As a result, the buyer might obtain more without paying anything.However, the Japanese Customs House discovered the difference between the documents and the actual goods delivered, which cause embarrassement to the Chinese company.The only way of solving the problem, perhaps, was to explain what happened in the factory to the Japanese Customs House.Although the problem might have been solved, we still have a lot to learn from this case:(1)Strengthen the connection between the sales people and the factory;(2)the export salesman should make the mode of packing clear to the processing factory;(3)the Chinese Customs House must also check the weight of goods against the document;and(4)we should see that there is agreement not only between the documents presented, but also between the documents and the goods.Chapter12 I.True or false 1.F the injured party cannot rescind the contract, but holds the right of claiming damages.2.F according to article 18 of the law, the party who has breached the contract can adopt reasonable remedial measures.3.F it is the CISG that applies” fundamental breach of contract.” 4.T 5.T 6.F according to article 74 of the CISG states, there are 4 conditions on which a Force Majeure can be established.7.T 8.T 9.F the conciliator‟s suggestion is not a law;therefore, he cannot force the parties in dispute to act on his advice.10.T II.Fill in the blanks with proper words and expressions 1.discrepancy , contracted 5.oversight 2.awkward 6.delivered, quality expected 3.roughly handled, damage 7.beyond our control 4.charges, borne 8.a claim on, for, on account of III.名词解释
1、违约:指合同的一方当事人没有履行和没有完全履行其合同规定的义务的行 为。
2、留置权:指未收到货款的卖方将货物扣留下来,作为买方支付价金的担保,直到买方支付价金为止。
3、索赔:就是当事人依据有关合同对违约造成的损失或货物损失,向责任方提 出予以补救的主张。
4、理赔:是指责任方对索赔的处理。
5、救济方法:是指一个人的合法权利被他人侵害时,法律法律上给以受损害一 方的补偿方法。
6、回复原状:是指使用实物赔偿损失,使货物恢复到损害发生前的原状,例如 把损坏的物品加以修复,或用同类货物替换。
7、实际损失:是指一方违约给对方造成的现实的损害,即按合同规定的合法利 益遭受到的损失。
8、交货:是指卖方将对货物的占有权转移出去,在广义上应该包括交运货物或 提交单据。IV.简答题
1、答:(1)大陆法系将实际履行作为一种主要的救济方法。(2)英美法系将实际履行作为例外的辅助性的救济方法。
(3)按《公约》的规定,当事人有权要求对方实际履行合同义务。
2、答:(1)大陆法系认为,损害赔偿责任的成立,必须具备以下三个条件: 必须要有A、必须要有损害事实。B、须有归责于债务人的原因。
C、损害是由于债务人应予负责的原因造成。
(2)英美法认为,只要一方违约,就足以构成对方可以提起损害赔偿之诉。(3)《公约》认为,损害赔偿是一种主要的救济方法。
3、答:(1)《德国民法典》认为,损害赔偿的范围应包括违约所造成的与实际损
失和所得利益两方面。法国法关于损失赔偿的范围的原则与德国法是一致的。(2)英美法认为,损失赔偿的范围,是使由于债务人违约而蒙受损害的一方,在经济上能处于该合同得到履行时同等地位。另外还规定,一方违约,另一方有 义务采取一切合理的措施以减少违约造成的损失,否则本来可以合理避免的损 失,不能要求给以赔偿。
(3)我国《涉外经济合同法》对损害赔偿金额的确定,遵循两个原则: A、当事人赔偿责任应相当于另一方所受的损失。B、赔偿责任不得超过违约方在订立合同时应当预见到的因违反合同可能造成的 损失。
(4)《公约》对此也有规定、A、一方当事人违反合同应负的损害赔偿额,应与另一方当事人因他违反合同而 遭受的包括利润在内的损失额相等。B、为限制守约方漫天要价,还规定了守约方可以得到的损害赔偿”不得超过违反 合同一方在订立合同时,按照他当时已知道或理应知道的事实和情况,对违反合 同预料和理应预料到的可能损失"
4、答:(1)大陆法对此规定得比较简单。大陆法认为,只要合同一方当事人不 履行其合同义务时,对方就有权解除合同。
(2)英国法认为,一方违约构成违反要件,对方才可要求解除合同;如果一方 仅仅是违反担保,对方只能请求损害赔偿,而不能要求解除合同。美国法与英国 法的规定有些相似。
(3)《联合国国际货物销售合同公约》认为,合同一方不履行义务构成根本性违
约,另一方有权解除合同。
(4)我国《涉外经济合同法》认为,一方违约,另一方在下列两种情况下才能 要求解除合同:
A、违约必须导致严重影响订立合同所期望的经济利益。
B、如果一方在合同规定的期限内没有履行合同义务,而且在被允许的推迟履行 的合理期限内仍未履行,则守约方可要求解除合同义务。
5、答:(1)认真细致身后国外买方提出的单证和出证机构的合法性。(2)认真做好调查研究、弄清事实、分清责任。(3)要合理确定损失程度、金额、和赔付办法。
6、答:(1)两种办法:
A、通过实际占有货物的办法行使停运权。
B、把行使停运权的要求通知占有货物的承运人和货物的保管人,但要按卖方的 指示处置货物。
(2)未收货款的卖方在行使停运权时要注意必须符合下列三个条件: A、卖方已经丧失了对货物的占有权。
B、卖方必须在买方无力偿付时行使停运权。
C、卖方必须在货物处于运输过程中行使其停运权。
7、答:(1)卖方所交货物不具备商销品质。(2)卖方所交货物与合同说明不一样。(3)卖方所交货物不适合约定的特殊用途。(4)卖方所交货物与凭样成交时的品种不符。(5)卖方所交货物与合同规定的品种不同。
(6)卖方所交货物在数量上大于或小于合同规定的数量。V.Case study 1[Answer]: In this case the contract was concluded between Company E and Company W on FOB terms, according to which the seller ended his responsibilities when he delivered the goods on board the ship at the port of shipment.He did not need to pay for transportation of the goods or the insurance premium.Therefore, it was not right for W to ask E to pay the freight and indicate “Freight Prepaid” on the B/L.The reason why W asked E to do that might be that he wanted to transfer the freight charges to E.However, in practical dealings, foreign trade companies often come across such situations, especially when a contract is concluded with an agent, who wants to resells the goods.In this case, E might comply with W‟s requests, but he had to indicate that the freight should be borne by W.2[Answer]: In this case the loss was caused simply because of the ignorance on the part of the export businessman.What we can learn from this case is that, when offering abroad, we must make exact calculations of the total freight and other relevant charges.Most importantly, it is very beneficial for every export businessman to learn geography.__