第一篇：河南大学研究生学位英语考试复习题
1.he thinks he can learn skills from good habbies 2.Stephen learns to be systematic from his hobby
3.Roy's real interest in fishing is sitting alone and doing nothing
4.The farmer has held on to his hobby even though he met with great difficulties 5.She thinks every addiction is as bad as the other
1.Husband and wife
2.A vacation is even more exhusting 3.The woman is packing for her bus tour 4.The bus was too worn out and uncomfortable 5.3 hours or so
1.He is at a job interview 2.He suggests the woman keep trying until she gets it right 3.To receive assistance from the teacher 4.He wants to keep learning all his life 5.The man's idea is not feasible at all
1.The woman is unhappy about too many advertiseements on Tv 2.He is interested in the history of cities shown in pictures 3.It is about personality evident in an individual's gestures 4.The man is a Brazilian 5.He wants to make his baby stronger
1.She didn't go to the party yesterday
2.The engine started as soon as they got on the plane 3.Jason can take the test on another day 4.Cheer up and you would be able to get a job soon 5.He was criticized by the woman's mother all the way.1.How to protect water and trees in nature 2.It is a good idea for people to make voluntary contributions 3.Louisiana tornado killed 50 people
4.He feels it necessaryto use animals in medical researches 5.The two speakers have different opinions about the biggest pollution problem
1.Michael jordan is both a person's name and a trademark 2.He is a successful businessman
3.He succeeded quickly by working hard
4.Yao ming's team should not have lost in the first round 5.A way to keep energetic in life
英译汉
1.But today fewer of us do our living in that one place;more of us just use it for sleeping.Now we call our towns “bedroom suburbs,” and many of us, without small children as icebreakers, would have trouble naming all the people on our street.然而，如今的情况是居住和工作都在同一个地方的人极少，对更多的人来说家成了一个仅仅用来睡觉的地方。我们的居住地被叫做“近郊居住区”，由于没有了孩子像过去那样起到沟通邻里关系的作用，许多人感到要叫出跟我们同住一条街的所有人的名字来是件不容易的事。
It’s not that we are more isolated today.It’s that many of us have transferred a chunk of our friendships, a major portion of our everyday social lives, from home to office.As more of our neighbors work away from home, the workplace becomes our neighborhood.这不是说我们今天被分得更开了，而是好多人已经把部分的友谊和大部分的日常社交生活从家里转移到了办公室。随着越来越多的人走出家门去工作，工作的地方就变成了我们的街区。
If our offices are our new neighborhoods, if our professional titles are our new ethnic tags, then how do we separate ourselves from our jobs? Self-worth isn’t just something to measure in the marketplace, But in these new communities, it becomes harder to tell who we are without saying what we do.如果办公室真的彻底变成我们的社区，如果我们的所从事的行业真的彻底变成我们的种族印记，那我们怎样才能把自己和工作区分开来呢？自我价值并不是只有在市场环境中得到体现的。但是在这些新的社区中，如果不先说明我们是从事哪行哪业的，就越来越难以说清楚我们究竟是谁。
2.Recently the Washington Post printed an article explaining how the appliance manufacturers plan to drive consumer insane.最近《华盛顿邮报》刊登了一篇文章，解释家用电器制造商是如何谋划把消费者逼疯的。
Of course they don’t say they want to drive us insane.What they say they want to do is have us live in homes where “all appliances are on the Internet, sharing information” and appliances will be “smarter than most of their owners.” For example, the article states, you could have a home where the dishwasher “can be turned on from the office” and the refrigerator “knows when it’s out of milk” and the bathroom scale “transmits your weight to the gym.”
当然制造商们并没有说他们想把我们逼疯，他们说他们想做的是让我们生活在“所有电器通过互联网实现信息共享”的住宅里。而这些电器比“大多数主人聪明的多”。例如，文章说到你可以拥有这样一个家：洗碗机“可以从你办公室启动”，电冰箱“知道何时牛奶喝完了”，浴室磅秤可以“把你的体重传送到健身房”。汉译英
1.对自己有耐心。人们常问，“什么时候这种可怕的痛苦才会结束？”专家们反对时间期限的限制。“大体上，你少则需要6个月才能开始感觉好点，”阿若诺夫说。“也有可能长达一年，或是两年。这很大程度上取决于你的性格、周围亲友的支持、以及是否得到帮助并借此战胜痛苦。”
Be patient with Yourself.People often ask , “When will this terrible pain stop?” Experts resist being pinned down to time frames.“Roughly, it’s a minimum of six months before you even start to feel better,” says Aronoff.“And it can be as long as a year, possibly two.A lot depends on disposition, the support within your environment, and if you get help and work on it.”
因此，对自己宽容些。认识到你将需要一定的时间，而且你自己的康复节奏可能和别人不一样。在走出悲痛中每前进一步都要祝贺自己：“我还活着，我已经撑到现在了。”
So, be easy on yourself.Recognize that you’ll need time, and that your own pace of recovery may not fit with that of others.Congratulate yourself at each step through grief: I’m still here, I’ve made it this far!2.人生最大的成就通常是靠简单的方法和运用一般的才干获得的。普通的日常生活以及其中的忧虑、各种不可避免之事和种种职责提供了取得最好经验的充足机会；生活中走得最多的老路给诚实的工作者以充分努力的机会和自我改进的空间。人类幸福之路就是坚定不移地沿着做好事的大道前进；那些最坚毅而又是最诚挚地工作的人常常是最成功的人。
The greatest results in life are usually attained by simple means, and the exercise of ordinary qualities.The common life of every day, with its cares, necessities, and duties, affords ample opportunity for acquiring experience of the best kind;and its most beaten paths provide the true worker with abundant scope for effort and room for self-improvement.The road of human welfare lies along the old highway of steadfast well-doing;and they who are the most persistent, and work in the truest spirit, will usually be the most successful.
第二篇：河南大学学位英语考试 英译汉
1.Not all the neighborhoods are empty, nor is every workplace a friendly playground.Most of us have had mixed experiences in these environments.Yet as one woman told me recently, she knows more about the people she passes on the way to her desk than on her way around the block.Our new sense of community hasn’t just moved from house to office building.The labels that we wear connect us with members from distant companies, cities, and states.We assume that have something “in common” with other teachers, nurses, city planners.不是所有的住宅区都是空的,也不是所有的工作单位都是友好的.多数人在这里都曾有过复杂的经历.然而,最近一位女性朋友告诉我她对工作单位里的人的了解程度要胜于对同一街区人的了解程度.我们不仅把社区的概念从住宅区迁移到办公楼,上班时身上佩戴的标志也把我们和异国他乡的人们和公司员工联系在一起.我们假设自己和其他的教师、护士、城市规划者有某些共同点。，It’s not unlike the experience of our immigrant grandparents.Many who came to this country still identified themselves as members of the Italian community, the Irish community, the Polish community.They sought out and assumed connections with people from the old country.Many of us have updated that experience.We have replaced ethnic identity with professional identity, the way we replaced neighborhoods with the workplace.This whole realignment of community is surely most obvious among the mobile.In an age of specialists, they may have to search harder to find people who speak the same language.这有点像最初移民来到美国我们的祖辈们的经历,许多人来到这里以后把自己原来的国籍还当成一个社区,所以有意大利人社区、爱尔兰人社区、波兰人社区等。他们不断寻找并设想自己与来自同一个国家的人们有着亲密的联系。我们把这种体验提升了一步。像工作单位取代居住地一样，我们的职业身份取代了种族身份。这种社区的完全重组在流动作业的行业中表现得最为明显，那些在不同城市变换工作的人似乎把自己的身份根植与他们的行业中。在这个充满专业人士的时代，他们不得不费劲周折去寻找有共同语言的人。
2.Onward and upward was the course she set.Small progress was no excuse for feeling satisfied with yourself.People who stopped to pat themselves on the back didn’t last long.Even if you got to the top, you’d better not take it easy.“The bigger they come, the harder they fall” was one of her favorite maxims.进取、进取、再进取，这是母亲给我设定的方向。小小的进步是不足以自我满足的。那些因成功而沾沾自喜停下来欣赏自己的人是不会持久的。即使你已经到达顶峰，你也最好不要放松。“爬得越高，摔得越痛”是母亲的至理名言。
It wasn’t the gin that was shouting.It was my mother.The gin only gave me the courage to announce to them that yes, by God, I had always believed in success, had always believed that without hard work and self-discipline you could never amount to anything, and didn’t deserve to.其实不是杜松子酒在吼，是我的母亲在吼。酒只是借给了我勇气向他们宣布那个想法。是的，上帝可以作证，我一直相信成功，一直相信如果没有辛勤的劳动和严格的自律，一个人不可能有任何成就，也不配有成就。
3.Defining who is great depends on how one measures success.对伟人的定义取决于人们如何衡量成功 “There’s a tendency to think that they are endowed with something
super-normal” he explained.“But what comes out of the research is that there are great people who have no amazing intellectual processes.” It’s a difference in degree.Greatness is built on tremendous amounts of study, practice and devotion.””人们往往认为他们具备一些超长非凡的东西，”他解释道。“但研究表明，有的伟人并没有惊人的智力。”伟人的伟大建立在大量的学习、实践及其献身精神的基础之上。
Thrust into office when his country’s morale was at the lowest, Churchill rose brilliantly to lead the British people.In a speech following the Allied evacuation at Dunkirk in 1940, he inspired the nation when he said, “We shall not flag or fail.We shall go on to the end...We shall never surrender.”丘吉尔在全国上下士气最为低落的时候被推上台，并出色地领导了英国人民。在1940年盟军敦刻尔克大撤退之后的一次讲演中，他的话激励了全国人民，“我们一定不会衰退、失败。我们将坚持到底…我们永远不会屈服。”
4.It’s easy to overlook the pleasure we get from loving and being loved, the company of friends, the freedom to live where we please, and even good health.我们可以从爱和被爱中感到快乐，从朋友的相伴中感到愉快，为能随意到处居留而感到喜悦，甚至会为了身体健康而高兴，可是这些快乐很容易被忽视。
We, on the other hand, with so many choices and such pressure to succeed in every area, have turned happiness into one more thing we “gotta have.” 另一方面，由于我们有许多选择并想在各个领域获得成功的压力，我们把幸福变成了我们“必须得到”的另外一种东西。
So we chase it and equate it with wealth and success, without noticing that people who have those things aren’t necessarily happier.所以我们追求幸福，将幸福与财富和成功等同起来，没有注意到拥有这一切的人不一定更幸福。
Happiness isn’t about what happens to us — it’s about how we perceive what happens to us.It’s the knack of finding a positive for every negative, and viewing a setback as a challenge.幸福不在于我们周围所发生的一切，而在于我们如何去看待我们周围所发生着的一切事情。这是一种从不利中找到有利，将挫折看作是激励的诀窍。
It’s not wishing for what we don’t have, but cherishing what we do possess.幸福并不是时时去盼望得到我们所没有的，而是要珍惜我们拥有的！
5.From my own experience, practical play exposes all sorts of weaknesses and strengths in my play that are hidden during preparation.根据我的经验，实际下棋的时候会暴露出我在准备过程中隐藏的各种弱点和长处。
On top of that, all his games were accessible to the Deep Blue team, while he was in the dark about Deep Blue.最要紧的是，深蓝队可以得到他的所有对局，但是他对深蓝队的情况却一无所知。
Humans, too, play weaker in unfamiliar situations and though they may find their way around better, machines can compensate for that with brute force.在陌生的环境下人类的表现也更差，而且即使人类可能摸索到更好的方法，机器也可以用物质的力量来弥补。
Unfortunately, as a result, we were never able to see the fabulous calculating abilities of Deep Blue.很不幸，结果是我们从来也不能看到深蓝奇妙的计算能力
IBM can hardly risk the reputation of its “blue-eyed” baby against some PC or mere mortal.So the rest of us(6,000,000,000 minus Kasparov)are left with more questions than answers.BM几乎不可能用它的“蓝眼”婴孩的声誉来挑战某台微机或是某位凡人。所以我们当中其余的人（除了卡斯帕洛夫以外的60亿人）看到的更多的是问题而不是答案。
6.To hold this opinion, however, is little short of treason in America.A boy or girl who leaves college is branded a failure—and the right to fail is one of the few freedoms that this country does not grant its citizens.The American dream of “getting ahead”, painted in strokes of gold wherever we look.Our advertisements and TV commercials are a hymn to material success, our magazine articles a toast to people who made it to the top.Smoke the right cigarette or drive the right cat---so the ads imply---and the girls will be swooning into your deodorized arms or caressing your expensive lapels.Happiness goes to the man who has the sweet smell of achievement.He is our national idol, and everybody else is our national fink.然而在美国,持有这种观点差不多就是背叛.中途离开学校的孩子们被丑化成失败者---失败的权利是美国政府没有赋予国民的少数几个自由之一.美国之梦是”成功”之梦,凡是我们放眼之处都是一片金光灿烂.宣传广告和电视广告歌颂物质方面的成功,杂志文章赞誉获得此类成功的人.广告暗示你:吸适合你身份的烟、开适合你身份的车，女孩们就会陶醉在你那没有异味的怀抱之中，抚摸你那昂贵的衣领。幸福只青睐那些散发出成功的甜蜜气味的人。他是全体国民的偶像，其他所有人则是国家的蛀虫。
8.Funny.This is how the U.S.was supposed to be.In a famous series of essays collected in his 1976 book，The Cultural Contradictions of Capitalism，Daniel Bell noted how the decline of the Protestant small-town ethic had unhinged American capitalism from its moral foundation in the intrinsic value of work..By the 1960s，Bell argued，”The cultural justification of capitalism become hedonism，the idea of pleasure as a way of life.” In a 1969 cover story titled “California: A State of Excitement”，Time reported that，as most Americans saw it，”the good，godless，gregarious pursuit of pleasure is what California is all about…”I have seen the future，”says the newly returned visitor to California，”and it plays.”
真是可笑！这本该是没过的摸样嘛！丹尼尔贝尔1976年出版《资本主义文化矛盾》一书，书中收录的一系列注明文章，他描述了新教徒小镇式道德观的衰落怎样动摇了没过资本主义的道德基础和对工作内在价值的认识。20世纪60年代，贝尔声称，“资本主义文化经过拨乱反正已变成了享乐主义文化，享受称谓生活的一种方式。”1969年《时代周刊》一篇名为《加利福尼亚：充满刺激之州》的封面故事中写道，“追寻美好的、非宗教的、交际性的快乐已经成了加利福尼亚的全部。每个刚去过加州的人都说，‘我看到了未来，自由自在的娱乐在发挥作用。”当时绝大多数美国人对报道中提及的情况都说有目共睹的。’
10.If the primary goal is simply to reduce cheating, then there are a variety of strategies to consider, including increased proctoring, encouraging faculty to use multiple versions of exams and not to recycle old tests and exams, aggressively faculty using plagiarism detection software, and employing stronger sanctions to
punish offenders.But while such strategies are likely to reduce cheating, I can’t imagine many people would want to learn in such an environment.As educators, we owe our students more than this, especially when cheating may reflect cynicism about what they perceive as eroding moral standards in the academy and in society.如果主要目的只是减少作弊,就可以考虑采取各种各样的措施:更严格的监考,鼓励教师采用多种版本的试题,不要循环使用旧考题,更积极地使用剽窃检测软件,以及对作弊者进行更严厉的惩罚。尽管这些措施很可能减少作弊,但很难想象人们会愿意在这样的环境中学习。作为教育者,我们为学生提供的东西应该比这些更多.Today’s students seem to be less concerned with what administrators and/or faculty consider appropriate behavior and much more concerned with the views and behavior of their peers.今天的学生不太在意学校或教师认为适宜的行为,他们更关心同伴的观点和行为.Regardless of the campus integrity policy, if students see others cheating, and faculty who fail to see it or choose to ignore it, they are likely to conclude that cheating is necessary to remain competitive.尽管学校有关学术诚信的政策,如果学生目睹别人作弊而未被教师发现,或教师干脆置之不理,他们可能会认为,为了维持竞争力,有必要采取欺骗行为.7.The great modern social myth is that the family is a “plastic” institution，capable of being molded to meet changing needs.现代社会的一大妄言是认为家庭是具有“可塑性”的制度，可以因适应不断变化的需求而改变。In fact，efforts to live in a world of pluralistic family forms result in mounting social disorder that governments can neither control nor reverse.实际上人们对于家庭形式多元化的尝试使社会秩序愈发混乱，而政府既不能控制也不可能扭转这种混乱局面。
Common sense，the lessons of history and the work of anthropologists actually point to the family as a universal and necessary institution.It is commonly defined as a man and a woman bonded together through a socially approved covenant of marriage to regulate sexuality;to provide mutual care and support;to create a home economy;to bear，raise and protect children;and to maintain continuity between the generations.我们的常识、历史教训以及人类学家的研究实际上都认为家庭是一种普遍而必要的制度。家庭通常的定义是：一男一女通过社会认可的婚姻契约连结在一起，以便规范性行为，相互关心，相互支持，建立家庭经济，生养并保护孩子，使家庭血脉代代相传。
Most human societies are either monogamous（one man married to one woman）or polygynous(one man with multiple wives).These alternatives appear to be rooted in human nature and represent the only enduring” choice ”a society really has.这种非此即彼的选择植根于人的天性，代表了社会唯一长久持续的选择。（7）Fatherlessness is approaching a rough parity with fatherhood as a defining feature of childhood.父爱缺失几科和父爱一样，正在成了童年生活的一大特征。
This astonishing fact is reflected in many statistics, but here are the two most important: Tonight, about 40 percent of U.S.children will go to sleep in likely to spend a significant portion of childhood living apart from their fathers.Never before in this country have so many children been voluntarily abandoned by their fathers.Never before have so many children grown up without knowing what it means to have a father.很多数据都反映出这一令人吃惊的现象，但最重要的两个数据是：今夜约有40%的美国孩子将在没有父亲的房里入睡。一半多的孩子可能在童年时期有相当一部分的时间是与父亲分
开过的。这个国家从来没有如此多的儿童被他们的父亲主动抛弃。从来没有如此多的孩子在其成长过程中不知道拥有父亲意味着什么。
Fatherlessness is the most harmful demographic trend of this generation.It is the leading cause of the decline in the well-being of children.It is also the engine driving our most urgent social problems, from crime to adolescent pregnancy to domestic violence.Yet, despite its scale and social consequences, fatherlessness is frequently ignored or denied.Especially within our elite discourse, it remains a problem with no name.关于这一代人的人口统计显示出的倾向中，父爱缺失是最糟的一项。它是儿童生活幸福度下降的罪魁祸首，也是产生犯罪、青少年怀孕、家庭暴力等严重社会问题目的根源。然而尽管父爱缺失这一问题普遍存在且后果严重，却经常被忽略被否认。尤其是在我们的精英话语中，父爱缺失仍是一个未被清楚地认识到的问题。
9.Historically, the most obvious example of sex bias has been paying women less than men for doing the same work.Although unlawful，the practice is pervasive，and even now，after years of strong feminist（and other）efforts to correct this inequity，women still earn only seventy cents for every dollar earned by men.This is wage inequality，not to be confused with the glass ceiling，which denies women the opportunity to advance up the corporate ladder(which also，of course，impinges on wage increase.)Let’s say you’re a woman working as a publicity director for a large corporation，and you earn $35,000;your male earning $50,000.You and he have almost identical curriculum vitae-in fact，you went to the same college，worked together at another company，and then each of you got your ”dream job.” 有史以来，性别歧视最明显的例子就是女性与男性同工不同酬。这种做法虽不合法，但却很普通。即使在今天，虽然女权主义者（及其他人士）多年来努力纠正这种不平等的状况，女性的工资仍然只有男性的百分之70.这就是“工资不平等”现象。不要将其与“玻璃天花板”（妇女在之物升迁上遇到的无形屏障）现象相混淆，“玻璃天花板”限制了女性晋升至公司高层的机会（当然，着同样影响了加薪）。比如说你是名女性，在一家大公司做宣传部经理。你的工资是35000美元。同为宣传部经理，在同一家公司另一部门任职的男同事却可以挣50000美元。他的资历与你相当——确切的说：你们同一所大学，同在另一家公司供过事，然后你们都找到了“理想的工作”。
(9)Although there have been laws against employment discrimination for more than a hundred years in the United States，they varied from state to state.Not until some thirty years ago did Title VII（in addition to prohibiting discrimination based on race，color，religion，and national origin）establish federal uniformity，making it unlawful to discriminate against females-or，for that matter，males-on the basis of their sex。On-the-job gender discrimination occurs when an employee is treated differently from a person of the opposite sex under similar circumstances for reasons based solely on the employee’s sex.在美国，尽管反对就业歧视的法律已经存在了一百多年，但各州法律却不尽相同。直到30年前的平权法案第七条（在禁止基于种族、肤色、宗教信仰和原籍歧视之外）才统一了关于性别歧视的联邦法律，规定对女性——或就此而言，对男性——基于性别上的歧视是非法的。在相同的环境下，仅仅由于性别的原因，雇员就被与其异性同事区别对待，这就是工作上的性别歧视。
Historically, the most obvious example of sex bias has been paying women less than men for doing the same work.Although unlawful，the practice is pervasive，and even
now，after years of strong feminist（and other）efforts to correct this inequity，women still earn only seventy cents for every dollar earned by men.This is wage inequality，not to be confused with the glass ceiling，which denies women the opportunity to advance up the corporate ladder(which also，of course，impinges on wage increase.)有史以来，性别歧视最明显的例子就是女性与男性同工不同酬。这种做法虽不合法，但却很普通。即使在今天，虽然女权主义者（及其他人士）多年来努力纠正这种不平等的状况，女性的工资仍然只有男性的百分之70.这就是“工资不平等”现象。不要将其与“玻璃天花板”（妇女在之物升迁上遇到的无形屏障）现象相混淆，“玻璃天花板”限制了女性晋升至公司高层的机会（当然，着同样影响了加薪）。
In these “uniformed” cases，the problem is not one of wage or promotion，but of limited opportunities to perform the task for which these women were hired or were qualified to perform.在这些“穿制服”的事例中，问题并不在于薪水或是升迁，而是在于那些女雇员或有能力的女性完成任务的机会受到了限制。The time-worn excuse of denying certain jobs to females in order to “protect” them from damage to their reproductive systems or possible harm to an unborn fetus has been held by the courts to constitute sex discrimination.Similarly，restricting the weight that females can be required to lift on a job or the number of hours they may work，in order to “protect” them，also constitutes sex discrimination.In the same way, height and weight standards adversely affect job possibilities for women and are illegal unless it can be demonstrated that they are a bona fide occupational requirement of the job, that is，necessary for performance.说什么为了保护女性的生殖系统不受到伤害或者保护未出生胎儿免受损害，用这些陈腐的理由来拒绝给女性提供工作，已被法律视为性别歧视。为保护女性（显然是限制其被雇佣的机会）而在工作中限制其所该提起的重量或其所能工作的时间，除非能证明它们是工作所必需的合法职业条件，即是开展工作的必要条件。
11.But the American future didn’t turn out as we expected.While Europeans cut the hours they spend at the office or factory-in France it is illegal to work more than 35hours a week-and lengthened their vacations，Americans were concluding that you could be happy only if you work hard and play hard.So they began to stay at their jobs longer than ever and then，in jam-packed weekends at places like the Hamptons on Long Island，invented the uniquely American concept of scheduled joy，filling a day off with one appointment after another，as if it were no different from one at the office.American conservatives，meanwhile，came to believe that Europeans’ desire to devote themselves to the pleasures of life and would，in any event，end in economic tears.但美国的未来并没有称谓我们所期待的那样。当欧洲人缩短在办公室或工厂工作的时间——在法国一周工作时间超过35个小时就是非法的——延长假期时，美国人却认为只有努力工作平明玩耍才是幸福的。因此美国人工作的时间开始变得比以往任何时候都长，然后将日程安排得慢慢的，去诸如位于长岛的汉普顿等地度周末，美国人创造了独特的美国式的概念，按计划娱乐，休息日排满了一个有一个的日程，好像节假日与工作日没什么区别似的。同时美国的保守者们认为：真是遗憾啊，欧洲人渴望全身心地去享受生活，一年6周的假期是欧洲人不负责任的表现，无论如何欧洲人最终会为经济的衰退而痛哭流涕。
Why du Europeans and Americans differ so much in their attitude toward work and leisure? I can think of two reasons.First，the crowded confines of Western Europe and the expansive space of North America have led to varied consumer preferences.Broadly speaking，Americans value stuff-SUVs，7，000-sq.-ft.houses-more than
they value time，while for Europeans it’s the opposite.Second，as Bell predicted，America’s sense of itself as a religious nation has revived.At least in the puritanical version of Christianity that has always appealed to Americans，religion comes packaged with the stern message that hard work is good for the soul.Modern Europe has avoided so melancholy a lesson.为什么欧洲人和美国人对待工作和娱乐的态度有如此大的发差呢？我能想到两个原因。首先是西欧拥挤的环境和北美广阔的空间导致了不同的消费倾向。从广义上将，美国人对实实在在的东西例如运动型多功能车，7000平方英尺房子的重视甚于他们对时间的重视。对欧洲人来说，情况恰恰相反。其次，正如贝尔所预言的那样，美国宗教意识思想复苏，至少清教徒式的基督教历来迎合美国人的心意。严厉的教条规劝人们：努力工作对于灵魂升华是有益的。而现代的欧洲已没有了这种苦行课。
第三篇：学位英语考试作文
本人查了下学位英语考试作文五大类型：图表分析型、对比论述型、问题解决型、道理阐述型和情景应用型。我在网上搜集修改并且将他们归类为三类，给出了作文的模板和例题，考试带进去看是属于哪一类就抄哪个模板。
问题解决型（主要是说如何解决社会现象，学习生活问题）【写作模版1】 ①Because of __________, great changes have been taken place in______.② Particularly,_____________.③Besides,_____________.④As we know, there are several ways for ________ to_______choose.⑤ Above all, ____________.⑥Secondly,________________.⑦Furthermore,_____________.⑧And finally,_______________.⑨As far as I am concerned,___________.⑩ In the first place,______________.⑾ In the second place,______________.⑿Therefore,_________________.【模版要素】 ① 问题出现的背景② 提出问题③ 对问题进一步解释说明④ 提出解决问题的方法 ⑤ 方法一⑥ 方法二⑦ 方法三⑧ 方法四⑨ 我的做法 ⑩ 论点
一(11)论点二 总结全文
【模版例文】How I Overcame Difficulties in Learning English（学习英语的困难）Like many other English learners, I found a lot of difficulties in learning English.Firstly, I found it difficult to understand what I read because most English words have more than one meaning.Besides, I found it difficult to write idiomatic English or translate Chinese into idiomatic English.Finally, my oral English was weak because I had no opportunity to communicate with native English speakers.Although I often read aloud, this didn't prove to be an effective way to improve my spoken English.But I didn't lose heart in overcoming these obstacles.I tackled English vocabulary in two ways.First, I tried to understand and memorize the specific meaning of a word in its context.Second, I enlarge my vocabulary by breaking words up into roots and affixes and memorize them inconnection with the words of the same roots or affixes.To overcome Chinese English, I tried to think in English directly.Although I haven’t had any opportunity to communicate with native speakers, I have tried to improve my spoken English by listening to English broadcasts and writing English compositions.These experiences have turned out to be effective.I am feeling very confident in myself while sitting here for passing my degree English today.情景应用（书信类文章：感谢信，邀请函，求职信）【写作模版2】
(Date:)________ Dear___________,① I am delighted to learn that ________.②You are welcome to_________.③I am sure___________.④As for____________ , I am thinking about______________.⑤On the one hand, ______________.⑥0n the other hand,____________________.⑦If____________.⑧As to the___________, I suggest______________________.⑨Of course,___________________.⑩By the way, __________.⑾In addition,____________.⑿I am looking forward to_____________.Yours Truly
写信人名字
【模版要素】① 写信原因② 表示欢迎③ 期待④ 主题词＋建议⑤ 建议1⑥ 建议2⑦ 让步条件进一步论证⑧ 建议的具体内容⑨ 其他的建议⑩ 提醒
注意事项1(11)注意事项2(12)寒暄结束语【模版例文】
Require About How to Choose a Good Major in the University（询问读大学如何选个好专业）June 7th , 2006 Dear Susan,① I am delighted to learn that you are going to apply for admission to my university.②
You are welcome to be my schoolmate.②I am sure you will be successful.③As for the specific major you apply for, I am thinking about the international economics course.④On the one hand, this is one of the best specialized programs in the university.⑤On the other hand, in today’s society, students majoring in international economics are more likely to find a good job.⑥If you have more ideas, please let me know.⑦As to the basic requirements to be considered for admissions, I suggest you reach the minimum scare set for admission to key universities in the College Entrance Exams first.⑧Of course, you have to satisfy the special requirements in mathematics and be good at computer and English.⑨By the way, in order to prepare for the exams, I suggest you pay attention to all the high school subjects, and maintain a balance between them.⑩ In addition.I am also going to mail you some math's revision materials and a set of New Concept English which will be of great help, I bet.⑾I am looking forward to good news from you.Yours Truly
Tom
道理阐述（主要是说社会现象、事物的优缺点）【写作模版3】 ①It is well-accepted that(________).②For instance,(__ _).③Besides,().④Furthermore,().⑤Not to mention().⑥In spite of all these, _______________.⑦To begin with,_____________.⑧At the same time,____________.⑨Finally_________.⑩Thu_____________.⑾ In short,___________.⑿It pays to_________________.【模版要素】 ① 提出主题或现象② 举例1③ 举例2④ 举例3⑤ 举例4⑥ 主题词⑦ 论证1 ⑧ 论证2⑨ 论证3⑩ 小结上文(11)总结全文(12)深化主题，回应全文
【模版例文】 honesty 诚信
① It is well-accepted that nowadays dishonesty is a common phenomenon in society.② For instance, many good-hearted doctors would not tell dying patients about their real condition.③Besides, poor students tend to cheat on exams.④Furthermore, greedy advertisers, armed with misleading advertisements, may lure customers into buying fake commodities.⑤Not to mention such “decent” and famous figures as Liu Xiaoqing, used to be considered as China' s movie queen, have cheated the government on income taxes.⑥1n spite of all these, honesty is always regarded as an important part of the human character.⑦To begin with, if you treat others fairly, those associating with you will certainly profit from your sincerity.⑧At the same time, a sense of trust builds up in their hearts, which, in turn, will earn you more true friends.⑨Finally, that will benefit you in the long run.⑩ Thus it is essential for everyone to maintain an honest attitude towards the whole society.⑾In short, honesty wins trust, respect and honor.⑿It pays to be honest.
第四篇：电子科技大学研究生历年学位英语考试试题及答案
2004年1月研究生英语学位课统考真题讲解
第二部分 词汇
Section A
21.(D)该句意为：尽管这些农民勤劳，拼命干活，但由于闭塞，当地经济十分落后。
industrious: adj.勤劳的capable:adj.有能力的ingenious: adj.新颖的，独创的innovative: adj.创新的，革新的hard-working: adj.能干的，辛苦的22.(A)该句意为：由于妇女运动进行的斗争，许多妇女找到了好工作。
put up: v.(carry on): 进行initiate: v.策划，发动，倡议
propose: v.建议support: v.支持，赡养terminate: v.中止，结束
23.(B)该句意为：这些新雇员的工作表现突出了乐观思维的作用。
highlight: v.强调，突出confirm: v.证实，确认emphasize: v.重视；强调
enhance: v.加强enlighten: v.启蒙，指导，教育
24.(A)该句意为：这张由人体造型编成的旗帜的照片惊人的美丽，我们全家人静静地站着看了它一分种。amazingly: adv.惊人地surprisingly: adv.惊人地indescribably: adv.无法描述地
permanently: adv.永久地uniquely: adv.独一无二地
25.(A)该句意为：加强情报收集工作的决定有望减少部队伤亡。
intelligence: n.信息，情报intellect: n.智力
26.(B)该句意为：在我看来，圣.弗朗西斯是虔诚合奉献融合一体的象征。
blend: n.混合物composition:n.作曲，作文，构成mixture: n.混合elaboration: n.详细论述speculation: n.投机；思考
27.(C)该句意为：这些发现被发表之后，几个州在重新思考开设训练营的计划。
in the wake of: prep.紧随，在…之后precede: v.在…之前target at: v.目标是
28.(D)该句意为：对该工程投入的巨资没能产生预想的效果。
staggering: adj.走路不稳的，惊人的fluctuating: adj.起伏不定的increasing: adj.增加的diminishing: adj.减少的overwhelming: adj.巨大的，征服性的29.(B)该句意为：这件事使我对死亡、生命和人类进行了思考并最终帮我度过了难关。
ultimately: adv.最后，后来decisively: adv.果断地eventually: adv.后来
somewhat: adv.有点儿，略微somehow: adv.莫名其妙地
30.(C)该句意为：这时，她首先想到的是大祸临头。
around the corner:马上到come to an end: 结束in the air: 悬而未决out of the question: 不可能的 Section B
31.(B)该句意为：你的孩子是否担心要无愧于你的英雄形象是有压力的？
come up with:想出，提出live up to: 达到，不辜负catch up on: 完成add up to: 合计
32.(A)该句意为：在最艰难的时候，你要利用出现的一切美好的东西。
come along: 跟随，出现（不及物）come by: 得到come across: 偶然遇到come to: 苏醒；逐渐…
33.(D)该句意为：老板看什么都不顺眼，而且专横跋扈；商讨事情时一个人唱主角，不理会不同的意见。facilitate: v.有助于，促进illustrate: v.阐明，解释illuminate: v.照明dominate: v.占主导地位
34.(B)该句意为：安德森伸出双臂来躲避攻击，但鲨鱼咬住他的右前臂后向水下游去。
turn off: 关上；使…厌烦ward off: 避开trigger off: 诱发call off: 取消
35.(D)该句意为：她精通英语，这使她能自如地与国外同事交谈。
standard: n.标准，水平criterion: n.标准evaluation: n.评价command: n.命令；（语言）水平
36.(D)该句意为：大学无法接受所有具备基本资格的年轻人，所以上大学需要竞争。
admiration: n.羡慕；欣赏approach:n.靠近，方式admission: n.进入,录取assignment: n.任务；作业
37.(C)该句意为：直升机迅速开往“神舟”5号着陆的地方，对中国首位宇航员实施求助。
touch down: 着陆turn down: 拒绝settle down: 安家shoot down: 击落
38.(A)该句意为：中国人已取得很大成就，但困难和艰险将长期存在。
这四个词都有“忍受”之意，但endure还有“存在”的意思。
39.(C)该句意为：这种任务摆脱精神压力就会健康的观点不再适用，原因是我们工作十分紧张。作为不及物动词，hold有“说得通或站得住脚”的含义。
40.(B)该句意为：人造革的手包被认为是过时的，而且质量差。
systematic: adj.系统的synthetic: adj.合成的sympathetic: adj.同期的statistic: adj.统计的 第三部分 完形填空
41.(C)有些人特意选择学习一些和新的工作有关的课程以便能够换一个新的职业。
separately: 个别地spiritually: 在精神上地
specifically: 特意socially: 善于交际地
42.(A)上夜校使一个非常好的途径，使我们能够更新技能或者获得新的技能。
update: 更新uprise: 升起，起义uproot: 根除uphold: 支持
43.(D)在有些情况下，一开始是因为爱好而学，结果都变成了自己的职业。
term: 期限，条款occasion: 时机consequence: 后果case: 情况
44.(B)Jory不仅在夜校学历所有的摄影技术课，她还碰到了另外一些热心摄影的人，她意识的这是一个极好的合作机会。perspire: 出汗，渗出aspiring: 热心的，有抱负的expiring: 期满的，终止了的45.(C)specialty: 专业phase: 阶段
46.(B)结果我们共同举办了一次世纪摄影展。
give in: 屈服，让步end up: 结果cease to: 停止result from: 由于
47.(C)最后Jory辞掉了原来的工作，现在她已经是一位专业时装与人物摄影师了。
qualification: 资格，条件portrait: 肖像，人像
48.(A)但是，无论是谁为了一个特定的目的去选修夜校的课，在注册之前一定要弄清楚这门课是否能够给你带来你期望的结果。deliver: 递送；陈述；发表delight: 使高兴detect: 发觉
49.(D)事前要做一些调查研究。in advance: 事先
50.(D)要确保你学的课程与你的预期结果一致，并确定你所学习的学校在这方面是高水准的。redundant: 多余的reserved: 保留的resolved: 有决心的relevant: 相关的第四部分 阅读理解
第一篇
本文讲述了电视和广播给人们生活带来的负面影响之一：电视和广播的出现使人们很少自己唱歌和演奏乐器了。作者分析了这种现象的两个原因：一是人的惰性。有了电视和广播里专业演员的歌唱和演奏，人们就懒得自己去唱或演奏了；二是人们害羞的天性。当我们听到专业演员唱得那么好，自己就羞于开口了。作者回忆了儿时母亲为他们唱歌和朗读给他们带来的快乐，并指出人们还是应该多参与像卡拉OK这样的自娱自乐的活动。
51.(B)
第二段作者说：一百年前当电视和广播还没有被发明出来的时候，如果一个人想要用唱歌和音乐来消遣一下的时候，他们要么自己放声歌唱，要么拿起小提琴自己演奏，可是现在他只要打开收音机和电视机就可以了。这样歌唱和演奏音乐的人就越来越少了。
52.(D)
第三段第三、四句作者说：印度的电影大多是以一个简单的故事为线索配以大量的歌舞，结果在印度的村庄里人们就唱得少多了。
53.(D)
见第四段全段及文章内容介绍。第四段作者没有提到著名的天才音乐家们原因随时愿意为人们演唱和演奏。
54.(A)
第五段开始作者说：我是近来才有这些想法的，因为最近别人给我寄来了两盘具有历史意义的CD录音盘，是历史上著名的作家朗读他们自己的作品。听到了这些已经去世很久的19世纪的作家的声音真的使我非常激动。Thrilling既有“使人害怕，毛骨悚然”的意思，也有“使人非常激动”的意思，但这里作者是积极主张大事朗诵的，因此一定是很激动。
55.(B)
第五段第四、五句作者说：现在孩子两岁以后我们就不再给他们唱歌了，五岁以后就不再给他读故事书了。一旦他们自己能阅读，我们就成了聋人。我们只有从电视和音响中才能感受到声音的美妙。
56.(B)
最好一段第四句作者说：出于同样的原因人们发现卡拉OK对他们是一种解放，它是惟一的一种能使人们听到自己声音的电子装置。
第二篇
本文通过介绍Small博士的一本书«记忆经»指出人脑老化的开始比我们想像的要早得多，但是我们可以通过做一些大脑得练习、吃健脑的食品、锻炼身体以及减少压力等来缓减大脑老化的速度。文中还介绍了一些大脑练习的具体的方法。
57.(D)
第一段作者说我们大脑有时会变得不好使，比如说你想不起朋友跟你说了些什么话，或者忘了把钥匙放在什么地方了。如果这些情况越来越多，那么你可以多做些大脑的练习，或多吃些健脑的食品，也许会有帮助。mad:发疯的；愚蠢的58.(B)59.(C)
第五段第一句作者说：Small博士为我们提供了全面反击大脑老化的武器。第六段第一句作者又说：Small博士承认这些练习听上去有些奇怪，但确实有效。
60.(B)
第五段作者通过举例介绍了一些减缓记忆丧失的方法，如观察、快速记忆以及联想等。
61.(B)
第五段第三句开始作者引用Small博士的话说：“假如你想记住一个人的名字和他的长相，你就应该把你头脑中的第一印象与其他事物联系起来记忆。假如你见到Beatty夫人，你注意到了她脸部与别人不同的特征，也行是眉毛部位特别突出。在这种情况下我就会想到演员Warren Beatty, 所以我就在脑海中闪出一个镜头Warren Beatty在亲吻Beatty夫人的额头。”
62.(D)
在最后一段Small博士还建议要多进行体育锻炼，多吃些低脂肪但富含omega-3脂肪酸的食品，比如鱼类、核桃、巴西坚果以及含抗氧化剂较高的蔬菜和水果如蓝草莓和洋葱等，此外还要减少压力。
第三篇
本文讲述了长期以来人类对于领袖才能和领导艺术的研究一直都没有形成统一的理论。不同的时代，领导艺术的理论也不同。作者列举了许多历史上著名的人物对于领导理论的研究做出的贡献，但是作者认为没有一种理论能够经得起时间得检验，因此认为对领导艺术的研究陷入了一种不能自拔的陷阱。
63.(A)
第一段第二句作者说：领袖的才能是一直没有变化的，只是人们对什么是领袖才能、领袖才能如何起作用以及人们如何运用这些才能这些问题的理解都发生了变化。
64.(C)
第一段的第三句作者说：我们确实开始了对领导艺术的总体理论的研究，从历史和社会方面，最主要的是对伟大的领袖人物的思想进行研究，例如摩西（圣经中古代犹太人的领袖――编者注）、恺撒、詹姆斯.麦迪逊（美国历史上的第四任总统，美国的开国元勋之一，他对美国宪法和人权法的制定做出了重大贡献――编者注），以及当代最杰出的智慧天才甘地、丘吉尔、毛泽东和基辛格。他们除了都曾经存在过、都用文章清楚地表达了自己的思想之外，别无共同之处。
65.(A)
全文第一句作者就指出：多上年来我们对于什么是领导艺术以及什么样的人可以成为领袖的看法变化相当大。另参见第64题。
66.(C)
第三段第二句作者说：对领导艺术的解释是多种多样的，而每一种都是片面的、不完整的和不充分的。这些定义大部分相互矛盾，而且很大都没有研究领袖的领导技巧。这些定义反映了当时的时尚、政治潮流和学术趋向。它们不能反映实际情况，有时一点用都没有。
67.(B)
最后一段第一句作者说：许多关于领导艺术的理论流行了一段时间就消失了。第四句起作者说：这些理论没有一个能经得起时间的检验。有了这样的记录我们就不难理解为什么关于领导艺术的研究和理论这样令人沮丧，以至于人们把它说成是组织研究的“死亡陷阱”。这里所说的“死亡陷阱”是在位于洛杉矶的一处沥青坑里发现了不同纪的史前动物的遗址，这些动物来到此处是想探个究竟，结果就回不去了。
68.(A)
第四篇
本文主要是向美国想要退休的雇员介绍退休养老金制度的一些注意事项。文章特别提醒了那些想要提前退休的人们如何才能最有效地保证支取和使用雇主应付的养老金，并指出提前退休的时间越早，养老金的损失就越大。
69.(D)
文章第一、二句作者说：如果你与雇主签订的是传统的养老金计划而你想要不干了，不要以为你就拿不到这笔养老金了，你有权拿到你应得的这份福利。第二段第一句作者又说：你以前的雇主应该给你一份证明表明你应得的养老金的数额。
70.(C)
第二段第二句起作者说：如果说你应得的养老金数额不到5000美元，或者公司同意一次给你付清的话，公司回结清你的养老金帐户并付给你养老金的钱。钱可能不多，但是用这5000美元投资20年，按8％的汇报率算，就是2.3万元（意为这样还是合算的）。
71.(C)
第四、五段作者说：如果你与雇主签的合同是按春天的养老金计划那么提早退休会比你想像的损失要大。大部分人以为如果你比原计划中正常年龄提前退休的话，就会按比例扣除提前退休的部分。比如说你需要干到30年才可能退休，而你想提前三年退休的话，你就能拿到养老金总额的90％。但实际上并不是这样算的。雇主实际上会决定按每年减掉你养老金的5％。因此如果你提前三年退休你就只能拿到原计划退休金总数的85％。
72.(A)
第六段第一句作者说：如果你与雇主签约时签订的是“规定贡献”式养老金计划（请参见本篇精解之后的文章背景介绍），而你又提前退休的话，问题就是你得开始花本来可以挣得利息得那一部分投资。
73.(C)74.(B)
从全篇内容看如果人们了解了退休养老金制度是如何执行的，那么就可能改变提前退休得计划，以减少养老金的损失。选择B“人们如果了解退休养老金制度是如何运行的那么提前退休是划算的”与此意思相反。文章背景介绍：
美国退休养老金制度比较复杂，主要由三大部分组成：一部分是由政府提供的社会保险（social security），其数额不大，但要等到退休人员达到65岁（对于1940年以后出生的人要到67岁）时才能支付；第二部分是雇主为雇员提供的养老金，也就是第四篇阅读所涉及的这一类养老金计划，其形式依法有多种，较为复杂，许多美国人自己也弄不清楚。文中提到的传统的养老金计划（traditional pension）是由雇主每年按与雇员签订得合同支付到一个账号中，到雇员达到合同的一定年限可以退休时再支付给雇员。与传统的养老金计划不同的还有文中提到的“规定贡献”（defined-contribution plans）养老金计划。按此计划雇主不是每个月向雇员的帐户中存入固定的养老金数额而是视雇员的情况而存入不同的数额，如按雇员工资的6％存入，或可以让雇员存入一部分，如6％，雇主再存入另外6％。这部分养老金可以用来投资，如购买公共基金（mutual fund）等，这样这笔养老金的钱既不用交个人所得税又可以增值；第三部分养老金是由雇员个人购买的养老保险等。
第五篇
本文作者通过一个案例讨论了公共图书馆应该为读者提供什么样的网上服务的问题。美国地区法院的法官裁决：用过滤软件来限制公共图书馆的读者进入某些网站的做饭是违反宪法的，因为美国«宪法第一修正案»中有保证人们言论自由的规定。此案对全国各地图书馆的政策有着重大的影响，但作者也提出了另一问题：许多私人公司生产的过滤软件决定了我们能上哪些网站，这样就剥夺了读者自由选择网站的权力。作者认为为了保证人民的言论自由，不应设置任何限制，应该让人们自己来决定浏览什么网站。
75.(D)76.(A)
第三段第一句作者说：根据Reno告美国民用图书馆联合会一案，Brinkema法官否定了被告的抗辩。被告认为安装这类过滤装置是图书馆决定购置什么设备的决定，不适用于«宪法第一修正案»。
77.(C)
第二段第二句作者说：Loudown 县图书馆用的这种X-Stop软件可以阻止读者进入许多网站。在第一段最后作者说：Brinkema法官裁决该图书馆以保护儿童不受有害内容影响为由而减少成年人进入的网站的数量是不合法的。文章第一句还提到法官裁决此做饭是违反宪法的。在文章的第四段作者还说这些软件都是由私人公司生产并卖给用户使用的。选择项C“该软件修改了图书馆中百科全书的某些部分”显然是不正确的。
78.(D)
第四段第一、二句作者说：虽然Brinkema法官的裁决对全国图书馆的发展影响很大，但是一个关键性的潜在问题不能通过法律的程序来解决。这就是过滤软件都是由私人公司编制和生产的，他们非常想要并非常高兴为我们来做决定。
79.(A)
第三段的第二句作者说：法官指出因为该图书馆原来提供的是未经审查的因特网服务，然后有用特别的方法来限制它。uncensored: 未经审查的。这里与free同义。
80.(B)
最后一段作者说：华盛顿反审查联合会在其原创的T恤衫上提出了我们能够信任的、能保证我们言论自由的解决方法：“用你自己的大脑，这是你与生俱来的过滤器。”
第五部分 翻译
【英译汉】
尽管布什政府承诺让伊拉克人管理自己的政府，但和平和秩序还很遥远。一方面，萨达姆仍下落不明；另一方面，激增的暴力行为、流血事件、自杀性爆炸和人们走向街头抗议使美国陷于尴尬的境地。布什总统最近发表讲话，似乎是回应民主党总统候选人的批评意见。这些人批评高层决策者未能预料到将来日益增多的困难。人们希望联合国积极参与这个饱经战乱的国家的重建工作并在和平解决伊拉克面临的问题当中发挥更积极的作用。
【汉译英】
Those who take the entrance examination for graduate schools spend much(far)more time on English than on other subjects, hoping for(for the hope of getting)the highest possible scores of English.Many people are convinced that the secret to success is to attend training courses and learn many sample writings by heart, only to find that doesn’t work.Their effort to improve their English can’t pay off easily.注：扣分点包括一项错译：
1.the time they spend on English is more than
2.many people convince that…
3.the secret to succeed …
4.recite many sample writings
5.as a result, …
6.be difficult to be rewarded7.They effort to…
第五篇：2005年12月研究生学位英语考试真题答案
2005 年12月：（B）
1—-10： A D C B D A C B C C11—15： D A D B C / / / / / 21—30： A C B A D C A B C D31—40： B D A C A C D C B A 41—50： B D C A C B A D B D51—60： A D B C D C B A B D 61—70： A D B A C D C D C D71—80： C A A C A D C B C C
五、英译汉
聪明的人懂得整个人生布局中的一切事物各归其位。他懂得金钱和财富是手段却不是目的。他知道一时的欢愉有别于持久的满足，伟大有别于成名，敬虔有别于迷信，文学艺术领域乃至整个人生的实力有别于做秀。她知道人生命运躲不过邪恶，人生必有所失，疾病和死亡必会临到我们。聪明的人以平和的心面对这一切。
六、汉译英
A day without hope would be unimaginably pale [dull].there must be something to look forward to each day to keep it out of shadows.To a person cherishing hopes every morning rises a new sun.Deprived of water, soil turns into desert.Deprived of hope, what is left to a man? A small hope sustains you for a day, a great one for a lifetime.
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