毕业论文：英汉动物谚语的对比研究

第一篇：毕业论文：英汉动物谚语的对比研究

A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 1

A Comparative Study of English and

Chinese Animal

Proverbs I.Introduction In Longman Modern English Dictionary, proverb is “a brief familiar maxim of folk wisdom, usually compressed in form, often involving a bold image and frequently a jingle that catches the memory.” A proverb, which succinctly sums up human experience and observation of the world, states a general truth and gives advice or warning.A proverb, often involving a bold image, musical rhythm and compressed form, can bring vividness to the readers and so they are easy to remember and spread.Proverbs are summing up of folk wisdom, they are usually pithy, and have universal appeals.People love to pick up proverbs when they try to reason things out and the proper use of proverbs can make their views more convincing.Proverbs are the crystal of the national wisdom.They are an important part of a national language and they appropriately reflect the relation between culture and language.They have been connected closely with the national characteristics ever since their coming into being and in their development.It is generally acknowledged that different peoples have great differences in their cultures.But since different peoples live on the same earth with roughly similar needs and some of them have even experienced similar social development stage, their experiences, emotional reflection and observation of the world are in many aspects similar.This shows that different peoples may have cultural generality besides cultural difference.Proverbs, as the cream of a language, inevitably carry the imprint of cultural difference and generality.The difference and generality respectively lead to the dissimilarities and similarities between English and Chinese animal proverbs and making a comparative study of them is of great significance.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 2

II.Animals Proverbs with Identical Meanings Some animal proverbs in English and Chinese are identical in meaning.The proverbs in this category are limited in number.They are the result of either coincidence or translation loans from one language to another.These proverbs are not hindered by national boundaries or culture barriers, instead they have take on universal significance.The following are some examples.1.English: An ass is known by his ears./ Chinese: 见耳识驴，听话知愚。2.English: It is a sad house where the hen crows louder than the cock.Chinese: 牝鸡司晨，家之不详。

Many factors have contributed to the emergence of fully corresponding pairs in English and Chinese proverbs.Firstly, although different nations live in varied natural environments and diversified geographic conditions, they still share quite a lot in common.They have more or less the same species of animals.And the common ground of human cultures is larger than the individual feature of each culture.Although, people’s concrete ways of life are varied in different places, the fundamental ways of living and thinking are the same for the whole human race.Secondly, owing to culture exchange, translation loans are borrowed from each other, which are not limited to the root ideas but sometimes include the “clothing of the idea”.As a result, some proverbs with identical animal image come into existence in different language, for instance, “He who rides a tiger is afraid to dismount” and “骑虎难下”.III.Animal Images with Different Meanings in Proverbs

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Some English and Chinese proverbs share the same images, and people take it for granted that they should have the same connotation, but actually, they contain different or even opposite meanings.For example, “It is a good horse that never stumbles.” and “好马不失蹄”.In this example, the English proverb “It’s a good horse that never stumbles”, is easy to be translated into Chinese “好马不失蹄”.In fact, the English proverb means even a good horse will stumble, so the right translation should be “好马也有失蹄时”.In the following part, the reasons for misunderstandings and the different choice of animal images will be clarified.A.Reasons for misunderstandings

Firstly, sometimes, the old use of grammar remains in the proverbs, and it may mislead our comprehension.The preservation of the old grammatical structure “it’s...that...” is similar to the modern structure in form, but opposite in meaning.The misunderstanding of the English proverb “It’s a good horse that never stumbles” as Chinese proverb “好马不失蹄” is due to this old grammatical structure.Secondly, when people hold different views and attitudes to animals, and their different worldviews toward the same situations, the same animal images may have different or even opposite meanings in different culture, and proverbs containing the same animal images will possibly have different meanings.The seemingly corresponding English and Chinese proverbs may have different connotations.For example: “Dog eats dog” and “狗咬狗”.“Dog eats dog” is always regarded as “狗咬狗”.But actually “Dog eats dog” refers to the phenomenon that people hurt those of the same group, while “狗咬狗” means bad people fight with bad people, so the two proverbs mean differently.B.Factors influencing the choice of animal images in proverbs

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The languages have some universality, but more importantly, they have their own culturally specific features.The culturally specific features are closely related to their religion, special geography, literature and psychology.1.Different religious beliefs Different nations usually believe in different religion.Thus proverbs of diverse nations surely express various religious beliefs.In the west, Britain and America are Christian countries with a long history.And Christian as the main belief of them has already taken roots in their lives for ages.Christians believe in the God.The God is the unique and supreme god, while people are born with a sin, and are the same and equal in the face of the God, so the common people respect and worship the God, but disregard the majesty.“A cat may look at a king” reflects this kind of thought.Furthermore, there are some animals endowed with different religious meanings.In Christianity the serpent is the symbol of devil and Satan, while the lamb is the symbol of the God’s people and timidity, and the dragon is the symbol of evil and danger.Serpent enticed Eve to steal fruit of Tree of conscience and she then shared with Adam.In the end they two were kicked out of the Garden of Eden.So in English proverbs, snake has a meaning of cunning.In China, Buddhism has been spread over one thousand years, and the Buddhist culture has been melt into the daily life of the Chinese for a long time.As a result, it is very common that quite a number of Chinese believe in Buddhism.Some Chinese proverbs are about Buddhism.There are proverbs about the strict social classes and roles.Here are some examples.狗肉烧酒穿肠过，佛在心中留。(Buddha in heart, wine and meat will pass through intestines.)狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心。(Don’t snap and snarl at me when I’m trying to do my best for you.)

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2.Different geographic conditions Geographically England is located in the Western Hemisphere, while China lies in the Eastern Hemisphere, thus England and China have different climate.They form different living styles.England is an island country, so most Englishman make livings by fishery or navigation.Chinese formed their living style----farming and stock rising.Therefore, there are a great many different proverbs.Firstly, there are some animal proverbs about the special climate in England.If the cock crows on going to bed, he’s sure to rise with a watery head.(公鸡傍晚叫，早晨有雨到。)March comes in with adder heads, and goes out with peacock tails.(三月来如猛狮，去如羔羊。)Furthermore, fishery and navigation are of great importance to English people and it is no wonder that plenty of English proverbs are on fishery or navigation, and a lot on fishes.But in China, the fish does not carry so many national meanings.The following are some English fish proverbs.All is fish that comes to his net.(进网都是鱼。)Fish begins to stink at the head.(鱼烂头先臭。)3.Different literary backgrounds Different nations have different literature, which makes up particular cultural backgrounds of proverbs.On the basis of this, a great many proverbs are often simple in structure but deep in meaning.In order to grasp and translate their deep meanings accurately, we must be clear about the literature.In Chinese there are a lot of animal proverbs originated from various classical works, such as: 二者不可兼得，舍鱼而取熊掌.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 6

On the other hand, English proverbs also take in the quintessence of many literal works and are in fact the well-known remarks of some famous writers, such as some proverbs of Shakespeare: All cats love fish but fear to wet their paws.(欲吃龙肉，又怕下海。)Patience perforce is medicine for a mad dog.(不得已的忍耐是疯狗的药方。)In brief, both China and English have their diverse and colorful literature, which is vividly reflected in their proverbs and as well have constituted the historical and cultural backgrounds of their proverbs.Thus whenever we translate proverbs, it is helpful for us to look into histories and origins of the proverbs and make proper judgments according to the backgrounds.4.Different psychologies Although mankind shares many life experiences and thoughts, and different cultures occasionally have some cultural overlaps, yet on the whole different cultures have different psychology, and people of different cultures hold different attitudes to the same animals.Here we will take animals for examples to explain the different psychology in proverbs of different nations.With the development of human society, many animals play an important role in human life and some of them have become a particular kind of symbolism in people’s mind, and animals in various countries symbolize diverse meaning.The connotations of animals in proverbs of one language do not coincide with those in other languages.The different connotative meanings which the animal words carry in different countries are called cultural implication of the word by the famous Chinese professor Wang Dechun, a noted linguist at home.National cultural meaning is an essential signified meaning of the words tinged with an ethnic group’s cultural connotations.In English and Chinese animal images, both similarities and differences exist in national cultural meanings.However the dissimilarities are absolute while the similarities are relative.Both universality and individuality lie in different cultural connotations loaded in English and Chinese

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animal proverbs.IV.A brief Introduction of the Proverbs Involved in Several Kinds of Animals A.Proverbs of the dragon(龙)In Chinese and western culture, dragon is the animal existed in the myths and legends.In China dragon is the symbol of auspicious honor.It is a bright contrast that in English dragon is fundamentally evil and cruel.In Chinese culture, dragons symbolize good luck, authority, noble, and prosperity.We Chinese are proud to call ourselves “descendants of the dragon”.In the feudal society, dragon is the emblem of the emperor;the emperors thought they were real dragons and the sons of the heaven.Today dragon is still supreme in the heart of Chinese people.China is called “Oriental Dragon”;dragon is regarded as the totem of the Chinese nation.There are a lot of proverbs about dragon, such as “龙生龙，凤生凤”, “强龙压不过地头蛇”.All these proverbs show that dragon(龙)is a great part in the Chinese culture.However, in English people think that dragon is the representative of the evil, a ferocious monster.The distinctions between Chinese and English culture makes the same animals have different connotation and the choices of animal images are completely different.As a result of this, when we want to use English to express the “龙”, we must take this kind of distinction into consideration.“亚洲四小龙” should be translated as “four tigers” instead of “four dragons”.B.Proverbs with word “bat”(蝙蝠)In English-speaking countries, folks think bat as an evil animal and it is often used with the dark and evil force.So in English, proverbs with word “bat” commonly contain derogatory sense.In “as blind as bat”, it becomes a typical image of blind person with eyes open.Bat also has evil meanings of being absurd and odd.We use

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“have bats in the belfry” or “crazy as a bat” to say that a person is off one’s mind.In the traditional Chinese culture, bat(蝙蝠)is homophonic with “福” which means happiness, luck, and blessing.Therefore, old bat woodcarving and embroidery with bats put up people’s wish of blessing for auspicious and happy life.C.Proverbs of sheep and goats(羊)Because of the influence of The bible, the images of sheep and goat are as like as an apple to an oyster.Proverbs of goats are usually derogatory.“Play the goat” is to act as a fool.In The bible, a shepherd tried to distinguish sheep and goats, and he placed sheep right and put goat in the other side in that wild goats often infiltrated the flock to lure sheep.So that the proverb “separate the sheep from the goats” is to divide good or useful people from bad or useless ones.In the eye of Chinese, they two belong to the same species, and don’t any special implied meanings.The UK is a graziery-developed country and people there prefer to wool products.Owing to this, many wool proverbs spring up.Here are some examples: “pull the wool over one’s eyes”which means using people’s innocence to make a cheat into being, “go for wool and come home shorn”that has the meaning of overshoot oneself and “much cry and little wool” the Chinese meaning of which is “雷声大，雨点小”.D.Proverbs of the owl(猫头鹰)Owl is a clever and witty bird with wisdom, earnest and other culture connotations.Words, as “owlish” and “owlishly”, often apply to describe a man to be smart, resourceful and serious.Also in children’s books and comics, owls are often very intelligent.When dispute appears, the animals will ask owls to coordinate when there is an emergency.But in China, it is totally different.Chinese think that owl is linked with superstitious believes, and people are afraid of hearing their hoot because of a faith

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that man will be unfortunate when meeting owls.So a Chinese proverb “猫头鹰进宅，好事不来” means adversity is upcoming.An American woman came to China for the first time and knew little about what Chinese thought of owls.She loved owl pins very much and often wore them.She found people around her often point at her when she wore owl pins.Moreover, some of them even stopped to ask him why she wore owl pins which greatly puzzled her.Only when a Chinese told her about the superstitious thought of owl in Chinese eyes, did she stop wearing it in China.E.Proverbs of the cat(猫)The westerner is one of the important members of the “pet culture”.Cat is used to describe the female, model’s stage steps on the runway named catwalk.“Old cat” is old woman of bad temper.“Barber’s cat” is a person with a starved look.“Copy cat” often said by children is a metaphor to kids copying others.There is a proverb that “when the cat is away, the mouse will play”.It tells people that when a power is absent, others will lawless and naughty.Cat in Chinese does not have any similar uses in proverbs.But “山中无老虎，猴子称大王” have the same meaning with this proverb.There are much more examples, the following examples are widely used.1)English:A cat may look at a king./ Chinese:小人物也有权利

2)English:All cats are grey in the dark./ Chinese:不因为美丑就判断别人的好坏 3)English:That’s like putting the cat near the goldfish bowl./ Chinese:引狼入室

Even though cat occasionally exists in Chinese, some cat proverbs are still in use.“猫改不了吃腥” is commonly applied to a person who can not change his long-standing habits.“吃猫食” is just eating like bird.F.Proverbs of the dog(狗)

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Dog is a word that often used in proverbs and we should pay great attention to.As a matter of fact, people in western countries loves dog more than us.In these countries people loves to keep dogs and they usually call themself or others dog with no meaning of dog.Also dogs are titled with a laudatory name as “man’s best friend” in Britain and America.So in English there are many proverb of dogs such as “Every dog has its day”, “Barking dog seldom bite”, “Dog does not eat dog”, “you are a lucky dog”.But in Chinese, many proverb with dogs have bad meanings and often associate with disgusting things such as “狗改不了吃屎”, “狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心”, “挂羊头，卖狗肉”.All these show that people have no good feelings to dog in the past.Some employers deny people born in the year of the dog.These proverbs contain a derogatory meaning against dogs, and reflect people’s bad impression to the dog.V.The Principles in the Translation of Animal Proverbs

English and Chinese proverbs are from various sources, and they give information about their culture on many social subjects, so there is necessity of a study for translation of English and Chinese proverbs to acquire more information of different nations.Translation is also becoming increasingly important as a medium of international communication.A faithful translation of English and Chinese proverbs will attract the target language readers not only for its vivid and expressive language, but also for much interesting information.Therefore, the purpose of proverb translation isn’t only to absorb and introduce the vivid expressions, but also to enrich the target readers with the culture of other nations and to learn the philosophy and views of the world and life.For this purpose, translators shall pay great attention to keeping the sense and flavor of the original and acquire the highest degree of cultural exchange.The best translation shall contain both the original image and the connotation.Traditionally, there are two major translation methods: literal translation and free

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translation.Literal translation focuses on the source language, referring to the translation based on the form, while free translation focuses on the target language, referring to the translation based on meaning.Which method shall be more important, and be put at the first place? Translators have been arguing over the question for a long time.Though there are not set rules for translating animal images, translation principles does exist.They are cultural equivalence and validity principles.A.Cultural equivalence principle As far as the cultural transmission is concerned, it implies conveying as much as possible the original cultural information in the translated texts in order to achieve the highest degree of language-culture correspondence between the source language and target language.“Equivalent effect” in translation includes linguistic equivalence, stylistic equivalence and socio-cultural equivalence.With the development of linguistics and the increasing degree of communication between different cultures, the socio-cultural equivalence is becoming more and more important.The translators are not satisfied with only transmitting the meaning, but they want to have an integration of both meaning and form.They want to introduce the original form and meaning to foreign land.In terms of transmitting cultural images, cultural equivalence includes equivalence of both the superficial form and the deep cultural content.In image translation, to convey the form and the content determines whether the superficial information or the deep connotative information of a cultural image is conveyed.The best way to convey cultural images is to combine the form equivalence and the content equivalence.However, cultural equivalence does not mean strict or rigid adherence to the original images.If the formal equivalence and the content equivalence cannot be achieved at the same time, the translation should be flexible, and they could give

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priority to the content equivalence, and try their best to convey the cultural information contained in the formal image.Otherwise, the rigid adherence to the original form will not get cultural equivalence in the true sense.The focus is how to change forms properly in reproducing similar effects so as to convey cultural information to the largest extent.B.Validity principle As far as image transmission is concerned, the validity principle means the conveyed cultural information must be valid when a translator tries his best to accomplish cultural equivalence principle.The validity principle requires in the first place translators should neither over-domesticate nor over-foreignize cultural images, so as to avoid imagery confrontation and achieve imagery acceptability.The validity principle and cultural equivalence principle are interrelated with and interdependent on each other, but the validity principle is more concerned with the target language readers.If the translated image makes no sense to the target language readers or causes misunderstanding to them, all the work done by the translator is futile.For example: “It’s raining cats and dogs”.If we translate it into “天上下猫和狗了”, the translation will be absurd to Chinese people.Although the original images are kept, the translation is invalid, so the better translation may be the deletion of the original images: “天上下着瓢泼大雨”.In conclusion, the translation of cultural image is complex.We shall try our best to knit the foreignization and domestication flexibly, and follow the principles of cultural equivalence and validity.VI.Conclusion

The translation of proverbs and animal images is really a complex and delicate work.It should be kept in mind that the main purpose of translation is to transmit different cultures.In translation, the traits of culture shall be remained as much as

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possible, and the two principles of cultural equivalence and validity should be followed.As translators, we shall try our best to find the most appropriate translation which is not only faithful to the meaning, but also keeps the original cultural colors.There is not a settled way as to what kind of translation is the best because the culture is forever changing with the time.The formerly strange proverbs may be considered as natural with the widening communication and rapid globalization.Therefore the translation of proverbs shall always catch up with the time.Translation should also be in harmony with the kind of the writing and purpose of writing.Also, the translation of the same proverb and the same animal image may be different if the context changes, sometimes original colors shall be kept, but sometimes they should be deleted.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 14

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32-33.[22] 徐宏亮.英汉比喻喻体的国俗语义比较[J].广西社会科学, 2003,(9): 58-61.[23] 杨自俭.英汉语比较与翻译[M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2002.[24] 张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1991.[25] 张廷芳.狗年话狗[M].北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 2006.[26] 朱文俊.现代英语语言和文化研究[M].北京: 北京语言学院出版社, 1994.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 16

Acknowledgements First, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all the respected professors and teachers from whom I have learned not only the knowledge but also the way of related disciplines, and serious attitude to do research work.Second, I would like to express my hearty appreciation to my teacher Feng yan and Liao suyun for their rigorous and expert direction.Their effective guidance research enabled me to implement the work smoothly.Their insightful comments on the study have been both encouraging and helpful.Their constant help and care have always inspired me to learn more.Their kindness also offers me lots of good materials.Thirdly, I would like to thank the librarians in our campus library, for they have helped me to find various reference books needed for my study.

第二篇：英汉歧视性谚语对比研究

英汉歧视性谚语对比研究

彭开明, 朱景华, 何芳

(井冈山学院外国语学院, 江西吉安343009)摘要: 英汉语言都存在歧视性谚语, 主要包括四个方面, 即女性歧视、地域性歧视、贫困歧视、职业歧视。英汉歧视性谚语特点为: 拥有共层文化背景;反映出不同文化渊源;体现不同的文化内涵、思维观念。关键词: 歧视性谚语;英汉对比

谚语是具有特定含义的定型词组, 反映了社会风貌、生活习惯、地域、民族、文化等特征, 承载了丰富的社会、文化内涵, 是文化观念的产物及社会小型百科全书。由于谚语与人类社会、文化密切相关, 体现了社会的各个侧面, 而“不同的社会集团都竭力要在公用语中掺进自己特有的语言因素”,“选取合他们口味的语言成分来表现他们自己”[1](P23), 因而, 它既凝聚了人类的经验与智慧, 体现了丰富的哲理和共同的道德价值, 同时, 也反映出人类社会、文化中某些消极、陈旧的成分。后一类谚语最初只是反映一部分人或是对一部分人的看法, 到后来以偏概全,成了一种社会成见, 所以鲁迅先生才说: “粗略的一想, 谚语固然好象是一时代一国民的意思的结晶,但其实, 却不过是一部分的人们的意思。”(《南腔北调集·谚语》)这类谚语突出表现在某一区域、民族、社会群体等的片面的、狭隘的思想观念、认识, 及专横的、不健康的、藐视的心理, 导致我们所称之谓的歧视性谚语。歧视性谚语只是整个谚语中的一小部分, 但却在各种语言中普遍存在。其中包括英汉语言。探讨英汉歧视性谚语有哪些主要类型, 其共性和异质性表现, 以及所体现的社会文化背景、标志, 无疑具有突出的典型意义, 有助于我们对英汉歧视性谚语的正确理解和运用。

一、英汉歧视性谚语几种主要类型

英汉歧视性谚语表现形式非常多, 我们只是对其中几种主要类型作初步探讨。(一)女性歧视

人类历史上除去原始社会的母系氏族社会外,在奴隶社会、封建社会以及资本主义社会, 妇女始终处于社会底层, 饱受歧视、压迫和凌辱。作为“一种社会现象”[1](P27)的语言, 无疑也反映了文化的这一通约性。英汉两种语言中都存在为少不数的歧视女性的词语。例如在汉语表示伦理关系的亲属语素加合式组合中, 便体现了重男轻女现象, 都是男性在前, 女性在后。如, 只说“父母, 公婆、夫妻、儿女”等, 而不说“母父、婆公、妻夫、女儿”;而

英语一些用词也表现出大男子主义, 如“人类”只说mankind, human,不说womankind, huwoman, 用he 而不是用she 作两性通称, “历史”是history, 而不是herstory 等。而作为社会小百科全书的谚语, 自然也存在这种严重歧视女性现象, 其中英语歧视女性的谚语不胜枚举, 而且涉及面很广。有宣扬大男子主义思想方面的。如:A man of straw is worth a woman of gold.(稻草男抵得上金玉女。)Man,woman and devil,are the three degrees of comparison.(男人, 女人和魔鬼, 三类分贵贱。)有诋毁女人愚昧无知的。如:Women have long hair and short brains 或Long hair and short wit 或Long hair—little brains(相当于汉语的“女人头发长, 见识短。”)有的还相当刻薄。如:When an ass climbs a ladder,we may findwisdom in women.(驴子能上梯, 女人才聪明。)A woman cuts her wisdom teeth when she isdead.(女人死了才明理。)有女人性情方面的诸多贬词。如:Frailty ,thy name is womanE(脆弱啊, 你的名字就是女人!)2007 年1 月

井冈山学院学报(哲学社会科学)Journal of Jinggangshan University(Philosophy and Social Sciences)Vol.28 No.1 Jan.2007 井冈山学院学报(哲学社会科学)第28 卷第1 期

Woman is made to weep.(女人生性爱流眼泪。)Women will have their wills.(女人爱一意孤行。)A woman is a weather cock.(女人是风向标。)Women are saints in church ,angels in the street and devils at home.(女人在教堂是圣人, 在街头是天使, 在家里是魔鬼。)Women, priests, and, poultry, have never enough.(家禽没有吃饱的时候, 女人、牧师没有厌足的时候。)Three women make a market.(三个女人成集市。)Women have long tongues.(妇有长舌)A sieve will hold water better than a woman' s mouth a secret.(筛子存不住水, 女人更存不住秘密。)结论是女人危险。如:Women are the snares of satan.(女人是撒旦设下的陷阱。)There is no devil so bad as a she—devil.(魔鬼当中女的最坏。)而汉语中, 宣扬男尊女卑, 鄙视女性思想的, 以孔子的“唯女子与小人为难养也”为甚, 其他如:男当家, 女插花。男子三十是枝花, 女子三十豆腐渣。男子进州走县, 女子围着锅头转。大米不算饭, 女人不算人(北方谚语)。女人头发长, 见识短。嫁出去的女, 泼出去的水。女大不中留, 留了结冤仇。夫倡妇随。嫁鸡随鸡, 嫁狗随狗。有诋毁妇女的。如:红颜祸水。男子有德便是才, 女子无才便是德。女人水性杨花。

三个女子一台戏。妇有长舌, 唯厉之阶。乱匪降自天, 生自妇女。男人有钱就变坏, 女人变坏就有钱。(二)地域性歧视

英语中存在不少贬损别的国家或地区的用语, 包括谚语,Dutch,French,Chinese 等直接成了贬义词。如:Frence disease 梅毒(英法两国都说此病来源于对方国家)pedler' s French 窃贼的黑语 Dutch widow妓女 Dutch courage 酒后之勇

Chinese compliment 违心地赞成别人的意见 Not a Chinese chance 机会渺茫

One Englishman can beat three Frenchmen.(一个英国人可以打败三个法国人。)此外, 英国国内地区之间也存在这种地域性歧视谚语。如: A Scotishman is always wise behind the hand.(苏格兰人总是事后聪明。)England' s difficulty is Ireland ' s opportunity.(英格兰的遭难是爱尔兰的良机。)而且, 在其民族内部也有地域性歧视谚语。如:Put the Irishman on the spit and you can always get another to baste him.(把一个爱尔兰人放在铁签上烤, 肯定能找到另一位爱尔兰人在他身上涂油。)比较而言, 汉语中歧视外国的谚语较为鲜见,国内地区、民族之间相互诋毁的谚语也为数不多,其中有的业已作古, 有的形式发生了变化。如, 南蛮舌, “南蛮”是古代对南方少数民族性称呼, “ ”即杜鹃, “南蛮舌”意即南方方言及南方少数民族的语言象鸟语一样, 折射出当时汉族文化观念方面的一种鄙视态度。但这一谚语今天已失去意义, 不再使用。再如, “胡言乱语”, 最初的形式为“胡言汉语”。战国以后, 古人把北边和西边少数民族统称为“胡”。胡人与汉人相处, 说汉语生硬别扭, 变腔走调, 汉人讥笑为“胡言汉语”, 后来才演变为今天的形式。(三)贫困歧视

崇拜金钱, 歧视贫困, 在人类历史上是一种突出的畸形现象, 反映在英汉语言中, 都存在不少这方面谚语。如英语中表示拜金主义的: Money makes the mare(to)go.(有钱能叫马儿走。)Money talks.(金钱无嘴会说话。)Money will do anything.(钱是万能的。)Money governs the world.(金钱统治世界。)

What will not money doO(有钱何事难成?)Money is the best passport.(钱是最好的通行证。)汉语则有: 有钱能使鬼推磨。钱能通神。钱呀钱, 命相连。爹亲娘亲, 细细银子最亲。人为财死, 鸟为食亡。见钱眼开。

钱是人的胆, 不会说话也会喊。有钱男子汉, 没钱汉子难。

正如汉语谚语说的“人敬有钱的, 狗咬挎篮的”, 由于崇拜金钱, 便自然出现嫌贫爱富、贬损穷人方面的谚语。如英语有: Beggars breed and rich men feed.(穷人生, 富人养。)Poor men have no souls.(穷人没有灵魂。)Poverty is the mother of crime.(贫穷是罪恶的根源。)Poverty obstructs the road to virtue.(穷人不讲道德。)Poverty is the worst guard for chastity.(人穷无贞操。)The devil wipes his tail with the poor man' spride.(魔鬼常用穷人的自尊心擦自己的尾巴。)汉语相关谚语则有: 饥寒生盗心。人穷志短。人穷理短。饥不择食。

穷站街头无人问, 富居深山有远亲。(四)职业性歧视

“三百六十行中人尽有狼心狗行, 狠似强盗之人”(凌蒙初《初刻拍案警奇》第八卷), 加

上社会观念、世俗偏见, 便造成对某些职业的歧视现象。这在英汉谚语中都有所反映, 但侧重面有所不同, 英语主要在面包师、裁缝、磨坊主、牧师等方面职业。如: A hundred tailors, a hundred millers and a hundred weavers are three hundred thieves.(一百个裁缝, 一百个磨坊主, 还有一百个纺织工, 加起来是三百个贼。)Three things are insatiable :priests,monks and the sea.(世上有三种东西无法满足: 牧师, 修士,大海。)An honest miller has a golden thumb.(诚实的磨坊主也有个金戒指。)The tailor must cut three sleeves to every woman' s gown.(女人的睡衣, 裁缝都要裁三只袖子。)I fear we part not yet, quoth the baker to the pillory.(面包师对颈手枷说: 我们恐怕结下了不解之缘。)(指过去由于面包师对面包搀假, 斤两不够, 常被课以重罚, 并在颈手枷里示众, 以敬效尤。)而中国虽有“家有三斗粮, 不做孩子王”的说法, 其实历来都是奉行“万般皆下品, 惟有读书高”的思想的, 提倡“天地君亲师位”伦理观念。除此, 其他职业大都遭到鄙视, 尤其是做生意的。如:无商不奸。挂羊头, 卖狗肉。

养子不当打石匠, 天晴落雨在坡上。有女不嫁弹花匠, 立着就象狗一样。邋遢泥人臭漆匠, 没爹没娘做篾匠。修鞋工人实在苦, 又脏又臭抱着补。裁缝不偷布, 娃儿没得裤。百业有三苦: 挖煤打铁磨豆腐。自古撑船三分低。

此外, 汉语中戏弄、嗤笑和尚的谚语也较多。如: 和尚打伞, 无法无天。

一个和尚担水吃, 两个和尚扛水吃, 三个和尚没水吃。

当一天和尚撞一天钟。一个和尚一套经。

二、对英汉歧视性谚语的文化思考

谚言是文化的产物, 体现文化标志, 与文化背景密切联系。从文化共层背景和异层背景角度探讨英汉歧视性谚语的共性、异质性表现及其缘由, 有助于揭示此类谚语的生成规则、社会意义及其与文化的内在联系。

(一)英汉歧视性谚语棱镜中折射出共层文化背景

法国著名语言学家穆南认为, 由于人类生活在同一星球, 拥有整个生态共相领域, 因而具有相同的体验形式, 产生了生理和心理的类似性, 形成生物共相, 从而导致文化相似性(奈达, 1984), 即文化共相的存在, 由此产生了语言共相, 或说语言之间的相似性。英汉语言中共同存在歧视性谚语及其大至相同的种类, 恰好印证了文化大同这一大背景。如前所述, 大多谚语体现民族智慧, 具有积极的正面意义, 但也有部分谚语带有贬义, 内容带歧视色彩, 反映一种社会现象和某一群体的看法。英汉语言都存在这类谚语, 并且与其它谚语兼收并蓄, 一并流传下来, 证明了人类体验、认知、观念的类同, 拥有文化模式宏观上的共层背景。此外, 在英汉歧视性谚语中, 有的形式类同, 更多的是不同形式大致表达同一观念, 有异曲同工之效。如: 英语:Women have long hair and short brains.汉: 女人头发长, 见识短。英:Money makes the mare(to)go.汉: 有钱能使鬼推磨。英: Poverty obstructs the road to virtue.汉: 人穷志短。英: A woman is a weathercock.汉: 女人水性扬花。英: If the husband be not at home,there is nobody.汉: 大米不算饭, 女人不算人。这种同类现象说明了, 由于人类拥有共同生活环境, 形成宇宙共相, 从而产生了共同的语言场, 具有相似的价值观和表达方式。

(二)英汉歧视性谚语反映出不同的文化渊源语言是文化的产物, 不同的语言是不同文化的造化。不同语言的差异不仅本身就是文化的差异,而且反映出不同的文化渊源。英汉歧视性谚语恰好印证了这种不同的差异。追本穷源, 查证有些英汉歧视性谚语源自各自民族文学。如, Frailty,thy name is woman!便出自莎士比亚的剧作《哈姆雷特》, “女人水性扬花”可在《红楼梦》92 回里见到, 说女人爱嚼舌根、导致灾祸的谚语可在《诗经·大雅》里寻见: “妇有长舌, 唯厉之乱。乱匪降自天, 生自妇人”;有些则出自不同宗教文化。中国信佛教, 不少歧视性谚语便与和尚、尼姑有关, 而西方世界笃信基督教, 相关谚语有的便与牧师、修士有牵连;有的歧视性谚语源自历史文化背景。如, 英国由于历史上长期争霸, 进行海外殖民扩张, 滋长了一种不健康的种族优势、民族中心的思想, 因而便出现了不少地

域性歧视谚语;还有的歧视性谚语与不同的文化习俗、观念形态相关。如西方生活以面食为主, 加之过去有些不良面包师做面包搀假或是斤两不足, 因而对他们产生很深成见,由此便出现了一些歧视面包师方面的谚语。

(三)英汉歧视性谚语体现不同文化内涵、思维观念人类的思维是文化创造的工具(邢福义,2003),不同的文化内涵体现不同的思维方式、思维水平。中国文化一个突出特征为, 注重象征性, 重直观形象思维;而西方文化则重逻辑思维, 重抽象理论。反映在语言上, 则表现为前者思维方式具体化, 后者思维方式抽象化的差异。英汉歧视性谚语在联想方式方面, 也就是在不同事物中发现相似点的认知方式即比喻手段方面,体现了中西文化的这一不同思维观念。考察汉语歧视性谚语, 大多使用直观式的具象性比喻, 即本体事物和喻体事物在形态、色彩、声音、气味、动态和具体可感方面相似, 喻体在用词上多用具体名词和动词, 不纯粹使用抽象词汇。如: “嫁出去的女, 泼出去的水”, “男子三十是枝花, 女子三十豆腐渣”, “女人水性扬花”, “挂羊头, 卖狗肉”,“当一天和尚撞一天钟”, “大米不算饭,女人不算人”等。这类比喻的喻体都取材于普通生活常识, 与本体之间的相似联系非常客观, 其联想距离和跨度不大, 具有最明显最近似的联想特征。从审美角度看,这些比喻对喻体的描摹是静止的, 诉诸直观形象,是一种直观美。由于这些比喻本体同喻体之间的联想关系符合大家共同的生活经验, 因而使比喻具有广泛的接受性, 拥有共同生活经验的人, 都可产生相同的联想。英语歧视性谚语不少则使用以虚喻实的比喻方式, 用有关感情、心理、性质等抽象或无形质的事物去比喻本体事物, 喻体所使用的词汇都是抽象词汇或无形的词汇。如:Women, wind and fortune are ever changing.A woman cuts her wisdom teeth when she is dead.Frailty, thy name is womanW Poverty obstructs the road to virtue.Poverty is the mother of crime.Poverty is the worst guard for chastity 等。在这一认知方式中, 认识兴趣不再在环境, 不在外部世界, 而在主体自身, 突出“以无为本”哲学,更加关注内在的精神里的虚无本体, 即由重视“再现”客观出发到更重视“表现”主观, 使比喻变得主观化、个性化, 其描写对象变得虚凌、清空, 给人以独特、陌生的联想感受。参考文献: [1]陈原.社会语言学[M].上海: 学林出版社,1983.[2]Longman Dictionary of English Idioms [Z]..1997.Longman Group Limited.[3]Brewer's Dictionary of Phrase and Fable [Z].Centenary edition, 1975.London: Cassell Company Ltd.[4]Henderson, B.L.K.1954.A Dictionary of English Idioms[Z].London: James Blackwood Co Ltd.[5]邢福义.文化语言学[M].武汉: 湖北教育出版社,2003.[6]史式.汉语成语研究[M].成都: 四川人民出版社,1979.[7]邱崇丙.俗话说得好[M].北京: 中国社会出版社,2003.[8]郭建民.英语谚语研究[M].兰州: 甘肃人民出版社,1992.[9]崔鸣秋,王世智.中英谚语合壁[M].北京: 中国电影出版社, 1997.Comparison Between English and Chinese in Discriminatory Proverbs PENG Kaiming, ZHU Jinghua, HE Fang(Foreign Language College, Jinggangshan University, Ji'an 343009, China)Abstract:There exist discriminatory proverbs both in English and Chinese, including mainly four aspects, namely, female discrimination, regional discrimination, poverty discrimination and professional discrimination.Discriminatory proverbs both in English and Chinese share the following features: they enjoy, on the whole, the same cultural settingS they show different cultural origins and they display different ways of thinking.Key words:discriminatory proverbsS comparison between English and Chinese

第三篇：(英语毕业论文)英汉道歉语对比研究

本科生毕业设计（论文）封面

（2016 届）

论文（设计）题目作者学院、专业班级指导教师（职称）论文字数论文完成时间

大学教务处制

英语原创毕业论文参考选题(200个)

一、论文说明

本写作团队致力于英语毕业论文写作与辅导服务，精通前沿理论研究、仿真编程、数据图表制作，专业本科论文3000起，具体可以联系qq958035640。下列所写题目均可写作。部分题目已经写好原创。

二、原创论文参考题目 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 从叙事学角度分析艾丽丝门罗的《逃离》庞德《诗经》英译研究

西游记神话人物称谓翻译策略：归化与异化言语行为理论视角下口语交际误解现象 The Study of Symbolism in Moby Dick 中英手机短信的修辞特点分析

从《纯真年代》中的女性角色看伊迪斯华顿的女性意识目的论视角下英语外贸函电汉译的研究《小镇畸人》中的空间形式分析在文化教学中提高英语学习者的跨文化交际能力 11 从社会生物学角度分析《雾都孤儿》中人物性格 12 浅析商务英语新闻中的隐喻现象 13 《围城》英译本中文化负载词的翻译农村初中英语口语教学现状的调查与分析——以xx中学为例 15 傲慢与偏见的电影与原著比较 16 自然与自由之子－－新女性戴茜米勒 17 论《献给爱米莉的玫瑰》的艺术创作特征 18 中英文求职信中言语行为对比分析 19 商务英语中的颜色词浅析用陌生化理论阐述《红色手推车》的悲剧色彩 21 中美学生对待教师的礼貌言行的对比分析 22 《呼啸山庄》主人公希斯克利夫人物形象分析 The Interpretation to Captain Ahab in Moby Dick through Abnormal Psychology Error Analysis on English Writing by Senior High School Students 25 国际商务合同的用词特点及翻译 An Analysis of Jude’s Pursuit of Love in Jude the Obscure 27 英汉问候语对比研究海明威短篇小说的叙述艺术－－以《一个明亮干净的地方》为例 29 The Use of Body Language in Teaching 30 论《红字》中海斯特和丁梅斯代尔对爱情和生活的态度 31 中国领导人讲话中中国特色词汇的汉英翻译

关于《麦田里的守望者》主人公霍尔顿悲剧人生的分析 33 外交辞令中模糊语言的语用分析 34 中西方文化差异对代沟的不同影响研究

Sino-US Cultural Differences——Through Comparison Between APPLE and OPPO 36 对英语影视片名翻译的研究 37 《黑暗之心》主人公马洛的性格分析 38 英语教学中的跨文化意识的培养

以名词动用为例分析英语词汇学习中的隐喻 40 原版英语电影在大学英语教学中的使用研究 41 从精神分析角度看《泄密的心》 42 中英称谓语的文化差异及其翻译 43 浅析中美商务谈判中的文化冲突 44 简爱——平凡而非凡的女人

伊丽莎白．贝内特与简．爱的婚姻观之比较 46 A Brief Discussion on the Translation of the Public Signs 47 从《红字》和《荆棘鸟》看宗教禁欲主义下的爱情 48 浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森 49 心灵探索之旅——析《瓦尔登湖》的主题 50 英语学习的性别差异及相应的学习策略 51 Movie and culture 52 论人性自私在《呼啸山庄》中的体现 53 跨文化交际中的文化心理准备分析

合作原则在商务谈判中的运用

从以目的为导向的翻译原则看委婉语的翻译 56 从文体风格谈培根散文《论美》的翻译 57 《善良的乡下人》的喜剧性分析

The Comparison and Translation of English and Chinese Idioms 59 Grammatical Analysis of Academic Writing 60 中西方悲剧爱情故事折射出的文化差异—《穆斯林的葬礼》与《荆棘鸟》之比较 61 中国英语与中式英语的对比研究——从英汉民族思维差异的角度 62 《爱玛》中的求爱文化

《了不起的盖茨比》中的人物分析 64 《雾都孤儿》中南希形象分析 65 《十日谈》中的乡村意象

浅析《献给艾米丽的玫瑰花》的叙事技巧 67 修辞在汽车广告英语中的应用 68 浅析《珍妮姑娘》的悲剧原因

任务型教学的真实性原则在我国现行初中英语教材中的应用体现 70 TPR教学法在中国儿童英语习得中的运用 71 从彼拉特透视托尼·莫里森的妇女主义 72 从原型批评理论角度分析威利洛曼的悲剧 73 A Brief Discussion on the Translation of Brand Names 74 詹姆士费库伯《最后的莫希干人》中的殖民主义 75 中英道歉语的比较分析 76 中西俚语中动物意象的对比分析

A Comparison of Western and Eastern Privacy Concepts 78 从英语中性别歧视词看西方女性社会地位之变化 79 浅析眼神交流在非语言交际中的作用 80 浅析马拉默德小说《店员》中的“犹太性” 81 论《哈姆雷特》和《麦克白》中的超自然因素

功能对等理论指导下的产品说明书的翻译——基于iPhone使用指南案例研究 83 翻译美学理论下的唐诗英译意境美研究

现代叙事艺术与海明威的《永别了武器》 85 On Alice Walker’s Womanism in The Color Purple 86 The Analysis of Promotion Strategy of L’Oréal in China 87 男女生英语学习差异比较研究 88 关于中美大学生消费观异同的文化分析 89 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 90 任务型英语教学的理论与实践探讨 91 从影视剧看英语俚语使用的性别差异

A Psychological Analysis on Self-identity Loss of Black People in The Bluest Eye 93 浅析托尔金在《魔戒》中的创作特色 94 约翰斯坦贝克女性观流变初探 95 《雾都孤儿》中南希的人物性格分析

《德伯家的苔丝》苔丝和《红字》海斯特的悲剧命运的比较 97 国际商务谈判中的非语言交际

影响高中学生英语学习兴趣因素的调查及分析—以x市高中学生为调查对象 99 弗吉尼亚伍尔夫《达洛维夫人》中印象主义创作手法探讨 100 试析文化语境对大学英语阅读的影响

金融危机对中美人民经济生活造成不同影响的文化根源 102 浅析虚词在英语写作中的重要性 103 浅析狄更斯小说中匹克威克的性格特点 104 A Study of Intertextuality in Advertising Text 105 浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森

扬马特尔《少年Pi的奇幻漂流》中的空间叙事与空间形式 107 英汉工具类名转动词实时构建的整合分析－－基于网络论坛语料 108 从功能对等理论看政治文献中中国特色词汇翻译 109 《莫比.迪克》中的象征意义

解读《弗洛斯河上的磨坊》中麦琪的悲剧命运 111 《百万美元宝贝》中麦琪性格男性化形成原因分析 112 关于初中生外语学习焦虑的分析

“邪恶的心灵”——剖析希斯克厉夫复仇的心理动机

宗教枷锁下的人性挣扎——《红字》中丁梅斯代尔形象解读 115 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 116 双语对认知发展的影响 117 中英隐私禁忌语对比分析

影响大学生英语自主学习的因素研究 119 星巴克在中国取得的成功及启示 120 从生态视角解读《瓦尔登湖》 121 大学英语教师课堂话语礼貌现象研究

The Comparison of the Children’s Characters in Dickens’ Three Novels 123 浅析电影《勇敢的心》中的英雄主义 124 高中英语写作作业的反馈及实施效果 125 应酬语的中英文比较 126 广告英语的修辞特点

A Study of Pragmatic Failure in Politeness between Chinese and English 128 小学英语课堂互动式教学研究

从《紫色》中的意象看黑人女性身份的自我重塑 130 汉语政治话语中的隐喻研究

A Comparison of the English Color Terms 132 广告英语标题翻译的修辞特点 133 交际法在中学英语词汇教学的应用

以《刮痧》和《功夫熊猫》为例分析中美文化从冲突到融合的过渡 135 广告语篇的语用分析

中式菜肴名称的语言特点及其英译 137 管窥世纪年代以前的朴素社会语言学思想 138 从麦田里的守望者到中国的青少年

A Probe into the Spiritual Worlds of The Old Man and the Sea 140 分析广告英语中的修辞手段

透过好莱坞校园电影解析美国青少年的特点 142 论《了不起的盖茨比》中爵士乐时代的新潮女郎 143 浅析《宠儿》中塞丝背上的树的形象

《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 145 企业英文简介中的概念语法隐喻分析 146 对大学课程中“旅游英语”的教材分析 147 中小学英语词汇教学法探讨 148 论奥巴马就职演讲词的排比修辞 149 埃德加爱伦坡作品中的哥特风格分析

从萨特存在主义的视角解读约翰•福尔斯《法国中尉的女人》 151 从合作原则看卡尔登的性格特点

152 国产电影字幕归化与异化研究－－以《集结号》为个案研究 153 从《肖申克的救赎》看体制化对个人的影响 154 关联理论视角下的英语新闻标题研究

155 从福柯的后人道主义视角看赫尔米娜之死——解读赫尔曼黑塞作品《荒原狼》 156 从奈达的功能对等理论看《老友记》字幕中的幽默翻译 157 迷惘一代的英雄：厄内斯特海明威与弗雷德里克亨利 158 英汉“悲”、“喜”情感隐喻的认知比较研究 159 试论英汉日常礼貌表达的异同 160 概念整合理论对幽默的阐释力

161 从合作原则的违反谈黑色幽默在《第二十二条军规》中的实现 162 《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读 163 斯嘉丽的新女性形象探析

164 传播学视角下的影视字幕翻译研究—以美剧《复仇》为例 165 中外服装品牌英文标签语言的跨文化研究 166 威廉·福克纳作品中的不称职母亲 167 从生态女性主义角度看《德伯家的苔丝》 168 广告翻译策略初探

169 农村学生英语学习情感障碍分析 170 论劳伦斯《儿子与情人》中的“爱” 171 分析奥利弗退斯特悲剧生活的原因 172 礼貌原则在商务谈判中的应用 173 哈克贝利费恩人物性格分析

174 试析海明威《丧钟为谁而鸣》中的人物形象 175 英汉化妆品说明书对比及汉译策略 176 中西方“云”文化的对比研究及其翻译

177 爱与正义：《杀死一只知更鸟》主人公阿提克斯芬奇形象解读 178 浅析中美商务谈判中的文化冲突 179 英语习语汉译的策略探讨 180 《女勇士》中的华裔女性形象浅析 181

182 用本我，自我，超我的弗洛伊德理论来解析《红字》 183 从电影《乱世佳人》看美国女性价值观

184 The Application of Situational Approach in Middle School English Teaching 185 政治演讲辞中常用修辞

186 浅析初中英语语音教学中存在的问题及对策

187 Human Nature and Redemption——Thoughts on Reading The Kite Runner 188 车贴中的语言污染现象研究

189 命运与社会的牺牲品—苔丝的悲剧根源探析

190 Confucianism’s Influence on Transcendentalism:Reflection on Emerson’s and Thoreau’s Philosophy 191 从《七个尖角阁的房子》看霍桑的罪恶观 192 从功能主义理论看莫言《酒国》中脏话的翻译 193 文化视角下的英汉习语对译（开题报告+论文+）

194 The Interpretation to Captain Ahab in Moby Dick through Abnormal Psychology 195 Coincidences and Images in The Mayor of Casterbridge, Tess of the D’Urbervilles 196 国际贸易中商务英语的翻译策略 197 可口可乐产品推销中的中国元素分析 198 斯托夫人《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的宗教影响 199 An Ecocritical Analysis on Lady Chatterley’s Lover 200 《小王子》中的象征意蕴的分析

第四篇：英汉对比研究

中西方婚礼仪式对比研究

姓名：张圆圆学号1109214060 六礼

说到中国传统婚姻礼仪，那一定要提到 “六礼”，即从议婚至完婚过程中的六种礼节: 纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。这一娶亲程式，周代即已确立，最早见于《礼记·昏义》。以后各代大多沿袭周礼。这每一项礼仪都有严格的标准，是新人结亲时必须遵循的准则。

一、纳采: 六礼之首礼。男方欲与女方结亲，请媒妁往女方提亲，得到应允后，再请媒妁正式向女家纳 “采择之礼”。

二、问名: 六礼中第二礼。即男方遣媒人到女家询问女方姓名，生辰八字。取回庚贴后，卜吉合八字。

三、纳吉: 六礼中第三礼。是男方问名、合八字后，将卜婚的吉兆通知女方，并送礼表示要订婚的礼仪。

四：纳征，亦称纳成、纳币。六礼中第四礼。就是男方向女方送聘礼。

五、请期: 又称告期，俗称选日子。六礼中第五礼。是男家派人到女家去通知成亲迎娶的日期。

六、亲迎: 又称迎亲。六礼中第六礼。是新郎亲自迎娶新娘回家的礼仪。西方人的订婚远比中国人的随意简单，但也不失庄重。经过一段时间的交往如果双方认可了彼此，这时男士要正式地向女士提出请求:“你愿意嫁给我吗?”虽然只是简单的一句话，但却是促成婚姻必不可少的步骤。如果女士接受了请求，他们就会办一个简单的订婚仪式，请一些亲密的人参加，规模不大，旨在向他人传递 “我们要结婚了”这样一个信息。

中式传统婚礼

传统中式婚礼流程和礼仪：