第一篇：英汉动物词汇文化内涵意义对比研究
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 1 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 2 课后练习在初中英语课堂教学中的作用 3 集体主义和个体主义视角下的中美家庭观 A Study on Differences of Family Education between China and America－－A Case Study of The Joy Luck Club 5 救赎之旅—浅析《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿•考菲尔德的成长经历 6 对英文广告中模糊语言美学功能的理论探究 7 Exploring The Matrix: Hacker Metaphysics 8 英语广告双关语的语用分析 中国文学作品中的歇后语的英译-以红楼梦为例 10 论中美饮食观念与餐桌礼仪的差异 中英女性爱情观比较——以林黛玉与简爱为例 12 解析《安娜与国王》中的民族中心主义 功能目的论视角下的企业外宣资料的英译研究 On the Difference of Family Education between China and America 15 《推销员之死》中男主人公悲剧命运分析 16 中西广告语言中的文化差异 《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的追求和理想的分析 18 英汉灾难性新闻导语写作手法初探 19 英语广告语的语言特色分析 20 剖析希腊神话中的爱情观 论爱伦坡的恐怖小说创作及其特点 22 浅析星巴克现象中的独特文化 浅析《宠儿》中塞丝背上的树的形象 24 中美商务谈判的语用策略研究 复仇视角下女性形象研究——以《哈姆雷特》和《基督山伯爵》为例 26 数字“三”的文化意蕴及其翻译方法 从跨文化角度试评央视国际版的语言现象 《简•爱》的简和《德伯家的苔丝》的苔丝的比较研究 The Study of Joseph Conrad’s Colonialism in Heart of the Darkness 30 浅谈互动模式下的英语文化教学 31 《荒原》中的死亡与重生
浅析中西方颜色词所隐含的文化差异及翻译策略 33 浅谈中美家庭教育文化差异
《了不起的盖茨比》中颜色词的蕴义 35 浅析《格列佛游记》的讽喻特色 36 论《紫色》中西莉的精神意识的创建 37 从《小王子》看成人世界的身份危机
A Comparative Study on Business Etiquette between China and Western Countries from the Perspective of Hofstede’s Cultural Dimension 39 语境理论在初中英语词汇教学中的应用 40 Influence of Western Food Culture upon Chinese People 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 从目的论的角度分析英语电影片名的翻译
从英语中性别歧视词看西方女性社会地位之变化 《紫色》的妇女主义解读
从生态翻译学视角论电影《当幸福来敲门》的语域翻译 小议《呼啸山庄》中希斯克利夫人性的回归 从传统节日庆祝方式的角度比较中英文化差异 英文征婚广告和中文征婚广告所体现的文化差异 The Narrative Strategies of O.Henry’s Short Stories
目的论指导下的导游词英译策略研究 50 图式理论对中学英语听力教学的启示
Culture-oriented Strategies in Publicity Material Translation for Yangzhou City: a Perspective of Functionalism 52 Oscar Wilde’s Aestheticism on The Picture of Dorian Gray 53 世纪以来英汉委婉语的语义变迁
电影字幕英汉翻译中网络流行语的现象研究
An Analysis on the Tree Image on Sethe’s Back in Beloved 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 从《推销员之死》看消费主义时代美国梦的破灭
从中西方政治文化差异看中美关系 Customer Relationship Marketing 论《德伯家的苔丝》的苔丝悲剧原因 如何有效做好交替传译笔记
A Southern Elegy-A Feminist Study on Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily” 用本我，自我，超我的弗洛伊德理论来解析《红字》 美国电影中的中国文化元素的研究
浅析托尼.莫瑞森《最蓝的眼睛》中皮克拉悲剧命运的根源 美式英语与英式英语的比较 试探吸血鬼文化的起源
从生态批评角度解读杰克•伦敦《生火》 从婚姻和家庭看中美核心价值观对比差异 浅析《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉的悲剧根源 浅析英文爱情诗的特点与翻译方法 对《灿烂千阳》中姐妹情谊的分析
商标名的英译汉目的论研究——以洗护用品为例 问题类型对TEM阅读成绩影响的实证研究 浅析唐诗翻译的难点和策略（开题报告+论）《老人与海》中的象征主义
英语委婉语:礼貌视角下的有意不合作 浅析商务英语的语言特点及翻译 “有”的用法及其英译研究
浅谈礼仪在商务谈判中的重要性及其相关策略 论英语新词对现代英语的影响
合作原则视角下对《老友记》中台词的幽默研究 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 从释意学理论看中英口译 从模糊性看古典诗词英译 论科技英语新词的翻译
《先知》中倒装句文体功能的研究 从好莱坞电影看美国的文化霸权 英语复合名词的认知语义研究
英汉味觉词“酸甜苦辣”的比较分析 跨文化交际中的体态语
《红高粱家族》中乡土文化翻译研究 《了不起的盖茨比》叙述者尼克分析
浅析《远大前程》中皮普的个人抱负与自我完善 “庸人”自扰——《普鲁弗洛克情歌》主题探究 浅谈商务合同
“面子”文化与中西方为人处世观 浅析英文新闻标题的翻译
从生态批评的视角解读杰克•伦敦《野性的呼唤》 An Analysis of Hamlet’s Delay of Revenge in Hamlet
如何激发初中生学习英语的兴趣
《红字》中象征手法的运用——以人物名字为例 102 模因论视角下的公司名称翻译 103 英汉语篇衔接手段对比研究 104 中西方身体语言的差异的研究
多媒体在高中英语教学中的应用研究 106 目的论视角下的美国动画电影的翻译 107 大学生英语自主学习影响因素分析 108 浅谈数字翻译中的文化因素
《白鲸》主人公埃哈伯人物形象分析 110 从《老友记》看美国幽默
中西方文化差异对习语学习的影响
社会阶层与语言关系在《雾都孤儿》中的投射研究 113 从功能分析的角度试析广告英语中语言的性别差异 114 中英色彩词的文化内涵异同分析
《了不起的盖茨比》中黛西的人物性格分析 116 论初中生英语学习资源策略培养
《鲁滨逊漂流记》中鲁滨逊的资产阶级特征 118 《飞屋环游记》的人物设置特色分析 119 《喧哗与骚动》中凯蒂悲剧的分析 120 《愤怒的葡萄》中的圣经原型
跨文化交际中的语用失误与避免方法 122 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 123 从E.B.怀特的三部儿童文学作品看模糊叙事艺术
埃兹拉•庞德意象派诗歌解析：以《在地铁站里》为例 125 《土生子》里的象征艺术
从李安的父亲三部曲看中西方价值观的差异 127 性格趋向对英语口语习得的影响
透过英汉基本颜色词看文化内涵及差异 129 从关联理论看商务信函的礼貌策略
用陌生化理论阐述《红色手推车》的悲剧色彩 131 美国电影中的中华文化运用得与失的研究 132 A Comparison of the English Color Terms 133 浅谈英语俚语
超验主义思想和美国总统的就职演说
论《呼啸山庄》中希斯克里夫性格的双重性 136 希腊神话对英语语言的影响
从伊登和盖茨比之死探析美国梦破灭的必然性 138 美式英语与英式英语在词汇上的差异
Cultural Differences and Translation Strategies 140 《嘉莉妹妹》之悲剧性——基于嘉莉与赫斯特伍德的比较 141 中西方关于萨达姆之死新闻报道的批评性话语分析
从认知语境的角度解读《一个干净明亮的地方》的隐含意义 143 旅游广告资料翻译探讨 144 英语动物习语的研究及翻译
高中英语写作作业的反馈及实施效果 146 废墟上成长起来的南方新女性 147 李清照词英译研究
An Analysis of Realistic Literature Under the Enlightenment in Robinson Crusoe 149 中西方商务礼仪的差异
中西文化差异引起的语义歧义 151 广告翻译策略初探
152 《基督山伯爵》中大仲马性格的显现及其对主人公言语行为的影响
153 An Analytical Research on the Errors in Junior High Students’ English Writing()154 遗忘曲线在记忆英语词汇中的运用 155 文化战略及其对汉译英的影响 156 跨文化交际中的中西方时间观念 157 语法翻译法与交际法的对比研究
158(日语系毕业论文)关于中日赞赏语的比较研究 159 中西方酒店文化比较与探讨
160 从电影《吸血鬼日记》分析现代西方人们新的价值取向 161 浅析凯瑟琳曼斯菲尔德短篇小说的孤单主题
162 On Emily Bronte's Self-realization Through the Characters in Wuthering Heights 163 《麦田里的守望者》中的象征主义分析
164 On the Cultural Signification and Translation of Animal Idioms 165 英汉爱情隐喻比较研究
166 Translation of the Implied Meaning in Communication 167 On Translation of Humorous Language from English to Chinese 168 The differences on advertising translations under the Chinese and Western cultures 169 从校园暴力看美国枪支文化
170 目的论下的修辞手法翻译：以《爱丽丝漫游奇境记》两个汉语译本为例 171 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中汤姆叔叔的性格分析 172 Development, Analysis and Prospect of Chinglish 173 论《兔子归来》中黑人民权意识的觉醒 174 中西方餐桌礼仪的文化对比分析
175 “教师主导，学生中心”的中学英语课堂教学模式探究
176 不伦，还是不朽？－－从柏拉图的哲学理论视角解读《洛丽塔》
177 Confucianism’s Influence on Transcendentalism:Reflection on Emerson’s and Thoreau’s Philosophy 178 浅谈毕业生求职面试技巧
179 浅析《还乡》中爱格敦荒原的象征意义 180 论了不起的盖茨比的悲剧
181 关联理论在公示语英译中的应用
182 英国湖畔派诗歌的语言特点及其汉译 183 An Analysis of Symbols in The Great Gatsby 184 A Comparative Study of Chinese and French Higher Education 185 生与死的抗争——《厄舍古厦的倒塌》主题解读 186 旅游宣传资料翻译中的语用因素 187 成人第二语言习得中的石化现象 188 简爱与嘉莉妹妹女性形象比较 189 论《金色笔记》中的象征手法 190 文化交际视野下的语用失误分析
191 中西方传统习俗的对比研究——出生礼，婚礼，葬礼 192 从人性论分析维克多•雨果的《悲惨世界》 193 《追风筝的人》中阿米尔的性格分析 194 从文化角度谈美国俚语的汉译
195 巫术救星：哈利波特系列的文化解读
196 硬汉形象－浅析厄内斯特海明威《杀人者》 197 论大学英语口语课外活动
198 Pragmatic Differences of Politeness in Intercultural Communication Between English and Chinese 199习语及习语的汉英翻译
第二篇：英汉基本颜色词的文化内涵对比研究（范文模版）
英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作 An Analysis of The Woman Warrior from the Perspective of Construction of Discrete Identity in Chinese American Community 2 A Study of Pragmatic Failure in Politeness between Chinese and English 3 Wessex Women: Female Characters in Thomas Hardy's Novels 4 从“水”的隐喻看中西文化的差异 国际商务合同的英语语言特点及其翻译探析 6 托马斯•哈代《无名的裘德》中的书信研究 7 浅析英语新闻标题的语言特征 Problems and Solutions in Senior English Listening Teaching 9 中美脱口秀会话分析对比研究 10 《紫色》中西丽的妇女主义研究 11 《围城》英译文本中隐喻的翻译策略 12 文体学视觉下的英语商务信函的礼貌表现 13 《欲望都市》四位女主角的爱情观分析 《哈利•波特》的成功销售及其对中国儿童文学营销的启示 15 英语学习中语法的功能 奥古斯丁在《忏悔录》中对于新柏拉图主义的应用 Risk Comparing of Documentary Collection and Letters of Credit 18 从顺应理论的角度对广告翻译的分析 19 剖析简•爱性格的弱点 浅谈文化差异对国际商务谈判的影响及对策 21 浅析《愤怒的葡萄》中主要人物的性格特征 22 委婉语的适用性原则和策略 海明威小说《太阳照常升起》中精神荒原主题分析 24 英文外贸合同中表时间介词的使用和翻译 25 中英禁忌语的异同性分析 英文电影片名翻译的归化与异化 Comparative Study of Love-Tragedy Between Romeo and Juliet and The Butterfly Lovers 28 Doomed Tragedy out of Desire-Driven Morbid Personalities in Nabokov’s Lolita 29 走出迷茫，寻回丢失的信念——富兰克林给毕业者的条忠告 从美学角度浅析许渊冲《汉英对照唐诗三首》——“意音形”三美论 31 试析《我的安东妮娅》中的生态伦理观 32 中西亲子关系对比性研究
不伦，还是不朽？－－从柏拉图的哲学理论视角解读《洛丽塔》（开题报告+论）34 解读《拉帕希尼的女儿》中的父爱
人性的救赎——从电影《辛德勒的名单》看美国英雄主义的新侧面 36 中西方时间观差异分析
从功能对等的理论看英语歌词的翻译 38 探究中学生厌倦学习英语
对中西方传统节日之文化差异的研究
The Impact of Gender Differences on Language Learning Strategies 41 从餐桌礼仪看中美饮食文化差异 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考
《人鼠之间》中两主人公乔治和雷尼的对比分析 43 关于英汉动物习语区别的研究 44 英语委婉语的构成与应用
《傲慢与偏见》中的对立与统一 46 《红字》中霍桑的女性观
国际商务谈判中模糊语言应用的语用分析
An Analysis of the Fatalism and Pessimistic View in Tess of the D’Urbervilles 49 浅析《雾都孤儿》中的现实主义 50 论商标名称汉英翻译中的合作原则 51 从文化角度浅析中美两国幽默的特点
On the Translation of Chinese Classical Poetry from Aesthetic Perspective—Based on the different English versions of “Tian Jing ShaQiu Si”
“家有儿女”VS“成长的烦恼”——对比研究中西方家庭教育 54 论“绿山墙的安妮”中女主角的成长经历 55 关于英语课堂中教师体态语的研究
A Comparative Study of Courtesy Language between English and Chinese 57 从《简•爱》与《藻海无边》看女性话语权的缺失 58 语码转换———从正式场合到非正式场合 59 李白《静夜思》六种英译本的对比研究 60 On Translation of English Idioms 61 “到十九号房间”的悲剧成因 62 从电影《刮痧》看东西方文化差异
《基督山伯爵》中大仲马性格的显现及其对主人公言语行为的影响 64 从爱伦·坡《黑猫》探讨人性的善良与邪恶
从反抗到妥协——析《麦田里的守望者》主人公霍尔顿的精神世界 66 论《太阳照常升起》中的象征主义
浅析《德伯维尔家的苔丝》中造成苔丝悲剧的因素 68 论苏珊•桑塔格《在美国》的身份危机 69 论《老人与海》中的象征手法
Gender Difference in Daily English Conversation 71 性别差异在外语教学中的具体体现 72 应用多媒体资源提高英语新闻听力
从依恋理论看《呼啸山庄》主人公希斯克利夫悲剧性格的形成（开题报告+论）74 《小妇人》与《傲慢与偏见》中女性爱情观对比研究
Status Quo of C-E Translation of Public Signs in Shanghai and Strategies for Improvement 76 A Brief Study of Rhetorical Devices Employed in President Obama’s Inaugural Address－－from the Perspective of Syntactic Structure 77 《丧钟为谁而鸣》中罗伯特.乔丹性格的多视角分析 78 商务英语信函中的礼貌原则 79 浅谈大学英语教育的文化融入 80 论功能对等原则下的商标翻译
论《喜福会》中的中美文化冲突与兼容 82 《老友记》中的对话分析 83 黑人英语克里奥起源论 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考
肯尼迪演讲的语音衔接分析
《蝴蝶梦》中的女性成长主题研究 86 《永别了，武器》的存在主义解读
布什总统演讲词中幽默话语的语用功能分析 88 从简•奥斯汀作品中的礼仪看英国人的社交心理 89 论《红字》中的清教主义思想
On Sister Carrie’s Broken American Dream from the Perspective of Psychology 91 从海明威的死亡哲学看麦康伯的死亡 92 英语新词的形成特征
论个人主义对美国英雄电影的影响
从叔本华的哲学思想角度简析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧 95 《红字》中的象征主义 96 《紫色》中“家”的解读
英汉基本姿势动词（立、坐、躺）的语义实证比较研究
Cultural Mediation in Interpreting—An Observation from the Perspective of Intercultural Communication 99 英汉谚语中文化因素对比研究 100 《德伯家的苔丝》中亚雷形象分析 101 目的论视角下公益广告的翻译 102 麦都思眼中的中国宗教形象
从女性视角看文化冲突—基于亨利•詹姆斯的两部小说 104 论英语课堂教学中的非语言交际
论《了不起的盖茨比》中二元主角的运用 106 商标翻译分析
论学生角色在中学英语课堂中的转换
Hawthorne’s Feminism Consciousness in The Scarlet Letter 109 星巴克在中国取得的成功及启示 110 “In”与“Out”的认知解读 111 透过《丛林》看美国梦的破灭 112 《雾都孤儿》中的批判现实主义
从文化差异角度研究英文新闻标题翻译的策略 114 霍桑的罪恶观在《红字》中的体现
威廉•麦克佩斯•萨克雷《名利场》的道德研究 116 浅析“Warming-up”在初中英语学习中的功能 117 论商务谈判口译员的角色
汉语公示语翻译中的误译现象研究 119 《紫色》所体现的“黑人性” 120 浅析语用含糊在外交语言中的应用
121(英语系经贸英语)贸易壁垒下中国企业跨国经营的突破之路—以华为为例 122 《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝人物性格分析 123 梭罗《瓦尔登湖》中的“简单”原则
“美国梦”的再探讨—以《推销员之死》为例 125 从《徳伯家的苔丝》看哈代的贞操观和道德观
论安东尼• 特罗洛普的现实主义思想——以《巴赛特的最后纪事》为例 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考
《雾都孤儿》中的浪漫主义与现实主义 128 论商务英语信函写作的语篇衔接与连贯 129 关于汉字“打”在英语翻译中的研究 130 谈英语电影片名的翻译
解析凯瑟琳的爱情与婚姻之分离
An Analysis of Youth Subculture through the Movie－－Trainspotting 133 浅析苔丝的悲剧
在现实与理想间挣扎——论巴比特的无助与无奈 135 英语导游词翻译的原则与技巧 136 试析英语谚语中的性别歧视
解析名词化与商务语篇的汉英翻译 138 苔丝悲剧人生的起因
以《最后一片叶子》为例论欧亨利的创作风格 140 现代汉语量词英译研究
On Foreign Language learning Motivation and Teacher’s Role to Promote 142 论《绯闻女孩》中的美国社会文化特征
战争时期坠入凡间的天使——通过《永别了，武器》分析海明威眼中的理想女性 144 中外汽车文化对比研究
A Study of Children Images in Huck Finn and Tom Sawyer 146 完美女性与准则英雄—论《永别了,武器》中的凯瑟琳 147 论《紫色》中西莉的精神意识的创建 148 文化差异对中美商务谈判的影响 149 商标的特征及其翻译的分析
协商课程在高中英语教学中的应用初探 151 探析《玛莎•奎斯特》中玛莎性格的根源
152 从《荆棘鸟》中三个女性形象解读女性主义发展 153 影响中学生英语口语流利性的障碍及解决策略
154 完美管家还是他者—浅析《长日留痕》中的管家形象（开题报告+论）155 商务英语翻译中的隐喻研究
156 命运与性格－－浅论《哈姆雷特》的悲剧因素 157 浅谈中美家庭教育文化差异
158 农村初中英语口语教学现状的调查与分析——以xx中学为例 159 论《一个小时的故事》中马拉德夫人女性意识的觉醒 160 从女性主义视角看幽默翻译
161 试论《武林外传》与《老友记》中的中美文化差异 162 中英婚礼习俗中的红和白颜色文化的研究 163 论交际法在组织课堂教学中的重要性 164 谈新闻发布会口译中的礼貌原则
165 浅析王尔德《快乐王子》中基督教救赎的表现形式 166 《红字》中的基督教因素初探 167 英汉习语文化差异浅析
168 托马斯•哈代《无名的裘德》中的书信研究 169 试论英汉日常礼貌表达的异同
170 An Analysis of the Female Characters in Moment in Peking 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考
171 语用移情及其在英语学习中的运用
172 从男性角色解读《简爱》中的女性反抗意识 173 《石头天使》中哈格形象的女性主义解读 174 《大学英语》听力理解中的石化现象与对策 175 从精神分析角度看《泄密的心》
176 中外服装品牌英文标签语言的跨文化研究 177 论《红字》中的道德观
178 海明威小说硬汉形象的悲剧色彩
179 从跨文化的视角分析美国动画“辛普森一家”中的习语现象 180 英文商务信函的语言特点和写作原则 181 Sexism in English Language 182 以学生为中心的英语词汇教学的研究 183 研究网络语言的特点，影响以及其规范性 184 原版英语电影在大学英语教学中的使用研究 185 《奥罗拉•李》中的女性形象解读 186 《嘉莉妹妹》与马斯洛的需求层次论
187 A Feminist Study of William Shakespeare’s As You Like It 188 模糊数词在英语习语中的构成形式及其修辞功能 189 论英语俚语的汉译
190 “适者生存”在《野性的呼唤》中的释义
191 《八月之光》里的悲剧艺术——基于尼采审美理论的分析 192 爱默生的自然观－－生态批评视域下的《论自然》 193 中式英语的潜在价值
194 乡村音乐歌词的人际意义分析 195 中西方奢侈品消费文化之比较
196 从功能翻译理论看《风声》的字幕翻译策略
197 Cultural Connotation of English Proverbs and the Translation Strategies 198 苔丝之罪是谁之过
199 浅析《贵妇画像》中的心理描写 200 英汉基本颜色词的文化内涵对比研究
第三篇：英汉文化对比
首都 华盛顿哥伦比亚特区（Washington D.C.）。国庆日 7月4日（美国独立日，1776年）。Uncle Sam 美国 John Bar 英国 美国本土之外的州是夏威夷。
美国是个多文化和民族多元的国家；国土面积超过962万平方公里，位居全球第三或第四；人口总量超过三亿人，居世界第三。
美国独立宣言的主要起草者是美利坚合众国第三任总统、弗吉尼亚大学的创始人、弗吉尼亚这个神圣之地的伟大儿子——托马斯•杰斐逊。乔治·华盛顿是美国第一任总统。事实上，華盛頓卻是1789年4月30日才就職的。从1776年到1789年這13 年間，美國都沒有總統嗎？ 一七八一年到一七八九年之間，八年間總共有八任總統： 第一任是約翰‧漢森(John Hanson)，他設立了11月28日的感恩節。接下來的七任分別是：Elias Boudinot, 1782-83;Thomas Mifflin, 1783-84;Richard Henry Lee,1784-85;John Hancock, 1785-86;Nathan Gorman, 1786-87;Arthur St.Chair, 1987-88;Cyrus Griffin, 1788-89.美国最大的州是阿拉斯加（Alaska）。国家元首 巴拉克·侯赛因·奥巴马（Barack Hussein Obama）。美国第44任（第56届）总统，2009年1月20日就职。（民主党）
行政区划 全国共分50个州和1个特区（哥伦比亚特区），有3042个县。2010年11月举行国会中期选举，共和党赢得众院多数席位，民主、共和两党分掌国会参、众两院。2011年以来，奥巴马政府着眼2012年竞选连任，不断调整内外政策，出台削减财政赤字、增加出口、提振就业和提升美竞争力等举措，以进一步提振经济、改善民生。受大选因素影响，民主、共和两党围绕减赤、上调联邦债务上限及2012财年预算案等议题斗争激烈，联邦政府甚至几乎被迫“关门”。
【政府】 总统内阁制。总统是国家元首、政府首脑兼武装部队总司令。总统的行政命令与法律有同等效力。总统通过间接选举产生，任期四年。【宪法】 1776年7月4日制定了宪法性文件《联邦条例》。1787年5月制定了宪法草案，1789年3月第一届国会宣布生效。它是世界上第一部作为独立、统一国家的成文宪法。宪法的主要内容是建立联邦制的国家，各州拥有较大的自主权，包括立法权；实行三权分立的政治体制，立法、行政、司法三部门鼎立，并相互制约。两个世纪以来，共制定了27条宪法修正案。重要的修改有：1791年9月由国会通过的包括保证信仰、言论、出版自由与和平集会权利在内的宪法前10条修正案，后通称“民权法案”（或“权利法案”）；1865年和1870年通过的关于废除奴隶制度和承认黑人公民权利的第13条和15条修正案；1951年通过的规定总统如不能行使职权由副总统升任总统的第25条修正案。
【国会】 国会是最高立法机构，由参、众两院组成。两院议员由各州选民直接选举产生。参议员每州2名，共100名，任期6年，每两年改选1/3。众议员按各州的人口比例分配名额选出，共435名，任期两年，期满全部改选。两院议员均可连任，任期不限。参众议员均系专职，不得兼任政府职务。本届国会（第112届）于2011年1月5日开幕。目前，参议院有民主党人51名，共和党人47名，独立议员2名；众议院有民主党人192名，共和党人242名，空缺1名。参议院议长（副总统兼任）小约瑟夫·拜登（Joseph Robinette Biden Jr.）；临
时议长井上健（Daniel Inouye，民主党）；众议院议长约翰·博纳（John Boehner，共和党）。
【司法机构】 设联邦最高法院、联邦法院、州法院及一些特别法院。联邦最高法院由首席大法官和8名大法官组成，终身任职。联邦最高法院有权宣布联邦和各州的任何法律无效。现任首席大法官约翰·罗伯茨（John Roberts）。【政党】 美国有多个党派，但在国内政治及社会生活中起重大作用的只有共和党和民主党。
（1）共和党（Republican Party）又常被简称为GOP（Grand Old Party）：成立于1854年。1861年林肯就任总统，共和党首次执政。此后至1933年的70多年中，除16年外，共和党一直主政白宫。1933年至2001年之间，曾有艾森豪威尔（1953年1月至1961年1月），尼克松、福特（1969年1月至1977年1月），里根（1981年1月至1989年1月），乔治·H·W·布什（1989年1月至1993年1月），乔治·W·布什（2001年1月至2009年1月）执政。共和党全国委员会主席现为雷恩斯·普利巴斯（Reince Priebus）。该党没有固定的党员人数，一般在总统大选中投共和党候选人票者就成为其党员。
（2）民主党（Democratic Party）：1791年成立，当时称共和党。1794年改称民主共和党，1828年改为民主党。1861年南北战争前夕，民主党内部分裂，该党的南方奴隶主策划叛乱。南北战争结束后，民主党在野24年。1885年克利夫兰当选总统。此后该党又大部分时间在野。1933年开始，民主党人罗斯福、杜鲁门、肯尼迪、约翰逊、卡特、克林顿、奥巴马先后当选总统执政。现任全国委员会主席为黛比·舒尔茨（Debbie Schultz）。该党没有固定的党员人数，一般在总统大选中投民主党候选人票者就成为其党员。
（3）其他政党有绿党（Green Party）和改革党（Reform Party）等。
构词：Acronym 首字母缩略：汉语和英语里面都有
Clipping 断截法：英语中有而汉语中没有 Context：上下文（语言语境）；交际场景（特定场合的交际）；文化语境（不同文化背景）
Onomatopoeic 拟声词：英语和汉语中都有，汉语中，拟声词后加动词变成副词 英文诗歌：特殊体裁，向下分：诗节（stanza）、诗行（line）、音步（feet）英语和汉语都有词缀，但英语居多
特定表述：如亲戚称呼，汉语比较清楚，而英语比较笼统
华尔街：纽约市曼哈顿区南部从百老汇路延伸到东河的一条大街道的名字，全长不过三分之一英里，宽仅１１米,是英文“墙街”的音译。街道狭窄而短，从百老汇到东河仅有7个街段。1792年荷兰殖民者为抵御英军侵犯而建筑一堵土墙，从东河一直筑到哈德逊河，后沿墙形成了一条街，因而得名Wall Street。后拆除了围墙，但“华尔街”的名字却保留了下来。然而，它却以“美国的金融中心”闻名于世。美国摩根财阀、洛克菲勒石油大王和杜邦财团等开设的银行、保险、航运、铁路等公司的经理处集中在这里。著名的纽约证券交易所也在这里。
G20又称20国集团，一个国际经济合作论坛，于1999年12月16日在德国柏林成立，属于布雷顿森林体系框架内非正式对话的一种机制，由原八国集团以及其余十二个重要经济体组成。该组织的宗旨是为推动已工业化的发达国家和新兴市
场国家之间就实质性问题进行开放及有建设性的讨论和研究，以寻求合作并促进国际金融稳定和经济的持续增长。按照以往惯例，国际货币基金组织与世界银行列席该组织的会议。
八国集团：美国、日本、德国、法国、英国、意大利、加拿大、俄罗斯 十一个重要新兴工业国家：中国、阿根廷、澳大利亚、巴西、印度、印度尼西亚、墨西哥、沙特阿拉伯、南非、韩国和土耳其 欧盟
APEC：Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation(abbreviated as APEC, it was established in 1989 in response to the growing interdependence among Asia-Pacific economies.Begun as an informal dialogue group, APEC has since become the primary regional vehicle for promoting open trade and practical economic cooperation.Its goal is to advance Asia-Pacific economic dynamism and sense of community.)
APEC（Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation）亚太经济合作组织是亚太地区最具影响的经济合作官方论坛。1989年11月5日至7日，澳大利亚、美国、加拿大、日本、韩国、新西兰和东盟6国在澳大利亚首都堪培拉举行亚太经济合作会议首届部长级会议，标志着亚太经济合作会议成立。1993年6月改名为亚太经济合作组织。1991年11月，中国以主权国家身份，中国台北和香港（1997年7月1日起改为“中国香港”）以地区经济体名义正式加入亚太经合组织。目前，亚太经合组织共有21个成员。
成员
澳大利亚联邦、文莱达鲁萨兰国、加拿大、智利、中华人民共和国、印度尼西亚、日本、韩国、马来西亚、墨西哥合众国、新西兰、巴布亚新几内亚、秘鲁、菲律宾共和国、俄罗斯、新加坡、泰国、美国、越南
观察员
太平洋岛国论坛、太平洋经济合作理事会、东南亚国家联盟
第四篇：毕业论文：英汉动物谚语的对比研究
A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 1
A Comparative Study of English and
Chinese Animal
Proverbs I.Introduction In Longman Modern English Dictionary, proverb is “a brief familiar maxim of folk wisdom, usually compressed in form, often involving a bold image and frequently a jingle that catches the memory.” A proverb, which succinctly sums up human experience and observation of the world, states a general truth and gives advice or warning.A proverb, often involving a bold image, musical rhythm and compressed form, can bring vividness to the readers and so they are easy to remember and spread.Proverbs are summing up of folk wisdom, they are usually pithy, and have universal appeals.People love to pick up proverbs when they try to reason things out and the proper use of proverbs can make their views more convincing.Proverbs are the crystal of the national wisdom.They are an important part of a national language and they appropriately reflect the relation between culture and language.They have been connected closely with the national characteristics ever since their coming into being and in their development.It is generally acknowledged that different peoples have great differences in their cultures.But since different peoples live on the same earth with roughly similar needs and some of them have even experienced similar social development stage, their experiences, emotional reflection and observation of the world are in many aspects similar.This shows that different peoples may have cultural generality besides cultural difference.Proverbs, as the cream of a language, inevitably carry the imprint of cultural difference and generality.The difference and generality respectively lead to the dissimilarities and similarities between English and Chinese animal proverbs and making a comparative study of them is of great significance.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 2
II.Animals Proverbs with Identical Meanings Some animal proverbs in English and Chinese are identical in meaning.The proverbs in this category are limited in number.They are the result of either coincidence or translation loans from one language to another.These proverbs are not hindered by national boundaries or culture barriers, instead they have take on universal significance.The following are some examples.1.English: An ass is known by his ears./ Chinese: 见耳识驴，听话知愚。2.English: It is a sad house where the hen crows louder than the cock.Chinese: 牝鸡司晨，家之不详。
Many factors have contributed to the emergence of fully corresponding pairs in English and Chinese proverbs.Firstly, although different nations live in varied natural environments and diversified geographic conditions, they still share quite a lot in common.They have more or less the same species of animals.And the common ground of human cultures is larger than the individual feature of each culture.Although, people’s concrete ways of life are varied in different places, the fundamental ways of living and thinking are the same for the whole human race.Secondly, owing to culture exchange, translation loans are borrowed from each other, which are not limited to the root ideas but sometimes include the “clothing of the idea”.As a result, some proverbs with identical animal image come into existence in different language, for instance, “He who rides a tiger is afraid to dismount” and “骑虎难下”.III.Animal Images with Different Meanings in Proverbs
A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 3
Some English and Chinese proverbs share the same images, and people take it for granted that they should have the same connotation, but actually, they contain different or even opposite meanings.For example, “It is a good horse that never stumbles.” and “好马不失蹄”.In this example, the English proverb “It’s a good horse that never stumbles”, is easy to be translated into Chinese “好马不失蹄”.In fact, the English proverb means even a good horse will stumble, so the right translation should be “好马也有失蹄时”.In the following part, the reasons for misunderstandings and the different choice of animal images will be clarified.A.Reasons for misunderstandings
Firstly, sometimes, the old use of grammar remains in the proverbs, and it may mislead our comprehension.The preservation of the old grammatical structure “it’s...that...” is similar to the modern structure in form, but opposite in meaning.The misunderstanding of the English proverb “It’s a good horse that never stumbles” as Chinese proverb “好马不失蹄” is due to this old grammatical structure.Secondly, when people hold different views and attitudes to animals, and their different worldviews toward the same situations, the same animal images may have different or even opposite meanings in different culture, and proverbs containing the same animal images will possibly have different meanings.The seemingly corresponding English and Chinese proverbs may have different connotations.For example: “Dog eats dog” and “狗咬狗”.“Dog eats dog” is always regarded as “狗咬狗”.But actually “Dog eats dog” refers to the phenomenon that people hurt those of the same group, while “狗咬狗” means bad people fight with bad people, so the two proverbs mean differently.B.Factors influencing the choice of animal images in proverbs
A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 4
The languages have some universality, but more importantly, they have their own culturally specific features.The culturally specific features are closely related to their religion, special geography, literature and psychology.1.Different religious beliefs Different nations usually believe in different religion.Thus proverbs of diverse nations surely express various religious beliefs.In the west, Britain and America are Christian countries with a long history.And Christian as the main belief of them has already taken roots in their lives for ages.Christians believe in the God.The God is the unique and supreme god, while people are born with a sin, and are the same and equal in the face of the God, so the common people respect and worship the God, but disregard the majesty.“A cat may look at a king” reflects this kind of thought.Furthermore, there are some animals endowed with different religious meanings.In Christianity the serpent is the symbol of devil and Satan, while the lamb is the symbol of the God’s people and timidity, and the dragon is the symbol of evil and danger.Serpent enticed Eve to steal fruit of Tree of conscience and she then shared with Adam.In the end they two were kicked out of the Garden of Eden.So in English proverbs, snake has a meaning of cunning.In China, Buddhism has been spread over one thousand years, and the Buddhist culture has been melt into the daily life of the Chinese for a long time.As a result, it is very common that quite a number of Chinese believe in Buddhism.Some Chinese proverbs are about Buddhism.There are proverbs about the strict social classes and roles.Here are some examples.狗肉烧酒穿肠过，佛在心中留。(Buddha in heart, wine and meat will pass through intestines.)狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心。(Don’t snap and snarl at me when I’m trying to do my best for you.)
A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 5
2.Different geographic conditions Geographically England is located in the Western Hemisphere, while China lies in the Eastern Hemisphere, thus England and China have different climate.They form different living styles.England is an island country, so most Englishman make livings by fishery or navigation.Chinese formed their living style----farming and stock rising.Therefore, there are a great many different proverbs.Firstly, there are some animal proverbs about the special climate in England.If the cock crows on going to bed, he’s sure to rise with a watery head.(公鸡傍晚叫，早晨有雨到。)March comes in with adder heads, and goes out with peacock tails.(三月来如猛狮，去如羔羊。)Furthermore, fishery and navigation are of great importance to English people and it is no wonder that plenty of English proverbs are on fishery or navigation, and a lot on fishes.But in China, the fish does not carry so many national meanings.The following are some English fish proverbs.All is fish that comes to his net.(进网都是鱼。)Fish begins to stink at the head.(鱼烂头先臭。)3.Different literary backgrounds Different nations have different literature, which makes up particular cultural backgrounds of proverbs.On the basis of this, a great many proverbs are often simple in structure but deep in meaning.In order to grasp and translate their deep meanings accurately, we must be clear about the literature.In Chinese there are a lot of animal proverbs originated from various classical works, such as: 二者不可兼得，舍鱼而取熊掌.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 6
On the other hand, English proverbs also take in the quintessence of many literal works and are in fact the well-known remarks of some famous writers, such as some proverbs of Shakespeare: All cats love fish but fear to wet their paws.(欲吃龙肉，又怕下海。)Patience perforce is medicine for a mad dog.(不得已的忍耐是疯狗的药方。)In brief, both China and English have their diverse and colorful literature, which is vividly reflected in their proverbs and as well have constituted the historical and cultural backgrounds of their proverbs.Thus whenever we translate proverbs, it is helpful for us to look into histories and origins of the proverbs and make proper judgments according to the backgrounds.4.Different psychologies Although mankind shares many life experiences and thoughts, and different cultures occasionally have some cultural overlaps, yet on the whole different cultures have different psychology, and people of different cultures hold different attitudes to the same animals.Here we will take animals for examples to explain the different psychology in proverbs of different nations.With the development of human society, many animals play an important role in human life and some of them have become a particular kind of symbolism in people’s mind, and animals in various countries symbolize diverse meaning.The connotations of animals in proverbs of one language do not coincide with those in other languages.The different connotative meanings which the animal words carry in different countries are called cultural implication of the word by the famous Chinese professor Wang Dechun, a noted linguist at home.National cultural meaning is an essential signified meaning of the words tinged with an ethnic group’s cultural connotations.In English and Chinese animal images, both similarities and differences exist in national cultural meanings.However the dissimilarities are absolute while the similarities are relative.Both universality and individuality lie in different cultural connotations loaded in English and Chinese
A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 7
animal proverbs.IV.A brief Introduction of the Proverbs Involved in Several Kinds of Animals A.Proverbs of the dragon(龙)In Chinese and western culture, dragon is the animal existed in the myths and legends.In China dragon is the symbol of auspicious honor.It is a bright contrast that in English dragon is fundamentally evil and cruel.In Chinese culture, dragons symbolize good luck, authority, noble, and prosperity.We Chinese are proud to call ourselves “descendants of the dragon”.In the feudal society, dragon is the emblem of the emperor;the emperors thought they were real dragons and the sons of the heaven.Today dragon is still supreme in the heart of Chinese people.China is called “Oriental Dragon”;dragon is regarded as the totem of the Chinese nation.There are a lot of proverbs about dragon, such as “龙生龙，凤生凤”, “强龙压不过地头蛇”.All these proverbs show that dragon(龙)is a great part in the Chinese culture.However, in English people think that dragon is the representative of the evil, a ferocious monster.The distinctions between Chinese and English culture makes the same animals have different connotation and the choices of animal images are completely different.As a result of this, when we want to use English to express the “龙”, we must take this kind of distinction into consideration.“亚洲四小龙” should be translated as “four tigers” instead of “four dragons”.B.Proverbs with word “bat”(蝙蝠)In English-speaking countries, folks think bat as an evil animal and it is often used with the dark and evil force.So in English, proverbs with word “bat” commonly contain derogatory sense.In “as blind as bat”, it becomes a typical image of blind person with eyes open.Bat also has evil meanings of being absurd and odd.We use
A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 8
“have bats in the belfry” or “crazy as a bat” to say that a person is off one’s mind.In the traditional Chinese culture, bat(蝙蝠)is homophonic with “福” which means happiness, luck, and blessing.Therefore, old bat woodcarving and embroidery with bats put up people’s wish of blessing for auspicious and happy life.C.Proverbs of sheep and goats(羊)Because of the influence of The bible, the images of sheep and goat are as like as an apple to an oyster.Proverbs of goats are usually derogatory.“Play the goat” is to act as a fool.In The bible, a shepherd tried to distinguish sheep and goats, and he placed sheep right and put goat in the other side in that wild goats often infiltrated the flock to lure sheep.So that the proverb “separate the sheep from the goats” is to divide good or useful people from bad or useless ones.In the eye of Chinese, they two belong to the same species, and don’t any special implied meanings.The UK is a graziery-developed country and people there prefer to wool products.Owing to this, many wool proverbs spring up.Here are some examples: “pull the wool over one’s eyes”which means using people’s innocence to make a cheat into being, “go for wool and come home shorn”that has the meaning of overshoot oneself and “much cry and little wool” the Chinese meaning of which is “雷声大，雨点小”.D.Proverbs of the owl(猫头鹰)Owl is a clever and witty bird with wisdom, earnest and other culture connotations.Words, as “owlish” and “owlishly”, often apply to describe a man to be smart, resourceful and serious.Also in children’s books and comics, owls are often very intelligent.When dispute appears, the animals will ask owls to coordinate when there is an emergency.But in China, it is totally different.Chinese think that owl is linked with superstitious believes, and people are afraid of hearing their hoot because of a faith
A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 9
that man will be unfortunate when meeting owls.So a Chinese proverb “猫头鹰进宅，好事不来” means adversity is upcoming.An American woman came to China for the first time and knew little about what Chinese thought of owls.She loved owl pins very much and often wore them.She found people around her often point at her when she wore owl pins.Moreover, some of them even stopped to ask him why she wore owl pins which greatly puzzled her.Only when a Chinese told her about the superstitious thought of owl in Chinese eyes, did she stop wearing it in China.E.Proverbs of the cat(猫)The westerner is one of the important members of the “pet culture”.Cat is used to describe the female, model’s stage steps on the runway named catwalk.“Old cat” is old woman of bad temper.“Barber’s cat” is a person with a starved look.“Copy cat” often said by children is a metaphor to kids copying others.There is a proverb that “when the cat is away, the mouse will play”.It tells people that when a power is absent, others will lawless and naughty.Cat in Chinese does not have any similar uses in proverbs.But “山中无老虎，猴子称大王” have the same meaning with this proverb.There are much more examples, the following examples are widely used.1)English:A cat may look at a king./ Chinese:小人物也有权利
2)English:All cats are grey in the dark./ Chinese:不因为美丑就判断别人的好坏 3)English:That’s like putting the cat near the goldfish bowl./ Chinese:引狼入室
Even though cat occasionally exists in Chinese, some cat proverbs are still in use.“猫改不了吃腥” is commonly applied to a person who can not change his long-standing habits.“吃猫食” is just eating like bird.F.Proverbs of the dog(狗)
A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 10
Dog is a word that often used in proverbs and we should pay great attention to.As a matter of fact, people in western countries loves dog more than us.In these countries people loves to keep dogs and they usually call themself or others dog with no meaning of dog.Also dogs are titled with a laudatory name as “man’s best friend” in Britain and America.So in English there are many proverb of dogs such as “Every dog has its day”, “Barking dog seldom bite”, “Dog does not eat dog”, “you are a lucky dog”.But in Chinese, many proverb with dogs have bad meanings and often associate with disgusting things such as “狗改不了吃屎”, “狗咬吕洞宾，不识好人心”, “挂羊头，卖狗肉”.All these show that people have no good feelings to dog in the past.Some employers deny people born in the year of the dog.These proverbs contain a derogatory meaning against dogs, and reflect people’s bad impression to the dog.V.The Principles in the Translation of Animal Proverbs
English and Chinese proverbs are from various sources, and they give information about their culture on many social subjects, so there is necessity of a study for translation of English and Chinese proverbs to acquire more information of different nations.Translation is also becoming increasingly important as a medium of international communication.A faithful translation of English and Chinese proverbs will attract the target language readers not only for its vivid and expressive language, but also for much interesting information.Therefore, the purpose of proverb translation isn’t only to absorb and introduce the vivid expressions, but also to enrich the target readers with the culture of other nations and to learn the philosophy and views of the world and life.For this purpose, translators shall pay great attention to keeping the sense and flavor of the original and acquire the highest degree of cultural exchange.The best translation shall contain both the original image and the connotation.Traditionally, there are two major translation methods: literal translation and free
A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 11
translation.Literal translation focuses on the source language, referring to the translation based on the form, while free translation focuses on the target language, referring to the translation based on meaning.Which method shall be more important, and be put at the first place? Translators have been arguing over the question for a long time.Though there are not set rules for translating animal images, translation principles does exist.They are cultural equivalence and validity principles.A.Cultural equivalence principle As far as the cultural transmission is concerned, it implies conveying as much as possible the original cultural information in the translated texts in order to achieve the highest degree of language-culture correspondence between the source language and target language.“Equivalent effect” in translation includes linguistic equivalence, stylistic equivalence and socio-cultural equivalence.With the development of linguistics and the increasing degree of communication between different cultures, the socio-cultural equivalence is becoming more and more important.The translators are not satisfied with only transmitting the meaning, but they want to have an integration of both meaning and form.They want to introduce the original form and meaning to foreign land.In terms of transmitting cultural images, cultural equivalence includes equivalence of both the superficial form and the deep cultural content.In image translation, to convey the form and the content determines whether the superficial information or the deep connotative information of a cultural image is conveyed.The best way to convey cultural images is to combine the form equivalence and the content equivalence.However, cultural equivalence does not mean strict or rigid adherence to the original images.If the formal equivalence and the content equivalence cannot be achieved at the same time, the translation should be flexible, and they could give
A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 12
priority to the content equivalence, and try their best to convey the cultural information contained in the formal image.Otherwise, the rigid adherence to the original form will not get cultural equivalence in the true sense.The focus is how to change forms properly in reproducing similar effects so as to convey cultural information to the largest extent.B.Validity principle As far as image transmission is concerned, the validity principle means the conveyed cultural information must be valid when a translator tries his best to accomplish cultural equivalence principle.The validity principle requires in the first place translators should neither over-domesticate nor over-foreignize cultural images, so as to avoid imagery confrontation and achieve imagery acceptability.The validity principle and cultural equivalence principle are interrelated with and interdependent on each other, but the validity principle is more concerned with the target language readers.If the translated image makes no sense to the target language readers or causes misunderstanding to them, all the work done by the translator is futile.For example: “It’s raining cats and dogs”.If we translate it into “天上下猫和狗了”, the translation will be absurd to Chinese people.Although the original images are kept, the translation is invalid, so the better translation may be the deletion of the original images: “天上下着瓢泼大雨”.In conclusion, the translation of cultural image is complex.We shall try our best to knit the foreignization and domestication flexibly, and follow the principles of cultural equivalence and validity.VI.Conclusion
The translation of proverbs and animal images is really a complex and delicate work.It should be kept in mind that the main purpose of translation is to transmit different cultures.In translation, the traits of culture shall be remained as much as
A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 13
possible, and the two principles of cultural equivalence and validity should be followed.As translators, we shall try our best to find the most appropriate translation which is not only faithful to the meaning, but also keeps the original cultural colors.There is not a settled way as to what kind of translation is the best because the culture is forever changing with the time.The formerly strange proverbs may be considered as natural with the widening communication and rapid globalization.Therefore the translation of proverbs shall always catch up with the time.Translation should also be in harmony with the kind of the writing and purpose of writing.Also, the translation of the same proverb and the same animal image may be different if the context changes, sometimes original colors shall be kept, but sometimes they should be deleted.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 14
Bibliography [1] Bassett.Cultural Elements in Translation[J].Translation Journal, 1980, 6(3): 22-26.[2] National Research Council.China and Global Change: Opportunities for Collaboration[M].Washington: Natal.Acad., 1992.[3] Newmark, Peter.Approaches to Translation[M].New York: Pergamon Press, 1982.[4] Nida, E.A.Language, Culture and Translating[M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.[5] Samovar, Porter.Intercultural Communication[M].New York: Wadsworth Publishing Company, 1997.[6] 陈骋.汉英习语的文化差异及其翻译[J].江西社会科学, 2002,(12): 28-32.[7] 陈建芳.论英语动物词的语义特征与翻译[J].湘潭大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 1998,(2): 27-36.[8] 丁菲菲.交际中的文化动物词及翻译策略[J].集美大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2001,(4): 12-14.[9] 丁军.实用英语翻译[M].北京: 电子工业出版社, 2005: 34-35.[10] 何善芬.英语语言对比研究[M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2002.[11] 李桂玲.英汉谚语的语音结构与修辞[J].重庆交通学院学报.2002,(2): 48-52.[12] 李青.动物类谚语和习语的翻译[J].昌潍师专学报, 2001,(3): 43-47.[13] 李悦.英汉动物词的文化内涵比较及其翻译[J].中南大学学报(社会科学版), 2003,(5): 23-25.[14] 刘金生.英汉动物词语文化内涵及差异[J].莱阳农学院学报(社会科学版), 2000,(1): 13-14.[15] 欧忆, 贾德江.英汉动物类习语比较及其翻译[J].中国科技翻译, 2001,(4): 26-28.[16] 彭庆华.英语习语研究——语用学视角[M].北京: 社会科学文献出版社, 2007.[17]平洪, 张国杨.英语习语与文化[M].北京: 外语教学与研究出版社, 2000.[18] 覃先美.英语动物文化考释[M].长沙: 国防科技大学出版社, 2002.[19] 汪福祥, 蔡坚.英语谚语妙用500例[M].北京: 外文出版社, 2001.[20] 王德春.汉英谚语与文化[M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2003.[21] 王晓丽.动物形象英语成语的翻译[J].齐齐哈尔大学学报(哲学社会科学版), 2002,(5):
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32-33.[22] 徐宏亮.英汉比喻喻体的国俗语义比较[J].广西社会科学, 2003,(9): 58-61.[23] 杨自俭.英汉语比较与翻译[M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 2002.[24] 张培基.英汉翻译教程[M].上海: 上海外语教育出版社, 1991.[25] 张廷芳.狗年话狗[M].北京: 中国科学技术出版社, 2006.[26] 朱文俊.现代英语语言和文化研究[M].北京: 北京语言学院出版社, 1994.A Comparative Study of English and Chinese Animal Proverbs 16
Acknowledgements First, I would like to extend my sincere thanks to all the respected professors and teachers from whom I have learned not only the knowledge but also the way of related disciplines, and serious attitude to do research work.Second, I would like to express my hearty appreciation to my teacher Feng yan and Liao suyun for their rigorous and expert direction.Their effective guidance research enabled me to implement the work smoothly.Their insightful comments on the study have been both encouraging and helpful.Their constant help and care have always inspired me to learn more.Their kindness also offers me lots of good materials.Thirdly, I would like to thank the librarians in our campus library, for they have helped me to find various reference books needed for my study.
第五篇：英汉对比研究
中西方婚礼仪式对比研究
姓名：张圆圆 学号1109214060 六礼
说到中国传统婚姻礼仪，那一定要提到 “六礼”，即从议婚至完婚过程中的六种礼节: 纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎。这一娶亲程式，周代即已确立，最早见于 《礼记·昏义》。以后各代大多沿袭周礼。这每一项礼仪都有严格的标准，是新人结亲时必须遵循的准则。
一、纳采: 六礼之首礼。男方欲与女方结亲，请媒妁往女方提亲，得到应允后，再请媒妁正式向女家纳 “采择之礼”。
二、问名: 六礼中第二礼。即男方遣媒人到女家询问女方姓名，生辰八字。取回庚贴后，卜吉合八字。
三、纳吉: 六礼中第三礼。是男方问名、合八字后，将卜婚的吉兆通知女方，并送礼表示要订婚的礼仪。
四：纳征，亦称纳成、纳币。六礼中第四礼。就是男方向女方送聘礼。
五、请期: 又称告期，俗称选日子。六礼中第五礼。是男家派人到女家去通知成亲迎娶的日期。
六、亲迎: 又称迎亲。六礼中第六礼。是新郎亲自迎娶新娘回家的礼仪。西方人的订婚远比中国人的随意简单，但也不失庄重。经过一段时间的交往如果双方认可了彼此，这时男士要正式地向女士提出请求:“你愿意嫁给我吗?”虽然只是简单的一句话，但却是促成婚姻必不可少的步骤。如果女士接受了请求，他们就会办一个简单的订婚仪式，请一些亲密的人参加，规模不大，旨在向他人传递 “我们要结婚了”这样一个信息。
中式传统婚礼
传统中式婚礼流程和礼仪：
6:00
新娘开始化妆，新郎更衣;
8:00
新郎乘花车到达新娘家。
8:40
新娘蒙红盖头，在伴娘的伴随下，由新郎手持的大红绸牵着，慢慢地登上花车;
9:15
花车到达花轿地点。
9:20
新娘上花轿。开道锣在前，紧跟舞狮表演，后面是八位吹鼓手和八位手举冠盖的执事，最后是披红挂彩的八抬大轿;新郎手扶花轿、伴郎伴娘随轿向婚礼地点进发;
9:40
中途颠轿;
10:00
到达婚礼地点，新娘在女傧相的搀扶下，走下轿子;放鞭炮
10:10
迈火盆：寓意未来的生活红红火火;
10:15
进门：狮子封门，讨要红包(舞狮者拦路舞狮，要到红包方许进门);
10:30
射箭：射天，祈求上天的祝福，射地，代表天长地久，射向远方，祝愿未来的生活美满幸福;
10:35
拜天地：一拜天地，二拜高堂，三夫妻对拜;
10:50
掀盖头：用秤杆挑下新娘的盖头;
11:00
喝交杯酒;
11:10
敬茶改口;
11:20
进入洞房(新人退场换服装，在此时最好吃点东西);
11:40
新人为来宾敬酒、点烟;
12:00
民俗表演;
13:30
婚宴结束
西式婚礼流程
西式婚礼分为仪式和宴会两部分，一般来说新人只邀请最重要的亲人和朋友见证婚礼仪式，而宴会相对于仪式的严谨与肃穆就显得比较随便、热闹，邀请的来宾也更为广泛。
仪式
17:00 仪式开始，换进场音乐，神父到位;伴娘、伴郎入场后，面对客人成八字排开站好;戒指童入场，将戒指交到神父手中。
17:03 奏响婚礼进行曲，新娘挽着父亲入场，新娘父亲将新娘交到新郎手中。
17:10 停止奏乐，新娘、新郎交换戒指并宣誓。
17:15 证婚人致辞。
17:20 仪式完毕，音乐响起后新人退场，宾客向新人抛洒花瓣。
17:30 新人与来宾拍照留念
宴会
17:40 客人们陆续进入餐厅按请柬上的桌号就座，乐队奏乐表示欢迎，各种提前准备好的饮料和餐前开胃小菜可以供客人们享用。
18:10 新郎新娘进入餐厅。上第一道菜，侍者们给客人斟上香槟，重要来宾演讲祝词。
19:40 开胃菜用完后，新郎新娘跳第一支舞。然后伴郎伴娘及其他客人进入舞池一起跳舞;
19:00 每人重新入座等待主食;
19:30 上甜点时，舞会继续;
20:00 新娘抛花束后，新人在客人们间穿梭为他们的光临表示感谢。提供咖啡及各种餐后饮品可供客人享用;
20:30 新郎新娘一起切蛋糕，供客人们跳舞空闲时享用;此时宾客可自由退场。
宗教信仰与价值观
1、婚姻与宗教
婚姻是人生的重大转折，因而无论是在东方的中国还是在西方，人们无一例外对婚姻问题慎重其事，力图将其建立在宗教的话语之上，以彰显其神圣性和重要性。这一点可以从具体的结婚礼仪上得到体现。在中国传统文化里婚姻的缔结有着一套繁琐的程序，很多仪式都体现了人们向往“天地人和谐”的宗教哲学以及人们祈福迎祥的文化心理。
例如拜天地习俗，新婚夫妇被迎进新家首要的大礼就是祭拜天地，并接受众人的祝福“天作之合”，“天赐良缘”，表明新人将自己的终身大事告之天地，祈求天地的认可。这一习俗蕴含着深厚的宗教意义。道教《易传》云，“乾道成男，坤道成女，乾知大始，坤作成物。乾以易知，坤以简能„„易简而天下之理得矣，天下之理得，而成位乎其中矣”，也就是说天如父地如母。万物皆生于天地之间，人亦然。《易传》又云，“有天地，然后有万物;有万物，然后有男女;有男女，然后有夫妇。夫妇之道，不可以不久也，故受之以恒，恒者久也”，这就把男女两性放在了一个天地宇宙论的宗教图式里面，使男女两性具有了本原和神圣的意义，同时也使男女两性的结合具有了宗教的神圣性。又如世俗传统婚姻风俗中男女择偶，双方必须事先交换八字，依照“八字命相”说，寻求“才貌双全”，忌讳“三、六、九冲”、“龙虎斗”等。这种观念给婚姻蒙上了一层神秘的宗教色彩，反映了道教“五行八字”学说对世俗婚姻的影响。“五行”指金、木、水、火、土，“八字”指一个人出生的年、月、日、时，与天干地支相配，四项共得八个字。这八个字每字都分属五行之一项，以此推算一个人的命运。所以，人们在缔结婚姻大事时，非常重视双方的五行八字的配合，力求五行相生，八字和谐，建立宜室宜家的美满婚姻。这种以五行合八字来防范婚姻不幸的做法反映了人们无法回避现实，而又祈求婚后安宁幸福的一种心理平衡的追求，也是道家劝导人们顺从天命的“宿命论”思想的反映。
在西方社会，基督教中亚当和夏娃的婚姻故事是西方婚姻的起源。在马尔谷福音中，耶稣答复法利塞人有关婚姻的问题时说: “这是为了你们的心硬，他纔给你们写下了这条法令但是，从创造之初，天主造了他们男女。为此，人要离开他的父母，依附自己的妻子，二人成为一体，以致他们再不是两个，而是一体了。所以，天主所结合的，人不可拆散。”《福音书》中关于婚姻的描述，为我们揭开了西方婚姻制度的帷幕。教会在西方婚姻中的影响在中世纪达到巅峰，婚姻关系受宗教法律所支配，结婚必须在教堂举行婚礼，婚礼由神父主持或三人证婚，新郎新娘要在神父面前公开表示婚姻意愿，得到神父的祝福，婚姻才得以成立。虽然伴随着文艺复兴和宗教改革运动的思想启蒙，作为人类社会组织的基础之一———婚姻在这一时期无论从观念上还是形式上都发生了重大的变化，且逐渐摆脱了宗教的控制，但是宗教的仪式保留着。基督徒的婚礼一般是在教堂内由牧师主持，男女双方在上帝面前盟誓终生相爱。基督教认为，婚姻是上帝配给的，所以婚姻应该建立在敬畏上帝的基础上。当然今天在教会举行婚礼已不再是基督徒的专利了，但是在基督教和圣经的影响下，西方社会的婚礼已经深深烙上了宗教的痕迹。常见的婚礼中的程序如: 祷告、经文诵读、婚约问答、誓约、戒指交换、祝福等，每一个程序都被赋予了特定的神学意义。2． 婚姻关系中的男女地位
在中国传统文化中，“男尊女卑”被看作是“天经地义”的绝对真理，并在传统道德价值系统中占有重要地位。清初思想家唐甄的《潜书》有云: “盖地之下于天，妻之下于夫者，位也。天之下于地，夫之下于妻者，德也。”也就是说，男尊女卑，就像天尊地卑一样，是本来的位置使然，在传统的中国婚礼中，处处可见到这种思想的影子。然而尽管“男尊女卑”在传统社会里长期占据主流地位，这期间其他宗教如道教和佛教也从自己的世界观出发，阐述了与儒家不相同的看法。例如佛教，自汉唐以来逐渐成为唐代民众信仰谱系中一个主导信仰，家庭伦理关系也被带入佛事活动中，佛事活动成为一种世俗化了的社会活动，极大地影响了人们尤其是女性的家庭婚姻观念。由于佛教主张“人人有佛性，人人皆能成佛”，鼓励人们发挥主观能动性和自主性，许多信佛的女性在婚恋中就比较注重自己的精神信仰。在佛教影响下一些妇女甚至违背儒家封建家庭伦理，选择死后夫妻分葬。这从侧面反映出佛教对传统婚姻中处于不平等地位的女性的关注。另一大宗教道教对女性的尊重，在中国传统文化中则显得得非常独特。根据道家的思想，世界上万事万物都有由阴阳、乾坤这些两种对立的东西组合而成。反映在夫妻关系上，自然要求两两相对;结婚被称作为“匹配”，就是这个意思。这种观念反映出人们在某种程度上要求男子在结婚时对女子至少要有表面的尊重，可从一些婚礼习俗中看出。至于缔结婚姻之后的夫妻关系，道教典籍《太平经》认为婚姻中“女之就夫，比若男子之就官也，当得衣食也。”，也就是说做妻子如同做官，应当享受“俸禄”。由此一旦婚姻关系成立，夫妻就应当共同努力劳作，创造美好生活。“女之就夫家，乃当相与并立同心治生，乃共传天地统，到死尚复骨肉同处，当相与并力，而因得衣食之。”不仅如此，这种共同的协力劳作，还是巩固婚姻关系的重要因素: “夫人各衣食其力，则令妇人无两心，则其意专作事，不复狐疑也。”(《太平经合校》卷三十五)这种强调在共同劳动基础上的夫妻平等观念，对传统的婚姻观无疑是极大的冲击。西方的婚礼则反映出男女双方的地位基本平等。从《创世记》第一章和第二章里的创造和亚当夏娃联合的情况中可看出上帝视婚姻为一个盟约关系，要藉此使夫妻合而为一。由这种盟约关系可见夫妻双方是平等的。虽然上帝给亚当造了个女人是作为他的帮手来帮助他，但这里的“帮助”是平行的互补的意思，绝没有卑贱或奴役之意。奥古斯丁曾说: 神早就设计男女地位平等，在他的心意中，他没有叫女人高于男人，否则他可以用亚当的头骨造夏娃;神没有叫男人压制女人，否则他可以用亚当的脚骨造夏娃。肋骨是最贴心之处，是最亲密的表征。所以，基督教认为夫妻关系是最亲密的人际关系，是灵魂体的合一。正如亚当唱给夏娃的第一首情歌所说的: “这是我骨中的骨，肉中的肉，可以称她为女人，因为她是从男人身上取出来的。”在新的圣经中，耶稣明确指出，上帝造人时造的是一男一女，而且“二人成为一体”。因此基督教坚持一夫一妻的婚姻制度，在这种制度里特别强调了婚姻中的双方男女平等，相互扶持，而不是一方压倒另一方。
（二）价值取向
中国人好面子，面子几乎是中国人的价值核心。他们希望被他人认可，保全自己在公众中的形象。中国人好面子的特点由来已久，早在春秋时期，子路高呼孔子名言：“君子死，冠不免”而险在战争中丧命，鲁迅笔下疯癫的阿Q被县太爷打骂之后，也要高喊“儿子打老子”来挽回颜面。中国人将这种好面子的性格充分地发挥到婚礼中，传统的婚礼通常在中午举行，持续三天之久。而当代的婚礼，虽不需持续三天，但迎亲车队，婚宴酒席，高档名车，山珍海味，争相彰显自家孩子娶嫁的风光和自家的雄厚财力；更有甚者不惜借钱来撑场面。
美国人则更侧重于负面面子的维护，他们不希望自己的行动或想法受到他人过多的干涉，有违他人此种自由的行为，就是对他人负面面子的侵犯。美国人看重个人隐私，也积极维护他人隐私，所以美国的婚礼一般没有过大的排场，只宴请少数关系亲密的亲友。婚礼的场地形式，也全按个人喜好而不考虑规模是否足以争得颜面。
中西混合的婚礼
现在中国的年轻人也接受了西方的结婚仪式,可谓中西合并。仪式他们会选择中国传统的,或者西式婚礼,但喝改口茶,闹洞房这些却是一直都存在的。
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