第一篇：自考大综合杂项
河北师范大学 考试时间为：9月20日（周六）上午8:30—11:30。
考前五天考生可登陆本网首页“实践考核”栏目查询考场、座位号、考试地点等有关
成绩查询：考生可于11月10日后登录本网“实践考核”查询实践性环节考核成绩。、毕业申请时间:上半年5月21—30日，下半年11月21--30日申请并提交材料。
3、毕业申请方式
①考生须登录河北省教育考试院网站进行毕业申请（网址：http://zk.hebeea.edu.cn）。
②网上申请毕业成功后，考生必须到网上选择的毕业申请服务点（河北师大服务点只接收我校全日制在校学生毕业申请，社会考生请不要选择我校服务点）领取、填写《河北省高等教育自学考试毕业生登记和鉴定表》及其他毕业材料并提交，不得委托他人代办。
③对基本信息（含照片）有问题的考生，须到毕业申请服务点提出基本信息变更申请，并提交相关材料。
有关毕业申请详情请看本网首页“自考文件”中“河北省高等教育自学考试毕业生审定实施细则”。
二、缴费
1、缴费标准：详见本网首页“自考文件”栏中“自学考试实践性环节考核收费标准”。
2、缴费方法：考生报名后，请于6月7日后登陆
“http://zxks.hebtu.edu.cn/webcx/”或本网首页“实践考核”栏目，点击“缴费查询” →输入“姓名”+“准考证号” →“提交”→显示《缴费通知单》→“打印”或记录下所有报考课程的“课程缴费代码”。
考生于6月7—10日（只能在此时间段）依据14位“课程缴费代码”和师大收费代码（7100426）到河北省内建设银行营业点(银行工作人员须进入“学
费代收”项目收取费用，外省建行不能收取)缴费，若县建行不能缴纳，可找人在市级以上建行代缴，银行代收费凭证须妥善保存。逾期未缴费的考生视为自动放弃本次实践环节考核。
第二篇：大自考
自考专业课及公共基础课报考技巧
第一，要正确选择适当专业。一定要有一个明确的目标，最好是选择与自己工作或兴趣爱好相近相关的专业。有的刚开始参加自考的朋友一时心血来潮，不怎么思索就选了一个课程较少的专业，目的是为了想早点毕业。俗话说：兴趣是最好的老师，即使课程再少，平时学习看书没用什么心思，不仅不能早点毕业，反而会适得其反。例如我认识一个朋友，在网络公司上班，结果选择的专业却是饭店管理，她选择这个专业的理由是这个专业课程开得少，其实这样是不对的。第二，在报考课程时，专业课和基础课要交叉间错的报。一般说来，专业课每一年只有一次考试机会，公共课一年有二次或四次考试机会。在我刚开始参加自考时，听很多人说先考专业课，后考公共课，其实也不尽然。专业课一般往往是本专业最重要的课程，相对而言也较难通过，公共课不外乎是大语，高数，英语等以前读书时都接触过的和一些公共政治课等课程，通过也较容易。有的朋友刚开始报名时全报专业课，结果学习起来非常吃力，就会对自考产生一种畏难情绪。而有的朋友认为公共课容易，刚开始全报公共课，而因为专业课一年考试次数有限也会影响自考毕业的进行。
第三，要正确选择资料。一般是一本教材和一本预测试卷，外加一本带讲解的同步过关资料也可。千万不要以为资料买得越多越好，这样势必会浪费大量的时间和金钱。
第四，学习要以指定教材为主，自考不像其他考试，它考的全部是教材上的东西。只要把教材上的知识理解领悟透了，考试也会不攻自破。有的同学不看教材或者一目十行走马观花的浏览一二遍就开始做大量的预测试卷，舍本逐末，实不可取。看书时可以先看一看目录看这本书每一章节大概讲的是什么内容，各章节之间有没有什么联系，然后看书时做到有的放矢，并经常做一下读书笔记和一些各章节的复习总结。看书时要有恒心，俗话说：冰冻三尺，非一尺之寒，看一遍，二遍，三遍甚至多遍，一遍比一遍细腻，直到摸清了本书的主干以及章节具体讲的是什么内容为止。这样在做预测试卷时遇到不懂的就可以快速准确的翻到哪一章节，不要在做试卷时连这个知识点在哪一章哪一节都不知道。
第五，可以在考前一个月做一下预测试卷。预测试卷是对这种门课程起一个模拟测试的作用，通过测试我们可以了解自己对这门课程的掌握程度，摸一摸自己的米桶，以便对没有复习到位的知识点及时查漏补缺。另外还要做一下近几年的真题，通过真题，我们可以把握住考试的题型，以及常考的和重要的知识点，哪些题目今年已经考过，对考试的题目做一个估计和预测，对可能要考的题目将做重点复习，该背的要背，该记的要记，不要认为这个知识点已经考过，不会再考，存在侥幸心理，有好多同学等到考试结果出来时五十多分才后悔莫及，因为同一个知识点可以变换不同的题型，这就是差之毫厘，失之千里的结果。
自考贵在坚持，要有恒心和毅力，不要三天打鱼，二天晒网。有人说自考难，其实是没有正确处理好各门课程之前的关系和一个行之有效的学习方法。以上是我的一些具体的自考心得，虽然对各位自考朋友可能不完全适用，说起来容易，可
真正做起来有些难，不足之处还请各位指出。最后也忠心希望天下所有为了一个共同目标而拼搏的自考生朋友都能心想事成，美梦成真！
自考如何合理安排一年中的四次考试
1、合理安排考试计划，优先安排考试次数少的科目。
有些科目是与其他科目有冲突的，这时候就要优先安排一年中考试次数最少的科目，否则很可能会耽误毕业，所以很多时候，我是建议先考专业课的，因为专业课程有些一年只考一次或两次，不像公共课，每个考期都可以考，所以先考专业课，然后公共课插缝安排，才是尽早毕业的保证。
2、先报名，如果通过了，就可以不去考试了。
有些同学考试的科目，下一期还可以报名，又拿不准是否能通过，如果经济不是很紧张的话，大可以把这科目报上，到时候上一期的成绩出来，如果通过了，就可以不用去参加下一期的考试了。而且不用担心，自考的成绩可以保留很多次，不好的成绩不会把好成绩冲掉的。
3、估量上次的考试结果，决定要报考的科目。
有些同学像根据上一次的通过情况酌量增减报考科目，在第一次考试的同学中这种情况尤其常见，我的建议是一般而论，自考的报考科目在3-4门比较适中，每次如果报1-2门，可能需要多年才能完成学业。而报名一般都是在上次考完之后才会报名，同学们可以根据自己的考试情况，去判断是否可以通过，比较常见的方法是，回忆考试的题目，翻书检查自己的答案是否正确，选择题因为不容易记忆，可以就按平均分计算，文字题几乎都可以在书上找到，计算题可以与同学对一下答案。
第三篇：企业文化杂项概念解读
第一章
企业文化导论
1．构成企业文化的五大要素是：
1）企业环境
2）价值观
3）英雄模范
4）典礼和仪式
5）文化网络
2．古典管理理论：韦伯的行政组织理论、法约尔的管理要素与管理职能理论
韦伯的行政组织理论，主要反应在他的《社会组织与经济组织理论》一书中，是企业文化理 论的萌芽。法约尔于1916年出版了《工业管理和一般管理》一书，使萌芽状态的企业管理 理论得到了进一步发展。
3．行为科学理论 1）梅奥的社会人假说
梅奥提出以下假说： 1.企业员工是社会人，而不仅仅是经纪人。
2.企业中存在着非正式组织。
3.作为一种新型的企业领导，其能力体现在于提高员工的满足程度，以提高员工的气势，从 而提高劳动生产率。
2)麦格雷戈的 X-Y理论
X理论认为多数人天生懒惰，逃避工作，没有抱负。必须实行强迫命令的管理措施。
Y理论认为一般人并不讨厌工作，愿意对工作负责，并有相当的想象力和创造才能。可以通过满足员工爱的需要、尊重的需要和自我实现的需要使个人和组织目标融合一直，达到提高 生产率的目的。
3）马斯洛的需要层次理论
他在《人类动机的理论》等著作中，提出了著名的“人类需要层次论”。1）生理需要 2）安全需要 3）社交需要 4）尊重需要
5）自我实现需要
4)超Y理论与发展过程理论提倡应因不同的情况选择采取 X或Y理论来进行管理。并且根据员工从不成熟走向成熟过程中的不同的发展阶段采取不同管理理论来管理。5）激励理论
工作绩效=f（能力X激励）
1）双因素理论：工资、职务保障、良好的工作条件和认识关系等属于保健因素，没有这种因素将引起许多不满。但具有这种因素只能消除不满，不能引起满意感和调动积极性。工作本身及其发展前途、成就、得到赏识、赋予责任等从属于激励因素，有了这种因素就会有 满意感和积极性，没有这种因素就没有满意感和积极性，但不会引起很大的不满。2）ERG理论：所谓ERG就是生存、关系、和成长需要的简称。
3）成就需要理论：美国学者麦克里兰及其学生于20世纪50年代提出的。他们认为人有两类：一类是高成就需要者，另一类则不是。
4）强化理论：正强化，负强化，自然消退，惩罚。
5）期望理论：美国心理学家弗鲁姆1964年提出。激励力量=效价X期望值。
效价是企业目标达到后，对个人有何价值及其大小的主观估计。期望值是关于达到企业目标的可能性大小，以及企业目标达到后月线个人要求可能性大小的主观估计。这两种估计在实践过程中会不断修正和变化，发生“感情调整”。管理者的任务就是要使这种调整有利于达到最大的激发力量。因为，期望理论是过程型激励理论。
6）公平理论：美国心理学家亚当斯1956年提出了报酬公平理论。
报酬过高或过低，都会使员工心理上紧张不安。报酬过高时，计时工资制的员工会以提高产 量，改进质量来消除自身的不公平感，计件制的员工会降低产量提高质量；报酬过低时，计 时制员工会同时用降低产量和质量的办法来消除不公平感，计件制员工会以降低质量，增加 产量的办法来维持收入。6)群体理论
1）四要素及八要素论（2）群体动理论（3）敏感性训练理论
4．现代管理理论“丛林”
管理丛林阶段的主要代表学派
1）西蒙的决策理论：决策贯穿于管理的各个方面和全部过程，是全部管理活动的中心。
第二章
企业文化的基本理论
1．企业文化的定义：企业文化是企业中形成的文化观念、历史传统、共同监制观念、道德 规范、行为准则等企业的意识形态，对提升企业竞争力，推动企业发展起着重大作用。2．
.企业文化的本质：
企业文化是一种从事经济活动的组织之中形成的组织文化。它所包含 的价值观念、行为准则等意识形态和物质形态均为该组织成员所共同认可。．
约翰科特企业文化定义：
一个企业中各个部门至少是企业高层管理者们所共同拥有的那 些企业价值观念和经营实践。
指企业中一个分部的各个职能部门或地处不同地理环境的 部门所拥有的那种共通的文化现象。．
沙音企业文化定义：企业文化是在企业中寻求生存的竞争“原则”，是新员工要被企业
所录用必须掌握的“内在规则”。．
阿伦肯尼迪企业文化定义： 是指
“价值观、英雄人物、习俗仪式、文化网络、企业环境”。（5 要素）．
企业文化的意义：一方面保证企业的生存，使企业组织具备不断改进的能力，提高企业 竞争力；另一方面是为了实现个人与工作的融合，使人们在工作中体会生命的意义。．
企业文化的功能：）
导向功能：就是对企业的领导和员工具有导向的作用。体现在经营哲学价值观念的指导 和企业目标的指引。）
约束功能：主要通过完善管理制度和道德规范来实现。表现在有效的规章制度和道德规 范的约束。）
凝聚功能（辐射）
：企业文化以人为本、尊重人的感情在企业中造成了一种团结友爱相 互信任的和睦气氛，强化了团体的意识，使企业员工之间形成了强大的凝聚力和向心力。）
激励功能：企业的共同价值观念都感到自己的存在和行为的价值。自我价值的实现是人 最高精神需求的满足，这种满足必将形成强大的激励。．
企业伦理即正确的价值排序，它是企业生存和生命的本质。．
定性分析法内容：以美国麻省理工学院的沙因教授为代表的定性化研究流派，他们对企 业文化的概念和深层结构进行了系统探讨，也曾提出进行现场观察、现场访谈以及对企 业文化评估的步骤等，但这种方法难以客观量化，在考察企业文化和经营业业绩时难以 进行比较研究。10 ．
定量分析法内容：以密西根大学工商管理学院奎恩教授为代表的定量化研究流派，他们认为，企业文化可以通过一定的特征和不同的维度进行研究，并提出了组织文化模 型测量、评估和诊断学说，后被学术界称为“现象学”流派。．
企业文化的内容： 1）企业经营哲学）价值观念）企业精神）4）企业道德 5）
团体意识 6）企业形象 7）企业制度．
企业文化的内涵： 1)是一种管理文化）是一种组织文化）是一种经济文化．
企业文化对增强企业竞争力的具体表现为：）
企业文化能凝聚员工队伍 2）企业文化能调动员工积极性有激励作用）企业
文化有助于员工形成共同理念，实现自我约束）企业文化有助于塑造企业形 象）企业文化可以使企业持久的发展 6）良好的企业文化可以留住人才．
企业文化建设的原则：）
企业文化建设的一般原则）
培育共同价值的观念）
构塑企业精神）
确立正确的经营哲学）
企业形象设计
第三章
企业文化研究的发展历程．
约翰克特文化三类型：）
强力型企业文化：指每一个经理都具有一系列基本一致的共同价值观念和经营方法。）
策略合理型企业文化：企业中不存在抽象的好的企业文化，也不存在任何放之四海皆准 的、适应所有企业的“克敌制胜”的企业文化。）
灵活适应型企业文化：认为只有那些能够使企业适应市场经营环境变化，并在这一适应 过程中领先于其他企业的企业文化才会较长时间与企业经营业绩相互联系。．.迪尔和肯尼迪把企业文化分为四种类型：强人文化；拼命干、尽情玩文化；攻坚文化； 过程文化。
第四章
企业精神文化．
.企业精神文化，是指企业在生产经营过程中，受一定的社会文化背景、意识形态影响而
长期形成的一种精神成果和文化观念。．
企业价值观：是指企业在追求经营成功过程中所推崇的基本信念和奉行的目标。．
企业精神：是现代意识与企业个性相结合的一种群体意识。企业精神是企业全体员工共 同一致、彼此共鸣的内心态度、意志状况和思想境界。．
企业精神文化的作用：大大提高员工主动承担责任和修正个人行为的自觉性，从而主动 地关注企业的前途，维护企业的声誉，为企业贡献自己的全部力量。．
精神文化建设原则：以人为本的企业价值观。参与、协作、奉献的企业精神。以市场为 导向的经营哲学。．
企业价值观的培育是一个由服从，经过认同，最后达到内化的过程。服从是在培育的初 期，通过某种外部作用（如人生观教育）使企业中的成员被动的接受某种价值观念，并 以此来约束自己的思想和行为；认同是收外界影响（如模范人物的感召）而自觉地接受 某种价值观念，但对这一观念未能真正的理解和接受； 内化不仅是自愿的接受某种观念，而且对它的正确性有真正的理解，并按照这一价值观念自觉地约束自己的思想和行为。．
企业精神与企业价值观的关系：价值观是企业精神的前提，企业精神是价值观的几种体 现。价值观具有分散性和内隐性，是信念和追求。企业精神是外露的，容易被人们所感 觉。企业价值观和企业精神共同构成了企业文化的核心。
第五章
企业制度文化．
企业制度文化的范围：企业领导体制、企业组织结构、企业管理制度．
企业领导体制。在企业制度文化中，领导体制影响着企业组织机构的设置，制约着企业 管理的各个方面。所以，企业领导体制是企业制度文化的核心内容。．
企业组织机构：
是指企业为了有效实现企业目标而筹划建立的企业内各组成部分及其关 系。组织机构形式的选择，必须有利于企业目标的实现。．
企业管理制度：是企业为求得最大效益，在生产管理实践活动中制定的各种带有强制性 义务，并能保障一定权利的各项规定或条例。它作为员工行为规范的模式，能使员工个 人的活动得以合理进行，同时又称为维护员工共同利益的一种强制手段。．
企业制度文化建设的原则： 1）统一、协调、通畅的企业领导体制。2）组织机构形式的
选择，必须有利于企业目标的实现。3）优秀企业文化的管理制度必然是科学、完善、实用的管理方式的体现。．
企业制度文化与企业精神文化衔接（应用）：企业制度文化是一定精神文化的产物，它
必须适应精神文化的要求。制度文化又是精神文化的基础和载体，并对企业精神文化起 反作用。．
企业文化的特点：企业文化具有中介性，它是精神与物质的中介。企业文化还具有规范 性，是一种来自员工自身以外的、带有强制性的约束，它规范着企业的每一个人。
第六章
企业行为文化．
.企业家行为的意义：一个企业总体上的谋划、策略，就要靠统帅——企业家来担任。企 业家的决策行为与企业命运是休戚相关的。．
企业家精神：他们善于创新。干实事不空谈；有领导能力，有丰富的想象力、判断能力 和坚韧的意志；有监督和管理的才能；有丰富的业务知识，善于把握时机，做出具有战 略意义的重大决策和创新。他们目光远大，不斤斤计较眼前利润，而是注重于对整个企 业发展的全局性设想。．
模范人物的行为意义：企业模范个体的行为标准是，卓越的体现企业价值观和企业精神 的某个方面和企业的理想追求相一致。．
群体行为的意义：企业员工是企业的主体，企业员工的群体行为决定企业整体的精神风 貌和企业文明的程度，因此，企业员工群体行为的塑造是企业文化建设的重要组成部分。．
企业行为文化建设障碍分析：）
企业行为的规范：包括企业的社会责任和义务。）
企业人际关系的规范：员工的一言一行、一举一动。）
企业公关策划及其规范：树立企业形象）
服务行为规范：服务质量
第七章
企业物质文化．
企业物质文化内容：
首要内容是企业生产的产品和提供的服务； 其次是企业的生产环境、企业建筑、企业广告、企业包装与设计等。．
企业产品与企业服务区别：
企业产品是指人们向市场提供的能满足消费者或用户某种需
求的任何有形产品和无形服务。有形产品包括产品实体及其品质、特色、式样、品牌和 包装；无形服务包括可以给买主带来附加利益和心理上的满足感及信任感的售后服务、保证、产品形象、销售者声誉等。．
物质文化建设的原则）
遵循品质文化的规范）
遵循技术审美原则）
遵循客户愉悦原则．.企业品牌建设与企业文化的关系：
1)品牌力的塑造要靠企业文化的支撑。2)品牌本身是一个具有文化属性的概念，文化是品牌识别固有的一面，它是品牌的主要动力。
品牌文化的而建立与运营离不开企业文化的支持和依托。品牌的物质基础是产品，品牌的精
神基础是企业文化。企业文化的是品牌的灵魂。．.企业品牌文化建设：
品牌文化主要是企业销售的环节上建立起来的，主要面向企业外部，主体是物或可物话的存在。在总结市场竞争状况、自身产品状况、消费者因素的基础上精心 策划的。
在激烈竞争的市场中，给产品一个明确而独特的定位，塑造鲜明独特的形象，与消
费群体的性格、年龄、消费习惯等因素相吻合。．企业文化与品牌之间的关系两者的建设都是缓慢持久的，企业经营管理的点滴都会影响到建设的质量。
2)企业文化与品牌是企业核心竞争力形成的必要因素，但是企业文化强调内部，包含了价值
观和管理的范畴，而品牌强调外部效应，基本属于经营的范畴。）企业文化是品牌价值是实现的手段和保证。
4）品牌是文化的载体，文化凝结在品牌中。
第八章
企业文化发展与传播．
.企业文化建设的阻力：（p.220-222））
企业文化建设的外在环境：
影响企业文化的宏观环境包括社会政治制度、国家经济状况、国家科技发展水品、民族文化传统、自然地理条件。）
企业文化建设的内在环境：企业文化建设的内在制约性是多方面的。如员工工作队伍、技术装备、原材料、经营管理素质等。
第九章
企业文化比较研究．
美国企业文化特点：美国的企业文化以个人主义为核心。以个人主义为特点的企业文化 缺乏共同的价值观念，企业的价值目标和个人的价值目标是不一致的，企业以严密的组 织结构、严格的规章制度来管理员工，以追求企业目标的实现。职工仅把企业看成是实 现个人目标和自我价值的场所和手段。2 ．
日本企业文化特点：日本文化以和亲一致的团队精神为特点。使企业强调合作反对个人 主张和内部竞争。
权利和责任划分不很明确，集体决策，一旦出了问题不归咎责任责任。实行终身雇佣，年功序列工资制。．
中国企业文化特点：实行经济体制改革以后，传统计划经济体制逐步转换为社会主义市 场经济体制。现代企业制度的建立，为建立有中华民族特色的企业文化创造了有利的政 治法律环境，企业文化建设取得了明显成效。
第十章
企业形象设计导论
企业形象与企业文化的差异：
第十一章
企业理念识别设计
第十二章
企业行为识别设计
第十三章
企业视觉识别设计
第十四章
企业形象战略策划
什么事企业文化？
广义：是指企业在经营过程中所创造的具有本企业特色的物质财富和精神财富的总和
狭义：是指企业在发展过程中形成的具有企业特色的思想意识、价值观和行为习惯，企业文化的作用？
答： 1 塑造人的作用向导作用约束作用激励作用辐射作用阻抑作用企业文化理论产生的标志
答：
1981-1982 年期间美国管理学界出现了名著《 z 理论---美国企业界怎么样迎接日本的挑 战》、《日本企业的管理艺术》 《企业文化 —
现代企业的精神支柱》 《寻找优势 —
美国成功公司 的经验》企业文化的构成内容是什么？
答：
是企业为了求得最大效益，在生产管理实践活动中制定的各种带有强制义务，并能保障
一定权利的各项规定或条例什么是企业精神？企业精神建设应该做好哪些工作 / 答：
是指一个企业中大多数乃至全体职工共同一致。彼此共鸣的内心态度、意志状态、思想
境界和理想追求
答：什么事职业道德？职业道德规范的主要内容有哪些？
答：
是人们在职业性活动中所表现出来的哪些与其职业的社会责任、义务相和谐，与其事业
发展要求相一致的道德情感、道德品质及道德行为
答：是忠于职守
质量第一
对用户负责
顾全大局
团结协作
安全生产
对社会负责什么是企业制度文化其主要包括哪些内容？
答：是一种约束企业和员工行为的规范性德文化
企业领导体制
企业组织文化
企业管理制度什么是企业价值文化？它的核心内容和构成层次？
答：是指企业在追求经营成功过程中所推崇的基本信念和奉行的目标
答：核心内容：以人为中心
以关心人
爱护人的人本思想为向导简述企业管理文化模式
答：什么是企业物质文化？
答：是由企业中得人创造的产品和各种物质设施构成的器物文化，表现为在企业生产
管理
销售
生活
娱乐诸方面的环境
设施等物质要素企业文化公告的特征有哪些并举例说明？
答： 1 真实性艺术性
什么是企业形象？企业形象有哪些种类？
答：
是指企业内外对企业的整体感觉、印象和认知，包括公众形象
公众态度
公众舆论三 个层次
种类： 1 正面企业形象和负面企业形象
内在企业形象和外在企业形象直接企业形象和 简介企业形象
主导企业形象和辅助企业形象企业形象和企业识别的关系
答：企业识别和企业形象是因果关系什么是企业识别系统？有哪些要素构成？
答什么是 MI ？它的构成要素？
答： MI 《理念识别》是指能够指导企业行为并具有企业哲学内涵的死刑意识形态
要素： 1 价值观企业精神企业使命 4 经营宗旨企业作风行为准则什么是 BI? 它的主要内容？
答： BI 《行为识别》是在企业理念识别的基础上，对企业行为的规范和统一。
主要内容： 1 是对内企业行为活动 2 对外企业行为活动什么是 VI ？它的构成要素有哪些？
答： VI 《视觉识别》是企业形象的静态表现，是一种具体化、视觉化的企业形象表达方式
答： 1 视觉识别系统的基本要素
视觉识别的应用要素举例一个企业或组织的 VI 设计并分析它的特点？
答试述中美企业文化的区别？
答：中国企业文化的内容有哪些？需要如何改进？
答：
以下是单项选择题，请会做的朋友帮我做一下，我对一下答案！谢谢
1．公司的奠基者和创始人通常被称为（）
A．共生英雄
B．造就的英雄
C．情势英雄
D．全能英雄
2．下列选项中不属于理念识别的功能的有（）
A．激励功能
B．共识功能
C．向导功能
D．凝聚功能
3．重视团队精神的发挥是下列哪个国家的企业文化（）
A．美国
B．法国
C．日本
D．德国
4．不是塑造良好企业形象应该坚持的原则（）
A．共识性原则
B．整体性原则
C．战略性原则
D．个性化原则
5．“人生来就以自我为中心，漠视组织的需要“的观点是属于（）
A．Y理论
B．X理论
C．超Y理论
D．Z理论
6．突出个人能力和强调理性主义，是哪个国家的企业文化之特征（）
A．美国
B．欧洲
C．日本
D．中国
7．不为各种荣誉所动心，不为各种仕途所吸引，只求办实业。这是企业家应具备的哪种基本素质和能力？（）
A．基本职业追求
B．基本职业修养
C．基本职业意识
D．基本职业能力
8．哪项不是建设企业文化的基本原则有（）
A．亲密原则
B．共识原则
C．统一原则
D．绩效原则
9．”别具一格，勇于创新”体现了塑造良好企业形象的什么原则？（）
A．个性化原则
B．整体性原则
C．系统性原则
D．战略性原则
10．VI的含义是（）
A．企业形象识别系统
B．企业理念识别系统
C．企业行为识别系统
D．企业视觉识别系统
11．以下不属于企业文化的本质特征的是（）
A．非强制性
B．个异性
C．相对稳定性
D．社会性
12．下面哪项不是企业文化传播应遵循的规律？（）
A．同构易播规律
B．整体传播规律
C．异体传播规律
D．异构传播规律
13．BI的含义是（C）
A．企业形象识别系统
B．企业理念识别系统
C．企业行为识别系统
D．企业视觉识别系统
14．从企业文化管理角度来看，下面哪项不是企业文化的内容？（A．企业价值观
B．企业精神
C．企业激励
D．企业形象
15．“企业的办公室里洁净、井然有序”反应了企业文化氛围里的（A．感情氛围
B．制度氛围
C．物质氛围
D．办公氛围
16．“不自由，毋宁死“的价值观反应了欧洲国家文化的哪个特征？（A．追求精神自由
B．人文主义
C．强调理性与科学
D．追求民主精神
17．美国文化最突出的特点是（））））
A．个人主义
B．自由、平等精神
C．实用主义
D．冒险、开拓和创新精神
18．一个企业的成功首先取决于正确的经营理念，这一点反映了理念识别的什么功能（）
A．向导功能
B．制约功能
C．凝聚功能
D．激励功能
19．正面哪一种不是企业环境的特性（）
A．稳定性
B．不确定性
C．复杂性
D．简单性
20．“加强质量管理“体现了我国近代民族资本企业的哪种精神（）
A．实业报国
B．服务社会
C．“人和“精神
D．严细精神
我来帮他解答
读书的好处
1、行万里路，读万卷书。
2、书山有路勤为径，学海无涯苦作舟。
3、读书破万卷，下笔如有神。
4、我所学到的任何有价值的知识都是由自学中得来的。——达尔文
5、少壮不努力，老大徒悲伤。
6、黑发不知勤学早，白首方悔读书迟。——颜真卿
7、宝剑锋从磨砺出，梅花香自苦寒来。
8、读书要三到：心到、眼到、口到
9、玉不琢、不成器，人不学、不知义。
10、一日无书，百事荒废。——陈寿
11、书是人类进步的阶梯。
12、一日不读口生，一日不写手生。
13、我扑在书上，就像饥饿的人扑在面包上。——高尔基
14、书到用时方恨少、事非经过不知难。——陆游
15、读一本好书，就如同和一个高尚的人在交谈——歌德
16、读一切好书，就是和许多高尚的人谈话。——笛卡儿
17、学习永远不晚。——高尔基
18、少而好学，如日出之阳；壮而好学，如日中之光；志而好学，如炳烛之光。——刘向
19、学而不思则惘，思而不学则殆。——孔子
20、读书给人以快乐、给人以光彩、给人以才干。——培根
第四篇：基本能力测试-杂项
一：
1、体育运动的宗旨：竞争、合作、友谊、和平
2、怎样做一个文明的观众：（至少答三点）
1）语言文明，不可口出恶言脏语，谩骂、攻击他人。2）对双方的运动员的精彩表演都给予支持与喝彩，3）支持理解裁判的工作，4）保持好场地的卫生，不乱扔垃圾。等等
3、京剧形成时间是在1840年前后，有200多年的历史，盛行于20世纪三、四十年代，有“国剧”之称，是中国的国粹之一。经国务院批准被列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产。
（昆曲、古琴、呼麦—第一批、木卡姆、蒙古长调——第三批）
4、京剧的角色有：生（男人）、旦（女人）、净（威猛的男人，别称“大花脸”）、丑（男女皆有，别称“小花脸”）
5、四大徽班：三庆、四喜、和春、春台；四大名旦：梅兰芳、尚小云、程砚秋、荀慧生
6、高锟是光纤之父，被授予2009年诺贝尔物理奖。光纤的制作材料是：二氧化硅
7、“山顶有泉，煮米不成饭”——山顶气压低，水的沸点低，所以煮不熟饭；“小孔成像”——光的直线传播；“潭清疑水浅”——光的折射现象。另外还有：彩虹、清水中的筷子两截、眼镜、肥皂泡的五颜六色，放大镜等；“海市蜃楼”——光的全反射。沙漠蜃景也是全反射。
8、中国有许多地方剧种，如广东的粤剧、河南的豫剧、山东的吕剧、浙江的越剧、安徽的黄梅戏、四川的川剧、河北的评剧、山西的晋剧、陕西的秦腔。
昆曲源于江苏昆山，是现今中国现存最古老的戏曲形态，被联合国教科文组织命名为“人类口述遗产和非物质遗产代表作”。
9、民歌的体裁有：劳动号子、山歌、小调、儿歌、风俗歌。西北民歌最具代表性的是“花儿”（青海）、“信天游”（陕西），蒙古民歌最有代表性的是：长调和短调，呼麦又称“蒙古喉音”，是一种古老的歌唱方式，是蒙古国宝级的艺术，在全世界独一无二，列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产名录。
10、广东音乐的主奏乐器是：高胡和扬琴。江南丝竹使用的乐器有：二胡、扬琴、笛、箫、笙、小三弦等，蒙古的乐器代表是：马头琴，新疆的是：弹拨尔，西藏的是扎木聂。
11、酸性食物和碱性食物并不是以口感或PH值来划分，而是以主要成分来划分，如果主要成份是P、S、Cl元素，最终代谢产物就是酸，被称为酸性食物，如各种肉类、蛋、谷类、油、酒、糖；如果主要成份是Na、K、Ca、Mg等元素，最终代谢产物就是碱，被称为碱性食物，如蔬菜、水果（高糖的除外）、海藻、坚果、发过芽的谷类和豆类、茶叶、牛奶。
12、人体的七大营养素：蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素、矿物质、水、膳食纤维。
13、全运会的口号是什么？“和谐中国，全民全运”
14、全运会的吉祥物“泰山童子”，有什么吉祥寓意？寓意：以泰山石为核心，有国泰民安的寓意。四喜人，这里是四个孩子
15、全运会会徽以“和谐山东，活力山东”命名，寓意此次全运会将是一次“团结、和谐、圆满”的体育盛会。以11个“竞技人形”为主要构成元素。寓意：造型语言借鉴中国传统吉祥饰物“四喜人”的手法；会徽整体图形创意还融合了中国传统纹样“同心结”的概念，寓意此次全运会将是一次“团结、和谐、圆满”的体育盛会！
四喜人实际上是一种民间美术造型，这种造型采用的是共用形，它是用几何中的形与形的部分重合和借用来造型。四喜:久与旱逢甘雨，他乡遇故知，洞房花烛夜，金榜挂名时
16、全运会火炬“如意”，外形由中国传统吉祥物件“如意 ”演变而来，取“如意和谐，吉祥美好”之寓意。
二、1、京剧形成时间是在1840年前后，有200多年的历史，盛行于20世纪三、四十年代，有“国剧”之称，是中国的国粹之一。经国务院批准被列入第一批国家级非物质文化遗产。
2、京剧的角色有：生（男人）、旦（女人）、净（威猛的男人，别称“大花脸”）、丑（男女皆优，别称“小花脸”）
3、四大徽班：三庆、四喜、和春、春台；四大名旦：梅兰芳、尚小云、程砚秋、荀慧生1
补充知识三：物理
1、高锟光纤通讯、电机工程专家；光纤之父，前香港中文大学校长，1996年当选中国科学院外籍院士。被授予2009年诺贝尔物理奖。光纤的制作材料是：二氧化硅
2、“山顶有泉，煮米不成饭”——山顶气压低，水的沸点低，所以煮不熟饭。
“小孔成像”——光的直线传播
“潭清疑水浅”——光的折射现象。另外还有：彩虹、清水中的筷子两截、眼镜、肥皂泡的五颜六色，放大镜等。
“海市蜃楼”——光的全反射。沙漠蜃景也是全反射。
补充知识四：音乐
1、中国有许多地方剧种，如广东的粤剧、河南的豫剧等。下面选项中有山东地方特色的剧种是：
1）越剧、2）吕剧、3）黄梅戏4）评剧
2、民歌的体裁有：劳动号子、山歌、小调、儿歌、风俗歌。西北民歌最具代表性的是“花儿”、“信天游”，蒙古民歌最有代表性的是：长调和短调。
3、广东音乐的主奏乐器是：高胡和扬琴。江南丝竹使用的乐器有：二胡、扬琴、笛、箫、笙、小三弦等，蒙古的乐器代表是：马头琴，新疆的是：弹拨尔、补充知识五：饮食
1、体育锻炼后你应该多吃豆腐及豆制品、蔬菜、水果等碱性食物，以消除体内过剩的乳酸，缓解疲劳。而鸡蛋、鱼、肉等属于酸性食物。注意带酸味的食物并非是酸性食物。，如柑、橘、杏、山楂等是很好的碱性食物。
2、人体的七大营养素：蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、维生素、矿物质、水、膳食纤维。
1、全运会的口号是什么？“和谐中国，全民全运”
2、全运会的吉祥物“泰山童子”，有什么吉祥寓意？寓意：以泰山石为核心，有国泰民安的寓意。
3、全运会会徽以“和谐山东，活力山东”命名，寓意此次全运会将是一次“团结、和谐、圆满”的体育盛会。以11个“竞技人形”为主要构成元素。会徽的创意有哪些？
寓意：造型语言借鉴中国传统吉祥饰物“四喜人”的手法；会徽整体图形创意还融合了中国传统纹样“同心结”的概念，寓意此次全运会将是一次“团结、和谐、圆满”的体育盛会！
4、全运会火炬“如意”，外形由中国传统吉祥物件“如意 ”演变而来，取“如意和谐，吉祥美好”之寓意。
补充知识一：体育与健康
1、体育和音乐本质上都追求美与和谐，都有“节奏”和“运动”等特征。第一部与体育直接相关的音乐作品是：近代奥地利作曲家施梅尔策于1667年创作的《马上芭蕾》，这一作品改编后在1976年奥运会上用作马术比赛的伴奏曲。有音乐伴奏的运动项目还有：艺术体操、花样游泳等。
2、现代奥运会之父——顾拜旦
补充知识二：京剧
1、京剧的唱腔：西皮和二黄。
西皮——表现欢快、坚毅、愤懑的情绪；如：《都有一颗红亮的心》、《看大王在帐中和衣睡稳》； 二黄——表现沉郁、肃穆、激昂的情绪，如《穷人的孩子早当家》、《雄心壮志冲云天》
2、京剧的伴奏叫做“场面”，分“武场”和“文场”。武场的伴奏是打击乐器部分，主要配合身段表演；文场的伴奏是管弦乐器部分，主要为唱腔伴奏。
补充知识三：物理
1、宇宙飞船在太空失重的环境下，与重力有关的测量仪器不能使用，如：体重计、天平、压强计、弹簧测力计测重力、密度计等；可以使用仪器有：温度计、刻度尺、放大镜、电流表、电压表等。
2、宇宙速度：
第一宇宙速度：7.9千米/秒，物体绕地球运行的最低速度。
第二宇宙速度：是指物体达到11.2千米/秒的运动速度时能摆脱地球引力束缚的一种速度。第三宇宙速度：物体的运动速度达到16.7千米/秒就可以摆脱太阳引力的束缚飞出太阳系。补充知识四：音乐
1、藏族音乐分为民间音乐、宗教音乐、宫廷音乐三大类。藏族的代表乐器：扎木聂。
西藏民歌《宗巴朗松》是具有典型的囊玛音调的歌舞曲。
2、呼麦是一种由一个人同时唱两个声部的歌唱艺术，是蒙古族人民的特有一种民间唱法。
3、歌剧是一种将、、、等融为一体的综合性艺术。
A、音乐、戏剧、文学、舞蹈、美术B、音乐、戏曲、文学、舞蹈、灯光
补充知识五：饮食
1、人体矿物质缺乏易产生的疾病：缺铁——贫血，缺碘——甲状腺肿大（粗脖子病），缺钙——一骨折。
2、人体维生素缺乏易产生的疾病：维生素A——夜盲症、皮肤干燥、干眼病
维生素B——脚气病、贫血，维生素C——败血症，维生素D——佝偻病，维生素E——肌萎缩、神经麻木等
3、健康三要素：运动、营养、睡眠。
补充知识一：体育与健康
1、民族传统体育项目：武术
2、民间传统体育项目：汉族——舞狮舞龙，蒙古族——摔跤、赛马叼羊，壮族——抢花炮、板鞋朝鲜族——秋千、跳板
3、运动导致踝关节扭伤的处理办法：先马上用冰块外敷或冷水冲洗，再用绷带加压包扎，抬高患肢；24小时后才能用伤药火热敷、理疗、按摩等。
补充知识二：京剧
1、京剧的脸谱象征人物性格：红脸——忠义仁义，如关羽；黑脸——直爽刚毅，勇猛而智慧，如包拯、张飞、李逵；白脸——奸诈之人，如曹操、赵高；黄脸——示人物之骁勇凶暴，如宇文成都、典韦；兰色脸——刚强阴险，如窦尔敦；绿色——勇猛、莽撞
2、世界三大古老的戏剧文化：希腊的悲喜剧、印度的梵剧、中国的戏曲。
补充知识三：科学知识
1、氢气被认为是未来理想的燃料。你认为倾其作为理想的燃料的优点是因为：1）原料来源丰富且价廉，2）生成物是水，不污染环境，3）热值高
2、为了使空调能够发挥更好的作用，夏天开空调风叶应该向 上(上、下)，冬天开空调风叶应该向下(上、下)，这是利用了空气的对流的原理。
3、我国生产的电视机品牌、型号众多，但所有的电视机使用的交流额定电压都是220伏，频率是50赫兹，这说明了设计要符合技术规范的原则
补充知识四：音乐
1、由聂耳作曲，田汉作词的《义勇军进行曲》在1949年我国第一届全国政治协商会议上决定成为中华人民共和国国歌。
2、各种乐器的代表曲目：笛子——《五梆子》，唢呐——《百鸟朝凤》，古琴——《流水》、《广陵散》、《梅花三弄》，古筝——《渔舟唱晚》，二胡——《二泉映月》
补充知识五：美术
1、中国画三大科按独立出现的先后顺序是：人物画、山水画、花鸟画。中国画是融诗文、书法、篆刻、绘画于一体的综合艺术。
2、我国四大木版年画及其生产基地：天津——杨柳青年画，山东——杨家埠年画，苏州——桃花坞年画，四川——绵竹年画
3、我国书法的演进历史顺序是：陶器文字、甲骨文、金文、小篆、隶书、楷书
一、融雪剂的分类及主要化学成分
1、目前融雪剂主要分为两大类，一类是以醋酸钾为主要成分的有机融雪剂，虽然这一类融雪剂融雪效果好，没有什么腐蚀损害，但它的价格太高，一般只适用于机场等地。而另一类则是氯盐类融雪剂，包括氯化钠、氯化钙、氯化镁、氯化钾等，通称作‘化冰盐’。它的优点是便宜，价格仅相当于有机类融雪剂的1/10，但它对大型公共基础设施的腐蚀是很严重的。
2、融雪剂的工作原理
融雪剂的主要成份是盐，其中氯盐类融雪剂的除雪作用表现在：除了盐类的溶解吸热以外，就是盐水的凝固点较低，因此在雪水中溶解了盐之后就难以再形成冰块，从而有利于排雪；当雪融剂溶于水后，水中离子浓度上升，使水的液相蒸气压下降，但冰的固态蒸气压不变，为达到冰水混和物固液蒸气压等的状态，冰便溶化了。这一原理也很好的解释了盐水不易结冰
3、新型融雪剂
这种新型融雪剂主要成分为氯化钙，与雪结合以后发生反应，使雪融化掉，并且防止结冰。与往年的氯化钠融雪剂不同，新型氯化钙融雪剂对路面和植物产生损害较小
4、危害：
可见溶雪剂主要成分为工业用盐,大量使用会造成土壤盐分过高，导致大量植物死亡,还会因为构成了原电池腐蚀金属设施,破坏桥梁等.大量使用肯定会造成严重危害
二、公民的政治权利和义务：
权力：
1、选举权和被选举权、（中华人民共和国年满十八岁的公民，不分民族、种族、性别、职业、家庭出身、宗教信仰、教育程度、财产状况、居住期限，都有选举权和被选举权，但是依照法律被剥夺政治权利的人除外）
2、政治自由、（中华人民共和国公民有言论、出版、集会、结社、示威的自由）
3、监督权（包括批评权、建议权、检举权、申诉权、控告权）
义务：维护国家的统一和民族团结、遵守宪法和法律、维护国家安全和荣誉、服兵役和参加民兵组织
权利和义务的辩证关系：
公民的权利与义务具有统一性，二者相辅相成。一方面，国家保障公民充分享有和行使权力，使公民真正认识到自己是国家的主人，自觉炉型公民的义务；另一方面公民自觉履行义务。因此，不能把公民的权利和义务对立起来。
三、人民代表大会：人民行使国家权力的最高机关
人民代表大会的制度：民主集中制
四、我国外交：外交政策：独立自主的和平外交政策
外交立场：独立自主外交政策的宗旨：维护世界和平，促进共同发展
基本目标：维护我国的独立和主权，促进世界的和平与发展
对外关系的基本准则：和平共处五项原则（包括相互尊重主权和领土完整、互不侵犯、互不干涉内政、平等互利、和平共处）
五、能源：
1、一次能源和二次能源：由自然界提供的能源叫做一次能源。化石燃料、水能、风能、太阳能等等 由自然界提供的能源转化而来的能源是二次能源，如电能
2、常规能源、新能源
把化石燃料、水流能、风能等人类早就应用的能源叫做常规能源
把核能、太阳能、地热能、潮汐能等新近才开始利用的能源叫做新能源
3、解决能源问题的主要出路：节约常规能源的消耗，开发和利用新能源
补充：
一、人口问题：
我国第五次全国人口普查结果显示，我国总人口为12.9533亿，比10年前增加了1.3亿。0——14岁的少年儿童为28979万人比10年前下降了4.8％。15——64岁的成年人人口为88793万人。65岁以上的老年人口达到8811万人，比10年前上升了1.39％。结果显示我国在二十一世纪上半叶面临的人口问题是：人口增长快、人口老龄化。
到二十一世纪下半叶世界各国所面临的人口问题是：人口老龄化。那时解决发达国家的人口问题可采取的措施是：鼓励生育、接纳移民；解决发展中国家的人口问题可采取的措施是计划生育。
二、城市开发与古建筑保护的建议：
1、精心保护文物古迹
2、对古建筑进行合理改造
3、新建筑与历史环境相协调。
三、全球的十大环境问题：
1、全球变暖
2、臭氧层破坏
3、酸雨
4、生物多样性减少
5、森林锐减
6、土地荒漠化
7、水质污染
8、海洋污染、9、大气污染、10、固体废弃物污染。
四、三大产业的划分：
第一产业：农业（农业、牧业、渔业）
第二产业：工业和建筑
第三产业：
1、流通部门，包括：交通、邮电、商业、饮食业、物资供销等，2、服务部门，包括为生产生活服务的金融，保险公用事业、房地产、信息服务，3、教育、科技、文化产业等。
五、若是购买的物品质量发现问题，维权的方法：
1、要求经销商退货
2、向生产厂家反映
3、向当地消费者协会反映。
六：常见的心理障碍和预防消除办法：
常见的心理障碍有：焦虑、抑郁、神经衰弱、强迫障碍、恐怖障碍。
预防、消除的办法：自我放松、音乐调节、任职调节、系统脱敏、自我暗示、体育锻炼。（参见体育与健康课本第十三章）
七、网络的负面影响：
1、对青少年的人生观、价值观和世界观的形成构成减灾威胁。
2、使一部分青少年沉溺于网络虚拟世界，脱离现实，甚至荒废学业。
3、网络中的不良信息和网络犯罪对强少年的身心健康构成危害。
补充知识
（二）1、两岸三通：
中国大陆与台湾已经实现了“三通”——通邮、通商、通航。“三通”的实现给大陆带来了积极地影响，促进大陆企业不断改进技术和经营管理；优化资源配置，提高经济效益等。
2、日全食与日环食：
2009年7月25日我国境内出现了一种罕见的天文现象——日全食。2010年1月15日，我国境内出现了有出现了日环食。
日食形成的原因是：当月球运行至太阳与地球之间时，对地球上的部分地区来说，月球挡住了太阳的部分或全部光线，看起来好像是太阳的一部分或全部消失了，故名。日食一定发生在朔，即农历初一当日
日环食的本质实际上是因为月球离地球较远，月球的本影不能到达地面而它的延长线经过了地面，而位于月影的本影延长线区域（伪影区）的人们就能看到日环食。发生时太阳的中心部分黑暗，边
缘仍然明亮，形成光环，日环食时，物体的投影有时会交错重叠。如果月球离地球较近，月影本影能到达地面，则本影下的人们看到的是日全食。
如下图：在日食的时候，月亮在地球的影子分为两部分，中心的地区叫做本影，外面的区域叫做半影。只有处在本影在地球上且在区域才能看到日全食；若本影延长线在地球上形成的区域叫伪本影——在伪本影区看到的是日环食；在半影区域的位置能看到日偏食。
日食是因为月球的影子落到地面上，也就是月球挡住了阳光才发生的；而月食是月球进入地球的影子，没有阳光照射到月球上才发生的。所以：
日食是这样的：太阳——月球——地球；
月食是这样的：太阳——地球——月球。
3、科学发展观：
要保持经济又好又快的增长，必须要贯彻落实科学发展观。科学发展观的第一要义是发展，核心是以人为本，基本要求是全面协调可持续，基本要求是统筹兼顾。
4、温家宝总理在十七届四中全会上的政府工作报告中强调：“我们所做的一切都是要让人民生活的更加幸福、更有尊严。”温家宝总理在与网友交流时提及要实现人的尊严必须做到三点：1）国家要保护每个人的自由和人权，2）国家发展的最终目的是为了满足人民群众日益增长的物质文化需求，3）要给人的自由和全面发展创造有利的条件。
5、低碳生活方式：
低碳生活代表着更健康、更自然、更安全，同时也是一种低成本、低代价的生活方式。低碳不仅是企业行为，也是一项符合时代潮流的生活方式。
低碳,（low carbon），意指较低（更低）的温室气体（二氧化碳为主）排放。就是低能量,低消耗的生活方式.简单理解，低碳生活就是返璞归真地去进行人与自然的活动。你列举五种低碳生活方式的具体行为吗？
第五篇：自考综合英语作文
综合英语二 的难句释义 与 作文
Lesson 1: the 9 things the book referred are: Pick a difficult thing and learn it well.挑一件难事，从中学习Donot be afraid to ask “stupid”question.不耻下问 Listen carefully.仔细聆听 Everybody makes mistakes.人非圣贤，孰能无过？ Know your planet.了解你所处的星球 Science and technology.科学与技术 Donot spend your life watching TV.不要终生沉迷在电视上 Culture.文化 Compassion.同情去年十月份综二卷已经考过这课了，故此次可能不会再考有关此课文的问答题。所以要注意此课后面的语法知识。1．主谓一致的三条原则 1）语法一致，即在语法形式上取得一致。2）意义一致，即根据意义来处理一致关系。3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。2．集体名词作主语时与动词的一致 1）当主语为furniture，equipment，machinery等词时，谓语动词通常用单数。2）集体名词如people，cattle，police，poultry，等往往作复数用。3)family, government, class, committee, audience , team, public 等词被视做一个整体时，其后的动词作单数；被视做为构成整体的个体时，其后的动词则为复数。3．并列主语与动词的一致 1）当“名词+名词”表示一种事物时，用单数动词。2）当主语是由and，both „.and 连接的并列结构时，如果主语所指的不是一种事物，动词则用复数形式。3)在又or或 nor连接的并列结构中，动词单、复数形式一般与or 或 nor 后边的名词或代词保持一致。4)not only „ but also 连接的结构做主语时，动词的单、复数形式依据but also 后的名词或代词。留下翻译练习： 出席会议 干的不错 体验苦难 自学英语 发现奇迹 忍住咳嗽 掌握技能 获取知识 需要勇气 丰富生活 接受修正 改正错误 不再指望 作出努力 1.新造的大桥坍塌了，一名工程师和两名地方官员为此受到刑事起诉。2.他工作了一天，午饭都没动。3.经常性的体育运动使学生身体强壮，更好的适应学习，决不是浪费时间。4.在海洋世界公园，海豹和海豚能够表演各种技巧，逗的小观众们乐不可支。5.把快乐建立在别人痛苦之上的人迟早要受到报应的。6.在某些方面，那部新字典有不少地方需要改进。7.当那辆公共汽车冲进路边翻了车时，许多小朋友被困在里边。8.在开幕式上，市政府将为一千多明来宾提供饮食。9.在中国，城市家庭只允许生一个孩子。10.只要我们能得到点休息，去哪里并不重要。1.那位男孩向警察询问去火车站怎么走。2.学习外语没有任何捷径可走。3.获悉我最喜欢的数学老师仍然在那所学校教书我决定去看他。4.这位老工人教育他的子女做人要诚实。5.他问老板那天他是否可以早点离开办公室。6.艰难困苦使我们对我们现有的一切感到满意。7.毕业时他要求到西藏去工作一年。8.我只不过是想关心别人，也希望受到他人的关心，我的要求并不过分。9.聪明人从自己的错误中吸取教训。10.求援是没有用的，因为已经早过了午夜。11.那位科学家教育他的学生说年轻人要面向未来。12.问及她生活的最大乐趣时，她说“学习”。难句释义 lesson 1 Twelve things i wish they taught at school 1.Sometimes I think how grateful i would be today if I had learned more back then about what really matter.有时候，我想那时要是能学点真正重要的东西，今天我会多么地心存感激。2.the only thing I ever learned in school about Napoleons was that the United States made a Louisianna Purchase from him 关于拿破仑，在学校里我所学到的仅仅是美国从他手里买下路易斯安那。3.That's one of the few things that we do better than the other species on our planet.这是我们人类比这个星球上其它物种做得好些的为数有限的几件事中的一件。4.It's much braver to ask questions even when there's a prospect of ridicule than to suppress your questions and become deadened to the world around you.明知会引起嘲笑而提问要比把问题埋在心里、对周围的一切变得麻木不仁要勇挂得多。5.If such a work is hundreds or thousands of years old and is still admired, there is probably something to it.既然一部作品已存在了几百年或是几千年，今天仍然受到赞赏，那么大概它确实是有些名堂。6.Look at the delight a one-or two-year old takes in learning, and you see how powerful is the human will to learn.如果你看到一个一两岁的孩子学做一件事时的乐趣，你就会明白人类学习的意志有多么坚强了。
lesson 2 Icons 1.But what makes some figures icons and others mere celebrities? 究竟是哪些因素使有些人成为偶像，另一些人仅成了名流呢？ 2.With the arrival of television,the faces of the stars became as familiar as those we saw across the breakfast table.电视的出现，使我们对明星的面孔就像像对家里人的面孔那样熟悉。3.This kind of attitude rewards smooth,insincere talk,and makes hesitancy look like stupidity 这种看法结果是鼓励了口若悬河的空话，而把迟疑看成是愚笨。
lesson 3（昨天的）Go-go Americans 1.We are slaves to nothing but the clock.“我们只受时钟的支配，”这是人们的口头禅。2.We want every minute to count.我们想让每一分钟都发挥作用。3.Don't take it personally.但这种表现不是针对个人的。4.Many of us have what might be called“ a short fuse”.我们当中很多人都会很容易“发火”。5.Most Americans live according to time segments laid out in engagement calendars.多数美国人是按照活动日程所制定的时间段来生活的。6.An increasingly high percentage of normal business is being done these days by voice and electronic device.今天通过声音或是电子设施来处理日常公务的比例越来越高。
lesson 4 Take over,Bos'n 1.If i had to shoot at such close quarters, I wouldn't miss.要是我不得不开枪的话，离这么近他们谁也跑不掉。2.As long as we could look forward to getting a drink later, there was something to live for.只要我们一直盼着待会儿还能喝上一口水，我们就有了活下去的目标。3.“Why don't you quit? You can't hold out!” “你干吗不放手？你能坚持到底吗?” 4.Nothing else would have kept Barrett and the rest away from the water.除了枪，别的任何东西也不可能阻止巴雷特和其他人接近那点水。
lesson 5 Are you giving your kids too much? 1.I'm not complaining, only making a point.我并不是抱怨，只是表明一个看法。2.Overindulgence of a child also happens when parents are unable to stand up to their children's unreasonable demands.父母顶不住孩子们的无理要求也就娇惯了孩子。3.Such parents vacillate between saying no and giving in——but neither response seems satisfactory to them.这类家长举棋不定，对孩子们的无理要求，不知道是该回绝还是该满足，觉得这两者都不理想。4.But overindulging children with material things does little to lessen parental guilty 可是过分满足孩子的物质要求并不能减轻家长的内疚感 5.Also, overindulged children are not as challenged as children with fewer playthings to be more creative in their play.还有，玩具太多的孩子在玩的时候不如玩具少的孩子有创造性。6.Rather, my intent is to help those parents who have already sensed that they might be overindulging their children but don't know how to stop.准确地说，我的意图是给那些已经意识到自己娇宠孩子而又不知怎样纠正的家长出点主意。7.It's the cheerfulness and lack of hesitation that impress upon the child that parents mean what they say.这种和颜悦色和毫不犹豫的态度让孩子感到父母说话是算话的。8.For a while they'll keep on applying the old pressures that used to work so well.在一段时间里，他还会采取过去行之有效的施加压力的老办法。
Lesson 6 Culture shock 1.Culture shock is caused by the anxiety that results from losing all our familiar signs and symbls of social intercourse.文化震荡是由因失去社交活动中人们熟悉的标志和信号而引起的忧虑所造成的。2.All of us depend for our peace of mind and our efficiency on hundreds of these cues, often with our conscious awareness.我们每个人都是不自觉地依赖这些成百上千的信号来维持心境的平和及办事效率。3.The home environment suddenly takes on a tremendous importance.To the foreigner everything becomes irrationly glorified.这时在一个刚到外国的人的心目中，自己国家各方面的情况忽然变得无比重要。对他来说家乡的每一件事都变得不合逻辑地美好了。4.It usually takes a trip home to bring one back to reality.只有回国一趟，才能使他们回到现实中来。5.I had the advantage of speaking the same basic language and of sharing a great deal with the English in some broad, cultural aspects.我的优势是与英国人说的是基本相同的语言，在广义的文化渊源方面也与他们有许多共同之处。6.For some people, it may take several days to readjust.depending on the length of time they were away.有些人可能要花上几天的时间来重新适应一切，需要多长时间与他们离开的时间长短有关。translation: 移植器官 接受邀请 拒绝邀请 认真看待 建立关系 坚持原则 更换恋人 兑换货币 社交约会 良好看法 面部表情 职业病 违约（1）医生说病人的病源于孤独和压抑。（2）自从中国实施改革开放政策以来，这个城市的面貌焕然一新。（3）萨拉对18世纪的西班牙音乐并不熟悉。（4）感受文化震荡的外国人常常采取与世隔绝的态度。（5）在头几个月，许多新生难以适应大学生活。（6）芳芳上几个月才到达澳大利亚，已经很快适应了新的环境。（7）在实验中，马丁严格遵守导师定下的规则。（8）只要你努力工作，虚心向别人学习，新上任的压力会逐步消除的。（9）生物学家决定试用那套昂贵的设备。Use concern, notice and take.（1）我注意到她从国外回来以后举止有了很大的改进。（2）第二个问题与孩子们的安全有直接关系，必须立即解决。（3）你注意到林教授的新衣服没有？穿上这套衣服他看起来很帅吧？（4）我想我会接受你的劝告，尽快去看医生。（5）越来越多的中国人关心环保问题。（6）她受伤的那条腿疼的厉害，她只好吃了一片止疼药。（7）我看见他匆匆地离开了晚会。（8）为了能在早上8点之前到达办公室，他只好乘出租车。（9）你有没有注意小王是什么时候离开的？（10）奥林匹克运动会每四年举行一次。（11）带上伞，天看起来要下与。（12）修理这台电视机花了他两个小时的时间。Lesson 7 The model millionaire I 1.He was as popular with men as he was with women, and he had every quality except that of making money.他在男士和女士中间人缘都很好。除了赚钱的才能之外，他别的才艺样样都有。2.At last he became nothing, a delightful, uselese young man with a perfect face and no profession.最后他一事无成，落得没有职业，只有一张完美的脸蛋，成了一个可爱的窝囊废。3.Indeed, few people are not nowadays.现在几乎没有什么人不是画家。（注意作者的讽刺口吻：画家满天飞，到处都是。）4.When Hughie came in he found Trevor putting the finishing touches to a wonderful life-size picture of a beggar-man.当休吉走进去时，他看到特里沃在给一幅和真人一样大小的、精彩的乞丐图进行最后的润饰。5.I tell you that there are moments when art almost reaches the importance of manual work.但说真话，有时艺术与体力活一样重要。6.He looked so miserable that Hughie pitied him, and felt in his pocket to see what money he had.他看起来十分痛苦，休吉怜悯他，伸手摸摸衣兜里有多少钱。实现美梦 大发脾气 失去记忆 寻求安慰 来跟香烟 保持安静 怜悯某人 统制世界 证券交易 等身画像 手工劳动 恶意的玩笑 忧伤的表情 褴褛的衣衫 淡淡的笑容 赚钱 股市 股东（1）模范护士海伦工作既讲效率又有耐心，严格却富有爱心，深受小病人们的喜爱。（2）部队断了粮，只能靠野果和树皮充饥。（3）因售后服务好，奇迹牌洗衣机销路很好。（4）由于那部电影大获成功，它的插曲也很受欢迎。（5）杨教授搬家时，把许多书给了学生。（6）乔治喜欢把自己的过失归咎于别人。（7）仅仅过了半年，他就厌倦了公司职员的工作。（8）我的教授不许我在圣诞节期间在实验室工作。（9）我现在不能作出任何承诺，但是我会考虑这件事的。（10）他破产了，只得求助于朋友的资助。（1）在我桌上我发现了一个寻呼机。是你的吗？（2）平安到达后请给我来个电话。（3）我已经替你找到了一套带有家具的公寓。（4）关于如何改善雇员的工作条件，他们谈了几个小时。（5）你去超市时能帮我买两个柯达胶卷吗？（6）我发现住在乡下是一种很有趣的经历。（7）你得想办法找人把漏水的龙头修好。（8）我到家，发现爷爷在自言自语。（9）老师告诉他他儿子在考试中作弊，他很生气。（10）同事们到达之前，他就把一切都准备好了。（11）医生发现每天喝点酒的人要比那些从不喝酒的人健康。（12）光说没有用，咱们还是开始干吧！
Lesson 8 The model millionaire II（8）当三位世界著名男高音出现在舞台上时，整个音乐厅爆发出掌声。1.do you think he would care for any of them? 你觉得他愿意要几件? 2.you painters are a heartless lot.你们画家真是一帮铁石心肠的人。3.It's a whim of a millionaire.You know these rich men.这当然是百万富翁一时心血来潮的怪念头，你知道这帮阔佬是会做这种事的 4.It never entered my mind that you went about giving money away in that careless manner.我真的没想到你会这样随便乱给别人钱。点燃香烟 装上镜框 一堆旧衣 变成碎片 情绪饱满 自言自语 支付利息 捧腹大笑 真诚道歉 满脸通红 发表演说 搓手 私事（1）愿意和我一起步行上山吗？（2）在地震中，我心爱的瓷瓶从橱柜里掉下来，摔的粉碎。（3）德国人入侵后，我的老师死也不肯再教德文了。（4）在他们父亲的葬礼上，兄弟两个人为死者的钱财争论不休，当众出丑。（5）这份报告第一论点不明确，第二论据也不充分。（6）在他最后的日子里，吉米虽然很虚弱，却依旧情绪饱满。（7）汤姆无意伤害你，他只是实话实说罢了。（8）当三位世界著名男高音出现在舞台上时，整个音乐厅爆发出掌声。（9）在牛津大学当访问学者时，他有幸会见了不少的大科学家。（10）休吉叫了起来：“我绝对没有想到那老模特是个百万富翁。” Use see, tell and show.（1）我看了看四周，但在黑暗里我什么也看不见。（2）他把这些年来所搜集的珍贵邮票拿给朋友们看。（3）我不明白你是什么意思。你为什么不告诉我真相。（4）她教了我好几次怎样使用这台洗衣机，可我总记不住。（5）他告诉我他第二天不能来开会，他要照顾生病的母亲。（6）这家人刚搬到这个镇子来的时候，那位母亲叫孩子们天黑以后不要外出。（7）他坚持把我送到公共汽车总站。（8）下星期天这部电影还要在电视上重播。（9）老师可以看得出吉姆对他的分数不是很高兴。（10）导游把客人们领去看鲁迅出生的那个房间。（11）许多城里人分不清水稻苗和杂草。（12）他摇了摇头，公开表示了他与经理的观点不同。
Lesson 9 Only 3 more days 1.Suddenly,later that morning,the solution became clear.那天上午晚些时候，办法突然明朗了。2.how could these hard-nosed Nazi detectives help but smell out the diaries beneath my broacasts? 那些精明的纳粹侦探怎么可能嗅不出广播稿下面的日记呢? 3.It would give me prestige in his eyes,or at least make me less suspect,foreigner though I was 尽管我是外国人这也会让他对我刮目相看，至少也能减少他对我的猜疑。4.The feared Gestapo,I knew,was really not very efficient.我知道那些令人畏惧的盖世太保并非真的很能干。5.I had only to hold out this one more day,and the whole nightmare for me would be over,though it would go on and on for millions of others.我只要再把这一天忍过去，噩梦就会过去了，可是对于千千万万的人来说，噩梦还要继续下去。取消航班 得到许可 值得一试 以身冒险 盖上印章 如释重负 送报/牛奶 扣押某物 入境签证 出境签证 交通堵塞 个人物品 冲马桶（1）一场隧道大伙使进城的交通中断了近一个星期。（2）我把地图摊在地上，查找去拉萨的路线。（3）通过仔细研究报纸上的广告，小鲍勃察觉出一个大盗窃阴谋。（4）一座桥的倒塌引起地方官员的警觉，并促使他们决定视察所有正在兴建的桥梁。（5）沿路直至山顶，都可以看到美丽的粉红色杜鹃花在盛开。（6）每个人都在关注那个地区形式，看其如何发展。（7）工人们对工厂的糟糕管理和低效率难以容忍。（8）此楼的装修只准在白天进行。（9）他费力的想弄清楚名首字母N。E指的是什么。（10）我来到游泳池，没想到却同一个粗鲁的年轻人争吵起来。Use put, hold and pick.（1）只要付钱，游客们可以在这个公园里自由采摘水果。（2）那位白人妇女右臂抱着一个婴儿，左手提着一个旅行袋。（3）如果你设身处地为他想想，你就会理解他的选择了。（4）她因为太激动了，无法把自己的思绪用谚语表达出（5）我们要挑选12位高中生参加下一届国际奥林匹克数学竞赛。（6）要求所有考生都把自己的编号而不是姓名写在答案纸上。（7）在这个职位我已经干了5年，我说什么也不会辞职的。（8）昨天咱们买的的那些书你放到哪了？（9）我觉得一条船容纳不下我们这些人，还是租两条吧。（10）这是你的错，你怎么能把责任推到别人身上。（11）这次全国图书展销会将在10个城市举行。Lesson 10 The washwoman 1.But this washwoman, small and thin as she was, possessed a strength that came from generations of peasant ancestors.可是这位洗衣妇，尽管个子又瘦又小，却具有从她们世代农民祖先那里继承来的强健体魄。2.But there was in her a certain pride and love of labor with which many Gentiles have been blessed.可是她有许多非犹太人所具有的那种自尊心，那种对劳动的热爱。3.The old woman did not want to become a burden, and so bore her burden.老妇人不愿成为别人的累赘，因此自己承担起养活自己的责任。4.God forbid!What good would such a long life be? 但愿上帝别让我活到那么大的岁数!活那么长有什么用? 5.And now at last her body, which had long been supported only by the force of honesty and duty, had fallen.现在长期以来一直由真诚和责任心支撑着的身躯终于倒下了。扮演角色 积累经验 熨烫衣物 身负重担 卸下重担 作出牺牲 缝补衣物 物归原主 承担任务 坚强的意志 不屈的意志 粗糙的手指 深陷的双眼 寒冷的冬天（1）我祖母少有的善良和慷慨使所有认识她的人都敬爱她。（2）在长达一周的夏季反攻中，士兵们用尽了弹药。（3）恐怕你的要求超越了他的权限。（4）轮船剧烈地左右晃动，许多乘客都晕船。（5）老人在丛林里生活多年，与外界极少来往。（6）她年轻时得过癌症，后来康复了，一直活到高龄。（7）广场中心的雕像表达了人民对将军的敬重和自豪之情。（8）我把消息告诉了玛利之后，她看上去好象要晕到。（9）她不顾父母的强烈反对，决定去上夜校。（10）为帮助爱利丝准备参加网球比赛，她母亲请来了本地最好的教练。Use cover, fall and pass.（1）我从梯子上掉了下来，伤了左胳膊。（2）在大学我们至少需要300元来支付伙食费。（3）唐山遭受地震以来二十多年已经过去了。（4）这个课程涉及到二战以来美国历史的各个方面。（5）雪一直缓缓地下着。（6）这本书挺难，我一小时只读了10页。（7）那个期间他三次经过自己的家都没有进去。（8）这次高考入学考试他没能通过，他决心明年再试一次。（9）那个小男孩问他的父母为什么树在秋天掉叶子。（10）你们看完了这份报纸之后，把它传给三班。
Lesson 11 How I Reserved My Apprenticeship 1.I am sure that I should never have selected a business career if I had been permitted to choose.我相信要是我有选择的余地，我不会选择经商的生涯。(此句包含一个虚拟条件句)2.What I could get to do, not what I desired, was the question.问题是，我能找到什么活干，而不是我想干什么活。3.I resolved that the wolf of poverty should be driven from our door some day.我当时下定决心总有一天我们要解决温饱问题。（也可直译为：我当时下定决心总有一天要把贫困这匹恶狼从我们门口赶走。）4.It was given to me because I had been of some use in the world!这钱给了我是因为我对社会有了点用处 5.It is everyting to feel that you are useful.感到自己是个有用的人那才叫棒。6.something within always told me that this would not, could not, should not last 我的内心有一种力量时时激励我:这种情况不会，也不可能，更不应该持续下去。7.Everything must be bright to them.只能让他们知道好的一面。8.It seems, nowadays, a matter of universal deire that poverty should be abolished.今天人们好像普遍希望消除贫困。养家糊口 吸取教训 赡养家庭 提供材料 驱动机器 缓解痛苦 记录帐目 消除贫穷 教训某人 家庭会议 职业女性 珍贵财富（1）眼见敌人的导弹把村庄炸成一片废墟，村民门都气炸了肺。（2）他注意到了那个中年人给一家电视公司开了一张150英镑的钞票。（3）他从一生经历中体会到，友谊和爱比金钱重要的多。（4）去年夏天，他在一所乡间村舍住了一个月，远离城市的喧闹。（5）为了保护大自然这一共同利益，许多政府联起手来清除化学工业带来的有毒污染。（6）委员会决定明年的会议在西安举行。（7）天亮时，他发现自己躺在一个山谷底处。（8）许多人为“希望工程”捐款，是因为他们深切同情乡村里上不起学的孩子们。（9）高考来临之际，考生家长们都在尽力减轻孩子的精神负担。Use serve, bear and work.（1）他已经为这个广告公司工作6年了。（2）电梯现在不运行，他只好爬上11层楼。（3）看来他的阿谀奉承这次不能奏效了。（4）我80岁的爷爷无法忍受北方的严冬。（5）他父亲在10年前是中国驻英国的大使。（6）在屋子的角落里有一张矮桌子当电视架使用。（7）那家名流聚集的餐馆的饭菜很一般。（8）这部移动电话看起来不时髦，可能满足我的需要。（9）如果出了问题，你就的承担责任。（10）我不人心看到老人受到他们亲生子女的虐待。（11）我们多年的努力现在终于开花结果了。（12）如果这种药没有效果，那么你只好动手术了。
Lesson 12 The friend of the environment 1.He might cut down the forests and dam the steams, but the clouds and rain and the stream of life were God's.人可以砍伐森林，可以在江河上筑坝，但是天上的云彩、天上下的雨以及源远流长的生命都由上帝主宰。2.The book exploded into the public consciousness.此书一夜之间提高了公众的(环保)意识。砍伐森林 筑坝拦河 发出警告 受到表扬 激起热情 激发想象 大学毕业 政府干预 人造卫星 学术报告 强烈反对 热心读者 严酷事实 上。。课 连续10天 新华社 畅销书 环保（1）尽管年纪小，没经验，这位小演员同一起工作的明星却能无拘无束的相处。（2）没过一会儿，巴德先生就发现他的顾客是警察通缉的那个人。（3）在完全了解自己严重的病情下，吉姆在生命最后几个月里作出了许多勇敢的选择。（4）1998年中国的水灾向中国人民发出了严重警告。（5）怎样培养好独生子女在中国引发许多争论。（6）詹姆斯是在牛津时接触到莎士比亚的著作的。（7）当我发现那位著名画家竟然与我家有亲戚关系时，感到十分惊讶。（8）人在剧烈活动时，肌肉中的蛋白质会分解的更快。（9）那个少年使琼斯太太回想起她自己在过去的困难日子里的痛苦经历。（10）这个村子一定遭受了龙卷风的袭击，我们看到到处都是被破坏的房屋和被吹到的树木。（11）尽管有风险，他们还是坚持把实验做完。（12）我知道有这么一位艺术家，但没有见过面。Use break, reach and start.（1）不知道我们的请柬是否已经到达他那里。（2）任何违反交通规则的司机都将被罚款。（3）他到的时候，我们正要出发。（4）她把药放在了儿子够不着的最上面的架子上。（5）在争吵的过程中她将一面镜子摔到了地上，把它摔碎了。（6）足球比赛刚刚进入高潮，突然下起雨来。（7）我们谁也不敢把这坏消息告诉他。（8）去查问一下庆祝活动几点开始。（9）天气预报说今天的最高温度将预计达到摄氏38度。（10）他没发开动割草机，跑去找他父亲帮忙。
Lesson 13 Who shall dwell? 准备晚餐 切断电源 切断供水 发射导弹 发动进攻 交换意见 交流经验 面如死灰 首要问题 核武器 核电站 核能 闩门（1）请今晚注意收听重要新闻。（2）当琼斯太太抓住那个男孩时，他不敢正视她。（3）科布教授讲课的特征是讲的飞快。（4）你不能按审计的要求记帐，就不能算一个好会计。（5）在边远地区，还有大批学龄儿童不能上学。（6）警察向司机明确指出，他必须确切地描述事故发生的过程。（7）已经告戒本地农民，今年有可能发生水灾。（8）法庭认为没有必要传讯更多的证人，打算在近期结案。（9）她既耐心又坚定地作出努力，要拆除挡在她儿子和其他孩子之间的那堵墙。（10）怀特一家人担心要是他们不付房租，房东就会把他们轰出来。Use leave, send and turn.（1）当我给他打电话时，他已经离开办公室了。（2）空袭警报使人们纷纷往自己的家跑区。（3）为了帮父母养家他15岁的时候就辍学了。（4）现在许多人不再邮寄圣诞卡，而是通过电子邮件向朋友们表示问候。（5）在我的挎包里找不到钥匙，一定是忘在办公室里了。（6）她转过身来，看见儿子眼里充满了泪水。（7）今年春节你打算给你的笔友寄点什么？（8）你最好让窗户开一会儿，让新鲜空气进来。（9）他们决定把防空洞改造成储藏室。（10）奥塞罗的头发一夜之间全变白了。
Lesson 14 Cipher in the snow 1.I blurted out the news somehow.我没有拐弯抹角而是直截了当地把事情说了出来。2.How do you go about making a boy into a zero? 怎么能把一个孩子弄成这样一事无成? 3.Even shy, timid, sweet children have resilience.It takes time to break them.即使是胆小、害羞、温顺的孩子也是有韧性的，他们不是一天就能够击垮的。（注意作者的讽刺、愤怒的口气：那些老师也是下了不少的工夫，花了不少时间才把一个智商本来不低的孩子弄成这个样子的。）改变主意 参加葬礼 喃喃自语 自言自语 认养孩子 发起进攻 刺骨寒风 倒毙在地 砰然关门 干瘦的身躯 褪色的牛仔裤 智商与情商（1）音乐突然停止，播音员几乎是叫了起来：“警报！注意隐蔽！”（2）火车突然刹车，杯子和盘子都滚落到地上。（3）身为主任，他的任务是组织实验室的工作，他很少亲自做实验。（4）许多年以后，他仍能回想起飞机失事时的惨景。（5）我当小学徒时，压力大，工作很辛苦，但我从来不把这些告诉父母。（6）搬进新办公楼哪天，我们搞了一次庆祝活动。（7）晚饭后克里夫把书本摊在面前开始复习功课。（8）就我所知，彼得的父亲在医嘱中给彼得留下了至少25万英镑。（9）鲍勃发现几则广告很奇怪，他就在报纸档案堆进行调查。（10）医生指出，此种药物对婴儿有害。Use drive, forget and drop.（1）我忘了带我的字典了。我能用一下你的吗？（2）电话突然响了，他吓了一跳，书也掉到地上。（3）不要老是想你和班上其他同学的肤色不一样，就记住你和他们一样的聪明。（4）对金钱和权利的欲望使相当一些人走上犯罪的道路。（5）一再的失败使他几乎丧失了理智。（6）我永远不会忘记我们在大学度过的那些愉快的日子。（7）这个国家的人口出生率已经降至0。3%。（8）如果他不开车送我去车站的话，我昨晚就赶不上火车。（9）很抱歉，我忘了这些学生是穆斯林。（10）他们听到有人走过来，就压低了嗓子。
其实我个人感觉，把课文意思弄通了，再加上基本语法练习，过关是没有问题的了。下册: lesson 1
Courtesy:Key to a happier world 难句释义：
1.Courtesy,politeness,good-manners——call it what you will,the supply never seems to equal the demand: 礼貌也好，客气，或文明举止也好，无论你称它什么，其供应似乎总是小于需求。（意思是人们维护和谐的关系所需要的礼貌从来都低于他们实际表现出的水平。）2.What impelled the boy to take so much trouble to spare the feelings of a stranger?Courtesy,compassionate courtesy.是什么促使这个年轻人不厌其烦地这么做？是礼貌，基于同情心的礼貌。（为了不让一个陌生人感到自己无用而难堪。）3.Even when you have doubts about some people,act as if they are worthy of your best manners.即使对有些人你不太有把握（他们是否值得你礼遇），也要以礼相待，就像他们值得你这样对待他们一样。4.All skills require constant repetition to become second nature;good manners are no exception.一切技能都需要经常重复而后才能成为第二天性，礼貌也是如此。5.Nowhere is thinking courtesy more important than in marriage.理性的礼貌在婚姻中比在其他任何方面都更加重要。（此句是倒装句，表强调。正常语序：Thinking courtesy is more important in marriage than anywhere else.）6．But some of the most precious gifts in life come with no strings attached.可是生活中的有些最宝贵的赠品却是不带有任何附加条件的。（意思是别人对你的善举、好意、礼貌也是生活给你的赠品——无须回报就能得到的东西，不要认为人家是别有用心的。）7.The only constant,daily,effective solution is politeness——which is the golded rule in action.唯一能经常、每天使用的有效的解决方法就是以礼待人这个行为准则。Lesson 2 & 3 The man who could work miracles(I & II)1.It’s something contrary to the course of nature done by power of will.奇迹是通过意志的力量产生违反自然规律的事物。2.The fears of his first discovery were now mixed with pride and ideas of advantage.刚发现自己超凡能力时的恐惧心情这时已经掺入了自豪感和优越感。3．As the day passed,his state of mind passed from wonder to dilight.就在这一天之内，他的思想状况由惊讶变成了喜悦。4.Mr.Fotheringay performed no more miracles that night,nor did he trouble to see what had become of his flowering stick.那天夜里，佛泽林盖先生没有再制造奇迹，也没有费神去看看他那根开花的拐仗到底怎么样了。5．Except for the loss of his miraculous powers,everything was back as it had been.And among other things,of course,he did not believe in miracles.除了失去他那不可思议的能力之外，一切都回到了以往的状况，其中当然也包括他不相信有奇迹这一情况。
Lesson 4 Zero hour:43 seconds over Hiroshima紧急时刻：广岛上空的43秒钟 1.But she felt well enough to be up and about.不过，她感觉起床活动是没有问题的。2.she had sunk into unconsciousness.她失去了知觉。3.The very air seemed hostile,so thick with dust and ash that she could barely see.连空气也好像是在作对，充满了尘土和灰烟，使她什么也看不见。4.That life had been a comfortable one,wanting in nothing——not,at least,until the war.那本来是很舒适的生活，什么也不缺，至少直到战争爆发之前是如此。5.But he could not shut the war out of the sheltered world he had built for himself and his family.但是这场战争也必然波及到他极力保护的家庭。（直译：他不可能把这场战争排斥在他为自己和家人营造的小天地之外。）6.The street were filled with the dead and the barely living.街上到处是死人和只剩下一口气的人。7.The illness had not really left her;it had gone into hiding.病魔并没有真正离开她，只不过是隐藏起来了。
Lesson 5 First principles 首要原则 1.What we ought to do is give to people we love——give memorable things according to our ability.我们应该做的是为我们所爱的人奉献，也就是说根据我们的能力送给他们有纪念意义的东西。2.It was Laura’s ovvious pleasure that had brightened everything.正是因为劳拉喜形于色，给全家增添了节日气氛。3.They made her think of the ballerina dress,and of all the pure,proud,filmy beauty of the world that belonged,by right,to Laura.那朵朵鲜花使她想到那件芭蕾舞衣，使她想到世上一切纯真的、值得自豪的、朦胧的美，都理所当然地属于劳拉。（意思是说：劳拉这样好的女孩子应该享受世上一切美好的东西。）
Lesson 6 The beauty of Britain 1.The beauty of our country——or at least all of its south of North Scotland——is as hard to define as it is easy to enjoy.我们国家的美，至少北苏格兰以南所有的地方之美欣赏容易，描绘难。（直择：欣赏起来容易，说明白难。）个人觉得，这课出题的可能性不是很大。但我学会了一个翻译：《综合英语》: A Comprehensive English Course Lesson 7 Some meanings of Authentic Love 1.If I love you,I’m responsive to most of your major needs as a person.如果我爱你，我就回对你作为人的大多数的主要需求有反映。2.This commitment does not entail surrendering our total selves to each other;nor does it imply that the relationship is necessarily permanent.这种承诺并不需要我们相互放弃自身的特性，也不表示我们的这种关系一定是永久的关系。3.In other words,love comes into an imperfect world to make it livable.换句话说，爱来到这个不完美的世界，使它可以适合人们居住。（即：因为有了爱，人们才能在这个问题很多的世界上生活下去。）4.Love means having a want for the person I love without having a need for that person in order to be complete.爱意味着对于我所爱的人，我需要有他，而不是缺了他就不行。
Lesson 8 How I designed an A-Bomb in my junior year at Princeton 1.I develop a terrible case of bloodshot eyes.Sleep comes rarely.我的双眼布满了血丝，我很少感到困。2.Seven days before the design is due,I’m still deadlocked.离规定交设计的日子还有七天的时候，最后两个问题还是毫无进展。3.But I can’t be sure until I know the exact nature of the explosives I will use.可是，我要是不了解我要使用的炸药的性能，我是不敢肯定我设计的原子弹是不是真的有那么大的威力。4.”The question has been raised by the department whether your paper should be classified by the U.S.government.” “系里有人已经提出你的论文是否应该由美国政府列为保密项目的问题。” 5.Here I have put on paper the plan for a device capable of killing thousands of people,and all I was worrying about was flunking out.我把一个能够杀死成千人的装置设计出来了，而我一直担心的是再考不及格让我退学。
Lesson 9 Forty years on 1.The comparisons were,without exception,to my disadvantage.比较的结果总是我不如他。2.To me it seemed sinister that Mother always passed on any small achievement of mine.妈妈总是把我每一点小小的成绩传递过去，我觉得这样做好像是不吉利。3.What a boomerang that proved!By return of post came the news that John had won a scholarship.真是适得其反！她收到的回信带来了约翰获得奖学金的消息。4.I did have,however,one horribly narrow escape.不过，有一次我是幸免于难。（narrow escape夸张的手法，取得幽默的效果。）5.In addition to my physical woes I had mental agonies;I prayed that something might occur to prevent this meeting.肉体的痛苦不说，我还受精神压力的折磨；我祈求发生什么意外的事情把这次会面化为泡影。6.So they played the game both ways,did they? 这么说他们两关玩的是同样的把戏，是不是？
Lesson 10 On friendship 1.For a Frenchman,a German or an Englishman friendship is usually more special and carries a heavier burden of commitment.对于法国人、德国人或是英国人来说，友谊一般包含更为特殊的内容，承担更多的义务。2.Related to this is the sense each friend gives the other of being a special individual,on whatever grounds this recognition is based.与此相关的是,朋友之间彼此使对方感到与众不同,无论这种感觉的依据是什么.3.And between friends there is inevitably a kind of equality of give and take.此外,朋友之间必然要有来有往,互让互谅.Lesson 11 Selling the post(I)1.The flaw in my character which she had already spotted was lack of “gumption”.在我的性格中,她已经发现的弱点是缺少“进取心”.2.We were only sixty-five years from Lincoln.Many a grandfather who walked among us could remember Lincoln's time.我们离林肯也只有65年的时间,生活在我们中间的许多爷爷辈的人还记得林肯时代.many a: a large number of(正式)很多 3.Those young men would not go far in this world.那些年轻人在这个世界里没有多在的前程.4.He presented it with reverence fit for a religious object.他毕恭毕敬地把那帆布包递给我,似乎那包是件圣物.Lesson 12 Selling the post(II)1.Put me down as a regular customer.把我算成一个长期买主吧.2.I bowed to superior will and entered journalism with a heavy heart.我只好屈服于我母亲至高无上的意志,心事重重地进入了新闻行业.3.So far as I could make out,what writers did couldn't even be classified as work.按我当时的理解,作家干的事甚至不能算作是工作.4.I did not dare tell anybody for fear of being laughed at in the schoolyard,but secretly I decided that what i'd like to be when i grew up was a writer.这事我不敢跟任何人说,怕在校园里让人笑话,不过我私下认定长大之后要当作家.Lesson 13 How to grow old 1.I never do anything whatever on the ground that it is good for health,though in actual fact the things I like doing are mostly wholesome.尽管我喜欢做的事情大多数是有益于健康的，但我从不因某事有益于健康而特意去做那件事。2.Psychologically there are 2 dangers to be guarded against in old age.One of these is too great an absorption in the past.The other thing to be avoided is clinging to young in the hope of finding strength in its vitality.从心理角度来说，老年时期要提防两种危险。一是沉溺于过去。另一件要避免的事，就是依恋子女，希望从他们身上的活力中获取生命的力量。3.Three passions,simple but overwhelmingly strong,have governed my life;the longing for love,the search for knowledge,and unbearable pity for the suffering of mankind.三个牵挂，简单但又极为深重，支配了我的一生：对爱的渴望，对知识的追求，对人类苦难的无限的同情。4.This has been my life.I have found it worth living,and would gladly live it again if the chance were offered me.我就是这样生活的。我认为这样活着值得，如果上天赐我良机，我愿意这样再活一次。
Lesson 14 The listener 1.And he sat there,gentle and reflective,his great workman hands resting on outspread thighs.于是他坐在那里，和蔼、深沉，一双劳动者的大手搭在伸开的大腿上。2.For some time he continued to sit in silence.Then he looked up,lifted those hands calmly,judiciously,and nodded his head.他静静地又坐了一会儿，然后抬起头来，安详地、有见地地举起了双手，点了点头。
Lesson 15 Edison: Inventor of invention 1.In my youth the lonely inventor who could not obtain a hearing was still the stock figure of the imagination.我年轻的时候，人们对发明家的印象仍然是那种不为人理睬、孤立无援这种固定模式的人物。2.In strict truth an invention is almost never the sole product of any one mind.严格地说，一项发明创造几乎不可能只是任何一个个人的思想结晶。3.It may be that in time we shall become used to change as in our older wisdom we had become used to the unchanging.也许，随着时间的推移，我们会慢慢习惯于变革，就像在此以前，我们的思想状态使我们习惯于停滞不变一样。
those coming from lands where time is looked upon differently may find this matter of pace to be one of their most diffcult adjustments in both business and daily life.来自时间观大相径庭的国家的人，可能会发现无论在公务方面还是日常生活中，(在美国)节奏是最难以适应的方面之一。
those coming是主语 from lands...differently作定语修饰those coming may find助动词+V，作谓语
BOOK Ⅰ L1 P14 Why does the author tell s not to be afraid to ask stupid questions? The author thinks that many apparently naive inquiries like why grass is green, or why the sn is round, or why we need 55,000 unclear weapons in the world--are really deep questions.He says when you try to get the answers, you will gain deep understanding of the things.Its also important to know, as well as you can, what it is that you dont know, and asking questions is the way.He also tell us to ask stupid questions requires courage on the part of the asker and knowledge and patience on the part of the answers.And dont confine your learning to schoolwork.Discuss ideas in depth with friends.Its much brave to ask questions even when theres a prospect of ridicule than to suppress your questions and become deadened to the world around you.L2 Icons P30 What are the factors to shift the hero-worship to the celebrity-worship? The new forms of media--photography, moving pictures, radio and television are the main factors.The reproduction of photos in newspapers turned famous people into celebrities whose dress, appearance, and personal habits were widely commented upon.Slowly, the focus of public attention began to shift away from knowing what such people did to knowing what looked like.The shift was accelerated by the arrival of moving pictures.Between 1901 and 1914, 74 percent of the magazine articles about famous people were about political leaders,inventors, inventors, professionals, and businessmen.After 1922, however, most articles were about movie stars.With the arrival of television, the faces of the stars became as familiar as those we saw across the breakfast table.We came to know more about the lives of the celebrities than we did about most of the people we know personally.Less than seventy years after the appearance of the first movimg pictures, the shift from hero-worship to celebrity-worship was complete.L3 GO-GO AMERICAN P46 What is the Americans attitude towards time?Give necessary examples.In the United States, many people keenly feel the shortness of each lifetime.They are aware that once a day in their life is gone, it will never come back.And Americans believe no one stands still.If you are not moving ahead, you are falling behind.So they value time and want every minte to count.This attitde towards time is shown in the fast pace of life in the country.Whatever they do they always seem to be in a rush.You find people hurrying to get where they are going.They hurry to eating places for a mea and finish it as quickly as possible.Also Americans do what they can to save time.They produce a lot of labour-saving devices such as clothes-and dish-washers;they rapidly communicate through phone calls, telex and e-mail and cut down on personal contacts.L4 Take Over,Bosn!P62 Can you imagine what did Barret think of when he heard Snyders whisper Take over,bosn? Becase of thirst,Barret was almost out of mind.He rose several times and was a constant threat.But when he heard Snyder said“Take over, bosn, he had a strange feeling suddenly.He came to realize he would and must take over the task and be responsible for the rest.As long as he stopped others from the little water, they would always have hopes and wouldnt die soon.So he picked Snyders gun up and decided to hold off the other from the water until night when a ship saved them.L5 Are You Giving Your Kids Too Much? P78 Why parents overindulge their children? There are several reasons to explain why parents overindulge their children.One fairly common reason is that parents overindulge their chidren out of a sense of guilt.Parents who both hold down full-time jops may feel guilty about the amount of time they spend away from their children and may attempt to compensate by showering them with material possessions.Other parents overindulge because they want their children to have everything they had while growing up, along with those things the parents yearned for but didnt get.Still others are afraid to say no to their childrens denless requests for toys for fear that their children will feel unloved or will be ridiculed if thy dont have the same playthings their friends have.L6 Culture Shock P94 What are four stages that people go through when they experience situations that are very different from those to which they are accustomed? Stage one is a honeymoon phase, during which the new experience is perceived to be interesting, picturesque, entertaining, and charming.You may notice several superficial differences such as music, food, and clothing, and the fresh apeal of the new experience keeps you feeling interested and positive.When you stay in a new envirnment for a while, you move to stage two-the crisis stage-in which the shine wears off and day-to-day realities sink in.In relationship, you notie annoying habits;in a new country, you find barriers to establishing connections or to learning the language beyond a few polite phrases.If you stick with the experience and try to deal with it realistically, you will probably move to the third phase:recovery.In recovery, you learn the systems, procedures, language or nonverbal behaviors of the new environment so that you can cope with it on the basis of some mastery, competence, and comfort.Finally,when you feel that you function well and almost automatically in the new culture, you will move to the fourth phase:adjustment.L7 The Model Millionaire(I)P108 Suppose you are the millionaire.Explain how you get to know Hughie Erskine and what you do in return for the pound he gave you when you first met.I am Baron Hausberg.I have enough money to buy the whole of London.One day, on a whim I asked my artist friend Alan Trevor to pain me as a beggar.Alan had almost finished the picture when a very charming young man walked into his studio.I suppose he must have been very sympathetic with me, for when Alan was away a minute, the young man quickly put a pound into my hat.I was startled for a moment, but I was pleased when I realized that he took me for a real begger.Later I learned from Alan all about this young man:he was poor, and could not marry the girl he loved because her father wouldnt let them unless he had 10,000 pounds.Touched by the young mans spirit of kindness, I decided to help him.The next day I had a cheque for 10,000 pounds delivered to him as a wedding gift.L8 The Model Millionaire(II)P123 Retell the story The Model Millionaire in about 150 words, concluding your retelling with a one-sentence comment.Hughie Erskine was a charming young man who was in love with a nice girl called Laura Merton.Lauras father made it clear to Hughie that he would not marry his daughter to him until Hughie had ten thousand pounds.One day,Hughie went to see his artist friend Alan Trevor in his studio.There he found his friend painting a beggar, who was an old man in rags.Hughie felt so sorry for the poor model that he gave him the only pound he had.The old model was actually a millionaire.When he heard all about Hughie and Laura, and their problem, he had a cheque for ten thousand pounds delivered to him the very next day.The couple were happily married,and the beggar attended their wedding.The story shows that a genuine millionaire is not one who has, but who give.L9 Only Three More Days P139 The author got a solution finally.What was the solution? Was it risky? He laid out the diaries in two big steel suitcases.Over them he palced a number of his broadcast scripts, each page of which had been stamped by the military and civilian censors as passed for broadcast.On top he put a few General Staff maps he had picked up from friends.Then he phoned the Gestapo Headquarters to say he had a couple of suicases full of his dispatches, broadcasts and notes that he wanted to take out of the country.As he was flying off early the next day, there would be no time for Gestapo official at the airfield to go over the contents.Could they take a look now,if he brought them over;and if they approved, put a Gestapo seal on the suitcases so he wouldnt be held up at the airport? Yes,it was risky.He thought life in the Third Reich had always been risky.It was worth a try.L10 The Washwoman P155 Describe the situation that“I”saw the old washwoman for last time.One evening, while Mother was sitting near the oil lamp mending a shirt, the door opened and a small puff of steam, followed by a gigantic bag, entered the room.I ran toward the old woman and helped her unload her bag.She was even thinner now, more bent.Her head shook from side to side as though she were saying no.She could not utter a clear word, but mumbled something with her sunken mouth and pale lips.After the old woman had recovered somewhat, she told us that she had been ill badly.But as soon as she was able to stand on her feet once more, she began her washing.She said “I could not rest easy in my bed because of the wash.The wash would not let me die.……I dont want to be a burden on anyone!”
L11 How I Served My Apprenticeship 170 Why was Andrew Carnegie so pround of the one dollor and twenty cents--the first pay he brought home? Carnegie was very pround of the one dollar and twenty cents he earned for the first time in his life when he was only twelve.The money, though small in amount, meant a great deal.First, when he got his first pay he felt that he had grown up.He was no longer a boy who had to depend on his parents;he had become a man who was able to help support the family, a contributing member.This was important because at that time life was hard for the family and it was difficult for his parents to manage alone.Also he though the money was the direct reward of honest manual labor.It represented a week of very hard work.This money gave him the greatest satisfaction of being rewarded for what he had done.L12 A Friend of the Environment P185 Why did Rachel Carson write the Silent Spring? Whats the content of it? Because she felt that the wonders of Nature are precious and permanent, and much of Nature was forever beyond the destruction of man.But then she discovered she was wrong.She learned with sadness that little in Nature is truly beyond the tampering reach of man.Then, She wrote the book Silent Spring to sound a startling warming to mankind and the book showed quite clearly that man was endangering himself and everything else on this planet by his indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides.As her title suggests, Miss Carson was saying that there might come a springtime that would indeed be silent because the birds, as well as other creatures, and plants would have been destroyed by the man-made poisons used to kill crop-threateding insects.L13 Who Shall Dwell? P201 In the story Who shall Dwell?, how did the fatners attitude towards the neighbours change? What brought about the change? When the bomb alert came, the father was clear that he had built the shelter for his own family, and that he would not let anybody else in.So when his neighbours came and asked to share the shelter he rejected them flatly.When a monther begged him to take her little girl in , he did not know what to do.At that monent his wife dashed outside and pushed the girl in.her act set him thinking hard.Just a moment before the first bomb struck he made a big decision.After giving his elder son a few instructions, he stepped out and shoved two children into the shelter.He stood beside his wife, ready to spend the last minute with her.His change seemed sudden, but was actually quite natural.He loved his children, so he was greatly affected by the monthers plea and gave the chance of surival to the two children.Also his love for his wife led him to follow her example.L14 Cipher in the Snow P218 Describe Cliff Evans life before his sudden death.Cliff Evans lived with his mother, stepfather and five younger half brothers and sisters.His stepfather had never legally adopted him, nor did he show any affection for him.At home Cliff didnt talk much and had never told his family about his problems.When he began school, he was timid but eager to learn.And his IQ was pretty good.Then in the third grade a teacher wrote in the school record that he was uncooperative and slow.Since then he had never got any encouragement from his teachers.Gradually, the child had no more confidence left.He never smiled nor talked much.He had no friends;he had never belonged to a club, never played on a team and never held an office.He came to school by himself and left by himself.In class, he would sit back in the last seat.Finally he became silent and lonely.He became nothing.L15 Bribery--An Inevitable Evil? P232 What are the major forms of bribery? Bribery can be classified into three broad categories.The first category consisits of large amounts of money paid for political purposes or to secre major contracts.For example, a certain American company offered big sums of money to support a U.S.presidential candidate when it was nder investigation.Also in order to get big contracts, such payments are often made to ruling families or their close advisers.The second category covers payments made to obtain quicker official approval of some project.In such cases, the money is often paid to key goverment officials concerned.The third category involves payments made in certain countries to make a business deal easy to get approved.For instance, a foreign company may pay to get permission to import equipment.A common type of this category is the facilitating payment to clear cargoes.These are smaller sums of money paid to customs officials.L16 A Social Event P250 What do you know about Randy and Carle in A Social Even? Why are they anxious to get invited to Scottys funeral? Randy and Carole are a young Hollywood couple.They have been married only a short time.Both have achieved a certain degree of success in pictures, but their careers in the show business are still in the promising stage.Scotty Woodrow, a world-famous movie star has just died, and Randy and Carole are anxious to go to his funeral, which will be a gathering of celebrities and is regarded as a big social event.It is said that flowers have come from the U.S.President and the British Queen.Randy and Carole think it is extremely important for their career to be seen there with a lot of big shots.But they havet got an invitation while some of their Hollywood friends, also young actors and actresses like themselves, have been invited.Thats why they are worried and are trying hard to find ways of getting themselves invited in the last minute book II L1 Illustrate with manners Dr.Peale mentions in his article Courtesy.Dr.Peale lists three things as the basic ingredients of good manners: a stong sense of justice,the abilit to share another persons inner feelings and the capacity to treat all people alike.Once a mam was driving along a long, narrow and dusty road ahead of another car.Suddenly he stopped off the road and told the driver of the car behind to get ahead of him.He did not want the other person to put up with his dust all the way.This is a man with a strong sense of justice.A courteous person can also understand the pain or unhapiness of others.He/She offers help without hurting the feelings of the other person because he/she shares their emotions as if they were his/her own.Finally, a person with good manners treats all people alike,whether they are lain citizens or big shots.He /She never asks whether the other person deserves their good manners.L2 How did Mr.Fotheringay discover his unusual powers and how did he take advantage of them? It was while he was trying to prove the impossibility of miracles that Mr.Fotheringay discovered his extraordinary powers.He was having a drink in a bar.A person called Toddy opposed everything he said.This made him very angry.He wanted to show oddy that the lamp there couldnt burn upside down without breaking no matter how he wished it to do so.But as soon as he said,Turn upside down without breaking,the lamp did as Fotheringay had just said.Back at home he experimented with his magical powers and came to see that he could with things.The next day he began to take advantage of this unusual power.By his will he first got a fresh goose-egg for breakfast.In the same way he got the whole days work done in 10 minutes.He also created a number of useful things and increased his personal property.L3 P47 How did Mr.Fotheringays attitude towards miracles changes? Mr.Fotheringay didnt believe in miracles until he was thirty years old.It was while he was asserting the impossibility of miracles that he discovered his extraordery powers.One day,when he was having a drink in a bar,Toddy Beamish opposed everything he said,so he decided to make an unusual effort.He tried to illustrate what was a miracle by giving a special example,that is ,to make a lamp upside down and go on burning steadily without falling.To his great surprise,what he said came true.Everyone was astonished as it.They all didnt believe it.After going back home,he tried his will power.He scceeded in getting a match and lighting the candle with his will power.He wondered at his will power.Then he tried to get himself a nightsirt,lay and cook a goose-egg,do one days work in ten minutes,make walking stick blossom,and sent the policeman to Hades,then to San Francisco by using his will power.In the end he felt delighted even though he understood that the gift reqired cation and watchfulness.L4 P61 What did Kaz see on that day? When she saw a B-29 bomber approaching,it didnt frighten her,because she thought Hiroshima was the only peaceful city dring the war.Bt,then,Kaz saw the bomb falling awa from the plane and drifting down towards her.The jorney took 43 seconds.A loud explosion reverberated in the air.A mshroon could rose over the remains of the city.Kaz was thrown to the ground s violently that her two front teech broke of.She lost conscousness.When she came to herself,she found ther was a dead silence around,broken only by the cries of the dying.Their house crashed dowm.Her father had the front of his body brnt.When her brother came back ,she could barely recognize him through his wounds.As night fell,she and her brother made for the mountains to look for a friend of Kazs who offered to take them in.There Kaz looked backand saw the city on fire.She left her brother behind and ran down the hillside towards the flames for her parents.The streets were filled with the dead and the barely living.L5 P77 How did the Wades celebrate the Christmas? Several days before Chritmas,theyd gone down to their own little farm.They had cut a tree in their own woods.They had eaten and slept,and read by the light of oil lamps.The children had been more than satisfied with their presents;there had been balls,erector sets, a number of story books,and a lot of jnk from the five-and-ten for the boys,and for Laura,a picture Emily had found cheap in a second-art shop and samll brooch that had belong to Henrys mother.it was Lauras obvios pleasure that had brightened everything.Whether she was chopping wood,or roming with her brothers,or basting the turkey,or talking politics very sensibly with her father,shed seemed to radiate hapiness.On New Years Eve,they had given her a weak highball,the first shed ever had,and she had gone to sleep sitting on the floor with her rosy cheek against Henrys knee.The family all had a very wonderful time!
L6 P94 What is the characteristic of Britains landscape that goes with variety? With variety goes surprise.Ours is the country of happy surprises.You have never to travel long without being pleasantly astonished.It would not be difficult to compile a list of such surprises that would fill the next fifty pages,but I will content myself with suggesting the first few that occur to me.If you go down into the West Contry,among rounded hills and soft pastures,you suddenly arrive at the bleak tablelands as if the North had left a piece of itself down there.But before you have reached them you have already been surprised by the queer bit of marshland,as if a former inhabitant had been sent to Cambridge and had brought his favourite marshland walk back from college with him into the West.L7 P110 In the authors opinion,what does love mean? Love means that I know the person I love.Love means that I care about the welfare of the person I love.Love means having respect for the dignity of the person I love.Love means having a responsibility toward the person I love.Love means growth for both myself and the person I love.Love can tolerate imperfection.Love is freeing.Love is expansive.Love means having want for the person I love without having a need for that person in order to be complete.love means identifying within the person we love.L8 P126 How did philips design an atomic bomb in his junior year at Princeton? Philips read over the book on nuclear-reactor technology,general nclear physics,and current atomic theory.Besides,he listened to Dysons explanations of the basic principles of nuclear physics.That wasnt enough.In order to find more useful information,Phillips went to Washington.D.C.,to search for records of the Los Alamos Project that were declassified between 1954 and 1964.He discovered a copy of the literature which carefully outlined all the details of atomic fissioning known to the worlds most advanced scientists in the early 1940s.The biggest problem involved in the explosion of an atomic bomb was how to arrange the explosives around the plutonium.Another problem he was faced with was which explosive he should use to create a very high density.After finding errors,Philips ran through a series of new calculations,carefully figuring the arrangement of the explosives around the plutnium.If his equations were correct,his atomic bomb would expode effectively as expected.But he should know the exact nature of the explosives he would use.Fortunately,he got the very information about these explosives from Du pont Company.Now,so to speak,he already succeeded in designing an atomic bomb on paper.L9 P143 What do you think are the advantages and goading? I think goading is a good way to prod the children to behave well.In a way ,goading is positive.As human beings,we all have the sense of self--respect and will be proud of our little achievement.If there are occasious prods in the rear,we will in time be conscious of our inefficiency ,and then press ourselves to achieve higher aims.Just as it affected John and his cousin,goading from time to time can prevent children from being proun of their little achievement.It can make them more modest and prudent.The modest receive benifit,while the conceited reap failure.However,we could not say it is without any harm.Sometimes it might be harmful.it may disappoint children and cause them to lose heart.Perhaps they will collapse after one setback.Therefore,only goading itself is not enough;it must be combined with the proper method to carry it out.L10 P158 What is your idea about a true friend? In my view,a true friend should be honest,loyal and willing to help.Honesty in friendship means that we should be sincere anf frank.We should not hsitate to point out our friends shortcomings and should never try to cover uo their errors.What we should do is to encourage and help them to improve.Loyalty is impaortant if we want the relationship to last.We have confidence in one another in fine wether and in rainy days.We dont desert our friends when they run into trouble.Not do we cling to them in their sccess.We share with our friends both joy and sorrow.True friends are the people we can turn to in all circumstances,as the saying goes,“A friend in need is a friend indeed.”They are always ready to lend a helping hand to pull us out of tight corner.I believe in true friendship though truefriends are not easy to find.L11 P174 Was there difference between Baker and Doris?What were their mothers expections of them? Doris was quite different from Baker in character.Take the example of gumption,Baker lacked it but Doris had enough of it for a dozen people.What Baker liked to do most was lying in front of the radio rereading his favourite Big Little Book,Dick Tracy Meets Stooge Viller.In contrast,Doris liked activity.When she was olny seven,she could carry a piece of short-weighted cheese back to the A&P,threaten the manager with legal action and come back triumphantly with the full quarter pound theyd paid for and a new extra thrown in for forgiveness.Mrs.Baker expected her son to make something of himself.She did not expect Doris to do the same only because Doris was a girl.The best a capable girl could hope for was to become a nurse or school teacher.L12 P191 Describe the Bakers family background and their life then.Then Great Depression,the worst time before the World War Two,broke out, which lasted from 1929-1933.The year 1932 was the bleakest time in the Great Depression.The Great Depression began in America and spread all over the Eropean countries quickly.Also ,it was the Great Depressin that led to the Second World War.Millions of people were out of work.Many factories and landlords went bankrupt.The year 1932 was the climax of the Depression.The athors father had died two years before,leaving them with a few pieces of Sears, Roebuck furniture and not much else.His family was poor so that his mother had to take his sister, Doris, and him to live with one of her younger brothers, uncle Allen,who had made something of himself by 1932 as a salesman for a soft-drink bottle and had an income of $30 a week.L13 What are the two dangers to be guarded against in old age? One of these is too great an absorption in the past.One should not live in memories, in regrets for the good old days, or in sadness about friends who are dead.Ones thoughts must be directed to the future, and to things about which there is something to be done.This is not always easy;ones own past is a gradually increasing weight.It is easy to think to oneself that ones emotions used to be more vivid that they are, and ones imnd more keen.If this is true, it should be forgotten, and if it is forgotten it will probably not be true.The other thing to be avoided is clinging to youth in the hope of finding strength in its vitality.When your children are grown uos they want to live their own lives, and if you continue to be as interested in them as you were when they were young, you are likely to become a burden to them, unless they are unusually insensible.L14 P223 What kind of person was the lighthouse keeper? I think the lighthouse keeper was a person that deserves our respect and admiration.Life in the lighthouse seemed very simple and dull, but he had no desire for anything that he did not need or anything that was beyond his power to obtain.For this reason he declined the tobacco Rudolf offered.Though his world was limited, his mind was as spacious as the ocean he lived closed to.He was kind and generous to Rudolf, a stranger who had come to the lighthouse to seek shelter from the storm.He did not know what a violin was and had never heard msic before, but he could understand Beethovens work Rudolf played for him.He was a man of few words, and did not show much warmth towards Rudolf, but deep down he was greatly attached to his guest.To him the violin was part of the man he wanted to know more about, not something he was interested in because he had never seen it before.L15 P238 Why the author mentions that it is impossible to measure the importance of Edison by adding up the specific inventions with which his name is associated? Because he thinks that although many inventions of Edison have been in their effect upon modern civilization, the total effect of Edisons career surpasses the sum of all of them.He did not merely make the lamp and the phonograph and innmerable other devices practicable for general use;it was given to him to demonstrate the power of applied science so concretely, so understandably, so convincingly that he altered the mentality of mankind.In his lifetime,largely because of his successes, there came into widest acceptance the revolutionary conception that man could by the use of his intelligence invent a new mode of living on this planet;the human spirit, which in all previous ages had regarded the confidently,and perhaps somewhat naively, adopted the conviction that anything could be changed and everything could be controlled.L16Why so many parents indulge their children with too many material things? In recent years,our life standard is become better and better.Someone usually said that the children now were more lucky than the children in the past because now their requirements can be well satisfied, especially for material things.Some parents think that they should give their children everything they want because they love htem.And also because some parents have ahd difficult was young, they are glad to fulfil
语法 Grammar & Usage Subject-Verb Agreement(I)1．主谓一致的三条原则 1）语法一致，即在语法形式上取得一致。Human beings enjoy learning.Everybody’s understanding is incomplete.2）意义一致，即根据意义来处理一致关系。The people there are fighting for the independence of their country.The dollars was a lot of money at that time.3)就近原则，即谓语动词的单、复数形式取决于最靠近它的词语。There is a pen, two pencils and an eraser in the pencil box.Neither the boy nor his teachers know the answer.2．集体名词作主语时与动词的一致 1）当主语为furniture，equipment，machinery等词时，谓语动词通常用单数。The furniture in that shop is all made in China.Office equipment is very expensive nowadays.A lot of new machinery has been installed.2）集体名词如people，cattle，police，poultry，等往往作复数用。Some people drive madly in this country.Many cattle have died because of the fold.The police have been sent there but they have not made any arrests yet.Poultry are plentiful in that mountain region.3)family, government, class, committee, audience , team, public 等词被视做一个整体时，其后的动词作单数；被视做为构成整体的个体时，其后的动词则为复数。His family is a happy one.His family are all interested in stamp-collecting.The Democratic Government is in power now.The government is/are considering further tax cuts.The audience was very quite when he was giving his speech.The audience were shouting and laughing when he came into the hall.Our class is the top class in the grade.The class are busy taking notes.3．并列主语与动词的一致 1）当“名词+名词”表示一种事物时，用单数动词。Bacon and eggs is a very popular British breakfast.Toast and marmalade(果酱面包)is my favorite breakfast.Fish and chips(炸鱼与土豆片)is served every day.2）当主语是由and，both ….and 连接的并列结构时，如果主语所指的不是一种事物，动词则用复数形式。Jack and Mary are in love with each other.Both Tom and John are absent today.War, famine and drought have claimed thousands of lives in that country.3)在又or或 nor连接的并列结构中，动词单、复数形式一般与or 或 nor 后边的名词或代词保持一致。He or his brothers are to blame for this.Either you or your friend has to pay the bill.Either his father or his mother comes to see him every day.When couples quarrel,(either)the wife or the husband has to give in.Neither she nor you are mistaken.Neither the manager nor the clerks are college graduates.4)not only … but also 连接的结构做主语时，动词的单、复数形式依据but also 后的名词或代词。Not only Fred but also his parents love this small pet dog.Not only the boys but also their mother is very ell.LESSON 2 Subject-Verb Agreement(II)1.带确定数量词的名词词组做主语时的主谓一致 1)当主语是表示数目、时间、重量、距离等的复数名词时，如果该名词所表示的数量看作一个整体，其后的动词用单数。Ten seconds of silence appears very awkward on television.A thousand dollars a month is more than I can afford.Four years I too long for me to wait.Sixty miles is a short run in a car.2)当主语是表示数目、时间、重量、距离等的复数名词时，如该名词所表示的数量看作单个个体，其后的动词用复数。The past three weeks were the hardest time in his life.Hundreds of buildings were put up in the city last year.Five kilos of apples are placed into the basket.3)当主语为“分数或百分数+of+名词”时，其后的动词形式依照of后名词的单复数形式来定。Three-fourths of the surface of the earth is sea.Three-fourths of the people do not agree with the president.One-fourth of the region is underdeveloped.Thirty percent of the oil in that country is imported.Ten percent of the eggs have gone bad.Fifty percent of the land in that region has been used to build factories.4)当主语为sheep，fish，deer，aircraft，means，steelworks 等单数与复数同形的词时，动词的形式以名词单、复数意义为准。An American aircraft was brought down by the anti-aircraft fire.Three aircraft are reported missing.Various means have been tried to solve the problem.Two steelworks were built ten years ago.Ten fish have been caught today.One sheep was killed by a wolf.2.all的主谓一致 1)代词all表示可数的人或物时，其后的动词用复数形式。All were hungry and desperate for food.All who have seen the film love it.All of them enjoyed themselves at the party.2)代词all表示不可数的名词时，其后的动词用单数.All is going well.All is quite in the middle of the night.All you have to do now is wait.All that glitters is not gold.All of his money is gone.3)形容词 all+可数名词时，其后的动词用复数形式。All roads lead to Rome.All the people taking part in the race were over 60 years old.All things are difficult when we begin to do them.4)形容词all+不可数名词时，其后的动词用单数形式。All work and no play makes Jack a dull boy.Not all food is good to eat.
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