英文电影片名翻译中的归化与异化策略

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第一篇:英文电影片名翻译中的归化与异化策略

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197 从中西文化对比看英文电影字幕翻译

198 英文电影片名翻译中的归化与异化策略

199 政论文的英译特点

200 肯尼迪演讲的语音衔接分析

第二篇:英文电影片名的翻译策略范文

On strategies for Translating English Movie Titles

英文电影片名的翻译策略

CONTENTS Abstract………………………………………….……………………………….i 摘要….………..........................................................................................iii Introduction……………………………………………………………………..1 Chapter 1 Characteristics and Functions of English Movie Titles 1.1 The Movie Titles’ Classification 1.2 Characteristics of English Movie Titles 1.2.1 Concise and Memorize 1.2.2 Straightaway Languages 1.2.3 Attractive Box Office 1.3 Functions of English Movie Titles 1.3.1 Information Function 1.3.2 Aesthetic Function 1.3.3 Vocative Function Chapter 2 Principle and Methods of English Movie Titles’ Translation 2.1 Principle of English Movie Titles’ Translation 2.1.1 Information Value Principle 2.1.2 Aesthetic Principles 2.1.3 Target-oriented Principle 2.1.4 Economic Benefit Principle

2.2 Methods of English Movie Titles’ Translation 2.2.1 Literal Translation

2.2.2 Liberal Translation Transliteration 2.2.3 Transliteration 2.2.4 Complementary Translation 2.2.5 Creative Interpretation Chapter 3 Influence Factors on Translating Movie Titles 3.1 The Factor of Cultural Difference

3.2 Lacking a Comprehensive Understanding of the Story 3.3 Influence of Commercial Profits Conclusion...........................................................................................................50 Bibliography………………………………………………………………………………53 Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………...54 Acknowledgements………………………………………………………………………..55

Abstract

With development of culture exchange in the world, more and more English films have been introduced into our country, which have gained preference of the Chinese people.Well translated movie titles tend to attract audiences in one culture to appreciate movies produced in another culture.The translation of movie titles plays an important role in introducing and popularizing western movie culture.After the analysis of the characteristics, functions and translation principles of movie titles, the author of the present study discussed the methods of the English movie titles translation and summarized the influence factors on translation.Key words:Movie titles, translation, principles, characteristic, methods

摘 要

随着文化交流的不断扩大,越来越多的国外影片引进中国,受到观众的喜爱。翻译的精彩的电影片名往往能吸引观众观赏进口的国外影片。电影片名的翻译在引进并传播西方电影文化中起着重要的作用。在分析了电影名称的特征、功能和翻译的原则后,笔者探讨了翻译英文电影片名的技巧,并总结了影响电影翻译的因素。

关键词:英语电影片名;翻译;原则;特点;

Introduction

―Movie is so important that it has become the first arts of the human world,‖ pointed out by French artist and novelist Mona(Baker, 2004, p.40).Movies are cultural artifacts created by specific cultures, which reflect those cultures, and, in turn, affect them.With the lapse of time, the process of filmmaking has developed into an art form and industry.Some films have become popular worldwide attractions by using dubbing or subtitles that translate the dialogue into the language of the viewer.What is more, movie titles which contain profound moral play a very important role.The title is the brand trademark of the movie and condenses the pith of the story.The titles are always in the eye-catching position of the playbill.In recent years, our cultural exchanges with the outside world have never been livelier, more and more western movies have come into Chinese market.The translation of English movie titles plays an important role in promoting cultural exchanges, and enriching people’s leisure time.But currently, the film title translation remains a problematic issue.As to the same title, it often has several different translations for one English film title.The Mainland China, Hong Kong and Taiwan versions can hardly achieve unity in most cases, which makes confusion and inconvenience for the audience.Like many other forms of non-literary translation, the translation of English movie titles has not yet received due attention despite their importance.Peter Newmark has called on the translators to bring their attention to ―two underplayed aspects of translation‖, one of which is ―the approach to non-literary translation.‖ Nida also called for ―more attention to exploring new fields in translation‖.As a branch of non-literary translation, the translation of English movie titles, like many other forms of non-literary translation, has not yet received due attention despite their importance.The translation of English movie titles is the important part in the translation of English movie.This paper is based on the analysis of the characteristics and functions, proposes four principles and summarizes five translation methods in the translation of English movie titles.6

Chapter 1 Characteristics and Functions of English Movie Titles

1.1The Movies Titles’ Classification

The first step of translating movie titles is in depth knows the source of titles and the characteristic.The titles mostly come from the clue of story line, background, theme and characters.The movies can be divided into the following: action films;romance films;horror films;disaster films;cartoon films;comedy;adventure films.Actually, most of movies belong to comprehensive kind;such as the Titanic belongs not only to romance films but also to films disaster.1.2 Characteristics of English Movie Titles

1.2.1 Concise and Memorize Movie titles generally highly epitomize movie content, which requires succinct and conciseness, meanwhile contains a wealth of the information of content itself.Generally speaking, the titles are made up of nouns and noun phrases, such as Titanic, Speed, Gladiator and Tarzan.This movie titles obvious to everybody it belongs to what kind of movie.1.2.2 Straightaway languages The film is the art of the common people.The movie titles should suit the original content of the film and reflect the theme of the film, and we straightaway languages, which is convenient for people to know the movie.Such as Pearl Harbor, the Princess Diaries, Twin Sisters, Beauty and the Beast and Kindergarten Cop.Through the titles, you can easily distend what is probably spoken of the story.The straightaway languages make audience readily receptive.7

1.2.3 Attractive Box Office

Movie is a commodity.The investors must pay attention to the box office, or the film industry cannot survive, develop and grow sturdily.Successful box office often depends on an attractive title.So the titles should give the audience suspension, reverie and aesthetic feeling in order to arouse the audience desire of going to movies.When the audience see the title The Silence of the Lamb, they are curious to know why they use lamb or are it a silent lamb.Thus movie got overwhelming success and the title made great contribution.Some movie titles pay attention to the spelling in order to be special and attractive, to some extent, they’re queer.Lost in Translation, Cast Away and It Happened One Night impress the audiences deeply.1.3 Functions of English Movie Titles

Forrest Gump said ―Life was like a box of chocolates, you never know what you’re going to get‖.So does a movie, you will never know whether a movie attracts you until you watch it.When watching a movie, what attracts you first is the title of the movie.The movie titles need to attract people to have a desire for rushes to the film and feel good after seeing it, so as to reach the purpose of improving box office.Chen hongwei divided the functions of movie titles into three categories: information function, aesthetic function and vocative function.1.3.1 Information Function

The titles give a neat summary of the movie in Straightaway languages.It conveys the information about the idea of the movie to the audience and makes them understand the idea and the story better.This is the titles’ the title The Shawshank Redemption will tell the audience that the story is about a person named Shawshank on the path to redemption.Pearl Harbor will remind the people of the history and the audience will know the story takes place in Pearl Harbor and has connection with World WarⅡ.The informative function is the basic function of movie titles and the most important function.8

1.3.2 Aesthetic Function The translation of movie titles which always apply many rhetoric techniques in Chinese structure is flexible, in order to create a catchy name and to give people a good sense of rhythm.That is the aesthetic function.The aesthetic feeling is a main factor that causes audience to make the decision whether they will go to a movie or not.The aesthetic function is most obviously felt on the romantic movies.Some titles of the classical movies have become the synonym of romance, such as Casablanca, Sleepless in Seattle and the Great Waltz.As W.Somerset Mangham says, words have their weight, sound and appearance.The translators try to select the words that have beauty in sound, form and meaning.These movie titles attract and touch the heart of the audience with nice language and satisfy the audience by the conciseness and vividness.1.3.3 Vocative Function

The movie titles’ vocative function is to impress thousands upon thousands of audiences and evoke their curiosity, attracting the audiences into the cinema.Everyone has curiosity;we will feel curious when we see something fresh and strange and we take delight in learning and are easily influenced.The vocative function is just to influence the audience’s sentiments and arouse their interests.Such as Jumanji left us with one of the biggest cliffhangers, thus arouse our interest in the movie.Another example, Blood Diamond strongly criticized the dirty trade of diamond and described sufferings of the people who during the Sierra Leone Civil War.The director chose blood diamond as the title in his movie to attract audience and also convey the main idea of the movie.Chapter 2 Principle and Methods of English Movie Titles’

Translation

2.1 Principle of English Movie Titles’ Translation

2.1.1 Information Value Principle The information value principle is the most basic principle in English movie titles’ translation.Title translation should convey true information, relate to the movie, and achieve the unity of title and plot, which is the so-called achieving equivalence in information value.Catch at shadows, as wide as poles apart and departure from the information value are the most taboo in titles translation.As the title, it should keep concise, but it should also contain rich information which makes audience guess what the movie is about at a glance.Such as PulpFiction;Meet the Parents;A Rather English Marriage.Another example,,the Third Man once translated into ―第三者‖,may at first seem a story about love triangles ,but in the movie, the third man actually is a person who is the witness of the horrible murder.Primary translation has a long way from the actual content.2.1.2 Aesthetic Principle Since movies possess both the commercial and artistic qualities, an excellent movie should develop its commercial value and have its artistic value as well.Translation is a kind of art.When we translate the movie titles, we should take into account the artistic quality.At the same time, the request to this profession has been becoming more and more strict along with unceasing enhancement of our living standard and the esthetic appreciation.The translation of movie titles demands for escaping away from the strains of original words and penetratingly grasping the artistic quality, thus make an activity of artistic creation.The Bridge of Madison County 廊桥遗梦is believed to be one of the best translated titles.Firstly, it is a four-character expression which appeals to Chinese audience.Secondly, the characters in the title contain great meanings.―廊‖embodies the art of landscaping and aesthetics of structure.― 遗 ‖infers time and space, yearning between lovers and introspection.―梦‖indicates the sincerely desire of the love and the romantic emotional appeal which is imbued with Platonic intention and affords for thought.There are some other good versions with high artistic quality: Ghost人鬼情未了, Sleepless in Seattle 西雅图夜未眠, Gone With the Wind 乱世佳人.10

2.1.3 Target-oriented Principle Movie is a specific form of literature, so it should create value and be accepted by the audiences.The specificity of movie determines that translation should keep the target-oriented principle.That is to say, translators should be on this foundation of faithful to the original, meanwhile, stressed the effect of audience.The translation of titles should be more carefully considered.The translation’ aim is not only to faithfully transmit original words and cultural value, but also attract and be accepted by the audience.2.1.4 Economic Benefit principle The first two installments of the Godfather movie series alone earned more than $800 million at the international box-office, which allows us to realize that movies are big factories.The development of films depends on economic benefit, thus the titles’ translation should stick to the principle.We also understand that the movie’ economic benefit depends on the level of attracting audience.Whether titles are good or bad immediate impact the box office level.For example, Sound of Music was once translated into ―仙乐飘飘何处闻‖, which make the audience feel confused;Later, ―音乐之声‖was widely accepted.Ghost was translated into ―人鬼情未了‖,which become a classic.2.2 Methods of Movie Titles’ Translation Film translation is an important and simple way to introduce foreign culture to audiences.Seemingly short though, the title translation is rather difficult and requires much translation knowledge.Excellent English film translation can bring to the audience great satisfaction both in eyes and ears.There are many techniques of translating the title of a movie and there are also many factors which affect its translation.But, I will introduce the techniques of movie titles’ translation mainly from five categories: literal translation, complementary translation, transliteration, free translation, the combination of literal and free translation.No matter what technique is employed, one fundamental and vital principle that should never be forgotten is that the translation must be related to the story in one way or another.11

2.2.1Literal Translation

Literal translation is the most common method used in film title translation.By converting the source language’s grammatical constructions to their nearest target language equivalents, literal translation can preserve both the content and originality in most cases.In occasions when a title matches the story of a movie perfectly, such as Beauty and the Beast(美女与野兽), Saving Private Ryan(拯救大兵瑞恩),only if the target language sounds not too awkward or unnatural and is capable of describing the story, literal translation can be adopted.Generally speaking, the translated Chinese titles should be capable of describing the story as well as the original English titles do.These titles are easily accepted and memorized by Chinese audience.For example, True Lies(真实的谎言),Rain Man(雨人),Brave Heart(勇敢的心),The Shawshank Redemption(肖申克的救赎),and so on.2.2.2 Liberal Translation

Besides literal translation, liberal translation is also commonly adopted by us.Liberal translation is also called free translation, which does not adhere strictly to the form or word order of the original.As English movie titles are mostly made up of one or two key words and highly concentrated, literally translated titles sometimes cannot make the Chinese audience understood.And there are some titles that contain lots of culture which is only well-known by westerners;Chinese audience will be confused if we translate these titles through literal translation.However, when we use free translation, the version won’t totally conform to the original titles.Though most translators treat literal translation as their first choice, in the field of English movie title translation, liberal translation is used more.Liberal translation can bring the connotation into play and elaborate the pith of the title.Gone with the Wind was translated into乱世佳人, is a good example.2.2.3 Transliteration Transliteration is a subset of the science of hermeneutics.It is a form of translation, and is the practice of converting a text from one script into another.Some foreign movies generally take the name of the heroine or where and when a story takes place as the title.For

instance, Harry Porter(哈利波特),Tarzan(泰山),Aladdin(阿拉丁),Casablanca(卡萨布兰卡), Notting Hill(诺丁山).But only use transliteration is probably fairly rare, because the domestic audience generally do not know the titles which take the name of the heroine or geographic name as titles.So we should take into account combining the transliteration with liberal translation.For instance, Patton(巴顿将军), Forrest Gump(阿甘正传)and All Quiet on the Western Front(西线无战事).2.2.4 Complementary Translation

The translation of the English movies have to take into account the inner foreign culture of the movie itself;需要考虑电影自身所包含的外国文化

in such circumstances, the complementary translation is necessary.The complementary translation is on the basic of literal translation and liberal translation, thus making the translation adapts to the audiences’ psychological reception and cultural expectation.For example: Philadelphia(费城故事),Seven(七宗罪),Shrek(怪物史莱克),Titanic(泰坦尼克号).2.2.5 Creative Interpretation Language in English movie titles is creatively used and there are some titles that are not suitable to be translated with the skills mentioned above.As a result, with the purpose of strengthen artistic quality and influence, the translator sometimes has to create a new title or choose a best title which can describe the story and convey the most information to the audience.Cross-cultural factors have semantic and pragmatic impacts on translation, which requires translators to adopt flexible translating tactics, this is the create interpretation.The translator should be aware of these differences and try to creative a new title according to the story and his or her understanding of the western culture and history.In some English titles, the heroes’ or the heroines’ names are very unfamiliar to Chinese audience because sometimes the heroes or the heroines are ordinary people.Transliteration cannot tell the audience more than a name.However, if we create a new title mainly connected with the story, the audience will get it through.For example Dorothy Dandridge(红颜血泪), transliteration gives audience the version多萝西・丹德里奇, but who is多萝西・丹德里奇? How old is she? What does she do? The audience gets nothing from this kind of translation.As a matter of fact, Dorothy Jean Dandridge(November 9, 1922 – September 8, 1965)was an American actress and popular singer, and was the first African-American to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress.She performed as a vocalist in venues such as the Cotton Club and the Apollo Theater.On her way to her success, she made so much effort and endured all the unequal treatment.红颜血泪 exactly described her lifetime—A black beauty who fought against the discrimination and paid her tears and even blood to get her success and gained people’s recognition.Another simple, The Professional(这个杀手不太冷).The title refers to the hero of the movie, Leon, a killer, very skillful and cool.One of its versions is 杀手莱昂.Appropriate to the identity of our hero as it is, it does not reveal another important side of Leon, which the version 这个杀手不太冷 vividly carries.Chapter 3 Influence Factors of Translation

This section attempts to make a deep study from the perspectives of cultural differences, comprehensive understanding towards to story and Influence of commercial profits, which affect the English movie titles’ translation.4.1 The Factor of Cultural Difference The different historical, cultural and religious factors build up different customs and courtesy.Therefore, culture is assignable factor in translation.During the course of translating, incorrect translation may result from such factors as grammar, structure, inter-cultural differences, and so on.Some translations of titles are totally unrelated to the film.The main cause lies in the lack of consideration of different characteristics of the original language and the cultural elements in those different types.For example American Beauty(美国丽人),The mainland and the HK versions both have made a mistake in taking the literal meaning of Beauty.According to the American Heritage Dictionary, ―American Beauty‖ is a type of rose bearing large, long-stemmed purplish-red flowers.And the rose is a profound image in the Oscar winner of the Best Picture in 2001, so the Taiwan version 美国

心,玫瑰情 seems more to the point.4.2 Lacking a Comprehensive Understanding of the Story

The precondition for translating the title is the depth knowledge of the story;this is the first step to make a right and the best choice among many possible versions.But in many cases, the translator, probably without going to the movie before translating the title, has to come up with a version simply from the original English and a synopsis of the movie.The Day After Tomorrow is an American science-fiction disaster film in 2004 depicting catastrophic effects of global warming in a series of extreme weather events that usher in global cooling and lead to a new ice age.The film did well at the box office.The title also quickly leapt red.It was translated by literal translation as ―后天‖,but after seeing the movie , the audience will consider the title ―后天‖improper, ―明天过后‖ was more properly.4.3 Influence of Commercial Profits

As we mentioned above, movie itself is a sort of commodity and the movie titles are attractive to draw the audience’s attention and then film producers are able to access to economic interests.As a result, we always see a lot of exciting, passionate, mysterious or thrilling words in the titles though some of these titles actually reflect nothing of the original story.Here are some examples: Backtrack

-------------赤面杀手

Platoon

-------------杀戮战场 Charlie’s Angels-------------霹雳娇娃

Conclusion

The translation of the title of a movie is an interesting topic.Movies play an important role in the culture exchanges between different countries.The translation of movie’s title plays an important role in introducing and popularizing western movie culture.However, the translation of film titles, as a special and significant part of film translation, is a far less explored field.The translation of the film titles is a special process of re-creation.It isn't easy to obey the content and the forms of the original titles, but a hard research to the film themes, social problems, the ethnic association and national condition.Owing to the diversities of the west and the east, the westerners' opinions towards the translation are naturally different from the easterners.We wouldn't only see a part of the film and rush into translating it into literal translation or free translation.Translation is also a process of cultural communication because of the differences of the principles of the translation, the linguistic customs of the foreign countries and the characteristics of the film titles.That is not only to the audience, but also to the translators themselves.After all, the purpose of the film is to satisfy the audience.Different film titles require different translation methods.People should take all factors into consideration.In all, there are many challenges for us to translate the film titles, thus we should combine the practice of using translation methods, finding the balance between literal translation and free translation is rational to the translation of film titles.If we master the trick of the translation of film titles, everything becomes easy.To sum up, the ultimate goal of translation is to promote cross-cultural exchange —a long, evolutionary process

References

[1]Andrew, Lynn.Happreciating Cinema.Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press, 2006.[2]Patrick , Cattrysse.Talking About the Movie Name Translation.New York: Random House Inc., 2008.[3]Newmark, Peter.A Textbook of Translation.Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2001.[4]张丽.从东西方文化差异看电影片名翻译[J].琼州学院学报,2007,(4).[5]袁源.英汉文化异同在影视片名翻译中的体现和影响[J].湖南科技学院学报,2006,(8).[6]李群.片名翻译对―忠实‖的颠覆——电影片名翻译的现状及理论根据[J].北京第二外国语学院学报,2002,(5).[7]李琴.电影片名翻译中的文化因素——归化与异化策略在片名翻译中的应用[J].河南商业高等专科学校学报,2008,(3).[8]朱娥.电影片名的美学特征与翻译[J].昭通师范高等专科学校学报,2004,(3).[9]阮红梅.娜,.电影片名翻译的文化适应[J].中国青年政治学院学报,2006,(4).[10]郑思.影片名翻译的功能和原则[J].安徽文学(下半月),2008,(8).17

Acknowledgements

I am grateful to the teachers for their patient help and warm encouragement.I would like, first of all, to show my sincere gratitude to Mrs.Zhang, my supervisor, for her valuable guidance and generous support.Through the work, she gave me great encouragement, which gave me the confidence and strength to complete this dissertation successfully.Also, I would like to take this opportunity to thank all my teachers who have taught me in the past four years.It is because of their help and guidance that I can finish my university and my paper successfully.山东建筑大学毕业论文

第三篇:浅谈英文电影片名的翻译

【标题】浅谈英文电影片名的翻译

【作者】石小梅

【关键词】特点;?原则;?方法 【指导老师】何远秀 丁健

【专业】英语

【正文】 I.Introduction? With the increase in cultural exchanges between China and the rest of the world, especially with the Western countries, the movie has gradually stood out as an important media of communication in its own right.Movie titles are always the first thing that the audience comes to know about new movies.Thus a right choice of movie title translation is of great importance to the successful release of a movie.A properly-translated English movie title into the TL can fulfill the following functions:

1.Providing information about the story for the audience by summarizing the main plot, revealing the theme, or offering some clue.2.Adding attraction to the movie and stimulating the audience’s interest and desire for viewing.3.Saving trouble for the cinema, the audience, film reviewers and other research workers in their publicity, choice of viewing, comments and studies.As a branch of non-literary translation, the translation of English movie titles, like many other forms of non-literary translation, has not yet received due attention despite their importance.Peter Newmark has called on the translators to bring their attention to?“two underplayed aspects of translation”, one of which is?“the approach to non-literary translation.” Nida also called for more attention to exploring new fields in translation.This paper, based on an analysis of the present situation of English movie title translation and the characteristics of English movie titles, will introduce principles and techniques of English movie title translation.II.Present Situation of English Movie Title Translation Despite the importance of movie titles, translators have not paid enough attention to their translation.The present situation of English movie title translation allows of no optimism.A.Only a few good renderings There have been very few good renderings since English movies first landed in China.Whenever we refer to good renderings, it is always the few titles that jump into our mind immediately---Waterloo Bridge(魂断蓝桥), The Bathing Beauty(出水芙蓉), Sound of Music(音乐之声), Legend of the Fall(燃情岁月), Madison County Bridge(廊桥遗梦),A Walk in the Clouds(云中漫步),etc.? Among these renderings, many were translated decades ago, such as the first three.In recent years, there are relatively fewer good renderings while there are more crude ones misleading the public.B.Mistranslation Mistranslation of movie titles is mainly caused by the following factors 1.Lacking a comprehensive view of the story “A title is best left untranslated until the rest of the assignment is completed.”1 As for a movie title, it is best left untranslated until the translator watches the movie and fully understands the story.Only with a comprehensive view of the story, can he make a right and the best choice among many possible renderings Sample 1-1 The Silence of the Lambs(沉默的羔羊)

Anyone with a modest knowledge of English will translate it into“羔羊的沉默”rather than?“沉默的羔羊”.And the movie does tell something about the Silence, not the Lambs.But it is ironical that the?“wrong” version sounds more appealing than the?“right” one, and has enjoyed high popularity since its coming into being.Sample 1-2 The Cable Guy(王牌特派员)

On seeing this title, the audience may mistake it as an espionage film.It also has two other renderings“线鬼衰人”and“有线电视狂”, both of which may leave an impression of horror films.But actually it is a very touching story about seeking for friendship despite Jim Carrey’s exaggerated act in it.Maybe another rendering, replacing the misleading“特派员”with“安装员,---王牌安装员”is better.Sample 1-3 Bad Company(坏蛋公司)

The translation sounds not bad, but it is completely irrelevant to the story.It is about a man who has to?“play” his twin brother, an agent having died in his unfinished mission.Another rendering“最差搭档”or“临时特工”may be better for the story.2.Misunderstanding of cultural information Culture is?“the way of life and its manifestations that are peculiar to a community that uses a particular language as its means of expression.”(Newmark, 2001:94)2 There is usually cultural information in movie titles.If the translator is not aware of it or misunderstands it, he is likely to mistranslate the title.Sample 1-4 American Beauty(美国美人/美国丽人)

The mainland and the HK versions both have made a mistake in taking the literal meaning of Beauty.According to the American Heritage Dictionary?(William Morris, 1980:42)3?“American Beauty” is a type of rose bearing large, long-stemmed purplish-red flowers.And the rose is a profound image in the Oscar winner of the Best Picture in 2001, so the Taiwan version“美国心,玫瑰情”seems more to the point.Sample 1-5 First Wives Club(大老婆俱乐部)

“大老婆is not the Chinese equivalent to?“first wife”;rather it may offer a wrong indication that there are“二老婆,三老婆”in America just as in old China where polygamy was popular.Actually Americans have not experienced the period of plural marriage except that some Mormons had practiced it before 1890.In English,?“first wife” refers to the first wo

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第四篇:从归化和异化的角度浅谈电影字幕翻译

从归化和异化的角度探讨电影字幕翻译

从归化和异化的角度探讨电影字幕翻译

[摘要] 随着全球化进程的加快,人们生活水平不断提高,人们对精神生活要求层次也不断提高。英文电影在国人的生活中扮演着不可缺少的一个角色,人们对电影字幕的翻译要求也越来越高,电影字幕的翻译是电影本身成功与否的一个重要因素,因此电影字幕翻译也成为了翻译中的重要组成部分。本文试从归化和异化两个角度探讨电影字幕翻译的策略。[关键词] 归化 异化 电影 字幕翻译

电影是一种具有大众性、广泛性和传播性,而且受众较多的文化形态。它已经成为人们日常生活中不可缺少的休闲娱乐方式,也是人们了解其他文化的重要渠道。由于语言差异,大部分观众只能通过字幕翻译才能从听觉上、视觉上个方位地把握外语电影的内容,欣赏其魅力。影视翻译作为文学翻译一部分,是一种特殊的文学翻译,那么电影字幕翻译自然就是一种特殊的文学翻译。伴随着人们生活水平和审美情趣的不断提高,英语电影在中国市场越来越受到消费者的青睐,也涌现了许多耳熟能详的电影,Forest Gump 《阿甘正传》、KongFu Panda《功夫熊猫》、Mu Lan 《花木兰》、Titanic《泰坦尼克号》等。这些电影在中国同样都取得了相当可观的票房收入,那么这些电影之所以会这样成功,除了有丰富的电影情节和特效之外,精彩地道的字幕翻译也是它们获得成功必不可少的重要因素之一。那么,在谈电影字幕翻译具体策略之前,首先需要了解一下字幕翻译的特点。

一、字幕翻译的特点

电影的字幕翻译与一般文学翻译既有共同之处,又有自身独特的个性。电影是视觉和听觉等多方面综合的艺术形式,比一般的文学作品更形象、更生动。但同时也因口型、肢体语等方面的因素,制约了电影字幕翻译。电影字幕翻译不同于文学翻译或非文学翻译,李运兴教授在提到字幕的功能及文体特点时指出:字幕是闪现在屏幕上的文字,一现即逝,不像书本上的文字,可供读者前后参照。而字幕是不可逆的,具有瞬时性,这种瞬时性要求电影中翻译的字幕,观众一遍就能看懂。不考虑观众是否能接受翻译字幕这点,是行不通的。[7]这些限制要求字幕的翻译言简意赅,表意准确,一方面能满足观众在视觉和听觉上的协调,一方面保证观众对电影的理解和文化的领略。另外,电影作为大众传媒渠道之一,电影的字幕翻译应该考虑到观众的接受能力和市场反应,因此字幕的翻译要适当的趋向大众化和通俗化。影视翻译不只是语言转换,它在很大程度上受到接受文化需求的制约。研究电影字幕翻译,必须处理好原语文化和目的语文化的关系译者作为文化交流的中介,其主要目的是促进不同文化的交流,减少文化差距。

二、电影字幕翻译中的归化和异化

每一部影片都是一定文化区域历史和社会文化生活的反映。在电影作品中,源语语篇中会有许多含有特定文化意义的词语,它们为目的语文化所不知、所不熟悉,甚至难于理解和接受。对于这些文化词语的处理,有两种策略,即归化和异化。

(一)归化与异化的内涵

1813年,德国语言古典学家、翻译理论家施莱尔马赫在《论翻译的方法》中提出:“翻译的途径有两种:一种是尽可能让作者安居不动,而引导读者去接近作者;另一种是尽可能让读者安居不动,而引导作者去接近读者。“ 1995年美国翻译理论家Venuti在《译者的隐形》一书中,将第一种方法称为“异化法”(foreignizing method),将第二种方法称为“归化法”(domesticating method)(Venuti,1995:20)。概括地说,异化法要求译者向作者靠拢,采用相应于作者所使用的原语表达方式来传达原文的内容;而归化法则要求向目的语读者靠拢,采取目的语读者所习惯的目的语表达方式来传达原文的内容。[5]

(二)字幕翻译中的归化 1.归化的含义

所谓“归化”是指以译入语即目的语的文化为依据,最大限度地使用目的语文化可以接受的表达。[9] 归化翻译可以使译文自然、地道、顺口、易于接受。电影应该考虑到观众的表达习惯和欣赏水平,太多晦涩难懂的词语和陌生表达方式,会使观众失去兴致,由于文化差异和字幕翻译时空上的限制,字幕翻译不能加注,因此为了提高票房收入,在翻译影片时归化的翻译法是很必要也很常见的翻译方法之一,归化策略能够拉近观众与影片的距离,恰到好处的归化可以使译文生动简洁、亲切活泼,便于观众理解和接受。美国著名的翻译理论家奈达,是归化翻译法的代表人物。他认为,在翻译的过程中,译者应尊重目的语的特征,译文尽量使用目的语接受者喜闻乐见的、符合目的语表达规范的言语形式。[3]

2.归化在字幕翻译中的体现

电影《阿甘正传》的字幕汉译就采用了归化的翻译策略,才让该片的语言和

情感达到与汉语观众相同的审美感受和体验。

例1:片名ForestGum p 《阿甘正传》

这部电影的片名是个人名,在翻译学中,人名的翻译一般采用的方法是直译。所以ForrestGump可以翻译成“福里斯特·甘”,也可以翻译成“福瑞斯特·甘普”。但是译文中的汉语片名为了接近更多的汉语观众,便对它做了归化处理,选用了“阿甘正传”。既简练的表现出电影讲述名叫ForrestG um p的这个人一生的传奇故事的大意,也符合了广大观众的实际水平,正如中国影片“阿Q正传”、“阿飞正传”达到的效果一样,使观众一目了然,更能雅俗共赏。

例2: 影片中的一句经典台词:

It was like old times.We were like peas and carrots again.就像当年一样,我们秤不离砣。

译者没有逐字死译,而是恰当的采用了符合目的语表达习惯的说法,做了归化处理,按照语境的需要译成了“秤不离砣”这样富有中国文化内涵的词语,给目的语观众很自然的感觉。“like peas and carrots again”,如直译成“我们就像是豌豆和胡萝卜总在一起”,毋庸置疑,汉语观众肯定是无法接受的。

下面再例举影片 Mu Lan 《花木兰》、KongFu Panda《功夫熊猫》中采用归化策略翻译的台词来进一步说明归化在电影字幕翻译中的重要性。

例3 Recite the final admonition.妇有四德指的是什么

”admonition”在词典中的意思是“劝告,忠告,告诫”的意思,在这里的场景是木兰正在接受媒婆的“面试”,如果合格就有机会嫁入好人家,译者将其译为“四德”,让中国观众想起古时女子要遵循的“三从四德”,也立刻明自了其隐含的意思。

例4 I can see why the boy is an absolute lunatic

我要有这样的儿子我也不会说的。

这句话的翻译对原句进行了改写,更能体现出幽默的意味。木兰怕被认出是女儿身,故意在别人面前显的很狼狈,让那个奸诈的宰相误会他是个无能之辈,无意中也为木兰解了围。这样的翻译让中国观众感到幽默,更加的自然。

还有在电影《功夫熊猫》中,“Master” 这一词在影片中出现很多次,但却被不同的翻译成了“师父”、“大师”、“大仙”。在汉语词典里,“师父”是学生对传授自己技艺的老师和尊称和敬称,师父和徒弟之间具有系统严格的师承关系,常见于艺术界和武术界。然而“大仙”“大师”又可以理解为神仙,仙人。在中国人的文化背景中,仙人具有各种神通,游行虚空,一切所为都无障碍。所以在影片中,对于浣熊和乌龟两个角色的翻译就充分体现了归化的翻译策略。Master Shifu 翻译成师父,表现它武艺高强;Master Oogway翻译成乌龟大师,体现了中国道家文化思想。由此可见,这一称呼的翻译主要体现了中国文化的传统和思想。

(三)字幕翻译中的异化 1.异化的含义

异化是指以源语言为归依,在翻译过程中尽量向源语言靠拢,采取尊重源语言的翻译策略。异化翻译的好处是:能再现原文的表达方式,它突出了源语的“异国情调”,不仅丰富和完善了译文的表达力,而且人们更能通过读译文了解他国文化。电影字幕中的异化翻译则少许顾虑译语文化中早已存在的现成的表达方式,而是追求新颖的、甚至是具有陌生感语言表达。为有效达到翻译目的,译者应根据电影语言不同的预期功能,抓住原片的创作意图,再根据译语观众的需要,决定源信息的保留或根据影片内容进行调整。特别是对那些因文化差异而难以处理的意象,在充分把握译语观众的期待视野、审美取向和接受能力的前提下,慎重考虑异化和归化策略。

2.异化在电影字幕翻译中的体现

异化中一个主要的方法是直译,是指“按照译文语言的语法规则翻译出原文的字面意思,仍保持原文的文体风格和文化特征。”[4] 对于目的语和原语字面意思和隐含意思相同和相似的信息,译者可以采取直译的方法。在电影Mu Lan《花木兰》中,有这样的例子

例5 We are under attack!Light the signal.有人偷袭,快点烽火

例6 Please help Mulan impress the Matchmaker today.保佑木兰今天给媒婆留个好映像

这些都是根据英文字幕的意思直接翻译过来的,这样做到了与原文最大程度的一致。对于这此句,直译是最好的选择,观众可以很容易的理解原文的意思。

2012年4月10号,3D版 Titanic《泰坦尼克号》在中国大陆各大影院首映,在重温经典的同时,作为语言学习者我们能深刻的体会到字幕翻译在各国之间的文化交流过程中起着重要的作用。下面以Titanic一场景中的台词为例,来说明异化原则在电影字幕翻译中的重要性。

在《泰坦尼克号》中,奥利骂斯文,“you are a chicken”,在英语文化中“chicken”的涵义是指胆怯,而在中国文化中,“chicken”的涵义是指吵闹或者是指女人的不贞洁,因此译者采取异化的手段,翻译成“你这个胆小鬼”,其实观众通过看画面就知道这句话是针对斯文说的,我们完全可以翻译成“胆小鬼”,如果直译成“你是一只小鸡”或者用归化的方法译成“你是一个卿卿喳喳的人”,这就与原文的意思相差很远,而且会让观众感到疑惑,达不到字幕翻译准确传达原文信息的目的,而翻译成“胆小鬼”能使目的语观众了解和学习中英文化意象词涵义的差别。

三 结语

归化和异化在翻译过程当中起着很重要的作用,同时,它们在电影字幕翻译中的也起到了充分使字幕发挥交流和沟通文化的桥梁作用。不过,翻译策略应该是多样的、灵活的,在翻译实践中译者不会仅采用一种翻译方法。而且异化和归化翻译策略在翻译过程中也是各有优缺点,那么在翻译过程中,译者应将二者有效结合,根据翻译目的、文本类型来实现二者的现实的、具体的、动态的统一。过度的异化或归化都有损译文质量,刻意的异化会使译文晦涩难懂,而太多的归

化也可能使译文缺少异域风情。无论从文化传播的角度还是商业角度,电影作为一种特殊的文学形式,要用故事情节和演员的表演吸引观众,向观众传达一定的意义,而再加上精彩的字幕翻译则更有助于观众理解影片内涵。

【参考文献】

[1] Bassnett, Susan & Andre Lefevere.Translation, history and culture.[M] London & New York: Pinter Publishers,1990.[2]Baker, M.1992.In Other Words:A Course book on Translation [M] London: Routledge [3] Nida, Eugene Theory and Practice of Translation [M].Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2004.[4]陈亚朋《卧虎藏龙》字幕翻译策略探析电影文学,2007,(8)[5]邓炎昌,刘润清,1989,《语言与文化一英汉语言文化对比研究》[M〕北京:外语教学与研究出版社.[6]刘宓庆,1999,《文化翻译论纲》[M〕武汉:湖北教育出版社.[7]李运兴,字幕翻译的策略[J].中国翻译,2001.[8]王佐良,1994,《翻译:思考与笔试》[M〕北京:外语教学与研究出版社.[9]赵春梅,2002,“论译制片翻译中的四对主要矛盾”[J]《中国翻译》第四期.[4] 9

第五篇:蒙古族传统节日翻译的归化与异化

蒙古族传统节日翻译的归化与异化

摘 要:本文阐述了蒙古族传统节日的文化内涵以及归化与异化的基本概念,指出蒙古族传统节日名称属文化负载词,在另一民族?Z言中没有可对应的现成词汇。翻译时,应在归化与异化共同指导下,选择适当的翻译方法。

关键词:归化;异化;蒙古族;传统节日;翻译

一、前言

“蒙古”一词最早见于《旧唐书》,那时它只作为部落名称出现。只有在公元13世纪成吉思汗统一蒙古各部,建立蒙古汗国以后,“蒙古”才正式成为一个稳定民族共同体的名称。此后,蒙古族不断发展壮大,创立自己的语言文字、建立典章制度,为其文化的繁荣发展创造了条件。蒙古族号称马背上的民族,蒙古族文化是游牧文化的典型代表。近年来,蒙古族文化引起学界广泛关注,各类研究方兴未艾。本文将探讨蒙古族传统节日名称英译的归化与异化,以促进民族传统文化的交流与宣传。

二、蒙古族的传统节日及其文化内涵

蒙古族文化的基本特征可概括为如下三点:一是崇尚自然,二是崇尚自由,三是崇尚英雄。这三大特征是长期以来蒙古人逐水草而生的生活方式的集中体现。尽管现代生活对蒙古族传统生活方式产生重大影响,但蒙古族热爱自然、追求自由、崇拜英雄的思想仍然根深蒂固。这一思想明显地体现在蒙古族传统节日上。如“敖包节”表达人们对自然的热爱与敬畏;“成吉思汗纪念节”表达对英雄的敬仰;“那达慕”表达人们对丰收的庆祝和期待等等,而这些节日又无一不是在自由、开放的氛围中展现。

三、归化与异化的概念

1983年德国的弗里德里希?施莱尔马赫在其《论翻译的方法》一文中指出,在翻译过程中“一种是尽可能让作者安居不动,而引导读者去接近作者;另一种是尽可能让读者安居不动,而引导作者去接近读者。”1995年,韦努蒂在其翻译著作《译者的隐身》中将前者称为“异化”,将后者称为“归化”。“归化即是遵守目标语言文化当前的主流价值观,公然对原文采用保守的同化手段,使其迎合本土的典律、出版潮流和政治需求。异化即是偏离本土主流价值观,保留原文的语言和文化差异。”体现在翻译中,“归化”指译文应符合目标语的语言习惯和表达方式,即把译文本土化;“异化”指译文要保留原语的遣词用字习惯,以展现原语的语言文化特色。

四、蒙古族传统节日英译的归化与异化

蒙古族传统节日名称属于文化负载词,在另一民族语言中没有可对应的现成词汇。为了民族文化的有效宣传与交流,翻译蒙古族节日名称时,应在归化与异化共同指导下选择合适的翻译策略,使译文既能传递文化特色,又不能给读者造成理解障碍。

(1)异化翻译――直译。直译是较容易看出逐字逐句翻译的一种译法,也是能够保留原语语言规范的一种译法。例如:

马奶节:每年夏季,开始挤马奶后的某一日清晨,蒙古牧民将身着盛装,聚集于传统地点,互饮马奶酒、弹奏马头琴、表演歌舞进行娱乐庆祝。马奶节旨在庆祝洁白奶食品的丰收,以示牧民对牲畜及乳食的看重,是蒙古族民间传统节日。对这一节日的翻译可采用直译法,即译为“Mare’s Milk Festival”。“Mare”是“母马”的意思,“Mare’s Milk Festival”的含义便一目了然。

(2)异化翻译――音译加注。音译是用与原语发音相似的单词或字母进行翻译。音译而来的词语可最大限度地保留原语文化异质性。加注是指在音译内容后附上简要解释,以便读者更清晰地了解译文含义。例如:

那达慕:“那达慕”是蒙古族的草原盛会,会上有各种蒙古特色的文体竞技节目,如鹿棋、赛马、摔跤等。“那达慕”这一名称由蒙古语音译而来,其英文表达“Nadam”也属音译,但若不对这一音译做出简要说明,其民族特色可能无法呈现读者。同样,蒙古族另一传统节日“敖包节”,即“Ovoo Sacrificing”中的“Ovoo”也是由蒙语音译而来,后加注解“Ovoo refers to the stones heaped up to replace the sky and earth to be worshiped by Mongolian people.”做出简要解释,会降低读者的陌生感。

(3)归化翻译。翻译的目的是促成交际活动,所以评价译文是否有效,重要是看目的语读者对译文的理解和接受程度,将译文置于目的语读者理解范围之内,才会形成有效交流。

归化翻译――意译。与直译和音译不同,意译是依据原语大致意思做出的翻译。各语言民族的传统节日都带有浓烈的文化色彩,无法在另一语言中找到对应表达,对另一语言民族来说是术语新词,若一味采用异化译法不但不能获得良好交际效果,反而会加重译文的陌生感,给读者造成理解重负。这时要适当采用归化译法来增强译文的透明度。例如:

“除夕”也是蒙古族的传统节日,这一节日同他们的春节一样隆重。但其节日内容与其他民族的“除夕”有很大差别。节日里,煮全羊、奶食品是必不可少的食物,祝酒、献哈达也是必不可少的活动。这一节日可翻译为“New Year’s Eve”或“Mongolian New Year’s Eve”,但后者采用了意译方法,较前者更能体现节日的民族特异性。

五、结语

异化翻译有助于保留原语文化特色,彰显文化差异,利于促进各语言民族的文化融合,而归化翻译则能够消除文化障碍,产生透明通顺的译文,便于读者理解和接受。蒙古族传统节日名称属于文化负载词,这些词汇名称在另一语言中没有对等词汇。为了实现民族文化有效宣传与交流,在翻译蒙古族传统节日名称时,应在归化和异化共同指导下,灵活运用多种翻译方法。

参考文献

[1]吴团英.论蒙古族文化的基本特征及其在民族性格上的体现[J].内蒙古社会科学(汉文版),2016:67.[2]吴军赞.对英汉习语翻译的异化归化处理的研究[J].西华大学学报,2006:90.[3]Venuti,L.Strategies of translation[A].Baker,M.Routledge Encyclopedia of Translation Studies[C].London and New York:Routledge,2001.[4]强瑛.《功夫熊猫》字幕翻译的归化与异化策略[J].电影文学,2010:144.2017内蒙古自治区高等学校科学研究项目,项目名称:蒙古族文化外宣英译现状及英译策略研究,项目编号:NJZC17535。

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