第一篇:让你五分钟看懂英文文献的秘密
英语在线翻译工具大全 http:///node/2151
在科研过程中阅读翻译外文文献是一个非常重要的环节,许多领域高水平的文献都是外文文献,借鉴一些外文文献翻译的经验是非常必要的。由于特殊原因我翻译外文 文献的机会比较多,慢慢地就发现了外文文献翻译过程中的三大利器:Google“翻译”频道、金山词霸(完整版本)和CNKI“翻译助手"。
具体操作过程如下:
1.先打开金山词霸自动取词功能,然后阅读文献;
2.遇到无法理解的长句时,可以交给Google处理,处理后的结果猛一看,不堪入目,可是经过大脑的再处理后句子的意思基本就明了了;
3.如果通过Google仍然无法理解,感觉就是不同,那肯定是对其中某个“常用单词”理解有误,因为某些单词看似很简单,但是在文献中有特殊的意思,这时就 可以通过CNKI的“翻译助手”来查询相关单词的意思,由于CNKI的单词意思都是来源与大量的文献,所以它的吻合率很高。
另外,在翻译过程中最好以“段落”或者“长句”作为翻译的基本单位,这样才不会造成“只见树木,不见森林”的误导。
注:
1、Google翻译: http:///language_tools
google,众所周知,谷歌里面的英文文献和资料还算是比较详实的。我利用它是这样的。一方面可以用它查询英文论文,当然这方面的帖子很多,大家可以搜索,在此不赘述。回到我自己说的翻译上来。下面给大家举个例子来说明如何用吧
比如说“电磁感应透明效应”这个词汇你不知道他怎么翻译,首先你可以在CNKI里查中文的,根据它们的关键词中英文对照来做,一般比较准确。在此主要是说在google里怎么知道这个翻译意思。大家应该都有词典吧,按中国人 的办法,把一个一个词分着查出来,敲到google里,你的这种翻译一般不太准,当然你需要验证是否准确了,这下看着吧,把你的那支离破碎的翻译在 google里搜索,你能看到许多相关的文献或资料,大家都不是笨蛋,看看,也就能找到最精确的翻译了,纯西式的!我就是这么用的。
2、CNKI翻译: http://dict.cnki.net
CNKI 翻译助手,这个网站不需要介绍太多,可能有些人也知道的。主要说说它的有点,你进去看看就能发现:搜索的肯定是专业词汇,而且它翻译结果下面有文章与之对 应(因为它是CNKI检索提供的,它的翻译是从文献里抽出来的),很实用的一个网站。估计别的写
文章的人不是傻子吧,它们的东西我们可以直接拿来用,当然 省事了。网址告诉大家,有兴趣的进去看看,你们就会发现其乐无穷!还是很值得用的。
3、网路版金山词霸(不到1M): http://pickup.mofile.com/***6翻译时的速度:
这里我谈的是电子版和打印版的翻译速度,按个人翻译速度看,打印版的快些,因为看电子版本一是费眼睛,二是如果我们用电脑,可能还经常时不时玩点游戏,或者整点别的,导致最终SPPEED变慢,再之电脑上一些词典(金山词霸等)在专业翻译方面也不是特别好,所以翻译效果不佳。在此本人建议大家购买清华大学编写的好像是国防工业出版社的那本《英汉科学技术词典》,基本上挺好用。再加上网站如:google CNKI翻译助手,这样我们的翻译速度会提高不少。
具体翻译时的一些技巧(主要是写论文和看论文方面)
大家大概都应预先清楚明白自己专业方向的国内牛人,在这里我强烈建议大家仔细看完这些头上长角的人物的中英文文章,这对你在专业方向的英文和中文互译水平提高有很大帮助。
我们大家最蹩脚的实质上是写英文论文,而非看英文论文,但话说回来我们最终提高还是要从下大工夫看英文论文开始。提到会看,我想它是有窍门的,个人总结如下:
1、把不同方面的论文分夹存放,在看论文时,对论文必须做到看完后完全明白(你重视的论文);懂得其某部分讲了什么(你需要参考的部分论文),在看明白这些论 文的情况下,我们大家还得紧接着做的工作就是把论文中你觉得非常巧妙的表达写下来,或者是你论文或许能用到的表达摘记成本。这个本将是你以后的财富。你写 论文时再也不会为了一些表达不符合西方表达模式而烦恼。你的论文也降低了被SCI或大牛刊物退稿的几率。不信,你可以试一试
2、把摘记的内容自己编写成检索,这个过程是我们对文章再回顾,而且是对你摘抄的经典妙笔进行梳理的重要阶段。你有了这个过程。写英文论文时,将会有一种信手拈来的感觉。许多文笔我们不需要自己再翻译了。当然前提是你梳理的非常细,而且中英文对照写的比较详细。
3、最后一点就是我们往大成修炼的阶段了,万事不是说成的,它是做出来的。写英文论文也就像我们小学时开始学写作文一样,你不练笔是肯定写不出好作品来的。所 以在此我鼓励大家有时尝试着把自己的论文强迫自己写成英文的,一遍不行,可以再修改。最起码到最后你会很满意。呵呵,我想我是这么觉得的。
第二篇:让你看懂血液常规检查报告
让你看懂血液常规检查报告
手术、化疗、放疗前后均需行血常规检查。其中的指标的异常会影响这些治疗措施的进行。但很多病人与家属拿到化验单看不懂,感到很困惑。现仅就血常规的一些化验项目的临床意义作一简要说明,供参考:
1、血红蛋白(HB)
正常参考值:
男:120~160g/L(12.0~16.0g/dl)【10】
女:110~150g/L(11.0~15.0g/dl【10】
临床意义:
增高:有生理性或病理性,在肺癌病人中较少见。
减低:可反映贫血的程度。病人的营养状况不佳、手术后失血过多、化疗后等均可出现。
2、红细胞计数(RBC)
正常参考值:
男:(4.0~5.5)×1012/L(400~550万/mm3)【0.01】
女:(3.5~5.0)×1012/L(350~500万/mm3【0.01】
临床意义:诊断各种贫血及红细胞增多症。
增高:真性红细胞增多症、肺心病、肺气肿、高原缺氧等。
减低:手术后失血过多、化放疗疗引起的红细胞减少、其他情况引起的贫血、血液稀释后等。
3、白细胞计数(WBC)
正常参考值:(4~10)×109/L(4000~10000/mm3)【0.001】
临床意义:
增高:急性感染、严重组织损伤、大出血、中毒、恶性肿瘤及白血病等。
降低:这是化疗病人最常见的副作用。另外,某些感染、血液病、自身免疫性疾病、脾功能亢进、再生障碍性贫血等也可出现。
4、白细胞分类计数(DC)
正常血液中含有粒性、单核性和淋巴性三类白细胞。粒细胞又根据胞浆中含有的颗粒性质不同,分为嗜酸性、嗜碱性及中性粒细胞三种。
(1)中性分叶核粒细胞(N):
正常参考值:0.50~0.70(50%~70%)【0.01】
临床意义:
病理性中性粒细胞增多:急性细菌性感染,严重组织损伤或血细胞破坏、急性失血、急性中毒、白血病及恶性肿瘤。
中性粒细胞减少:放射线或化学药物的毒副作用、病毒性感染、伤寒、某些血液病、自身免疫性疾病、脾功能亢进等。
(2)中性杆状核粒细胞(N):
正常参考值:0.01~0.05(1%~5%)【0.01】
临床意义:用于血液系统疾病的诊断和判断感染轻重程度等。
(3)嗜酸性粒细胞(E):
正常参考值:0.005~0.05(0.05%~5%)【0.01】
临床意义:
增高:常见于过敏性疾病、寄生虫病、某些皮肤病及血液病等。
减少:见于肾上腺皮质激素治疗时、大手术病情严重及传染病、伤寒、副伤寒等病患者。
(4)嗜碱性粒细胞(B):
正常参考值:0~0.01(0%~1%)【0.01】
临床意义:
增多:常见于慢性粒细胞白血病、嗜碱性粒细胞白血病及某些转移癌。
减少:无临床意义。
(5)淋巴细胞(L):
正常参考值:0.25~0.35(25%~35%)【0.01】
临床意义:
增多:某些病毒或细菌所致的传染病,常见于传染性单核细胞增多症,某些慢性感染,如结核病恢复期及淋巴细胞性白血病、淋巴肉瘤等。
减少:接触放射线及应用皮质激素之后。
(6)单核细胞(M):
正常参考值:0.03~0.08(3%~8%)【0.01】
临床意义:
增多:亚急性细菌性心内膜炎、急性感染的恢复期、单核细胞性白血病。
减少:临床意义不大。
5、血小板计数(PLT)
正常参考值:(100~300)×109/L((100~300)×103/mm3)【1.0】
临床意义:
减少:原发性或继发性血小板减少性紫癜如弥漫性血管内凝血、血栓性血小板减少性紫癜、再障、急性白血病、伤寒、脾功能亢进及进行体外循环时、化学药物中毒。
增高:某些化疗药物或放疗可引起血小板减少。其他的疾病引起则较少见,有特发性血小板增多症、脾切除术后。
血液常规检验及其临床意义
1.血红蛋白(Hb)测定:参考值:男性120~160g/L女性110~150g/L、新生儿170~200g/L。
降低:贫血、白血病、大量失血及钩虫病等。
增高:慢性缺氧(肺气肿和先天性心脏病等)、严重脱水、大面积烧伤、慢性一氧化碳中毒及真性红细胞增多症等时。
2.红细胞(RBC)检验:参考值男性4.0~5.5×1012/L,女性3.5~5.0×1012/L,新生儿6.0~7.5×1012/L。
临床意义同血红蛋白,巨幼红细胞贫血时减少更为明显。
3.白细胞(WBC)检验:参考值:成年人4~5.5×109/L,婴儿(两周岁以下)11~12×109/L,新生儿15~20×109/L。
增多:细菌性感染、尿毒症、严重烧伤、传染性单核细胞增多症、白血病和应激状态(急性出血和大手术)等(妊娠后期、月经期、饭后、剧烈运动后可有生理性增加)。
减少:病毒感染、伤害及副伤寒、疟疾、再生障碍性贫血、极严重感染、放射性辐照、肿瘤化疗后和非白血性白血病等。
4.白细胞分类(DC):参考值:中性粒细胞0.5~0.70×(50~70%),嗜酸性凿粒细胞0.005~0.05(0.5%~5%)嗜碱性粒细胞0~0.01(0~1%),淋巴细胞0.2~0.40(20%~40%)和单核细胞0.03~0.08(3%~8%)。
中性粒细胞
增多:多见于急性化脓性细菌感染、粒细胞白血病、急性出血、溶血、手术后和尿毒症等;
减少:见于伤寒和副伤寒、疟疾、粒细胞缺乏症、放射性辐照和肿瘤化疗。
嗜碱性粒细胞
增多:见于过敏性疾病、寄生虫病等;
减少:见于伤寒和副伤寒等。
嗜碱性粒细胞
增多:见于慢性粒细胞白血病、何杰金氏病和铅中毒等。
淋巴细胞
增多:见于病毒感染。
减少:见于免疫缺陷病。
单核细胞
增多:见于某些细菌感染及单核细胞白血病等。
5.血小板(PLT)检验:参考值:100~300×109/L。
减少:造血功能障碍(如急性白血病和再生障碍性贫血等)、血小板破坏过多(如原发性血小板减少性紫癜、脾功能亢进和系统性红斑狼疮等)及消耗增加(如DIC、血栓性血小板减少性紫癜等)时;
增多:急性大出血、急性溶血、真性红细胞增多症、原发性血小板增多症和慢性粒细胞性白血病等时。
6.红细胞比积(Ht)检验:参考值:男性0.42~0.49(42%~49%),女性0.37~0.43和新生儿 0.49~0.54。
增高:失水和大面积烧伤等所致的血液浓缩以及真性红细胞增多症时。
下降:贫血及血液稀释时。
7.红细胞平均体积(MCV):参考值:成人79~101fl,儿童73~89f1和新生儿可达105fl。
用于贫血分类:增大为巨红细胞性贫血,减小为小细胞性贫血(如严重缺铁性贫血)和遗传性球型红细胞增多症;正常红细胞性贫血时正常。
8.红细胞平均血红蛋白含量(MCH):参考值:27~32ρg,新生儿可达40ρg。
用于贫血分类:增加见于大细胞性贫血,减少见于单纯小细胞性贫血和小细胞低色素贫血。
9.红细胞平均血红蛋白浓度(MCHG):参考值:成人320~360g/L,儿童340~410g/L和新生儿可达450g/L。
大细胞性贫血时正常减少,单纯小细胞性贫血时正常,小细胞低色素性贫血时减小。
10.红细胞(体积)分布宽度(RDW):参考值:0.11~0.16(成人)。RDW与MCV结合可将贫血分为小细胞均一性与不均一性贫血,正常细胞均一与不均一性贫血及大细胞均一与不均一性贫血,在治疗过程中会有动态变化。
11.网织红细胞(RC)计数:参考值:成人0.5~1.5%,新生儿3.0%~6.0%.增加表示骨髓造血功能旺盛,溶血性贫血尤为显著,恶性贫血或缺铁性贫血治疗有效会增多,再性障碍贫血等骨髓抑制者减少.12.红细胞沉降率(ESR):参考值:男性0~15mm/h,女性0~20mm/h,60岁以上男女老人的上限分别为24和34mm/h.结核病和风湿病活动期、急性炎症、贫血及恶性肿瘤等增快。幼龄儿、妇女月经期、妊娠3个月至产后1个月及60岁以上老人呈生理性增快。
第三篇:英文文献
民营企业文化建设研究
本文转自浅论天下
民营企业是我国经济建设中的重要力量。但许多民营企业经营管理上存在一个共同的问题,即忽视企业文化建设,缺乏优秀的企业文化。21世纪的企业竞争将突出地体现在企业文化力的竞争上,企业文化管理将是继经验管理和科学管理之后的一种新的管理方式。在文化管理日益受到重视的今天,民营企业必须加强企业文化建设,以此改善经营管理,为企业的发展提供持久的内在动力。民营企业文化的发展有一个历史的过程,形成了民营企业文化多样的特征。本文总结了民营企业文化建设的现状,对目前民营企业文化建设存在的误区进行了详细分析。在此基础上,本文提出了民营企业文化建设的指导原则、方向、方法和相应措施,并对如何培育有特色的民营企业文化提出了相应的对策。最后,以正泰集团为例,进行了民营企业文化建设的案例分析。
Private-owned enterprises are very important force in our country“s economic construction.However, there is a common issue existing in many private-owned enterprises in their business administration that is they neglect the enterprise culture construction and lack of excellent enterprise culture.The competitions of enterprise in 21st century will highlight in competition of culture strength.The enterprise culture management will become a new management way after the management way of experience and science.The private-owned enterprises must strengthen culture construction so as to improve business administration and provide permanent internal impetus for the development of enterprises.The development of the private-owned enterprise”s culture has a historical process and forms a diversiform character.The article sums up the actuality of the Private-owned enterprise“s culture construction and provides detailed analysis for mistakes in the private-owned enterprise”s culture construction at present.On the basis of it, the article put forwards the instructional principia, direction, method and corresponding measure for the private-owned enterprise“s culture construction and provides the corresponding suggestion for how to develop the private-owned enterprise”s culture that has distinguished features.According to the case of Zhengtai Company, this article also gives empirical analysis of the enterprise culture construction.本文转自浅论天下
第四篇:五分钟英文自我介绍
五分钟英文自我介绍范文【1】
Very happy and we feel we are one together-young teachers heroic feelings, My name is Ling, graduation Yidu teacher.I was crying my choice too, have work for me sad too, because I embarked on a career like I did not do a very poor teacher, I cry many times my choice, they can In countless grief I have been comforted, when I saw both of that is full of naive, but eager to swim in the ocean of knowledge a child, my sinking, floating calm the mind, and slowly I also learn from practice feel the teacher's pride, he was like a Spring Silkworms, like the dedication of their own candles no regrets, I have seen it countless teachers no regrets, and with their youth and lives to defend the sanctity of the teaching profession, but also what they use their own actions, with traces of life, inspired by those of us who come after, I have reluctantly enamel reluctantly, by the reluctance to wholeheartedly love this job, because I have seen that life will go beyond the utilitarian, although meals for life, But the living is not for eating, living in the possession of many small minded, short-term birth in eternity, while the teachers are such a career.I know that a teacher tired, bitter, but to their own ideal, I still would like to pursue, to the surging waves of fighting, to sinister mountain climbing, there may be storms, a storm, the road may be bumpy, but I still would use laughter, with songs to fill ups and downs, I will meet with the merry laughter of the rising sun, I will be flying the heart to face my work and life.Yes ah!
五分钟英文自我介绍范文【2】
Good morning,my dear teachers,my dear professors.i am very glad to be here for your interview.my name is song yonghao,i am 22 years old.i come from luoyang,a very beautiful aicent city.my undergratuade period will be accomplished in changan university in july ,2004;and now,i am trying my best for obtaining a key to tongji university.generally speaking ,i am a hard working student especially do the thing i am interested in.i will try my best to finish it no matter how difficult it is.when i was sophomore,i found web design very interesting,so i learned it very hard.to weaver a homepage for myself,i stayed with my pesonel computer for half a month.,and i am the first one in my class who own his homepage.forthermore,i am a person with great perserverence.during the days preparing for the first examination,i insist on running every day,no matter what the weather was like.and just owning to this,i could concentrate on my study and succeeded in the end.well ,in my spare time ,i like basketball,tennis and chinese chess.also english is my favorate.i often go to english corner to practise my oral english on every thursday,and write compositions to improve my witten ability.but i know my english is not good enough ,i will continue studying.ok,that is all,thank you for your attention
第五篇:英文课堂五分钟演讲稿
The two years in College of International Culture and Education
Today I’m standing here,willing to share my story in College of International Culture and Education.These two years will become the most precious memory baried deeply in my mind.If you ask me what’s the most impressive thing that happened in these two years,I might be blind-minded.But when I think over,all the details in daily life will make me wanna smile.I can’t remember the feeling when I step in this familiar school for register.I have never imagine I will go to this university for further education.I have live and grown up in this place.I have no expect that I will have a good time in here.But the reality can always surprise me although this is not what I want at the beginning,I received a lot in the end.In these two years,I’ve made amazing friends who will always stand by my side,give me strength to conquer all the difficulties,comfort me when I am upset and doubt the love around me.They make me strong,full of confident,trust people at the same time,earned trust from them.Their existence truly makes a more beautiful world,and make me believe that we can still have something that is free to get and no need to return.In these two years,I held the post of monitor for one semester,I was very glad that I can lead the whole class and earned respect and acception,all the classmates were willing to help me with my work.We acomplished a lot of tasks perfectly.your support make me valuable,more talented,have faith to continue serving the class.make better class reputation,let everyone knows that our team is much more strong than you think.We held an interesting sports meeting that I will never forget.How inspiring to see that everyone is doing whatever they can to complete a teamwork.Wewander what kind of game people can have fun,meanwhile it can make some sense in life.We prepared meterials,borrow equipments from other departments,we even rehearse an opening dance for entertaining.We told ourselves this is our time,and now,just like old times,we get together,ready to give a talent show,it’s not just a show to prove ourself,we know how good we are,it’s also a gift to College of International Culture and Education,it company us for two years,be our stage and exhibit the culture diversity in front of our eyes.I should memorize the days in this college,it will support me at least two years when I’m not able to see these familiar face anymore.How much will I miss you guys,but now it’s time to say good bye.