第一篇:会计专业英文文献
The Optimization Method of Financial Statements Based on Accounting Management Theory
ABSTRACT
This paper develops an approach to enhance the reliability and usefulness of financial statements.International Financial Reporting Standards(IFRS)was fundamentally flawed by fair value accounting and asset-impairment accounting.According to legal theory and accounting theory, accounting data must have legal evidence as its source document.The conventional “mixed attribute” accounting system should be replaced by a “segregated” system with historical cost and fair value being kept strictly apart in financial statements.The proposed optimizing method will significantly enhance the reliability and usefulness of financial statements.I.INTRODUCTION
Based on international-accounting-convergence approach, the Ministry of Finance issued the Enterprise Accounting Standards in 2006 taking the International Financial Reporting Standards(hereinafter referred to as “the International Standards”)for reference.The Enterprise Accounting Standards carries out fair value accounting successfully, and spreads the sense that accounting should reflect market value objectively.The objective of accounting reformation following-up is to establish the accounting theory and methodology which not only use international advanced theory for reference, but also accord with the needs of China's socialist market economy construction.On the basis of a thorough evaluation of the achievements and limitations of International Standards, this paper puts forward a stand that to deepen accounting reformation and enhance the stability of accounting regulations.II.OPTIMIZATION OF FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SYSTEM: PARALLELING LISTING OF LEGAL FACTS AND FINANCIAL EXPECTATION
As an important management activity, accounting should make use of information systems based on classified statistics, and serve for both micro-economic management and macro-economic regulation at the same time.Optimization of financial statements system should try to take all aspects of the demands of the financial statements in both macro and micro level into account.Why do companies need to prepare financial statements? Whose demands should be considered while preparing financial statements? Those questions are basic issues we should consider on the optimization of financial statements.From the perspective of “public interests”, reliability and legal evidence are required as qualitative characters, which is the origin of the traditional “historical cost accounting”.From the perspective of “private interest”, security investors and financial regulatory authorities
hope that financial statements reflect changes of market prices timely recording “objective” market conditions.This is the origin of “fair value accounting”.Whether one set of financial statements can be compatible with these two different views and balance the public interest and private interest? To solve this problem, we design a new balance sheet and an income statement.From 1992 to 2006, a lot of new ideas and new perspectives are introduced into China's accounting practices from international accounting standards in a gradual manner during the accounting reform in China.These ideas and perspectives enriched the understanding of the financial statements in China.These achievements deserve our full assessment and should be fully affirmed.However, academia and standard-setters are also aware that International Standards are still in the process of developing.The purpose of proposing new formats of financial statements in this paper is to push forward the accounting reform into a deeper level on the basis of international convergence.III.THE PRACTICABILITY OF IMPROVING THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS SYSTEM
Whether the financial statements are able to maintain their stability? It is necessary to mobilize the initiatives of both supply-side and demand-side at the same time.We should consider whether financial statements could meet the demands of the macro-economic regulation and business administration, and whether they are popular with millions of accountants.Accountants are responsible for preparing financial statements and auditors are responsible for auditing.They will benefit from the implementation of the new financial statements.Firstly, for the accountants, under the isolated design of historical cost accounting and fair value accounting, their daily accounting practice is greatly simplified.Accounting process will not need assets impairment and fair value any longer.Accounting books will not record impairment and appreciation of assets any longer, for the historical cost accounting is comprehensively implemented.Fair value information will be recorded in accordance with assessment only at the balance sheet date and only in the annual financial statements.Historical cost accounting is more likely to be recognized by the tax authorities, which saves heavy workload of the tax adjustment.Accountants will not need to calculate the deferred income tax expense any longer, and the profit-after-tax in the solid line table is acknowledged by the Company Law, which solves the problem of determining the profit available for distribution.Accountants do not need to record the fair value information needed by security investors in the accounting books;instead, they only need to list the fair value information at the balance sheet date.In addition, since the data in the solid line table has legal credibility, so the legal risks of accountants can be well controlled.Secondly, the arbitrariness of the accounting process will be reduced, and the auditors’ review process will be greatly simplified.The independent auditors will not have to bear the considerable legal risk for the dotted-line table they audit, because the risk of fair value information has been prompted as “not supported by legal
evidences”.Accountants and auditors can quickly adapt to this financial statements system, without the need of training.In this way, they can save a lot of time to help companies to improve management efficiency.Surveys show that the above design of financial statements is popular with accountants and auditors.Since the workloads of accounting and auditing have been substantially reduced, therefore, the total expenses for auditing and evaluation will not exceed current level as well.In short, from the perspectives of both supply-side and demand-side, the improved financial statements are expected to enhance the usefulness of financial statements, without increase the burden of the supply-side.IV.CONCLUSIONS AND POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS
The current rule of mixed presentation of fair value data and historical cost data could be improved.The core concept of fair value is to make financial statements reflect the fair value of assets and liabilities, so that we can subtract the fair value of liabilities from assets to obtain the net fair value.However, the current International Standards do not implement this concept, but try to partly transform the historical cost accounting, which leads to mixed using of impairment accounting and fair value accounting.China's accounting academic research has followed up step by step since 1980s, and now has already introduced a mixed-attributes model into corporate financial statements.By distinguishing legal facts from financial expectations, we can balance public interests and private interests and can redesign the financial statements system with enhancing management efficiency and implementing higher-level laws as main objective.By presenting fair value and historical cost in one set of financial statements at the same time, the statements will not only meet the needs of keeping books according to domestic laws, but also meet the demand from financial regulatory authorities and security investors
We hope that practitioners and theorists offer advices and suggestions on the problem of improving the financial statements to build a financial statements system which not only meets the domestic needs, but also converges with the International Standards.基于会计管理理论的财务报表的优化方法
摘要
本文提供了一个方法,以提高财务报表的可靠性和实用性。国际财务报告准则(IFRS)的根本缺陷是公平价值核算和资产减值核算。根据法律理论和会计理论,会计数据必须具有作为其源文件的法律证据。传统的“混合属性的”会计制度应改为一个“独立”的历史成本和公允价值被严格分开的财务报表系统。本文建议的优化方法将大大提高财务报表的可靠性和实用性。
一、引言
根据国际会计衔接办法,财政部发布2006年企业会计标准的情况,以供参考《国际财务报告准则》(以下简称《国际标准》)。在企业会计准则公平价值核算成功扩展的意义上,会计核算应当客观地反映市场价值。会计改革的目标是建立会计后续的理论与方法,使用国际先进理论的借鉴不仅是必要的,也符合我国社会主义市场经济建设的需要。在已获得的成果和国际标准的局限性进行全面评估的基础上,提出了一种立场,以深化会计改革和加强会计法规的稳定性。
二、优化系统的财务报表:法律事实与财务展望并联上市
作为一种重要的管理活动,会计上应根据分类统计信息系统的使用,全心全意为微观经济管理,并在同一时间宏观调控。财务报表的系统优化应尽量使自己考虑宏观和微观层面的财务报表的要求的所有方面。
为什么企业需要编制财务报表?谁的要求应该考虑编制在财务报表内?这些问题是基本问题,我们应该考虑对财务报表的优化。从法律的角度考察“公共利益”、可靠性和法定证据中需要定性的特点,是传统的“历史成本会计”的由来。从“私人利益”来看,证券投资者和金融监管当局希望财务报表反映市场价格,及时记录“客观”的市场条件的变化。这是“公平价值会计”的由来。一套财务报表是否能够匹配这两种不同的观点和平衡公共利益与私人利益?为了解决这个问题,我们设计了一个新的资产负债表和损益表。
从1992年到2006年,大量的新思路、新观点被引进到中国的会计实践,国际
会计准则在中国的会计改革中渐变。这些思想和观点丰富了对中国的财务报表的理解。这些成就值得我们充分评估,并应予以充分肯定。然而,学术界和标准制定者也知道,国际标准仍然在发展中。文中提出的财务报表会计改革新格式的目的,是推进到一个关于国际趋同的更深层次的基础上。
三、提高系统财务报表的实用性
财务报表是否能够保持其稳定性呢?在同一时间要动员供应方和需求方的积极性。我们应该考虑是否能满足财务报表的宏观经济调控和企业管理的要求,并且是否受数以百万计的会计师的欢迎。会计师负责编制财务报表,审核员负责审核工作。他们将受益于新的财务报表的执行情况。
首先,对于会计师来说,在这个孤立的历史成本会计和公允价值会计的设计下,他们的日常核算的做法大大简化。会计处理将不再需要资产减值准备和公允价值了。会计账簿记录减值不会为历史成本会计和资产再增值,是全面落实。根据评价,公允价值的信息将被记录在资产负债表日,并且只能在年度财务报表。历史成本会计是更有可能被税务机关认可,从而节省了大量的纳税调整的工作量。会计师不需要计算递延所得税费用,获利后的实现表税被公司法认可,解决了决定可获得利润分配的问题。会计师不需要在会计账簿记录证券投资者需要的公允价值信息,相反,他们只需要列出在资产负债表日的公允价值的资料。此外,因为在实线表中的数据具有法律的公信力,所以会计师的法律风险可以得到很好的控制。
其次,对会计处理的随意性将会减少,审计员的审查过程将大大简化。独立审计师在审计虚线表时就不必承担相当大的审计法律风险,因为来自于公允价值信息的风险已被认定为“不合法的证据支持”。会计师和审计师能尽快地适应这个财务报表系统,而不需要训练。这样,他们可以节省很多时间来帮助企业提高管理效率。调查表明,上述财务报表的设计在会计师和审计师中很受欢迎。由于会计和审计的工作量已大幅减少,因此,审计和评估的总开支将不会超过目前的水平。
总之,从供应方和需求方的角度来看,改进后的财务报表没有增加预计,而且将加强财务报表的有用性,且不增加供给的负担。
四.结论和政策建议
当前混合了陈述公允价值和历史成本的数据可以被改善。公允价值的核心理念是使财务报表反映资产和负债的公允价值,因此我们可以从资产减去负债的公允价值来获得的净公允价值。
然而,目前的国际标准不执行这个概念,而是要设法改造部分历史成本会计,从而导致减值核算和公允价值会计混淆使用。20世纪80年代以来,中国的会计学术研究一直是循序渐进的,现在已经引进了一种企业财务报表的混合属性模型。
通过区分财务预期的法律事实,我们可以平衡公众利益和私人利益,可以重新设计以提高管理效率为主要目标的财务报表和实施更高层次的法律制度。通过展示一套在同一时的公允价值和历史成本的财务报表,不仅满足国内法律关于保管账簿需要,也符合金融监管部门和证券投资者的需求。
我们希望从业者和理论家在改善财务报表,从而建立一个财务报表系统的问题上提出建议,不仅满足了国内的需求,而且也与国际标准吻合。
第二篇:英文文献
民营企业文化建设研究
本文转自浅论天下
民营企业是我国经济建设中的重要力量。但许多民营企业经营管理上存在一个共同的问题,即忽视企业文化建设,缺乏优秀的企业文化。21世纪的企业竞争将突出地体现在企业文化力的竞争上,企业文化管理将是继经验管理和科学管理之后的一种新的管理方式。在文化管理日益受到重视的今天,民营企业必须加强企业文化建设,以此改善经营管理,为企业的发展提供持久的内在动力。民营企业文化的发展有一个历史的过程,形成了民营企业文化多样的特征。本文总结了民营企业文化建设的现状,对目前民营企业文化建设存在的误区进行了详细分析。在此基础上,本文提出了民营企业文化建设的指导原则、方向、方法和相应措施,并对如何培育有特色的民营企业文化提出了相应的对策。最后,以正泰集团为例,进行了民营企业文化建设的案例分析。
Private-owned enterprises are very important force in our country“s economic construction.However, there is a common issue existing in many private-owned enterprises in their business administration that is they neglect the enterprise culture construction and lack of excellent enterprise culture.The competitions of enterprise in 21st century will highlight in competition of culture strength.The enterprise culture management will become a new management way after the management way of experience and science.The private-owned enterprises must strengthen culture construction so as to improve business administration and provide permanent internal impetus for the development of enterprises.The development of the private-owned enterprise”s culture has a historical process and forms a diversiform character.The article sums up the actuality of the Private-owned enterprise“s culture construction and provides detailed analysis for mistakes in the private-owned enterprise”s culture construction at present.On the basis of it, the article put forwards the instructional principia, direction, method and corresponding measure for the private-owned enterprise“s culture construction and provides the corresponding suggestion for how to develop the private-owned enterprise”s culture that has distinguished features.According to the case of Zhengtai Company, this article also gives empirical analysis of the enterprise culture construction.本文转自浅论天下
第三篇:英文文献翻译
数字印刷的未来
------北大方正的董事长刘小琨在国际论坛上对于印刷技术的发展的发言
在我们外国友人介绍了他们的数字印刷技术和创新后,我想借这次机会去介绍北大方正对于印刷业的想法。
北大方正是一个基于它拥有自己的伟大的独立的技术,服务与全球媒体行业的技术公司。我们提供一个先进的商业模式和一个广阔的市场营销观点。我们提供报纸和出版行业的一个从最初的内容到最终的内容出版的完整的应用程序解决方案。我们提供商业印刷公司印刷过程的一个完整的解决方案和印前,印刷,印后的管理,并提供政府机关完整和可靠的系统制作和发送官方文件。
数字印刷和北大方正的造诣
作为数字印刷,我相信它包含三个方面,第一方面是数字化的生产流程,第二个方面是印刷过程,第三个方面是管理。
首先,我想去解释生产流程的数字化。生产流程的数字化包括排版,imposition,打样,制版,印刷,印前JDF指令和工作流程。随着技术的发展,数字化生产流程已经包含越来越多的项目。印刷技术已经改变了激光图像雕刻到CTP和数字印刷,从印前的数字化到印前,印刷和印后的集成。数字化生产流程是数字印刷的基础。它是效率、质量和成本的一个重要保证。
生产流程的数字化将必然导致印刷内容的数字化。数字化文件基于更方便长距离传输的文件格式。这需要我们去创建一个可存储、查询和转载的印刷文件数据库,提供印刷购买者较好的印刷服务。电子通讯、图书和杂志已经成为印刷媒体多次输入及输出技术的一个重要的完整的模型技术。
最后,管理数字化已成为印刷数字化的一个重要的部分。管理数字化包括设置印刷服务网络,它指的是自动提供更快的服务报价,跟踪工作等等。管理数字化还包括加强员工和财产资源的管理,项目管理的准确的项目计算,客户关系管理系统的市场和销售数据库的实现,以及编辑、印刷、分工的集成管理。管理数字化已经越来越紧跟生产流程的数字化的脚步。
印刷数字化的这三个方面是我的观点。那么方正在这三个方面已经做了或者实现了什么呢? 方正在生产流程的数字化的实现是包含一下产品在内的,包括方正FIT页面布局软件,Wenhe 拼版软件,EagleProof,EagleDot 数码打样,语言文体库,RIP,打印控制器,ElecRoc 工作流程和CTP,EasiPrint 数码印刷系统和SuperLine 防伪系统。同时在印刷内容数字化中,方正有多媒体内容系统和数字化资产管理印刷系统。我们在数字化管理上也有RIP和分配系统。对于数字化印刷,方正已经做了很多贡献。
我们现在看看全球印前数字化的进程。CTF已经进入了它的发展的最后阶段。CTF已经在其发展的顶峰。数字化彩色印刷正在迅速发展。
数码印刷的全球趋势
数字化印前软件的全球进程是怎样呢?我们可以看到,RIP应用程序已经达到了顶峰。印刷和可变数据印刷正迅速发展,同时完整综合的印刷工作流程在稳健地发展。中国的印刷趋势与全球印刷趋势有一点点差异。这些差异体现在发达地区和发展中地区。发展中地区需要很长时间和很大空间去达到发达地区的水平。
接下来让我们去看看CTP的趋势。我之前已经提到,CTF已经进入它的生命周期的最后阶段,但是它仍有一些新的发展,原因如下:成熟的CTF生产流程,集成系统的特性,高成本高效率的性能,高投资高回报的性能,广泛的市场基础和在中国不同地区,需求的不同。在中国接下来的三年里,CTF的就职人员数量每年将约100人。在接下来的几年里,CTF和CTP将并存在市场上。
对于CTP,在一些发达国家和发达地区,它已经十分受欢迎。由于CTP的全面数字化,CTP的生命历程将比CTF的生命历程长。在中国,CTP仍处于一个发展的阶段。随着CTP设备和制版的价格的降低,CTP应用程序将使生产最大化。从2006年起,在中国,CTP的安装已经达到750台,以后的每年增加200-300台。我们相信未来的几年里,CTP将以高成本高效率的性能成为印刷市场的主流。至于全球市场,我们可以看到,CTP的应用程序的发展在美国变得越来越慢,同时,在欧洲,CTP应用程序的发展也变得平缓,但是在中国和南美,CTP仍处于一个快速增长的阶段。
接下来我想分享一下数字化工作流程的所有应用趋势。CTP和工作流程组成CTP系统。CTP的安装不仅仅是对设备的购买,而是拥有工作流程软件,程序,制版和系统设备。基于JDF/JDF的工作流程能够连接印前到印刷到印后,它已经成为CTP系统的核心。我想在这儿提到的是:方正的ElecRoc 工作流程系统和CTP 应用技术是被特别设计的,符合中国(和亚洲)的印刷企业。对于工作流程来说,网点,色彩管理,字体语言库,捕捉和油墨控制是最重要的组成部分。正在应用的是胶印和数码印刷合成的集成工作流程。在印刷企业里,对于公司的管理,紧密结合ERP系统的数字化工作流程将变成基本的平台。
现在,让我们来看一下印刷进程的全球趋势。从2005年到2010年,胶印,数码印刷和附加服务的全球百分比将会增加。印刷进程中将逐渐从胶版印刷向数码印刷,然后再向附加服务转移。
传统胶印虽然仍处于正在增长的趋势,但是它在印刷市场所占的份额却正在下降,而数码印刷所占印刷市场的份额正以我们可见的状态迅速增长。这是印刷工艺的一个改变,尽管在未来很长一段时间里,胶印将仍然是印刷技术的主要力量。由于数码印刷的快速增长,它将提高它在印刷市场的份额。数码印刷有短版活件,可变数据印刷,高速印刷,远程印刷和印刷个性化这些特殊的优势。印刷现在不仅仅是一个工艺,它还让我们有广泛的为购买者提供附加服务的机会。
下面是我们对喷墨印刷发展的看法。从2005年到2010年,在商业印刷的领域里,直邮,传统印刷,包装印刷,标签和出版都将快速发展。直邮行业的增长率将达到24%,包装印刷将达到60%,标签印刷将达到39.9%。我们可以得出结论,喷墨印刷即将突破中国市场。
喷墨印刷发展是随着数码印刷发展起来的,干墨粉成像是最受欢迎的成像技术。但是由于格式,速度和衬底的限制,干墨粉成像技术的发展面临限制。以上所有的限制和劣势都能够被克服来满足生产的需求。喷墨印刷技术近年来已经在迅速发展,并且将成为数码印刷的主流。在包装,标签和出版领域,喷墨印刷的行业增长率将显著增加。数码印刷将随着高性能印刷服务和工作流程的支持而发展。
印刷行业不仅仅是一个制造行业或者是一个服务行业,而更重要的是,也是继承我们民族文化的一个最初的行业。全球印刷行业是非常大的,收入多达六千亿美元。它对于中国,是一个挑战,更是一个机会。面对如此激烈的竞争,全球印刷购买者想要寻求拥有更好的成本效益性能的印刷服务的提供者。中国印刷行业将持续创新和发展。印刷质量的改善和印刷服务的成本优势将使得中国成为国际合作印刷服务的供应商。
数码印刷为印刷需求带来新的机会,为客户提供个性化印刷和短版印刷。它为附加服务提供了极大的潜在的机会。传统印刷将与数码印刷共存,并且通过集成的工作流程一起工作。基于互联网的电子期刊将对纸质出版带来一些影响,但对于整个印刷行业,它几乎没有影响。
基于之前提到的数码印刷的不同方面,方正提供一个集成的从工作流程的数字化到内容创建再到管理的解决方案。这个集成的解决方案包含从手稿的最初材料到成品的最终出版的完整的工作流程的管理。它是一个基于数字化内容资源管理和资源管理工作流程的平台。在这个集成的解决方案里,方正也为每一个领域提供个性化的解决方案。
结语
最后,我想总结一下方正对于数码印刷的看法。数字化技术不仅仅为印刷行业提供了先进的工具,还提供了准确的管理方法。数字化技术使得印刷,出版和信息服务合成一体成为可能。它将改变印刷和出版的配置。它将带来新的机遇。方正将致力于中国印刷和出版行业和其他随从行业的技术改进。
第四篇:英文文献翻译
2.2 影响SO3浓度的过程因素
一直减少的体积流量和引入的富氧燃烧过程的烟气循环增加了烟气中SO3的浓度。例如Ochs等人计算的SO2浓度从空气燃烧条件中的200ppm增加到富氧燃烧条件中900ppm,Kakaras等人估算的以褐煤为基础时模型由空气到O2/CO2(有循环的)时,SO2浓度从270ppm增加到到800ppm。
试验结果说明虽然实际中SO2的浓度依赖于很多的因素(概括在表4中),但是从空气燃烧到富氧燃烧SO2的浓度增加2-4倍。对于同一个研究中湿烟气循环(没有凝结水)已经表明它比干烟气循环(在循环之前使水凝结)的SO2的浓度的高。
表4 富氧燃烧条件下影响熔炉中SO2浓度的因素
变量控制因素相关结果
燃料中硫煤的质量
矿物质煤/灰分的质量
理论配比需煤的质量
求的氧气量
(燃料/O2比率)
过量O2,火焰的控制
阶级风/燃尽风
氧浓度火焰的控制
烟气循环的比率火焰的控制
一次风/二次风
送风量,速度的型线
烟气的杂质(空气分离单元,不
O2,N2,Ar,H2O)控制的空气入口
酸露点热量传递的控制灰分的化学成分,SO3/SO2的转化,H2SO4的转化 飞灰中Na,K,Ca,Mg倾向于形成硫酸盐从而减少SO2的浓度。在飞灰中硫的捕获率依赖于数量,微粒粒径,金属氧化物在灰分中的形成和分布。更高浓度的水分和灰分使燃料/O2的比值更小。S的生成物H2S和COS在还原气氛中间断的形成,焦炭的燃尽影响影响整个燃料中硫元素的转化。碳的燃尽,火焰的温度,传递给锅炉的辐射热。通过燃烧器的烟气流体积的改变,稀释/SO2的循环。通过燃烧器的气体流体积发生改变,SO2稀释 在烟气酸露点下运行的热量交换单元将会导致H2SO4的沉
积而引起腐蚀的问题。在富氧燃烧条件下,特定的烟气温度
将发生改变,SO3和H2O的浓度也将随着改变。
第五篇:会计专业英文自荐信
会计专业英文自荐信(精选多篇)
dear in charge of recruitment:
i jilin university school of economics and management management information systems, a professional undergraduate students.before graduation, i hope to be able to find a suitable for your own work.according to my existing knowledge and capacity, i am prepared to candidates of your company mis knowledge or the need for knowledge of computer programming jobs.compulsory subjects in the study courses, i have always been interested in computer programming , foreign language learning and e-learning and application.in
the computer, i passed the computer two national and provincial secondary examination.in addition, i am in the application of c + + builder software development of a large number of practical, in-depth practical experience in programming, and has been不辍-depth study and improve their level of programming.in a foreign language, i started high school attaches great importance to the practical application of the capacity of training.in the university, i have co-organized the association of foreign language in english speaking engagements and seminars to invite foreign teachers activities.in addition, i take a second outside the japanese, the japanese have a certain level.in the network, i too repair gate network technology, network information resources, e-commerce courses.at the same time, i specializing in the internet than to collect
and send information.i have done for six tutor students.and in a second-year secondary school students had a 20-day substitute teacher of english.in different people and to cooperate and the process of progress i get more inspiration and more like the completion of the work challenging.if i could have the honor to realize their aspirations to enter the effectiveness of your company, i will make every effort to achieve the goals of your company, with their co-operation in the job can best be done.thank you very much care.