数据转换器英文文献

第一篇：数据转换器英文文献

12-Bit A/D Converter

CIRCUIT OPERATION The AD574A is a complete 12-bit A/D converter which requires no external components to provide the complete successive approximation analog-to-digital conversion function.A block diagram of the AD574A is shown in Figure 1.Figure 1.Block Diagram of AD574A 12-Bit A-to-D Converter

When the control section is commanded to initiate a conversion(as described later), it enables the clock and resets the successiveapproximation register(SAR)to all zeros.Once a conversion cycle has begun, it cannot be stopped or restarted and data is not available from the output buffers.The SAR, timed by the clock, will sequence through the conversion cycle and return an end-of-convert flag to the control section.The control section will then disable the clock, bring the output status flag low, and enable control functions to allow data read functions by external command.During the conversion cycle, the internal 12-bit current output DAC is sequenced by the SAR from the most significant bit(MSB)to least significant bit(LSB)to provide an output current which accurately balances the input signal current through the 5kΩ(or10kΩ)input resistor.The comparator determines whether the addition of each successively-weighted bit current causes the DAC current sum to be greater or less than the input current;if the sum is less, the bit is left on;if more, the bit is turned off.After testing all the bits, the SAR contains a 12-bit binary code which accurately represents the input signal to within 1/2 LSB.The temperature-compensated buried Zener reference provides the primary voltage reference to the DAC and guarantees excellent stability with both time and temperature.The reference is trimmed to 10.00 volts 0.2%;it can supply up to 1.5 mA to an external load in addition to the requirements of the reference input resistor(0.5 mA)and bipolar offset resistor(1 mA)when the AD574A is powered from 15 V supplies.If the AD574A is used with 12 V supplies, or if external current must be supplied over the full temperature range, an external buffer amplifier is recommended.Any external load on the AD574A reference must remain constant during conversion.The thin-film application resistors are trimmed to match the full-scale output current of the DAC.There are two 5 kinput scaling resistors to allow either a 10 volt or 20 volt span.The 10 kbipolar offset resistor is grounded for unipolar operation and connected to the 10 volt reference for bipolar operation.DRIVING THE AD574 ANALOG INPUT

Figure 2.Op Amp – AD574A Interface

The output impedance of an op amp has an open-loop value which, in a closed loop, is divided by the loop gain available at the frequency of interest.The amplifier should have acceptable loop gain at 500 kHz for use with the AD574A.To check whether the output properties of a signal source are suitable, monitor the AD574’s input with an oscilloscope while a conversion is in progress.Each of the 12 disturbances should subside in sorless.For applications involving the use of a sample-and-hold amplifier, the AD585 is recommended.The AD711 or AD544 op amps are recommended for dc applications.SAMPLE-AND-HOLD AMPLIFIERS Although the conversion time of the AD574A is a maximum of 35 s, to achieve accurate 12-bit conversions of frequencies greater than a few Hz requires the use of a sample-and-hold amplifier(SHA).If the voltage of the analog input signal driving the AD574A changes by more than 1/2 LSB over the time interval needed to make a conversion, then the input requires a SHA.The AD585 is a high linearity SHA capable of directly driving the analog input of the AD574A.The AD585’s fast acquisition time, low aperture and low aperture jitter are ideally suited for high-speed data acquisition systems.Consider the AD574A converter with a 35 s conversion time and an input signal of 10 V p-p: the maximum frequency which may be applied to achieve rated accuracy is 1.5 Hz.However, with the addition of an AD585, as shown in Figure 3, the maximum frequency increases to 26 kHz.The AD585’s low output impedance, fast-loop response, and low droop maintain 12-bits of accuracy under the changing load conditions that occur during a conversion, making it suitable for use in high accuracy conversion systems.Many other SHAs cannot achieve 12-bits of accuracy and can thus compromise a system.The AD585 is recommended for AD574A applications requiring a sample and hold.Figure 3.AD574A with AD585 Sample and Hold

SUPPLY DECOUPLING AND LAYOUT CONSIDERATIONS It is critically important that the AD574A power supplies be filtered, well regulated, and free from high frequency noise.Use of noisy supplies will cause unstable output codes.Switching power supplies are not recommended for circuits attempting to achieve 12-bit accuracy unless great care is used in filtering any switching spikes present in the output.Remember that a few millivolts of noise represents several counts of error in a 12-bit ADC.Circuit layout should attempt to locate the AD574A, associated analog input circuitry, and interconnections as far as possible from logic circuitry.For this reason, the use of wire-wrap circuit construction is not recommended.Careful printed circuit construction is preferred.UNIPOLAR RANGE CONNECTIONS FOR THE AD574A The AD574A contains all the active components required to perform a complete 12-bit A/D conversion.Thus, for most situations, all that is necessary is connection of the power supplies(+5 V, +12 V/+15 V and –12 V/–15 V), the analog input, and the conversion initiation command, as discussed on the next page.Analog input connections and calibration are easily accomplished;the unipolar operating mode is shown in Figure 4.Figure 4.Unipolar Input Connections

All of the thin-film application resistors of the AD574A are trimmed for absolute calibration.Therefore, in many applications, no calibration trimming will be required.The absolute accuracy for each grade is given in the specification tables.For example, if no trims are used, the AD574AK guarantees 1 LSB max zero offset error and 0.25%(10 LSB)max full-scale error.(Typical full-scale error is 2 LSB.)If the offset trim is not required, Pin 12 can be connected directly to Pin 9;the two resistors and trimmer for Pin 12 are then not needed.If the full-scale trim is not needed, a 50 1% metal film resistor should be connected between Pin 8 and Pin 10.The analog input is connected between Pin 13 and Pin 9 for a 0 V to +10 V input range, between 14 and Pin 9 for a 0 V to +20 V input range.The AD574A easily accommodates an input signal beyond the supplies.For the 10 volt span input, the LSB has a nominal value of 2.44 mV;for the 20 volt span, 4.88 mV.If a 10.24 V range is desired(nominal 2.5 mV/bit), the gain trimmer(R2)should be replaced by a 50Ωesistor, and a 200Ωtrimmer inserted in series with the analog input to Pin 13 for a full-scale range of 20.48 V(5 mV/bit), use a 500 trimmer into Pin 14.The gain trim described below is now done with these trimmers.The nominal input impedance into Pin 13 is 5kΩ, and 10kΩinto Pin 14.UNIPOLAR CALIBRATION The AD574A is intended to have a nominal 1/2 LSB offset so that the exact analog input for a given code will be in the middle of that code(halfway between the transitions to the codes above and below it).Thus, the first transition(from 0000 0000 0000 to 0000 0000 0001)will occur for an input level of +1/2 LSB(1.22 mV for 10 V range).If Pin 12 is connected to Pin 9, the unit will behave in this manner, within specifications.If the offset trim(R1)is used, it should be trimmed as above, although a different offset can be set for a particular system requirement.This circuit will give approximately 15 mV of offset trim range.The full-scale trim is done by applying a signal 1/2 LSB below the nominal full scale(9.9963 for a 10 V range).Trim R2 to give the last transition(1111 1111 1110 to 1111 1111 1111).BIPOLAR OPERATION The connections for bipolar ranges are shown in Figure 5.Again, as for the unipolar ranges, if the offset and gain specifications are sufficient, one or both of the trimmers shown can be replaced by a 50 1% fixed resistor.Bipolar calibration is similar to unipolar calibration.Figure 5.Bipolar Input Connections

CONTROL LOGIC The AD574A contains on-chip logic to provide conversion initiation and data read operations from signals commonly available in microprocessor systems.Figure 6 shows the internal logic circuitry of the AD574A.The control signals CE, CS, and R/C control the operation of the converter.The state of R/C when CE and CS are both asserted determines whether a data read(R/C = 1)or a convert(R/C = 0)is in progress.The register control inputs AO and 12/8 control conversion length and data format.The AO line is usually tied to the least significant bit of the address bus.If a conversion is started with AO low, a full 12-bit conversion cycleis initiated.If AO is high during a convert start, a shorter 8-bit conversion cycle results.During data read operations, AO determines whether the three-state buffers containing the 8 MSBs of the conversion result(AO = 0)or the 4 LSBs(AO = 1)are enabled.The 12/8 pin determines whether the output data is to be organized as two 8-bit words(12/8 tied to DIGITAL COMMON)or a single 12-bit word(12/8 tied to VLOGIC).The 12/8 pin is not TTL-compatible and must be hard-wired to either VLOGIC or DIGITAL COMMON.In the 8-bit mode, the byte addressed when AO is high contains the 4 LSBs from the conversion followed by four trailing zeroes.This organization allows the data lines to be overlapped for direct interface to 8-bit buses without the need for external three-state buffers.It is not recommended that AO change state during a data read operation.Asymmetrical enable and disable times of the three-state buffers could cause internal bus contention resulting in potential damage to the AD574A.Figure 6.AD574A Control Logic An output signal, STS, indicates the status of the converter.STS goes high at the beginning of a conversion and returns low when the conversion cycle is complete.TIMING The AD574A is easily interfaced to a wide variety of microprocessors and other digital systems.The following discussion of the timing requirements of the AD574A control signals should provide the system designer with useful insight into the operation of the device.Figure 7 shows a complete timing diagram for the AD574A convert start operation.R/C should be low before both CE and CS are asserted;if R/C is high, a read operation will momentarily occur, possibly resulting in system bus contention.Either CE or CS may be used to initiate a conversion;however, use of CE is recommended since it includes one less propagation delay than CS and is the faster input.In Figure 7, CE is used to initiate the conversion.Figure 7

Once a conversion is started and the STS line goes high, convert start commands will be ignored until the conversion cycle is complete.The output data buffers cannot be enabled during conversion.Figure 8 shows the timing for data read operations.During data read operations, access time is measured from the point where CE and R/C both are high(assuming CS is already low).If CS is used to enable the device, access time is extended by 100 ns.Figure 8.Read Cycle Timing

In the 8-bit bus interface mode(12/8 input wired to DIGITAL COMMON), the address bit, AO, must be stable at least 150 ns prior to CE going high and must remain stable during the entire read cycle.If AO is allowed to change, damage to the AD574A output buffers may result.“STAND-ALONE” OPERATION The AD574A can be used in a ―stand-alone‖ mode, which is useful in systems with dedicated input ports available and thus not requiring full bus interface capability.In this mode, CE and 12/8 are wired high, CS and AO are wired low, and conversion is controlled by R/C.The three-state buffers are enabled when R/C is high and a conversion starts when R/C goes low.This allows two possible control signals—a high pulse or a low pulse.Operation with a low pulse is shown in Figure 11.In this case, the outputs are forced into the high impedance state in response to the falling edge of R/C and return to valid logic levels after the conversion cycle is completed.The STS line goes high 600 ns after R/C goes low and returns low 300 ns after data is valid.Figure 11.Low Pulse for R/C—Outputs Enabled After Conversion

If conversion is initiated by a high pulse as shown in Figure 12, the data lines are enabled during the time when R/C is high.The falling edge of R/C starts the next conversion, and the data lines return to three-state(and remain three-state)until the next high pulse of R/C.Figure 12.High Pulse for R/C—Outputs Enabled While R/C High, Otherwise High-Z

Usually the low pulse for R/C stand-alone mode will be used.Figure 13 illustrates a typical stand-alone configuration for 8086 type processors.The addition of the 74F/S374 latches improves bus access/release times and helps minimize digital feedthrough to the analog portion of the converter.INTERFACING THE AD574A TO MICROPROCESSORS The control logic of the AD574A makes direct connection to most microprocessor system buses possible.While it is impossible to describe the details of the interface connections for every microprocessor type, several representative examples will be described here.GENERAL A/D CONVERTER INTERFACE CONSIDERATIONS A typical A/D converter interface routine involves several operations.First, a write to the ADC address initiates a conversion.The processor must then wait for the conversion cycle to complete, since most ADCs take longer than one instruction cycle to complete a conversion.Valid data can, of course, only be read after the conversion is complete.The AD574A provides an output signal(STS)which indicates when a conversion is in progress.This signal can be polled by the processor by reading it through an external three-state buffer(or other input port).The STS signal can also be used to generate an interrupt upon completion of conversion, if the system timing requirements are critical(bear in mind that the maximum conversion time of the AD574A is only 35 microseconds)and the processor has other tasks to perform during the ADC conversion cycle.Another possible time-out method is to assume that the ADC will take 35 microseconds to convert, and insert a sufficient number of ―do-nothing‖ instructions to ensure that 35 microseconds of processor time is consumed

Once it is established that the conversion is finished, the data can be read.In the case of an ADC of 8-bit resolution(or less), a single data read operation is sufficient.In the case of converters with more data bits than are available on the bus, a choice of data formats is required, and multiple read operations are needed.The AD574A includes internal logic to permit direct interface to 8-bit or 16-bit data buses, selected by connection of the 12/8 input.In 16-bit bus applications(12/8 high)the data lines(DB11 through DB0)may be connected to either the 12 most significant or 12 least significant bits of the data bus.The remaining four bits should be masked in software.The interface to an 8-bit data bus(12/8 low)is done in a left-justified format.The even address(A0 low)contains the 8 MSBs(DB11 through DB4).The odd address(A0 high)contains the 4 LSBs(DB3 through DB0)in the upper half of the byte, followed by four trailing zeroes, thus eliminating bit masking instructions.SPECIFIC PROCESSOR INTERFACE EXAMPLES Z-80 System Interface The AD574A may be interfaced to the Z-80 processor in an I/O or memory mapped configuration.Figure 15 illustrates an I/O or mapped configuration.The Z-80 uses address lines A0–A7 to decode the I/O port address.An interesting feature of the Z-80 is that during I/O operations a single wait state is automatically inserted, allowing the AD574A to be used with Z-80 processors having clock speeds up to 4 MHz.For applications faster than 4 MHz use the wait state generator in Figure 16.In a memory mapped configuration the AD574A may be interfaced to Z-80 processors with clock speeds of up to 2.5 MHz.

第二篇：英文文献

民营企业文化建设研究

本文转自浅论天下

民营企业是我国经济建设中的重要力量。但许多民营企业经营管理上存在一个共同的问题，即忽视企业文化建设，缺乏优秀的企业文化。21世纪的企业竞争将突出地体现在企业文化力的竞争上，企业文化管理将是继经验管理和科学管理之后的一种新的管理方式。在文化管理日益受到重视的今天，民营企业必须加强企业文化建设，以此改善经营管理，为企业的发展提供持久的内在动力。民营企业文化的发展有一个历史的过程，形成了民营企业文化多样的特征。本文总结了民营企业文化建设的现状，对目前民营企业文化建设存在的误区进行了详细分析。在此基础上，本文提出了民营企业文化建设的指导原则、方向、方法和相应措施，并对如何培育有特色的民营企业文化提出了相应的对策。最后，以正泰集团为例，进行了民营企业文化建设的案例分析。

Private-owned enterprises are very important force in our country“s economic construction.However, there is a common issue existing in many private-owned enterprises in their business administration that is they neglect the enterprise culture construction and lack of excellent enterprise culture.The competitions of enterprise in 21st century will highlight in competition of culture strength.The enterprise culture management will become a new management way after the management way of experience and science.The private-owned enterprises must strengthen culture construction so as to improve business administration and provide permanent internal impetus for the development of enterprises.The development of the private-owned enterprise”s culture has a historical process and forms a diversiform character.The article sums up the actuality of the Private-owned enterprise“s culture construction and provides detailed analysis for mistakes in the private-owned enterprise”s culture construction at present.On the basis of it, the article put forwards the instructional principia, direction, method and corresponding measure for the private-owned enterprise“s culture construction and provides the corresponding suggestion for how to develop the private-owned enterprise”s culture that has distinguished features.According to the case of Zhengtai Company, this article also gives empirical analysis of the enterprise culture construction.本文转自浅论天下

第三篇：同轴-波导转换器英文例句

同轴-波导转换器英文例句

1.New Structure of Broad Band Coaxial-Rectangular Waveguide Transition in UHF Band

UHF宽带同轴-矩形波导转换器新结构 2.Development of a Miniaturized Air-tightness Rectangular Waveguide-coaxial Converter

小型气密矩形波导-同轴转换器的研制 3.The design of coaxial-to-rectangular waveguide transitions adapter with SMA connector at high frequency 在高频段下带SMA接头的同轴——矩形波导转换器的设计 4.rectangular-circular waveguide transducer 矩形-圆形波导转换器 5.Rectangular-ellioptical waveguide transformer 矩形椭圆波导变换器 6.Research of 8 Millimeter Waveguide to Coaxial Convert, Power Transmit and Detect Technology;8mm波导同轴转换和波导功率传输及检波技术研究 7.Design of Rectangle Waveguide to High-Power Overmoded Circular Waveguide Mode Convertor

矩形波导到高功率过模圆波导模式转换器的设计 8.Design of a Ka-Band Coaxial-Waveguide Transition by Mode-Matching and Synthetic Method

模式匹配与综合方法设计Ka频段同轴-波导转换器 9.coaxial to waveguide transducer 同轴线 波导管匹配变换器 10.Exchange of Twisting Moment is Angle of Twint Curve for Cylinder Ipecimen of Plastic Metal with Various Diameter;不同直径塑性金属圆轴扭转试验的扭矩——扭转角圆的相互转换 11.The Design of Ka Band Waveguide/coaxial line Transition Ka全频段同轴/波导转接器的设计 12.Design of broad band coaxial waveguide transition of end launcher type 宽频带端射式同轴波导变换装置的设计 13.A practical formula to calculate the cutoff wavelength of square and rectangular coaxial lines 一种方形及矩形同轴线截止波长的实用计算公式 14.rectangular guide ferrite phase shifter 矩形波导铁氧体移相器 15.Transmission of foil-focused relativistic annular electron beam in coaxial cylindrical waveguide 箔聚焦强流相对论环形束在同轴波导中的传输 16.duplexer of coaxial line system 同轴线收发转换装置

17.Study on Bent Circular Waveguides TM_(0.1)-TE_(11)Mode Converter;TM_（0.1）-TE_（11）弯形圆波导模式转换器的研究 18.Simulation Analysis on Propagation of Electromagnetic Wave in Rectangle Wave-guide

矩形波导中电磁波传播特性仿真分析

第四篇：英文文献翻译（模版）

在回顾D和H的文章时，我愿意第一个去单独地讨论每一篇，然后发表一些总体的观点。

在他的论文中，D系统地发表了一个隐形的问题的分析和当前在教育研究中的两难问题。他提出了几个含蓄的假设需要被提问，严重地甚至通过定量的和定型的研究者，就像政策的提出者。

在这些假设中，其中一个是关于推论创新的项目的原因。D的总体结论是我们做改革因为他们有有用的政治和经济的末端。不幸运地是，它看起来很多的项目都被做了因为确实是D提出来的原因。

另一个提出的观点与被学习变量有关。在讨论他的第三章中，D提出了一个观点，研究需要利用很长的时间，比半年和一年的在校时间还要长。正如第三章，他指出，这个很长的等级观点是因为巨大的变化。大量的变量需要被考虑进去在下一代被提出之前，或者有庞大地例子在传统的例子被改革之前。

在最近几年，研究者已经使用不同的变量，例如盟约。更多的这些是“天资与勤奋相互作用。”然而，仅仅设定了一个标准变量。在第三章中的一个暗示是，我们需要去看多种变量就像我们去看预测的变量。每一个个体的支出都与确定的协变量紧密相关。另外，多种的支出在不同的联系当中将会代表其他的变量需要去学习。这个提出了一些问题:。足够的数据分析工具是为了这些分析吗？他对一些简单的单一变量有什么作用呢？

同等重要的是。我们需要停止与那些旧的变量保持联系在一些教育的研究当中。并且这些研究没有表明新的关系。也许通过定量研究方法和新的理论的结构，我们能辨别一些新的变量。当我们去预测这些方法的时候，将会有新的理解。除此之外，D建议，大多数创新不能使它成为过去的一点。这一点说明。是否在一个控制变量的因素当中，有一个改变。二是在支出中的变量，我自己的研究暗示表明大多数的研究实际上不使它成为一点，例如在一项估计的研究当中，我们发现百分之四十九的老师被叫做控制组在创新当中，当百分之八十四的老师在训练组正在使用它。依靠是否对控制组和实验组的数据分析。或者使用者和不使用者的数据分析。支出是完全不同的。针对粒子的设计是不充足的情况，我们需要对暗示是否出现做一个明显的检查。

最后，我建议Dawson的文章需要另外一章。我知道来自研究的所有产量在第九章里不是一个相同的尺码。一些携带了大量的重量来解释更多的变化比起其他。在教室里的老师，例如，占据了大多数的变量与地位和因素的影响有关。另外一章将会展现不同的变量去反应一些关于变量是怎样相互作用的知识。

根据H的文章，我得到了大量有帮助的思想，我有几个想发表的观点。其中一个最重要的和令人兴奋的观点是给每一个网站设计一个全职工作者。这是一条来自最短的报道评估设计，他提供了一个去得到另外一个网站的机会。H描述的策略是为了选择和训练这些领域的工人听起来很受影响，尤其是关于前所未有的领域的关于他们角色的一个有能力的设施。

然而，我是带着不舒服去尝试制作领域的工人不引人注目，通过不允许他们在正在学习的领域里办演。正如H的文件，最后的结果是任何事情除了不引人注目。如果他们已经参与到观测，看起来将会更少引人注目和惊讶，在当前系统里扮演着一个暂时的角色。

它也会出现失败，那就是在主题背后会增加领域内工作人员和客户的困难。鉴于研究的长度和广度，确定必要的信息去面对主题。几乎任何数据至少给出客户一种客户系统，那就是正在被收集的数据各种数据，去帮助更多在这个领域的信誉和研究本身。

H的建议，学校文化的“客户”被用来作为领域的工作者是有趣的。我怀疑，尽管“客户”需要来自美洲的去被招聘，来自这个国家的学校与美国的不同。教育领域之外的美国人不适应于有根据的，或者很少了解美国的学校比起教育家。知道“顾客”是否做是有益的，实际上，与那些被训练的教育家不同的是，他们收集的数据。

H非常强调合同研究的问题,。我注意到我们已经完全陷入到研究当中，通过不断地改变权力项目地实施产品的需求的经历，还有做了的网站评论，还有不断的不确定支出。这是合同研究专利的事实之一，而且不是质性研究方法的唯一。

根据这些文章我将有两个观点。首先，如果D是正确的，对于支出的复杂性而言，还有就是当遇到两个问题的分析。多种多样的质性设计在目标上h正确的.。一方面。如果D是正确的话这个有意义的改变在收入和支出的变量中间是不一样的,我们将学校在传统的形势下,他能进入更加有益的改变,然后整个事实在这个实验学校项目当中有一个大的尝试，并且在这个尝试当中有一个小的改变,可能不是一个好的投资。

第二，h的整个项目案例在抵御政治上的需要，为了一个更快的荣誉。d的文章和h的工作建议，我们需要去追求更长的研究，然而，但是在政治和经济的压力下会得到更加真实，并且每一个资金都会与那些被选择的少于批评的有关系。并且在一些长期的研究过程中需要一个稳定。这两个作者都认为。我怀疑，我们有一些政府的问题需要解决，如果这个问题是为什么做这个演示的项目呢，需要一个积极的答案。

第五篇：英文文献翻译

2.2 影响SO3浓度的过程因素

一直减少的体积流量和引入的富氧燃烧过程的烟气循环增加了烟气中SO3的浓度。例如Ochs等人计算的SO2浓度从空气燃烧条件中的200ppm增加到富氧燃烧条件中900ppm，Kakaras等人估算的以褐煤为基础时模型由空气到O2/CO2（有循环的）时，SO2浓度从270ppm增加到到800ppm。

试验结果说明虽然实际中SO2的浓度依赖于很多的因素（概括在表4中），但是从空气燃烧到富氧燃烧SO2的浓度增加2-4倍。对于同一个研究中湿烟气循环（没有凝结水）已经表明它比干烟气循环（在循环之前使水凝结）的SO2的浓度的高。

表4 富氧燃烧条件下影响熔炉中SO2浓度的因素

变量控制因素相关结果

燃料中硫煤的质量

矿物质煤/灰分的质量

理论配比需煤的质量

求的氧气量

（燃料/O2比率）

过量O2，火焰的控制

阶级风/燃尽风

氧浓度火焰的控制

烟气循环的比率火焰的控制

一次风/二次风

送风量，速度的型线

烟气的杂质（空气分离单元，不

O2,N2,Ar,H2O）控制的空气入口

酸露点热量传递的控制灰分的化学成分，SO3/SO2的转化，H2SO4的转化 飞灰中Na,K,Ca,Mg倾向于形成硫酸盐从而减少SO2的浓度。在飞灰中硫的捕获率依赖于数量，微粒粒径，金属氧化物在灰分中的形成和分布。更高浓度的水分和灰分使燃料/O2的比值更小。S的生成物H2S和COS在还原气氛中间断的形成，焦炭的燃尽影响影响整个燃料中硫元素的转化。碳的燃尽，火焰的温度，传递给锅炉的辐射热。通过燃烧器的烟气流体积的改变，稀释/SO2的循环。通过燃烧器的气体流体积发生改变，SO2稀释 在烟气酸露点下运行的热量交换单元将会导致H2SO4的沉

积而引起腐蚀的问题。在富氧燃烧条件下，特定的烟气温度

将发生改变，SO3和H2O的浓度也将随着改变。