大纲解析作文篇——文都考研名师何凯文

第一篇：大纲解析作文篇——文都考研名师何凯文

何凯文2012考研大纲解析之作文篇

------“模”和“版”的分离，作文最后的救赎 如果在前文当中，我们所谈到的阅读部分体现出考研考试选拔性和水平型考试的特征的话，那么在写作方面就是纯粹的对于考生英语表达能力的考察了。大纲在作文部分实际很简单，就大作文而言就是：考生根据提示信息写出一篇160-200字的短文（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的形式有主题句，写作提纲，规定情景，图，表等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分20分。这样的大纲其实和高考英语的大纲及其一致。就是考查学生的书面表达能力。

考试的写作都是一种control writing 和新概念作文大赛是有很大区别的，韩寒他们玩的是creative writing.既然是控制型的写作，其实命题人就只希望考生是否具备英语的书面表达能力。因此在内容上希望看到和话题一致的文章，在形式上出题人也做到了尽量明确的限定为三段论。这样一来，决定考生分数高低的决定性因素就是语言了。不过从实际的操作来看，部分考生在内容和形式上也会有一定的困境。下面我就以实战的模和版来和大家一起实现内容，形式和语言的提高。

第一步：仔细审题，往正确的方向说。

最近的十年间考试的提示信息都是以图画的形式给出的，因此第一步就是审题即找出图画作者想表达的话题。这个过程考生尽量的做到：内容趋同最保险。不要在确定话题的时候企图与众不同，阳光下没有新鲜事，你能想的到的话题实际很多考生都想到了，没有什么 1

新意可言。所以话题最好就写你脑海中浮现的第一个话题就好了。这样可以避免跑题。并且进入2005年之后，每年跑题的时候很少了，因为审题的过程已经由图画下的汉字来完成了。“养老足球赛”，“网络的远与近”，“文化火锅：美味又营养”。有了这些汉字的限定和求同的思想我想同学们在审题方面应该没有太大问题了。

第二步：定阐述方向，有话可说（模）

考研作文第一段都是要求对图画的描述，开头相对固定化，中间视图画而定。但是考生可以套用完全倒装句型及主系表倒为表系主，这样考生只需要一句话就可以把图画描述完毕：02年为例：找到图中的中心人物美国姑娘主句就可以搭建起来：

In the sunshine stands a pretty American girl.接着对girl进行描述，可以用到非限定性定语从句，分词短语，介词短语，如果这个中心事物周围有其他的人和物还可以用独立主格。

In the sunshine stands a pretty American girl, who is in the Chinese traditional costume, wearing necklace, earrings and its like, with a broad sweat smile on her face.这样就可以如法炮制2010的图画了：

In the picture above stands a hot pot, a traditional Chinese cooker , containing a lot of names ofgreat figures from both western and eastern cultural backgrounds, such as Shakespeare , Confucius and his like ,with a line going like this : cultural hot pot-delicious and nutritious.同学们都可以仿造这样的句型写出很漂亮的图画描述句了。二段开头就应该摆出论点：

我们面对的话题无非就是好的话题好坏的话题，不好不坏的话题我们也尽量的决定写其中的一面就可以了。这样我们的论点就可以固定了。人们对于好的话题都是重视的，对于不好的话题都是忽视的。

我们就只需要积累关于：好，坏，重视，忽视的英语表达就可以了。这样的积累是在我们的课程中反复谈到过的。我也总结出了很经典的表达。接下来就是整个文章最为重要的部分了，该从若干个方面来思考如何展开这个话题了。根据多年的教学，我们已经总结出了12个万能思考的角度他们分别是：物质，时间，效率，交流，安全，方便，环境，健康，情感，性格，经验，成功。所有话题都可以从这些角度中找出三到四种来展开。这样一来我们的任务就是去积累关于这12个话题的优秀表达。

第三段基本就是很固定的写作了，好的就去弘扬，坏的就去解决。这就是我们的写作模板中的“模”，这是可以固化的。

第三步：多样化表达，语言是关键。（板）

比较下面的两种表达： 2.In the picture above,这两句话那句话拿分高，考生同学应该很清楚了。第一句就是把板给死板化了，模可以固定，但是板应该多样。所以在准备12个话

题的时候我就给同学们准备了这样的表达：比如说浪费时间，同学们通常说的是：waste time 但是我们可以这样说的：Squander hours ,lavish days , and even waste years.这样的表达才是真的能打动老师的，而不是仅仅靠一些陈词滥调（cliché）.健康方面我们可以背一些常见的疾病名字：Heart disease ,high blood pressure, diabetes ,fattiness（obesity）。物质方面可以具体化：Delicious food, fashionable clothes, comfortable dwelling,fabulous/handsome cars.连接三个以上的名词我们不用a,b,c and d 而用：not only A ,but also B, and such benefits(problems)as C and D.这样我们就能写出这样的好句子了：体育锻炼能防治心脏病，高血压，糖尿病和肥胖症。Physical exercise can safeguard not only Heart disease ,but also high blood pressure and such problems asdiabetes and fattiness（obesity）.各位考生朋友，这就是模板的真谛，模是模，板是板。这就是为什么我的学生在上了12个小时的写作课后就能写出15分以上的文章的原因所在。因为，我们了解了考研写作的实质就是对于某些表达的积累，我们提前积累了，分数当然能在最短的时间中获得最大的提高。所以同学们一定要在强化和冲刺阶段按照我的作文思路进行积累。我相信同学们一定能在作文部分获得一个非常好的成绩，在我所编写的《考研英语作文高分攻略》一书中对于这种写作思想有非常详细的阐述。最后祝愿各位考生考研成功！

第二篇：2012考研英语大纲解析之作文篇(何凯文)

2012考研英语大纲解析之作文篇(何凯文)

http://kaoyan.wendu.com 2011年09月15日 14:26来源: 文都考研我要评论(0)

何凯文：2012考研英语大纲解析之作文篇

——“模”和“版”的分离，作文最后的救赎

如果在前文(2012考研英语大纲解析之阅读篇)当中，我们所谈到的阅读部分体现出考研考试选拔性和水平型考试的特征的话，那么在写作方面就是纯粹的对于考生英语表达能力的考察了。2012考研英语大纲在作文部分实际很简单，就大作文而言就是：考生根据提示信息写出一篇160-200字的短文(标点符号不计算在内)。提示信息的形式有主题句，写作提纲，规定情景，图，表等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分20分。这样的大纲其实和高考英语的大纲及其一致。就是考查学生的书面表达能力。

考试的写作都是一种control writing 和新概念作文大赛是有很大区别的，韩寒他们玩的是creative writing.既然是控制型的写作，其实命题人就只希望考生是否具备英语的书面表达能力。因此在内容上希望看到和话题一致的文章，在形式上出题人也做到了尽量明确的限定为三段论。这样一来，决定考生分数高低的决定性因素就是语言了。不过从实际的操作来看，部分考生在内容和形式上也会有一定的困境。下面我就以实战的模和版来和大家一起实现内容，形式和语言的提高。

第一步：仔细审题，往正确的方向说。

最近的十年间考试的提示信息都是以图画的形式给出的，因此第一步就是审题即找出图画作者想表达的话题。这个过程考生尽量的做到：内容趋同最保险。不要在确定话题的时候企图与众不同，阳光下没有新鲜事，你能想的到的话题实际很多考生都想到了，没有什么新意可言。所以话题最好就写你脑海中浮现的第一个话题就好了。这样可以避免跑题。并且进入2005年之后，每年跑题的时候很少了，因为审题的过程已经由图画下的汉字来完成了。“养老足球赛”，“网络的远与近”，“文化火锅：美味又营养”。有了这些汉字的限定和求同的思想我想同学们在审题方面应该没有太大问题了。

第二步：定阐述方向，有话可说(模)

考研作文第一段都是要求对图画的描述，开头相对固定化，中间视图画而定。但是考生可以套用完全倒装句型及主系表倒为表系主，这样考生只需要一句话就可以把图画描述完毕：02年为例：找到图中的中心人物美国姑娘主句就可以搭建起来：

In the sunshine stands a pretty American girl.接着对girl进行描述，可以用到非限定性定语从句，分词短语，介词短语，如果这个中心事物周围有其他的人和物还可以用独立主格。

In the sunshine stands a pretty American girl, who is in the Chinese traditional costume, wearing necklace, earrings and its like, with a broad sweat smile on her face.这样就可以如法炮制2010的图画了：

In the picture above stands a hot pot, a traditional Chinese cooker , containing a lot of names of great figures from both western and eastern cultural backgrounds, such as Shakespeare , Confucius and his like ,with a line going like this : cultural hot pot-delicious and nutritious.同学们都可以仿造这样的句型写出很漂亮的图画描述句了。

二段开头就应该摆出论点：

我们面对的话题无非就是好的话题好坏的话题，不好不坏的话题我们也尽量的决定写其中的一面就可以了。这样我们的论点就可以固定了。人们对于好的话题都是重视的，对于不好的话题都是忽视的。

我们就只需要积累关于：好，坏，重视，忽视的英语表达就可以了。这样的积累是在我们的课程中反复谈到过的。我也总结出了很经典的表达。接下来就是整个文章最为重要的部分了，该从若干个方面来思考如何展开这个话题了。根据多年的教学，我们已经总结出了12个万能思考的角度他们分别是：物质，时间，效率，交流，安全，方便，环境，健康，情感，性格，经验，成功。所有话题都可以从这些角度中找出三到四种来展开。这样一来我们的任务就是去积累关于这12个话题的优秀表达。

第三段基本就是很固定的写作了，好的就去弘扬，坏的就去解决。这就是我们的写作模板中的“模”，这是可以固化的。

第三步：多样化表达，语言是关键。(板)

比较下面的两种表达：

1..As is symbolically conveyed in the vivid drawing above, the flower is so open.2.In the picture above, the flower is blooming in the green house.这两句话那句话拿分高，考生同学应该很清楚了。第一句就是把板给死板化了，模可以固定，但是板应该多样。所以在准备12个话题的时候我就给同学们准备了这样的表达：比如说浪费时间，同学们通常说的是：waste time 但是我们可以这样说的：Squander hours , lavish days , and even waste years.这

样的表达才是真的能打动老师的，而不是仅仅靠一些陈词滥调(cliché).健康方面我们可以背一些常见的疾病名字：Heart disease ,high blood pressure, diabetes ,fattiness(obesity)。物质方面可以具体化：Delicious food, fashionable clothes, comfortable dwelling, fabulous/handsome cars.连接三个以上的名词我们不用a,b,c and d 而用：not only A ,but also B, and such benefits(problems)as C and D.这样我们就能写出这样的好句子了：体育锻炼能防治心脏病，高血压，糖尿病和肥胖症。

Physical exercise can safeguard not only Heart disease ,but also high blood pressure and such problems as diabetes and fattiness(obesity).各位考生朋友，这就是模板的真谛，模是模，板是板。这就是为什么我的学生在上了12个小时的写作课后就能写出15分以上的文章的原因所在。因为，我们了解了考研写作的实质就是对于某些表达的积累，我们提前积累了，分数当然能在最短的时间中获得最大的提高。所以同学们一定要在强化和冲刺阶段按照我的作文思路进行积累。我相信同学们一定能在作文部分获得一个非常好的成绩，在我所编写的《考研英语作文高分攻略》一书中对于这种写作思想有非常详细的阐述。最后祝愿各位考生考研成功!

第三篇：考研英语阅读——何凯文

[顶] k哥考研英语阅读34分必杀技之---关注观点

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每每课间游走于教室时，总能见勤勉刻苦的同学会努力的在每一个他们不认识单词的上方标出汉语意思，字迹工整，详实丰富。这可谓之正确的做事。但是每次我都会告诫同学们以后切不可如此，因为这样的标注会使自己下次复习的时，视线呈波浪状起伏，阅读到认识的单词时视线是平的，到不认识处，视线自然上升。这样其实不是在阅读英文而是在阅读中文，以后再看到满页的英文时还是会觉得恐惧。阅读的能力依然很难提高。所以我们虽然在正确的做事，却没有做正确的事。

英语考研阅读理解A节中30%的考题是含有考研英语特有思路的，也就是说：“即使掌握了英语的基本技能（词汇，句子和语篇分析能力），如果不了解考研的出题思路，在面对选项时，考生依然很难做出正确的选择。”1所以盲目的对句子进行分析，而不从出题人的设计思路上入手，这样很容易掉入出题人设计的陷阱。“一艘大海中没有目标的航船，来自任何一个方向的风都是逆风。”“任何伟大的胜利都是思维的胜利”。所以我们必须首先找准目标，理清思路这样才能无往而不利，在万千化境中保持那份“大好河山都陷了，至少这理还在的”从容。

（一）考研的文体到底是什么？

这个话题是被很多学生忽视的问题，甚至包括很多老师对这个问题的重视程度都不够。我们往往就是停留在知道《Economist》（经济学人）上的很多文章是考研出题人所青睐的。但在分类的时候还是将文章分为：说明文和议论文。“面对议论文时我们要关注作者和文中其他人所谈到的观点。面对说明文时我们重点是考察重要细节和概念性的描述。”这是常识。而在考研的科普文中，我们一旦陷入关注细节的和概念性描述的常识性认识之中，我们就很难将一些题目作对。经济学人在英文世界中的地位很像我国的《读书》杂志，在上面发表文章的人都是英文世界中的文胆级的人物，而考研出题人所选取的文章也更多的是偏向人文社科和经济类的文章，和针砭时弊，嬉笑怒骂，自成一派的反思性文章。即使选取的是科普类的文章，文中更多的也是对人物观点进行评论，所以我们必须形成清醒的认识：考研阅读的文体就是议论文，哪怕是科普性的文章也是侧重对文中观点进行考察。

（二）题干的作用是什么？

在阅读的标准化试题中，我们都可以把阅读分为三个部分：原文，题干和选项。原文是解题的依据，题干是解题的路标，选项是解题的关键。而对于考研阅读中题干的路标作用同学们的理解并不深刻，很多时候老师在解析的时候也更多在关注选项间的区别，以及和原文的对应。认真关注题干，才是我们要做的正确的事。首先看第一个例子：

And this process need not be left to the unconscious.Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.As soon as you awaken, identify what is upsetting about the dream.Visualize how you would like it to end instead;the next time it occurs, try to wake up just enough to control its course.With

much practice people can learn to, literally, do it in their sleep.（2005年passage3）

34.Cartwright seems to suggest that ________.A）waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams

B）visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control

C）dreams should be left to their natural progression

D）dreaming may not entirely belong to the unconscious

这是一篇写如何控制梦的文章，从题材上讲是科普类的文章，但是整个文章都在讲述一个核心的观点。如果能从观点议论的角度出发，这篇文章中的很多难题都能迎刃而解。

34题当年的难度系数为：0.3712，也就是只有37.1%的同学作对了这个题，属于考研典型题目。

首先看一下题干：卡特莱特似乎在暗示________.问题是在问文中人物的观点，因此这个题干直接就把我们带到了段落的第二句：Cartwright believes one can exercise conscious control over recurring bad dreams.（卡特莱特认为人们可以练习有意识地控制噩梦的重演）believe就是题干中suggest的同意表述。如果我们牢记观点对应观点的法则，这个题很容易选出D选项---梦可能并不完全的是无意识的。而如果仔细阅读后面的内容你会发现其他选项有极强的迷惑性。

A)waking up in time is essential to the ridding of bad dreams.及时的醒来对于摆脱噩梦非常重要。

文中有谈到 try to wake up just enough to control its course，但只是说到这个事实，Cartwright没有对这个事实的性质做出评价，所以essential是错误点。

B）visualizing bad dreams helps bring them under control

想象噩梦有助于我们控制它们。

文中谈到的是Visualize how you would like it to end instead;

想象一下噩梦是怎么结束的，而不是想象噩梦本身。1所以bad dream成为错误点。

C）dreams should be left to their natural progression

应该让梦自然推进。

这个选项干扰性不强，可以直接排除。

而A,B两个选项却是让人在短时间内很难排除，但如果我们紧扣题干，相信路标，先做正确的事，那么我们就能避过考试出题人的干扰陷阱，直击正确选项D。2009年考研第二篇文章再次出现了这样的题目，并且思路和意图更加明显。

But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Troy Duster, a New York University sociologist.He notes that each individual has many ancestors-numbering in the hundreds just a few centuries back.Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage, either the Y chromosome inherited through men in a father’s line or mitochondrial DNA, which a passed down only from mothers.This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors, even though, for example, just three generations back people also have six other great-grandparents or, four

generations back, 14 other great-great-grandparents.28.Skeptical observers believe that ancestry testing fails to _____.A）trace distant ancestors

B）rebuild reliable bloodlines

C）fully use genetic information

D）achieve the claimed accuracy

依然先看一下题干：持怀疑态度的观察家认为家谱检测未能_____.问题同样是在问文中人物的观点，因此这个题干直接就把我们带到了段落的第一句But some observers are skeptical, “There is a kind of false precision being hawked by people claiming they are doing ancestry testing,” says Troy Duster, a New York

University sociologist.但有些观察家对此表示怀疑的。纽约大学的社会学家特洛伊.达斯特说，“声称自己在做家谱测试的人正在吹嘘一种虚假的精确性。”同样道理believe就是题干中的says，这个社会学家就是怀疑者中的一个，他的观点代表的就是怀疑者的观点，因此我们很清晰可以看出D选项---达到（检测者）所声称的精确度，为对刚才那句话的同意替换，是正确答案。我们要是以后面的内容作为选择依据我们将被迷惑项搞得痛苦不堪，尤其是选项C。

我们先解决到A和B

A）trace distant ancestors

追溯年代久远的祖先

文中说most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage只考虑了单线的祖先，而不是说找不到年代久远的祖先，轻松排除。

B）rebuild reliable bloodlines

重建可靠的血统谱系

文中说This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two

ancestors，这种测试只能告知不完全的血统谱系，而不是说不能重建可靠的血统谱系。

最后看看C选项，这个选项在教育部的考试分析中我们可以看到这个选项时是错选率最高的，在错选答案中占到了89% 3也就是这个题做错的同学几乎都是错选的这个选项。

Fail to C）fully use genetic information

(未能)完整的利用基因信息

文章中Yet most ancestry testing only considers a single lineage只考虑了单线的祖先；This DNA can reveal genetic information about only one or two ancestors，这种测试只能告知不完全的血统谱系；几乎所有的线索都指向了答案C。但先仔细对比一下这两种说法：

1)Fully use genetic information;2）use full genetic information;

前一个强调的是使用这个动作的完整性；后一个强调的是使用对象的完整性。显然你就知道C选项是不对的了。

但是在考场上很少有同学能思考到这个层次，在D和C之间徘徊的时候请牢牢地记住了，问题在问观点是什么，就不要去选对观点的分析了。

再次强调：紧扣题干，找准路标，问观点就找观点，先做正确的事，再正确的去做事。

第四篇：2012年文都考研之何凯文作文要点规划

2011年文都考研之何凯文作文要点规划

如果在前文当中，我们所谈到的阅读部分体现出考研考试选拔性和水平型考试的特征的话，那么在写作方面就是纯粹的对于考生英语表达能力的考察了。大纲在作文部分实际很简单，就大作文而言就是：考生根据提示信息写出一篇160-200字的短文（标点符号不计算在内）。提示信息的形式有主题句，写作提纲，规定情景，图，表等。考生在答题卡2上作答。总分20分。这样的大纲其实和高考英语的大纲及其一致。就是考查学生的书面表达能力。

考试的写作都是一种control writing 和新概念作文大赛是有很大区别的，韩寒他们玩的是creative writing.既然是控制型的写作，其实命题人就只希望考生是否具备英语的书面表达能力。因此在内容上希望看到和话题一致的文章，在形式上出题人也做到了尽量明确的限定为三段论。这样一来，决定考生分数高低的决定性因素就是语言了。不过从实际的操作来看，部分考生在内容和形式上也会有一定的困境。下面我就以实战的模和版来和大家一起实现内容，形式和语言的提高。

第一步：仔细审题，往正确的方向说。

最近的十年间考试的提示信息都是以图画的形式给出的，因此第一步就是审题即找出图画作者想表达的话题。这个过程考生尽量的做到：内容趋同最保险。不要在确定话题的时候企图与众不同，阳光下没有新鲜事，你能想的到的话题实际很多考生都想到了，没有什么新意可言。所以话题最好就写你脑海中浮现的第一个话题就好了。这样可以避免跑题。并且进入2005年之后，每年跑题的时候很少了，因为审题的过程已经由图画下的汉字来完成了。“养老足球赛”，“网络的远与近”，“文化火锅：美味又营养”。有了这些汉字的限定和求同的思想我想同学们在审题方面应该没有太大问题了。

第二步：定阐述方向，有话可说（模）

考研作文第一段都是要求对图画的描述，开头相对固定化，中间视图画而定。但是考生可以套用完全倒装句型及主系表倒为表系主，这样考生只需要一句话就可以把图画描述完毕：02年为例：找到图中的中心人物美国姑娘主句就可以搭建起来：

In the sunshine stands a pretty American girl.接着对girl进行描述，可以用到非限定性定语从句，分词短语，介词短语，如果这个中心事物周围有其他的人和物还可以用独立主格。

In the sunshine stands a pretty American girl, who is in the Chinese traditional costume, wearing necklace, earrings and its like, with a broad sweat smile on her face.这样就可以如法炮制2010的图画了：

In the picture above stands a hot pot, a traditional Chinese cooker , containing a lot of names of great figures from both western and eastern cultural backgrounds, such as Shakespeare , Confucius and his like ,with a line going like this : cultural hot pot-delicious and nutritious.同学们都可以仿造这样的句型写出很漂亮的图画描述句了。

二段开头就应该摆出论点：

我们面对的话题无非就是好的话题好坏的话题，不好不坏的话题我们也尽量的决定写其中的一面

就可以了。这样我们的论点就可以固定了。人们对于好的话题都是重视的，对于不好的话题都是忽视的。

我们就只需要积累关于：好，坏，重视，忽视的英语表达就可以了。这样的积累是在我们的课程中反复谈到过的。我也总结出了很经典的表达。接下来就是整个文章最为重要的部分了，该从若干个方面来思考如何展开这个话题了。根据多年的教学，我们已经总结出了12个万能思考的角度他们分别是：物质，时间，效率，交流，安全，方便，环境，健康，情感，性格，经验，成功。所有话题都可以从这些角度中找出三到四种来展开。这样一来我们的任务就是去积累关于这12个话题的优秀表达。

第三段基本就是很固定的写作了，好的就去弘扬，坏的就去解决。这就是我们的写作模板中的“模”，这是可以固化的。

第三步：多样化表达，语言是关键。（板）

比较下面的两种表达：

1..As is symbolically conveyed in the vivid drawing above, the flower is so open.2.In the picture above, the flower is blooming in the green house.这两句话那句话拿分高，考生同学应该很清楚了。第一句就是把板给死板化了，模可以固定，但是板应该多样。所以在准备12个话题的时候我就给同学们准备了这样的表达：比如说浪费时间，同学们通常说的是：waste time 但是我们可以这样说的：Squander hours ,lavish days , and even waste years.这样的表达才是真的能打动老师的，而不是仅仅靠一些陈词滥调（cliché）.健康方面我们可以背一些常见的疾病名字：Heart disease ,high blood pressure, diabetes ,fattiness（obesity）。物质方面可以具体化：Delicious food, fashionable clothes, comfortable dwelling,fabulous/handsome cars.连接三个以上的名词我们不用a,b,c and d 而用：not only A ,but also B, and such benefits(problems)as C and D.这样我们就能写出这样的好句子了：体育锻炼能防治心脏病，高血压，糖尿病和肥胖症。

Physical exercise can safeguard not only Heart disease ,but also high blood pressure and such problems as diabetes and fattiness（obesity）.各位考生朋友，这就是模板的真谛，模是模，板是板。这就是为什么我的学生在上了12个小时的写作课后就能写出15分以上的文章的原因所在。因为，我们了解了考研写作的实质就是对于某些表达的积累，我们提前积累了，分数当然能在最短的时间中获得最大的提高。所以同学们一定要在强化和冲刺阶段按照我的作文思路进行积累。我相信同学们一定能在作文部分获得一个非常好的成绩。

第五篇：2018何凯文考研英语每日一句

你的构造远非完美。根据最新一份研究结果，人类基因组75%的编码都是无用的。休斯顿大学的Dan Graur表示，目前一些研究团体将DNA的任何生化活动，不管多微小，都视为功能性的体现；这是不对的，只有当一个基因片断拥有有意义的用处时，才能算作有功能。而对于功能性基因来说，如果一个变异出现并打乱片断时，就会对人体造成危害。出于很多原因，DNA总是在任意变异，比如说紫外线辐射或细胞分裂时出现的DNA复制错误。Graur认为，如果人类大多数的DNA都是功能性的，那么大多数有害的变异早就令人类不堪承受了。而如果人类大多数DNA都没有用的话，那么大多数变异都无关痛痒，只有少数会起到非常明显的效果，这和现实惊人的一致。今天的句子：

After 20 years of biologists arguing that most of the human genome must have some kind of function, it now seems that, because of the way evolution works, the vast majority of our DNA has to be useless – a suggestion that contradicts claims from prominent researchers.What can we learn from the text?(A)The famous scholars are of the idea that the human genome must be functional.(B)The 20 years study has proved that most DNA of ours is useless for our health.(C)The claims from famous scholars contradict the function of DNA in evolution.(D)The new research have proved that the function of useless DNA in human evolution.词汇突破

genome 基因组 evolution 进化 majority 大多数

contradict 否定；与……矛盾 claim 声称；要求

prominent 显著的；杰出的 确定主干：

it now seems that the vast majority of our DNA has to be useless.切分成分：

1.After 20 years of biologists arguing…状语

2.that most of the human genome must have some kind of function宾语从句 3.because of the way evolution works原因状语

a suggestion(that contradicts claims from prominent researchers)同位语；其中括号里嵌套了一个定语从句

参考译文：二十多年来，生物学家一直认为大部分人类基因组均有一定功能。但现在看起来，因为进化的工作机制，DNA中的绝大多数必须是无用的——这个意见否定了许多杰出研究者的假设。

昨天题目的讲解：

After 20 years of biologists arguing that most of the human genome must have some kind of function, it now seems that, because of the way evolution works, the vast majority of our DNA has to be useless – a suggestion that contradicts claims from prominent researchers.What can we learn from the text?(A)The famous scholars are of the idea that the human genome must be functional.这个选项中有一个关键短语： Be of the idea that = 同意…观点…

prominent researchers= The famous scholars 根据原文可以知道: biologists 的观点= prominent researchers 的观点

而biologists 的观点是：most of the human genome must have some kind of function=the human genome must be functional.所以A选项是完美的同意替换！

这个句子其实讲了两个观点一个是传统的过去的观点，生物学家和杰出的研究者都认同的观点：人类的基因组必须是有一定功能的。还有一个观点是现在的新观点：由于进化的方式，大多数的人类基因是没有用的。

(B)The 20 years study has proved that most DNA of ours is useless for our health.20年的研究证明的不是DNA是没有用的，而是说一定有用的。偷换，所以排除！(C)The claims from famous scholars contradict the function of DNA in evolution.著名学者的观点与进化过程中DNA的功能是相抵触的。“在进化过程中DNA的功能”在文中并没有谈到，只谈到了由于进化，DNA变得没有用了。所以是偷换！排除！(D)The new research have proved that the function of useless DNA in human evolution.新的研究证明了在人类进化过程中无用DNA的作用。文中没有谈到“无用DNA的作用”所以排除！

特朗普在竞选总统期间，标榜自己是敢想敢做的新共和党人，宣称当选后将花1万亿美元重建全美的道路、水利和桥梁，同时允诺将复兴两党合作这种“失传的艺术”。已经入主白宫的他仍时不时地招摇“一个伟大的全国基建计划”，将通过公私合作“创造成百万新的就业岗位”，与罗斯福和艾森豪威尔的政府工程相媲美。然而现实总是惨淡而骨感的，共和党正陷入关于一系列事务的争吵之中，有医保、税务、债务、移民和预算，而基建呢，还得坐在冷板凳上，等着这些权重更高的问题一个个解决后才轮得着。（等待一旦起了头，可能就是没日没夜、无止无休了……）

今天的句子：Infrastructure remains stuck near the rear of the legislative line, according to two dozen administration officials, legislators and labor leaders involved in coming up with a concrete proposal.It awaits the resolution of tough negotiations over the budget, the debt ceiling, a tax overhaul, a new push to toughen immigration laws— and the enervating slog to enact a replacement for the Affordable Care Act.词汇突破: 1.infrastructure 基础建设2.rear 后端3.legislative 立法的 4.concrete 具体的5.budget 预算6.overhaul 彻底检修 7.immigration 移民8.enervating 无精打采的9.slog 苦干 10.enact颁布；制定法律 第一句：

确定主干：Infrastructure remains stuck near the rear of the legislative line.切分成分：

1.according to two dozen administration officials, legislators and labor leaders状语 2.involved in coming up with a concrete proposal后置定语，相当于who were involved in coming up with a concrete proposal 第二句：

确定主干：It awaits the resolution of tough negotiations.切分成分：

1.over the budget, the debt ceiling, a tax overhaul, a new push to toughen immigration laws and the enervating slog状语

2.to enact a replacement for the Affordable Care Act后置定语

参考译文：据20多位参与具体提案工作的行政官员、立法者和工会领袖所说，基础建设仍困于立法队列的末尾。它等待着一系列艰难谈判得到解决。这些谈判涉及预算、债务上限、税务改革、新一轮强化移民法的行动，以及制定平价医疗法案的替代法这档子令人精疲力竭的苦差使。今天的句子：德国汽车行业日前又曝出丑闻。《明镜》周刊发布封面文章称：大众、宝马、戴姆勒本土三大巨头车企从上世纪90年代组建起大型卡特尔（Cartel），秘密举行会议，探讨协调包括汽车发展战略、发动机、供应商甚至到柴油发动机尾气排放处理系统等诸多事宜。7月22日，欧盟最高反垄断机构欧盟委员会在一份声明中确认：欧盟委员会和德国反垄断机构“联邦卡特尔局”已经收到了相关信息，目前正对此进行评估。若三大车企因减少竞争的共谋行为被最终定罪，它们将面临巨额罚款。

Germany’s high-end carmakers face a potentially destructive new scandal after European antitrust authorities said on Saturday that they were looking into allegations that Volkswagen, Daimler and BMW colluded illegally to hold down the prices of crucial technology, including emissions equipment.词汇突破：1.high-end 高端的2.potentially 潜在地3.destructive 破坏性的 4.scandal 丑闻5.antitrust 反托拉斯的6.allegation 指控7.collude 共谋 确定主干：

Germany’s high-end carmakers face a potentially destructive new scandal.切分成分：

1.after European antitrust authorities said on Saturday时间状语 2.that they were looking into allegations宾语从句

3.that Volkswagen, Daimler and BMW colluded illegally to hold down the prices of crucial technology, including emissions equipment同位语从句

参考译文：德国的高端汽车制造商可能面对一桩新的巨大丑闻。此前欧洲反垄断部门上周六表示，他们正在调查有关大众、戴姆勒和宝马共谋以压低关键技术设备(包括排放设备)价格的指控。

来做一个题吧：Reporters tend to be part of a broadly defined social and cultural elite, so their work tends to reflect the conventional values of this elite.The astonishing distrust of the news media isn’t rooted in inaccuracy or poor reportorial skills but in the daily clash of world views between reporters and their readers.The basic problem of journalists as pointed out by the writer lies in their ________.[A] working attitude[B] conventional lifestyle [C] world outlook[D] educational background 上周日清晨，波士顿的沃尔瑟姆市区的一个豪华公寓小区突发大火。火势迅猛，达到10级警报级别，共有5栋大楼倒塌。爆炸声撕破空气，烟尘和余烬交织成的火雨不断倾泻而下，打在附近的街道上。这是本月波士顿地区第二起因纯木施工法而起火的工地。完全采用木头结构进行施工，因为成本低而越来越受到青睐。尤其是在工地和人力价格都不菲的都市，更是得到了开发商的偏爱。与选择其它方法的建筑相比，这种方法的成品在完工后防火性能并不打折。但在施工过程中木结构极易起火，所幸二次相关的失火都发生在非工作时间，到目前为止，仅有两人受轻伤。

Fire officials say the buildings are as safe as any other once they’re fully operational— with sheetrock, fire breaks,smoke detectors, and sprinklers installed — but they are vulnerable during construction,when flames can shoot quickly through rooms composed of little more than wood.词汇突破

1.operational可使用的2.sheetrock石棉水泥板3.detector探测器 4.sprinkler洒水器5.install安装6.vulnerable易受伤害的；有弱点的 7.composed of由…组成 确定主干：

Fire officials say(the buildings are as safe as any other 宾语从句), but they are vulnerable during construction.切分成分：

1.once they’re fully operational时间状语

2.with sheetrock, fire breaks,smoke detectors, and sprinklers installed介词短语作状语

3.when flames can shoot quickly through rooms时间状语 4.composed of little more than wood后置定语

参考译文：消防官员说，一旦全面投入使用，这些建筑会和其它建筑一样安全，装有石棉水泥板、隔火设施、烟雾探测器和洒水器。但在施工过程事，它们非常脆弱，火焰可以快速地穿透主要是木头的房间。

今天的句子：科学家警告说，物种入侵和全球变暖是一对并肩作战的“夺命二人组”。人类的频繁迁徙让物种越来越有可能进入新的地域，而气候变暖则推动许多异域物种在原本水土难服的环境中恣意生长。阿根廷蚁在英国的肆虐就是一个新的例证。这种蚁通常生长在室内，然而气候变暖使得它们逐渐可在野外生存。没有天敌和环境的约束，这些自由的入侵大肆繁殖，并通过层叠效应影响了整个生态生态圈的稳定。每年英国因物种入侵而遭受的经济损失高达数十亿英镑。As trade and human travel has become globalised many thousands of species have crossed oceans or mountain ranges and become established in new regions, with some causing “invasional meltdown” and over a trillion of dollars of damage a year.Recent research shows that ever more animals and plants are finding their way to foreign lands and that invasive species are a “primary threat” to economies, human wellbeing and wildlife.The reason animals and plants can find their way to foreign lands is ____.(A)the invasive species are a “primary threat” to our life as recent research shows(B)huge amount of damage has been caused by the invasive species a year(C)the mass immigration of human being combined with the global trade business.(D)the species established in new regions can improve the human wellbeing 词汇突破

1.globalized 全球化的2.species 物种3.invasion 入侵 4.meltdown 崩溃5.trillion 万亿6.primary 首要的 7.wellbeing 福利8.wildlife野生动植物 第一句： 确定主干：

many thousands of species have crossed oceans or mountain ranges and become established in new regions.切分成分：

1.As trade and human travel has become globalised状语从句

2..with some causing “invasional meltdown” and over a trillion of dollars of damage a year伴随状语 第二句： 确定主干：

Recent research shows… 切分成分：

1.that ever more animals and plants are finding their way to foreign lands宾语从句一

2.that invasive species are a “primary threat” to economies, human wellbeing and wildlife宾语从句二

参考译文：国际商贸和旅行令数千物种跨越海洋或山脉，在新的地区扎根繁衍。其中一些物种发展成“入侵灾难”，每年损失高达万亿。最近的调查显示，更多动植物正在“走向”异域，入侵物种是对经济、人类及野生动植物的“首要威胁”。每天你都会发现有某个公号文章正在鼓吹断舍离。这种生活美学从一个侧面反映，人类拥有强烈的收藏欲。不管东西，也不论古今，人们都会对特定的事物怀有依恋之情，并大费周章地获取和收藏。美国四五十年代出生的生育高潮儿就是这样。他们中有些人旅行到一个地方，就会买一个杯子（星马克的地方系列马克杯大概就是为这些人准备的），有的收集各种毛绒玩具。但现在步入老年的他们极为苦恼，因为大多数子女都不愿意继承这些家什，一听到“我走了它们就是你的了”这样的话就感到万分恐惧。看来现在传家宝并不那么受年轻人欢迎。

今天的句子：

While every generation has its turn with an attachment for antiques or nostalgia for outdated technology, today’s tech-heavy culture shows few signs of trading in its sleek, modern designs for dark furniture or knick-knacks from bygone eras.词汇突破：

attachment 依恋antique 古董nostalgia 怀旧

outdated 过时的sleek 线条流畅的knick-knack 小物件 bygone 过去的 确定主干：

today’s tech-heavy culture shows few signs of trading in…for… 当下以科技为主的文化显示了很少以……交换……的迹象 切分成分：

1.While every generation has its turn with…比较状语从句

2.an attachment for antiques or nostalgia for outdated technology 介词with的宾语 3.its sleek, modern designs 介词in的宾语

4.dark furniture or knick-knacks from bygone eras介词in的宾语

参考译文：虽然每代人都对旧物或是老科技有所依恋，但当下崇尚科技的文化显示了极少迹象，会以现代流畅的设计去交换过去的深色家具或小物件高手与人辩论时，最忌一时看不清对手的逻辑谬误，被拉进无休止的无意义讨论中。比如说最常见的谬误——人身攻击（ad hominem），即不用证据、事实或理由去维护立场，而是透过标签、挑衅或谩骂来攻击对手。来看看两位世界顶级大咖的互掐。脸书创始人扎克伯格在直播中被问道，怎么看待马斯克的杀人机器人言论。扎克伯格说，人工智能会构建更和谐的世界，我认为那些反对者试图描绘一幅末日场景，我不明白，我真的认为这是非常不负责的。不久马斯克就在推特中反驳道，扎克伯格对人工智能领域的理解很有限。直接摆出了一幅我懒得和你这种水平的人搭话的态度。另外，值的一提的是，霍金也和马斯克一样，认为人工智能会让人类成为二等公民，或者发起终结者式的叛乱。

今天的句子：The groundwork for the world’s nerdiest fight was laid by Musk, the Tesla and SpaceX CEO, earlier this month, when he pushed again for the proactive regulation of artificial intelligence because he believes it poses a “fundamental risk to the existence of civilization”.词汇突破

Groundwork 基础 Nerdy 书呆子的Proactive regulation 事前监管 Fundamental 十分重要的Existence 生存Civilization 文明 确定主干：

The groundwork for the world’s nerdiest fight was laid by Musk.切分成分：

1.the Tesla and SpaceX CEO同位语2.earlier this month时间状语

3.when he pushed again for the proactive regulation of artificial intelligence时间状语从句4.because he believes…原因状语从句

5.(that)it poses a “fundamental risk to the existence of civilization”宾语从句 参考译文：特斯拉和SpaceX的CEO伊隆•马斯克本月早些时候，一再强烈要求建立针对人工智能的事前监管，为世界上最书呆子气的冲突埋下伏笔。他相信人工智能对“文明的存续造成重大风险”。明天的句子：

Imitation can get a bad reputation, but researchers say our species’ drive to imitate so readily is a significant mechanism through which we learn social norms, integrate into society, and build social connection.And, they say, this level of imitation might be what sets us apart from other species and may have set us on the path to building an advanced society.英语中有句谚语：“模仿是最真诚的恭维”（Imitation is the sincerest form of flattery）。科学家的研究表示，模仿的重要性不仅如此，还可能是人之所以为人的根源。婴幼儿时期，人们就开始模仿周遭的人，学人吐舌头，把耳朵靠近电话听筒，向给自己打招呼的手挥手。等我们成年后，遇到心仪的人会不自主地模仿对方的身体语言，和朋友买一样的红鞋子，网购明星同款。也许很多人不愿意承认自己是模仿者，然而科学研究表明只有人类才能建立高度组织化的社会文明正是源于模仿。获得知识有两种基本途径，一种是尝试—犯错—尝试，这种方法无疑是最直接、最有开创性、也最受尊敬的，但它效率极低；另一种就是模仿，模仿使得人类得以快速地掌握复杂的语言和社会文化，相当于“抄了小道”。人类不仅有意识地模仿具有直接功能目的的举动，还会无意识地模仿那些看起来多余且无稽的言行。

今天的句子：Imitation can get a bad reputation, but researchers say our species’ drive to imitate so readily is a significant mechanism through which we learn social norms, integrate into society, and build social connection.And, they say, this level of imitation might be what sets us apart from other species and may have set us on the path to building an advanced society.词汇突破：1.Imitation 模仿2.Reputation 名声

3.Mechanism 机制4.Integrate 融入

第一句：

确定主干：Imitation can get a bad reputation, but researchers say…

切分成分：(that)our species’ drive to imitate so readily is a significant mechanism宾语从句 through which we learn social norms, integrate into society, and build social connection定语从句，修饰mechanism 第二句：

确定主干：And this level of imitation might be…

切分成分：what sets us apart from other species and may have set us on the path to building an advanced society what = something/that 参考译文：模仿也许名声不好，但研究者说人类极其乐于模仿的冲动是一种重要机制，通过这种机制我们学习社会规范、融入群体和建立联系。他们认为，这种模仿水平也许是将人类与其他物种区别开来的原因，它也让我们走上了建立先进社会的道路。伦敦金融区的金丝雀码头一直是欧盟的药品管理局和银行监管局的所在地。英国退欧留出的空缺让欧盟成员国蠢蠢欲动，竞相使出浑身解数，想让这两家备受瞩目的机构落地自家后院。一场脱欧遗产争夺战正在上演。19个国家已经正式申请接管欧盟医药局，8个国家表达了对银行监管局的兴趣，只有爱沙尼亚、斯洛文尼亚、塞浦路斯、匈牙利、立陶宛和拉脱维亚6国懒得折腾。一些国家花重金雇佣了公关公司来制作申请材料：光鲜的宣传册、高清视频，还有各种逗笑的吹捧段子。阿姆斯特丹在视频里说自己是药品管理局的不二之选，因为“我们也有时髦的王后，也喜欢鱼和薯条。而且我们英语说得倍儿棒。”捷克则表示所有管理局的工作人员可以５年免费参观任何博物馆以及布拉格动物园。维也纳说自已的自来水质量上乘，来自于高山清泉，也是世界上唯一一个酿酒业发达的首都（来上班还是来饮酒啊……）。米兰为拥有17000家餐馆而感到自豪（可能觉得管理局养了一大帮吃货……）。瑞典则提示全世界自己可是颁诺贝尔奖的地方，更别说他们的宜家、Spotify和Skype了（诺奖可以走后门么？……）。最耿直的要属巴黎和爱尔兰了，一个提出拿出150万欧元来帮银行监管局交房租，另一个大手笔的表示要出7800万欧元，其中第1年将1500万给药品管理局，并覆盖银行监管局头10年一半的房租（洋气的法国同学怎么比农民出身的爱尔兰少了那么多……）。卢森堡大公国更是表示会免费送一橦新楼。（今天的解说有点多了，但各国热烈的追求实在令我感动，没控制住……）

今天的句子：In the past, decisions on the location of agencies have been made behind closed doors, and prompted huge arguments resolved only through trades and stitch-ups.This time, however, member states have devised clear rules for the competition, in an attempt to avoid a desperate squabble among the EU27 at the same time as the Brexit negotiations.词汇突破

prompt 促使resolve 解决stitch-up 缝补，这里指弥补 devise 提出；策划desperate 绝望的squabble 争吵 第一句：

确定主干：Decisions have been made behind closed doors and prompted huge arguments.切分成分：In the past时间状语on the location of agencies后置定语（that were）resolved only through trades and stitch-ups定语从句

第二句：确定主干：However, member states have devised clear rules for the competition.切分成分：This time 时间状语

in an attempt to avoid a desperate squabble among the EU27介词短语做目的状语 at the same time as the Brexit negotiations时间状语 参考译文：过去关于欧盟机构地点的决策总是在私下达成，并会引发只能通过交易和弥补平息的巨大争论。然而这一次成员国提出了清楚的竞争规则，试图避免在英国退欧谈判的同时出现令人极度无奈的争吵。

随着体育世界陷入一年一度的夏季迷茫期，一系列不祥的时刻正在出现。7月初斯蒂芬•库里与金州勇士队签署为期5年的合同，合同价值仅为2亿美元。在上个合同期，库里凭借自己的表现和安慰人心的魅力，帮助勇士队的价值从2010年的仅4.5亿提升到现在了260亿美元。消息一出，勒布朗•詹姆斯在推特上写道：“为什么球员的薪水要有最高限？别回答。斯蒂芬这个夏天应该获得4亿。”另一则消息更是让人们看到谁才是球员价值的最终受益者。7月中旬休斯顿火箭队老板决定出售球队，这支球队24年来价值翻了19倍。

今天的句子：But by the time Lonzo Ball, the Lakers rookie point guard, whose passing ability is exceeded by only his father’s self-promotional thirst, lit up the N.B.A.’s summer league in Las Vegas in early July, a pattern was emerging.Beyond all the insiderish commentary about N.B.A.free agency and where Gordon Hayward, a borderline All Star, might end up, there was a steady stream of news that seemed to call into question the structure of labor and compensation in American professional sports.词汇突破：rookie新人point guard 控球后卫pattern模式 commentary评论borderline边界的compensation补偿 第一句：确定主干：A pattern was emerging.切分成分：But by the time Lonzo Ball lit up the N.B.A.’s summer league in Las Vegas in early July时间状语the Lakers rookie point guard同位语

whose passing ability is exceeded by only his father’s self-promotional thirst定语从句 第二句：确定主干：There was a steady stream of news.切分成分：1.Beyond all the insiderish commentary about N.B.A.free agency and where Gordon Hayward might end up让步状语从句 2.a borderline All Star同位语

3.that seemed to call into question the structure of labor and compensation in 4.American professional sports定语从句

参考译文：湖人队新秀控球后卫朗佐•鲍尔过人能力出色，仅次于他老爸自夸的狂热。当他在拉斯维加斯点亮NBA的夏季联赛时，一种模式已经成形。且不论所有关于NBA自由球员和全明星边缘人戈登•海沃德去向的内部评论，仍源源不断地冒出新的消息，看似令人怀疑美国职业赛事的用工和酬劳机制。美国许多餐厅基本都会使用一个窍门来平均原料成本——主推鸡翅类菜肴。鸡翅的价格在2016年底才不过1.8美元每镑，而且属于长盛不衰的高流量菜，男女老少约会聚会时都喜欢啃个鸡翅。然而高需求一旦突破了原有的供需平衡，价格上涨必然会发生。今年餐厅不再能够使用鸡翅来分担成本了，因为它的价格已经涨到2.9美元每镑。就连供货商也在报怨价格太离谱，“史上最贵的鸡翅”。曾经人们反感动物脂肪，一味地青睐纯瘦的鸡胸肉，然而风水轮流转，现在众人又回归了对肥美多汁的热爱。The fat is back.今天的句子：The increased demand is sweet revenge for the humble wing, an unwanted poultry byproduct back in the 1980s, when the American dining public was certain that animal fats would kill them and demanded only boneless, skinless chicken breasts.But starting around 2009, wing prices started to eclipse those for breasts, hinting that demand for wingettes and drumettes was on the rise.词汇突破

poultry 禽类byproduct 副产品eclipse 蚀；使黯淡 wingette 鸡翅中drumette 鸡翅根 第一句：

确定主干：The increased demand is sweet revenge for the humble wing.切分成分：an unwanted poultry byproduct back in the 1980s同位语

when the American dining public was certain…and demanded only boneless, skinless chicken breasts时间状语从句

that animal fats would kill them宾语从句 第二句： 确定主干：

wing prices started to eclipse those for breasts.切分成分：

But starting around 2009状语 hinting that…语

that demand for wingettes and drumettes was on the rise宾语从句 参考译文：需求上涨是卑微的鸡翅一次甜蜜的复仇。鸡翅在20世纪80年代还是没人想要的禽类副产品，那时美国的饮食男女确信动物脂肪会要了他们的命，只吃无骨无皮的鸡胸肉。但从2009年开始，鸡翅的价格开始超过鸡胸肉，显示对翅中和翅根的需求正在上涨。

被尊称为“医学之父”的希波克拉底（《希波克拉底誓言》仍是今天医护人员的重要职业道德准则）曾提出过体液学说。这种学说认为人体内有４种不同类型的体液：血液、粘液、黄胆汁和黑胆汁。一旦脾分泌的黑胆汁过多，人就会感到抑郁——持续的心情灰暗，无缘由地长期感到恐惧或伤心。直到17世纪，神经学家Thomas Willis才认识到抑郁与体液无关，而是一种涉及大脑功能的复杂病变。虽然人们慢慢接受了抑郁是一种生理失调，而非古人认为的巫蛊抑或魔障之害（中世纪时抑郁的女性会被当作巫婆活活烧死），但是目前仍没有长期和有效的治疗方法。美国有12%的人正在服用抗抑郁药物，且自杀率已经攀升到30年来最高点。

今天的句子：Although he had little else to offer patients besides the lifestyle remedies of the Greeks, melancholia was finally thought to be at least partly biological.In subsequent years, everything from herbal remedies to opium to music therapy to spinning stools designed to make people too dizzy to feel pain fell in and out of vogue.We can learn from the passage that___.(A)herbal remedies were once in fashion to control melancholia(B)there are many therapies to heal and cure melancholia(C)the Greeks finally found melancholia to be physical disease(D)the opium used to be used to cure the melancholia 词汇突破：

remedy 治疗melancholia 忧郁subsequent 接下来的 herbal 草药的opium 鸦片spinning stool 旋转凳vogue 流行

第一句: 确定主干：

melancholia was finally thought to be at least partly biological.切分成分：

Although he had little else to offer patients besides the lifestyle remedies of the Greeks让步状语从句 第二句：

确定主干：everything fell in and out of vogue.切分成分：

In subsequent years时间状语

from herbal remedies to opium to music therapy to spinning stools 列举，“from…to…to”结构

designed to make people too dizzy to feel pain后置定语，“too…to”太而不能

参考译文：虽然他除了希腊人的生活方式疗法之外就没有什么可以提供给病人，但忧郁终于被认为至少部分源于生理。接下来的数年，从草药、鸦片、音乐疗法到旋转凳所有那些旨在让人因头晕目眩而无法觉察痛楚的潮流时兴时衰。昨天题目的解析：

Although he had little else to offer patients besides the lifestyle remedies of the Greeks, melancholia was finally thought to be at least partly biological.In subsequent years, everything from herbal remedies to opium to music therapy to spinning stools designed to make people too dizzy to feel pain fell in and out of vogue.We can learn from the passage that___.(A)herbal remedies were once in fashion to control melancholia Fashion=vogue

原文：herbal remedies fell in of vogue.选项：herbal remedies were once in fashion Too…to feel pain= to control melancholia 感觉不到痛苦=控制抑郁症 所以A就是正确答案！

(B)there are many therapies to heal and cure melancholia Heal 和cure 不对，没有说这些治疗手段能治愈抑郁症。(C)the Greeks finally found melancholia to be physical disease 翻译：希腊人最终发现抑郁症是生理疾病； 这个发现不是希腊人做出来的，所以排除！(D)the opium used to be used to cure the melancholia Used to be used = 过去被用，而现在不被用；

原文说的是鸦片治疗抑郁症过去流行过，现在不流行了。而不是说不用了。当然cure这个词用的也不准确。今天的句子：

Back in 1990, Pew asked couples what made a marriage work, and fewer than half(47%)of adults said sharing household chores was very important.When couples were asked again 17 years since later, no other item on the list(which included faithfulness and happy sexual relationships)had risen in importance nearly as much, and across the demographic landscape―among men as well as women, marrieds as well as singles;old as well as young.According to the recent survey, what makes the marriage work well decisively ?(A)the loyalty to the marriage(B)the harmonious communication(C)the importance of home chores(D)the joint efforts for homework

近日，一位男子在Quora上的提问招来了全世界网友劈头盖脸的痛骂。他说，“我未婚妻的收入还不到我的四分之一，却不肯婚后辞职，想让我分担家务。我告诉她要得到自己想要的，就得去找个收入和她一样的。我说错了么？”对于家庭分工这个课题，专门研究稀缺资源分配的经济学有话要说。首先需要考虑的是专业化。亚当•斯密1776年在《国富论》中就提到，财富的秘密不在于金钱而在于劳动力的专业化：一个人不应寻求把所有事都做好，而是专心于自己最擅长也最能获得成就感的事（这就是相对优势理论）。所以对于这位男子和他的未婚妻来说，两个人都更擅长和喜欢自己的工作，那么就都不应该放弃职业。这个矛盾就引出了下一个经济学原则——公平。经济学有一个经典实验，叫做“最后通牒博弈”。参与者甲有20美元，他必须决定给乙一部分钱，如果乙拒绝接受，两个人都不能得到钱。实际上，只有在甲将钱的40-50%分给乙时，才能达到博弈的效能最大化，因为更低的数额会显失公平，令乙退出博弈。这个原则应用到家务分配中，就是说不管双方收入如何，身份完全平等的夫妻（古代或落后法律制度下不平等的关系除外）应该尽量分担家务这种枯燥且认同感极低的工作，否则婚姻这个“博弈”将无法持续地进行下去。词汇突破

Chores 杂活Faithfulness 忠诚Demographic 人口的 第一句： 确定主干：

Pew asked couples …and fewer than half of adults said… 切分成分：

Back in 1990时间状语

what made a marriage work宾语从句

（that）sharing household chores was very important宾语从句 第二句： 确定主干：

no other item on the list had risen in importance nearly as much.切分成分：

When couples were asked again 17 years since later时间状语从句 and across the demographic landscape状语

among men as well as women, marrieds as well as singles;old as well as young 状语(which included faithfulness and happy sexual relationships)定语从句

参考译文：上个世纪90年代，皮尤研究中心问一些情侣和夫妻：什么能使婚姻稳固？低于一半（47%）的成年人表示，分担家务非常重要。而17年后情侣和夫妻们被问到同样的问题时，没有任何一项（包括忠诚度以及和谐的性生活）在重要性上的提升能够接近“分担家务”，而且遍布所有人口结构——不论男女、婚否或是老幼都这么认为。The need for reform was demonstrated, the commission says, by the extraordinary case of a 14-year-old girl suffering from terminal cancer, identified only as JS, who sought permission last year from the high court to have her body cryogenically preserved in the hope that she could be brought back to life at a later date.词汇突破：

Demonstrate 证明；展示Extraordinary 非凡的；特别的Cryogenically 低温地；冷冻地

确定主干：

The need for reform was demonstrated by the extraordinary case.切分成分：

1.the commission says插入语

2.of a 14-year-old girl suffering from terminal cancer后置定语 3.identified only as JS定语，相当于who was identified only as JS 4.who sought permission last year from the high court定语从句

5.to have her body cryogenically preserved in the hope不定式作目的状语 6.that she could be brought back to life at a later date同位语从句

参考译文：法律委员会表示，14岁女孩（仅以代号JS识别）的特别案件证明了改革的必要性。这位罹患晚期癌症的女孩去年向高等法院申请批准冰冻保存遗体，希望将来某一天能复活。

上周末，谷歌一位工程师在内部备忘录中抨击了谷歌的性别平等计划，认为科技行业中存在性别差距的部分原因来自于生理（他认为女性的抗压能力相对较低，谷歌不应把“共情力”看的那么重要），谷歌应该停止通过所谓的性别平等计划“排外保守主义者”。该内部备忘录后流出，引爆了社交网络，招来一片讨伐之声。然而据这名工程师说，许多谷歌的同事都同意和卫护他的观点。谷歌的人力资源在两方之间又是躲石子又是找立场，一时间不知道如何回应。直到周一，谷歌的首席官SundarPichai说：“这份备忘录违反了我司的行为准则，通过倡导有害的性别定型越了界。”谷歌工程副总裁Ari Balogh发表声明说：“我们文化中很重要一部分是分享不同的观点。但这份备忘录的一个方面让我深刻不安，他暗示女性或者男性必须以一种特定的方式去感受或行动。这是有害的标签化。它的内核是偏见。”彭博社随后报道，该名员工已被解聘。而谷歌对于这份报道没有提出异议，相当于默认了解聘行为的发生。今天的句子： After a controversial memo by a Google engineer about diversity programs at the company and gender differences went viral over the weekend, sparking an explosive reaction on social media, the search giant did not dispute media reports late Monday that the employee had been fired.词汇突破：

controversial有争议的diversity多元化的viral广为传播的 spark引起；导致explosive爆炸性的 确定主干：

the search giant did not dispute media reports late Monday.切分成分：

1.After a controversial memo…went viral over the weekend时间状语从句

2.by a Google engineer about diversity programs at the company and gender differences后置定语；修饰memo 3.sparking an explosive reaction on social media现在分词其主语是前面这件事 4.that the employee had been fired同位语从句

参考译文：周末谷歌工程师的一份极具争议的内部备忘录在社交网路上疯狂传播，引发爆炸性反应。备忘录内容有关谷歌的多样性计划和性别差异。之后，这家搜索引擎巨头没有否认周一晚些时候关于该名雇员已被解聘的媒体报道。

“骨灰级”工作狂、96岁的菲利普亲王于本周三正式退休，终于结束了长达65年的公职。从1952年至今，不数他陪伴女王出席的各种活动，他一共单独出席了22219场公开活动。菲利普亲王同时还是一位风趣诙谐的段子手，为女王获得了很多支持，但也曾因为开不恰当的政治玩笑而频上媒体头条。时光无情，当年俊美的希腊王子如今已是耄耋之年。他经过了二战却也熟稔这个和平时代的处处互联，更是一步步帮助妻子渡过了皇室的公众信任危机。谈到顺应潮流、适应时代同时坚持传统，这个世上也许没有比英国皇室和菲利普亲王做得更好的了——一个古老的君权和一位古稀的老人舍弃了那张不露声色的贵族脸，融入了新千年中大众的热忱。

今天的句子：Managing extreme old age – the prince is 96 – is a new challenge for the monarchy, but only one of many that this extraordinary institution now has to confront.It is doing so with the kind of professionalism that has also become typical since its hold on popular esteem seemed genuinely challenged in the dark days between the row over the taxpayer paying for the 1992 Windsor Castle fire and the death of Princess Diana five years later.词汇突破

monarchy 君主制institution 机构confront 面对 professionalism 职业精神esteem尊敬genuine 真实的第一句： 确定主干：

Managing extreme old age is a new challenge for the monarchy, but only one of many… 切分成分：

1.the prince is 96插入语

2.that this extraordinary institution now has to confront定语从句 第二句： 确定主干：

It is doing so with the kind of professionalism that has also become typical.切分成分：

1.since its hold on popular esteem seemed genuinely challenged in the dark days 时间从句 2.between the row over the taxpayer paying for the 1992 Windsor Castle fire and the death of Princess Diana five years later 后置定语，在……和……之间的日子

参考译文：应对高龄是皇室的一个新挑战（亲王已经96岁），但这仅是这个特别机构现在必须面对的众多困难之一。皇室正秉着一种职业精神应对。从1992年关于温莎堡大火由纳税人埋单的争吵到1997年黛安娜王妃去世的黑暗日子里，皇室在大众心目中的地位的确受到了挑战，而之后职业精神便成了皇室典型的行事作风。

不管你是个热心的素食者还是个固执的肉食者，不管你用的是帆布袋还是塑料袋，你一个人对于生态的影响是微乎其微的。但这些生活细节就极大地影响别人怎么看你，你如何看自己。心理学家发现，如果人们极其关注社会地位时，倾向于在公共场所购物时选择绿色产品。也就是说虚荣心，而不是行为效能，才是促进大部分人环保的最有效因子。但虚荣心只有在被别人看得见时才发挥作用，一旦回到私下则会出现“道德许可”现象。即人们觉得在一方面做“够”了好事，就能在另一方面放松放松。比如说大部分说自己绿色环保的精英人士从来没有拼过车也没有尽量避免坐飞机出行，而单是这两项的碳足迹就远超过吃肉了。换句话说，也就是自我克制常常会导致自我放纵（认真减过肥的人想必有所体会）。

今天的句子：When people shopped in a green(versus conventional)simulated online store, they felt like they’d done their good deed for the day and were more likely to cheat or steal in a subsequent task-an effect psychologists call “moral licensing”.Similarly, getting weekly feedback on water consumption reduced people’s water use by 6 percent, but it increased their electricity use by 5.6 percent—as if they felt that being careful in one area entitled them to relax in another.词汇突破

Simulate 模仿Subsequent 接下来的Moral licensing 道德许可 Feedback 反馈Consumption 消费Entitle 使有……权力

第一句： 确定主干：

they felt like they’d done their good deed for the day并列成分一 and were more likely to cheat or steal in a subsequent task并列成分二 切分成分：

When people shopped in a green(versus conventional)simulated online store条件状语从句

an effect psychologists call “moral licensing” 同位语 第二句： 确定主干：

getting weekly feedback on water consumption reduced people’s water use by 6 percent并列成分一

but it increased their electricity use by 5.6 percent并列成分二 切分成分：

as if they felt …方式状语从句

that being careful in one area entitled them to relax in another宾语从句

参考译文：人们在模拟的绿色线上商店购物时，会觉得今天的善行已经完成，更有可能在接下来的任务中作弊或打折扣——这种效应被心理学家们称为“道德许可”。相似的，人们在每周获得用水量反馈后可减少6%的用水，但用电量却上升了5.6%，就像是他们觉得一个方面用心，就有权力在另一方面放纵。

It’s a rough world out there.Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat.Light up the stove and you could burn down the house.Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles.Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.51.What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened? [A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.先做题再看解析吧！题目的解析：

1.It’s a rough world out there.外面的世界很残酷；

2.Step outside and you could break a leg slipping on your doormat.一出门，你可能在门垫上滑倒，摔断了腿；

3.Light up the stove and you could burn down the house.一给炉子生火，你可能会把房子给烧了。前三句话做了一个引入； 4.Luckily, if the doormat or stove failed to warn of coming disaster, a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles.幸运的是，如果门垫或者火炉没有警告即将到来的灾难，一场成功的诉讼可能会对你的麻烦做出赔偿。

5.Or so the thinking has gone since the early 1980s, when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.这句话是重点，因为题干有很明显的定位词”1980s” 句法分析： 句子主干：

Or so the thinking has gone（since the early 1980s状语）这里的or = and So 用法你应该见过：

“确实是这样”，表示对前面陈述事实的强调，结构为so+主语+助动词/情态动词/系动词

例句：Tony works very hard at all the subjects.So he does.这里的has gone 就是系动词= has been;The food has gone bad.= The food has been bad.所以主干变成大家能读懂的样子就是： And the thinking has been so since the early 1980s 从1980年代以来人们的想法就是这样的了！（所以第四句就是答案来源句！）再来看一下这个状语从句：

when juries began holding more companies liable for their customers’ misfortunes.那时候陪审团开始认为(holding)更多的公司应该为他们消费者的不幸负责（liable for）。怎样原文解释的够清楚了吧！51.What were things like in 1980s when accidents happened? [A] Customers might be relieved of their disasters through lawsuits.选择A的同学主要是不知道relive的搭配！Relieve something 表示的是减轻…

但是relieve sb of sth 也就是sb is relieved of sth，只能表示“免除某人…；”“某人被免除…” 所以这里的A选项就是不对的，不可能通过一场诉讼就免除灾难！你以为法院是寺庙呢？还可以消灾免难？打完官司出来一看，我去，腿没断！！（妈的，智障！）这就是很多年词汇的梗了！

[B] Injured customers could expect protection from the legal system.这是正确答案，受伤的顾客可以期待从法律系统中获得保护； 也就是第四句讲的：

a successful lawsuit might compensate you for your troubles.模糊替换！

[C] Companies would avoid being sued by providing new warnings.（公司可以通过提供新的警告来避免被起诉。）

选C的同学，你要是能给我找出哪里有“提供新的警告”，以及“避免被起诉”我就把电脑吃下去，你是自己在脑子里想出来的吧！你是蒋中挺派来的？自己去一元，冷静一下！[D] Juries tended to find fault with the compensations companies promised.（陪审团常常会挑出公司承诺赔偿的毛病。）

这也是属于要上天的同学选的答案，你想象力太丰富了，给你一个jury 你就能选D，在多给点其他的，你就要和太阳肩并肩了！滚粗！别烫着自己！

阿黛尔6月底向粉丝致公开信道歉取消两场已经售尽的演唱会，她写道：“我不知道怎么开口。前两晚我已经力不从心了。我的声带已经不能再坚持。”音乐产业最有力的年轻之声陷入沉默。年仅29岁的阿黛尔已经是第二次声带受伤，第一次她通过高风险的声带微手术找回了声音。然而声乐老师Lisa Paglin和Marianna Brilla在那次手术时就已经把声誉赌上，准确地预料到阿黛尔会因伤再次离开舞台，原因是手术治标并未治本。他们认为当前越来越多的艺术家面临严重的声带损伤，是因为自从瓦格纳以来人们就开始崇尚一种不自然的演唱方式，张得不能再大的嘴巴，大口大口的呼吸，面部表情极其骇人。这种发声方式已经导致大量歌唱家失去声音。也许我们太习惯现在的表演方式，太习惯了尖叫出来的高音和宣泄，忘记了在贝尼亚米诺·吉里的时代，压根就没有听说过声带受损这回事，那时所有的表演者唱歌都带着自然轻松的愉快表情。每一种嗓音都有特殊的处理方法，力图服从本能，掌握令自已舒适的发声方式，才是长久之道。今天的句子：They aim to stimulate the cords precisely where they aren’t coming together properly, and to break students out of the bad habits that cause problems in the first place: taking big gulps of air,tensing the throat and jaw muscles, forcing the mouth to open to exaggerated proportions, and the urge to scream out the high notes.词汇突破：

cords 声带precisely 准确地gulp 大口吸气exaggerate 夸张notes音节音符 确定主干：

They aim to stimulate the cords precisely and to break students out of the bad habits（grow out of the bad habit :改掉坏习惯）切分成分：

1.where they aren’t coming together properly地点状语从句 2.that cause problems in the first place定语从句 列举：

3.taking big gulps of air habits 4.tensing the throat and jaw muscles habits 5.forcing the mouth to open to exaggerated proportions habits 6.and the urge to scream out the high notes habits 参考译文：他们的目标是准确刺激声带中未正常聚拢的地方，并让学生打破首先导致问题的坏习惯：大口吸气，紧绷喉咙和颚肌，强迫嘴巴张到夸张的程度，以及尖叫出高音的冲动。

生命起源于何处？Fiat lux et facta est lux.（Let there be light and then there is light.许多大学的座右铭源于这个拉丁文。）有了光之后呢？曾经我们认为原始海洋是生命的源初之地，为单细胞生物提供了能量、养分和庇护，并进一步催化它们发展成为更复杂的生命形式。但是这个理论有诸多漏洞。最说不通的地方在于海洋中大量的水会快速稀释和分散聚合生命所需的分子，这些化学物质根本来不及相互作用，以形成细胞膜和原始的新陈代谢体系。最近分子学家对澳大利亚一处古岩石的考古发现，为生命的起源提供了新的方向。他们认为，生命不来自海洋，而起源于陆地上干湿交替的火山间歇泉。一方面，火山带来的地热给原始生命提供了“起动资金”——能量；另一方面，分子可在干涸期的水洼中聚集和浓缩，从而进行的必要的化学反应，生成更加复杂的分子聚合物；而丰水期的再次到来则给予了这些高分子聚合物更多机会扩散，等到干涸期再次来临时他们会继续浓缩并反应，最终形成细胞膜的原形。The pools have heat to catalyze reactions, dry spells in which complex molecules called polymers can be formed from simpler units, wet spells that float these polymers around, and further drying periods that maroon them in tiny cavities where they can interact and even become concentrated in compartments of fatty acids—the prototypes of cell membranes.词汇突破

catalyze 催化；刺激molecule 分子polymer 高分子聚合物 maroon 把……困在cavity 洞；凹处compartment 分隔的空间 fatty acid脂肪酸cell membrane细胞膜spell 时期 确定主干：

The pools have heat…, dry spells, wet spells, and further drying periods.切分成分：

to catalyze reaction 不定式做后置定语

in which complex molecules called polymers…定语从句

(that)can be formed from simpler units 定语从句，省略引导词that that float polymers around…定语从句 that maroon them in tiny cavities定语从句

where they can interact and even become concentrated in compartments of fatty acids定语从句

the prototypes of cell membranes同位语

参考译文：（这些水洼拥有热能、干涸期、丰水期以及更多的干涸期。）（我调整了一下语序；大家看看怎么样。）热能可催化（化学）反应，干涸期中简单分子能够形成复杂的高分子聚合物，丰水期中这些高分子聚合物可四处漂浮，而更多的干涸期则将它们困在凹洞内相互作用，甚至在脂肪酸分隔成的空间内汇集——即细胞膜的雏形。

今天的题目：A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor.And that divide does exist today.My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide.There are reasons to be optimistic.55.Digital divide is something ________.[A] getting worse because of the Internet [B] the rich countries are responsible for [C] the world must guard against [D] considered positive today 今天题目的解析:A great deal of attention is being paid today to the so-called digital divide — the division of the world into the info(information)rich and the info poor.And that divide does exist today.My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide.There are reasons to be optimistic.55.Digital divide is something ________.[A] getting worse because of the Internet 选A的同学估计是蒋中挺派来的捣乱的，或者就是他选的！不然没有合理的理由解释，你们哪里看到互联网了！滚粗！[B] the rich countries are responsible for 选B的同学估计是中蒋中挺的毒太深，世界上的坏事都是富裕的国家干的。你在文章中哪里看到富裕的国家应该负责任了？滚粗！[C] the world must guard against 对应 My wife and I lectured about this looming danger twenty years ago.looming danger=something the world must guard against！完美替换，正确答案！[D] considered positive today 选D的同学我很同情你们！

What was less visible then, however, were the new, positive forces that work against the digital divide.我知道你丫看的是这一句！解析：

主语+系动词+表语

没有被人们注意到的是=（What was less visible 主语从句）were =不那么明显（visible)的是 the new, positive forces(表语！）定语从句独立成句：

that work against the digital divide.=the new, positive forces work against the digital divide 这种新的正面的力量正在对抗着digital divide！再次说明digital divide 不是个好东西！

（你丫不独立成句！以为句子短就可以任性！）最后一句：

所以（对于digital divide 这个危险）有理由保持乐观！把这段话给我背下来!好好的感受写作的套路！！本段总结：

你们20年前没有注意到的危险，我们注意到了！现在你们在担心这个危险了，我来告诉你，不用担心，我已经看到一个抵抗的力量了！（接下来就是写这个抵抗力量是什么！）

公共卫生专家有时会用一座城市的地铁线路图或铁路交通图来研究和描述收入差距与居民寿命的相关性。比如说伦敦的银禧线，从政治中心西敏寺到后工业区坎宁镇的8个站，每经过一个站，居民的平均寿命就会下降一岁。而在格拉斯哥市，从乔丹山到布里厅顿共7个站，男性平均寿命就从75.8岁下降至61.9岁。这些鲜明的区别也许是对广泛存在的医疗不平等最醒目的描述。保守党和自由民主党联盟共同执政的几年内，贫富人口之间在医疗卫生方面的差别没有像他们承诺的一样缩小，反而因为经济危机之后的紧缩政策而逐渐增大。今天的句子！

In England the coalition’s controversial Health and Social Care Act 2012 places the health secretary under “an overarching duty to have regard to the need to reduce inequalities between the people of England with respect to the benefits that may be obtained by them from the health service”.What can we learn from the passage?(A)The act of the social care demands the respect of people’s benefit.(B)The primary duty of the secretary is to shorten the gap of inequality.(C)The Social Care Act has caused the controversy about the secretary.(D)The coalition of England has caused the inequalities of the people.词汇突破: coalition 联盟controversial 有争议的overarching 首要的；支配一切的 inequality 不平等obtain 获得with respect to 关于to have regard to 关心… 确定主干：

The coalition’s controversial Health and Social Care Act 2012 places the health secretary under an overarching duty.切分成分：

1.In England 地点状语

2.to have regard to the need…不定式做后置定语，修饰duty 3.to reduce inequalities between the people of England不定式做后置定语，修饰need 4.with respect to the benefits…介词短语做后置定语

5.that may be obtained by them from the health service定语从句 翻译点拨：

我把主语翻译为一个句子：

In England the coalition’s controversial Health and Social Care Act 2012 在英格兰，联盟提出的2012年医疗和社会保障法案备受争议。This Act places the health secretary under an overarching duty 该法案规定卫生部长的首要责任是

参考译文：在英格兰，联盟提出的2012年医疗和社会保障法案备受争议。该法案规定卫生部长的首要责任是去关注一种需求即：减少英格兰人从医疗服务中可能获得的福利方面的不平等。

Yet the BBC will have to change, because the broadcasting world around it is changing.The commercial TV channels — ITV and Channel 4 — were required by the Thatcher Government's Broadcasting Act to become more commercial, competing with each other for advertisers, and cutting costs and jobs.But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.58.The foremost reason why the BBC has to readjust itself is no other than ________.[A] the emergence of commercial TV channels

[B] the enforcement of Broadcasting Act by the government

[C] the urgent necessity to reduce costs and jobs

[D] the challenge of new satellite channels

思路解析：

第一句：BBC不得不改变，因为其周围的广播的世界在变！第二句：变化的表现一。（原因一）第三句：变化的表现二。（原因二）

现在问题就来了：到底是看第二句还是看第三句呢？ A选项和B选项还有C选项仿佛在对应着第二句； D选项对应第三句；

这个时候就要检查你是否尊重题干了！

题干中有个很重要的定位词: The foremost reason 这是在问最主要的原因！所以第二句和第三句的地位是不一样的！

第三句中：But it is the arrival of new satellite channels — funded partly by advertising and partly by viewers' subscriptions — which will bring about the biggest changes in the long term.有But,有biggest所以第三句才是主要原因啊！

所以答案只能选择D！

同时：ABC这三个选项都不是对第二句话的同意替换，只是看上去有点相似而已！即使你看不出ABC的错误，那你也必须知道定位到第二句就是错的！当你读到关于癌症研究的新闻故事时，请记住一个健康警示：相信字里行间的希望，但别信里边的炒作。一个好的新闻标题醒目煽动，可迅速地“收割”大范围的读者注意力；然而坚实的科学却是长期针对复杂问题一步一步迈出的路。如果一种新的疗法仍在研究过程中，那意味着真正应用到临床还需要很多年。虽然我们在面对华而不实的信息时要保持头脑的清醒，但是仍需承认癌症的治疗已多有突破，希望一直都在。现在我们知道除了传统的侵入性化疗之外，还有一些更智能更有效的靶向药。比如说一些乳腺癌细胞的存活有赖于一种叫做HER2的蛋白质，可使用抗体药物赫塞汀进行治疗；而另一种乳腺癌细胞则依附于雌激素，可由抗雌激素它莫西芬控制。

As blogger Kay Curtin, who has advanced melanoma, puts it: “The media tend to pick one line on a report and run with it, but they do not draw attention or highlight that it’s just a potential benefit, or the fact that many of these are just proven in a petri dish or a mouse and very often do not prove effective when tested on humans.It is cruel to existing patients to make claims with misleading headlines.” 词汇突破：

1.Advance +疾病=患病2.melanoma 黑素瘤5.petri dish 皮氏培养皿 6.proven in a petri dish or a mouse : 比喻只是在实验阶段;确定主干： 第一句：

The media tend to pick one line on a report and run with it.并列成分一 But they do not draw attention or highlight„并列成分二 切分成分：

As blogger Kay Curtin puts it 状语从句 Who has advanced melanoma定语从句 That it’s just a potential benefit 宾语从句

Or the fact that many of these are just proven in a petri dish or a mouse 同位语从句

And very often do not prove effective 相当于and many of these very often do not prove effective When tested on humans 时间状语 第二句: It is cruel to existing patients to make claims with misleading headlines.参考译文：诚如罹患晚期黑素瘤的博客作家Kay Curtin所言：“媒体常常从报告中摘一句话，就这句话写开去，但却不强调或令人注意好处只不过是潜在的，或者其中许多仅在培养皿中或实验鼠身上实现过，在人体测试中经常被证明无效。用误导性的标题来提出主张，这对于现在的病人是残忍的。”

明天的句子：

A report in early December from the D.C.Fiscal Policy Institute, an organization that researches budgets and taxes that affect needy residents in the city, revealed that with rising rent, the poorest Washington residents faced spending more than half their income on housing.This feeds the grim cycle Ms.White and Ms.Kelly know well: the abbreviated stays in shelters, the faint hope of independent housing, the evictions, the return to beds they do not own and have little interest in occupying.31 美国权力的中心华盛顿市，蜿蜒的安那卡那斯提亚河流过时髦高档的海军船坞社区。对岸的临时住宅楼笼罩在Frederick Douglass故居阴影下，它是这光鲜的首都最穷困最潦倒的市民们的容身之所。这个在权力的光环下日益昂贵的城市同时也催生了越来越多无家可归的流浪者，就像两个平行宇宙突兀地共存着。根据美国市长会议的调查，华盛顿在32座参加调查的城市中流浪者比率最高，每1万人就有142人无家可归，是全美平均水平的两倍。高企的房价更是令许多普通市民购置自有住房成为遥不可及的幻梦，同样势不可挡的房租则吃掉了一般职员的大部分薪水。与以往不同，现在新加入“无家可归大军”的市民，很多都是有工作的人。今天的句子：A report in early December from the D.C.Fiscal Policy Institute, an organization that researches budgets and taxes that affect needy residents in the city, revealed that with rising rent, the poorest Washington residents faced spending more than half their income on housing.This feeds the grim cycle Ms.White and Ms.Kelly know well: the abbreviated stays in shelters, the faint hope of independent housing, the evictions, the return to beds they do not own and have little interest in occupying.词汇突破

fiscal policy财政政策reveal 揭露grim 冷酷的 abbreviate 缩写，减少eviction驱逐 第一句： 确定主干：

A report revealed that„ 切分成分：

1.in early December 时间状语

2.from the D.C.Fiscal Policy Institute 介词短语作后置定语

3.an organization that„同位语，修饰the DC Fical Policy Institute 4.that researches budgets and taxes„定语从句，修饰an organization 5.that affect needy residents in the city定语从句，修饰budgets and taxes 6.that with rising rent, the poorest Washington residents faced spending more

than half their income on housing宾语从句 第二句： 确定主干：

This feeds the grim cycle„ 切分成分：

1.(that)Ms.White and Ms.Kelly know well定语从句 2.the abbreviated stays in shelters 并列成分一

3.the faint hope of independent housing 并列成分二 4.the evictions 并列成分三

5.the return to beds 并列成分四

6.(that)they do not own and have little interest in occupying 定语从句

参考译文：华盛顿财务政策研究所是一家研究影响穷人的预算和税收的机构。它12月份早些时候的一份报告揭露，房租上涨令华盛顿的贫困居民将超过一半的收入花在住房上。这助长了一种严酷的循环，对此怀特女士和凯利女士深有体会：收容所可停留时间缩短，自有房屋的希望渺茫，被驱逐，回到那些不属于她们的床上，而她们也没什么兴趣占着那些床。

Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost

reductions and better coordinated service.Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because ________.[A] cost reduction is based on competition [B] services call for cross-trade coordination [C] outside competitors will continue to exist [D] shippers will have the railway by the throat 今天题目的解析：

1.Supporters of the new super systems argue that these mergers will allow for substantial cost reductions and better coordinated service.新的超级系统的支持者认为这些合并将会带来（allow for）大幅的费用降低和更好的协调服务

2.Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.他们认为任何由垄断所带来的威胁都被来自卡车的竞争给消除了。

3.But many shippers complain that for heavy bulk commodities traveling long distances, such as coal, chemicals, and grain, trucking is too costly and the railroads therefore have them by the throat.但是很多货主却抱怨道对于需要长途运输的大宗商品，比如煤炭，化学品和粮食；有卡车运输就太贵了。这样一来铁路就卡住了他们的脖子。（这里是个比喻，表示这些货主受制于铁路行业）

According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because ________.那些支持合并的人认为，铁路行业的垄断是不可能的，因为_______.精确定位只能到第二句！第一句虽然也是支持合并的人的观点，但是没有谈到垄断啊！所以 [A] cost reduction is based on competition（费用的降低是基于竞争的）

[B] services call for cross-trade coordination（服务需要跨行业的协调）A和B我真的不会选！

对D选项我更是要呵呵了！

[D] shippers will have the railway by the throat（货主将会卡住铁路的脖子）

且不说谁卡谁的脖子，定位就错了啊！问的是支持者的观点，第三句是货主的观点！我肯定不会选！

但是我也知道大家在考场上还做不到第一步就能排除ABD，那我就只希望你们在最后选择的时候问一问自己：我有没有精确定位！我有没有尊重题干！[C] outside competitors will continue to exist 直接对应第二句：competition from trucks= outside competitors 这里就可以积累这样两个句子：

A句：Any threat of monopoly, they argue, is removed by fierce competition from trucks.B句：According to those who support mergers, railway monopoly is unlikely because outside competitors will continue to

exist

The second half of the 20thcentury saw a collection of geniuses, warriors, entrepreneurs and visionarieslabour to create a fabulous machine that could function as a typewriter and printing press, studio and theatre, paintbrush and gallery, piano and radio,the mail as well as the mail carrier.Not only did they develop such a devicebut by the turn of the millennium they had also managed to embed it in a worldwide system accessed by billions of people every day.The networked computer is an amazing device, the first media machine that serves as the mode of production, means of distribution, site of reception, and place of praise and critique.The computer is the 21st century's culture machine.But for all the reasons there are to celebrate the computer, we must also act with caution.This is because the networked computer has sparked a secret war between downloading anduploading— between passive consumption and active creation — whose outcome willshape our collective future in ways we can only begin to imagine.I call it a secret war for tworeasons.First, most people do not realise that there are strong commercial agendas at work to keep them in passive consumption mode.Second, the majority of people who use networked computers to upload are not even aware of the significance of what they are doing.All animals download, but only a few upload.Beavers build dams and birds make nests.Yet for the most part, the animal kingdom moves through the world downloading.Humans are unique intheir capacity to not only make tools but then turn around and use them to create superfluous material goods — paintings, sculpture and architecture — and superfluous experiences — music, literature, religion and philosophy.Of course, it is precisely these superfluous things that define human culture andultimately what it is to be human.Downloading and consuming culture requiresgreat skills, but failing to move beyond downloading is to strip oneself of adefining constituent of humanity.For all the possibilities of our new culture machines, most people are still stuck in download mode.Even after the advent of widespread social media, a pyramid of production remains,with a small number of people uploading material, a slightly larger group commenting on or modifying that content, and a huge percentage remain ingcontent to just consume.One reason for the persistence of this pyramid of production is that for the past half-century, much of the world's media culture has been defined by a single medium — television — and television is defined bydownloading.Television is a one-way tap flowing into our homes.The hardest task that television asks of anyone is to turn the power off after he has turned it on.The networked computer offers thefirst chance in 50 years to reverse the flow, to encourage thoughtful downloading and, even more importantly, meaningful uploading.What counts as meaningfuluploading? My definition revolves around the concept of “stickiness”—creations and experiences to which others adhere.Applications like tumblr.com, whichallow users to combine pictures, words and other media in creative ways and then share them, have

the potential to add stickiness by amusing, entertaining and enlightening others.1.According to the second paragraph, which of the following is true? [A]The networked computer overturned the traditional culture.[B]The online services wage a war against the creation.[C]The conflict between downloading and uploading makes the computer the culture machine.[D]The online shopping should be categorized as the mode of downloading.2.Bysaying “All animals download, but only a few upload.”, the author indicatesthat_______.[A]computer skills can be acquired by certain animals [B]it is difficult for animals to build homes [C]animals are different from humans in using digital means [D]the innovative activities set boundaries between humans and other species

3.The word “pyramid” mentioned in paragraph 5 means_______.[A]a marvelous human construction [B]the widespread access to the internet [C]the scarcity of creative minds [D]the prevalence of innovative thoughts

4.The author’s attitude towards networked computer is _______.[A]sympathy [B]objectiveness

[C]objection

[D]bias

5.Toassure the meaningful uploading, one must_______.[A]increase the entertainment value [B]take advantage of the media [C]combine useful materials [D]focus on the quality that interests people

特朗普对应对气候变化态度冷淡（从他让美国高调退出巴黎协定就可见一斑），这将对整个经济和全球环境治理产生深远的影响。可政治决策固然重要，但清洁能源领域科学进步的速度、大宗商品市场的起伏、个人及企业的投资决策都是影响应对气候变化成效的关键因素。目前谈到气候变化政策时，关键的矛盾不在于环保的意愿，而在于由谁来埋单才不会显失公平。比如出于技术的限制，清洁能源的使用会导致传统能源从业人员大批失业和电价大幅上升，受影响最大的将是对日常生活支出价格敏感的普通民众，所以很多人非常支持特朗普的政策，因为对于他们来说，养家糊口高于一切。今天的句子：

In pessimistic forecasts of the impact of climate change, the cost to adapt to a warming planet will eventually be huge, potentially including vast expenditures to try to protect cities from rising seas, adjusting agriculture to new climate patterns, and countless other changes to business and the economy.词汇突破：

1.pessimistic 悲观的 2.eventually 终于 4.expenditure 支出 6.pattern 模式

7.countless 数不清的 识别主干：

The cost„will eventually be huge.句子切分：

1.In pessimistic forecasts of the impact of climate change状语 2.to adapt to a warming planet不定式作后置定语

3.potentially including„现在分词，也可以把including理解成一个介词，因为虽然include本身是个动词，但including这个形式在长期的使用中，语法功能渐渐变得和介词一样 4.vast expenditures to try to protect cities from rising seas并列宾语一 5.adjusting agriculture to new climate patterns并列宾语二

6.and countless other changes to business and the economy并列宾语三

参考译文：在那些对气候变化影响的悲观预测中，适应一个变暖的星球最终将成本巨大，可能包括因海平面持续上升所需的庞大的城市保护开支、调整农业适应新的气候模式、以及数不清的其它商业和经济改变。

明天的句子：

At rallies and in town hall meetings, and in a collection of blue state legislatures, liberal Democrats have pressed lawmakers, with growing impatience, to support the creation of a single-payer system, in which the state or federal government would supplant private health insurance with a program of public coverage.36 美国医保体制由两大部分组成，一是政府主导的联邦医疗保险计划（Medicare）、联邦医疗补助计划（Medicaid）、儿童健康保险（CHIP）和退伍军人医保体制（VA）等，在奥巴马医改实施后的2014年总共覆盖了38%的美国人口；另一个是商业保险，覆盖了53%的美国人口。平价医疗法案自出台以来就争议不断，甚至在民主党内部一些自由派人士都认为它成效有限，倾向于采取单一形式的由政府埋单的医保制度。由民主党控制的加州参议院通过初步计划，以进行单一支付制医保系统的立法。这是自2006年和2008年前州长施瓦辛格否决相关医保法案后民主党的首次郑重尝试。

今天的句子：At rallies and in town hall meetings, and in a collection of blue state legislatures, liberal Democrats have pressed lawmakers, with growing impatience, to support the creation of a single-payer system, in which the state or federal government would supplant private health insurance with a program of public coverage.词汇突破：

rally 集会town hall meeting 市民大会legislature 立法机构

with growing impatience 日益急切supplant 取代coverage 保险范围

识别主干：

liberal Democrats have pressed lawmakers„ 句子切分：

1.At rallies and in town hall meetings, and in a collection of blue state legislatures 地点状语 2.with growing impatience介词短语作状语

3.to support the creation of a single-payer system不定式作补足语

4.in which the state or federal government would supplant private health insurance with a program of public coverage 定语从句

参考译文：自由派民主党人士在集会和市民大会上、以及一系列蓝州的立法机构中，日益急切地向立法者施压，支持建立由州政府或联邦政府以公众保险计划取代商业医保的单一支付系统。

今天的题目：Since OPEC agreed to supply-cuts in March, the price of crude oil has jumped to almost $26 a barrel, up from less than $10 last December.The oil price was given another push up this week when Iraq suspended oil exports.Strengthening economic growth, at the same time as winter grips the northern hemisphere, could push the price higher still in the short term.51.The main reason for the latest rise of oil price is ________.[A] global inflation [B] reduction in supply [C] fast growth in economy [D] Iraq’s suspension of exports 解析：

在这里我给大家提示一下：latest=recently 最近；就是一个时间概念，没有比较的含义！所以latest 压根就不是一个提示词！

题干 ： “最近，油价上升了，主要原因是什么！” 不是问：“最近的原因的是什么！”

你见过“最近的原因”和“最远的原因”吗？有这样说话的吗？ 出题人就是在给你设一个坑，等你去选D！

D选项和B 选项一比，那个更主要嘛！肯定是“减少供给”是主要原因嘛！B选项的减少供给说的很模糊，没说是谁减少的！这样刚好可以替换第一句的

OPEC减少供给！OPEC是全球的石油输出国国家组织！比伊拉克不知道大了多少倍！B为正确选项！你选对了吗！D选项的伊拉克肯定不可能是主要原因！在文章没有提供更多的信息的情况下，基本的常识就是答案依据了哦！

疲于奔命的都市职员们对城市公共交通的抱怨与日俱增、不绝于耳。令人无法忍受的延误、拥挤和嘈杂使得纽约州州长说，这几个月是通勤人的“地狱之夏”。联邦交通委员会表示，全美的大众交通系统都欠“修理”已久，估计需要到少900亿美元的费用。哥伦比亚商学院的研究者认为，虽然外界条件无法迅速改变，仍有一些方法来改变通勤人的心理状态，减少疲劳、焦虑和压力。比如说做一件能令人专注的事，像学一门新的语言（我觉得坐地铁的时候做背单词这种平时觉得枯燥的事最能让人心静和放松）。警觉训练也是如此，通过集中过于散漫的思维，人们能够以更友善的态度面对不佳的环境，不会对陌生人无意撞了你这种常事而过于愤怒，透支本已心力交瘁的认知资源。

今天的句子：Mindfulness training, which includes stoppping your mind from wandering and directing your attention to what's happening in the moment, can build resilience and help people get through periods of heavy stress with their cognitive resources intact, according to a 2016 study.词汇突破：

1.mindfulness 留心，警觉2.wander徘徊，闲逛3.resilience 弹性；恢复力 4.cognitive 认知的5.intact 完好无损的识别主干：

Mindfulness training can build resilience and help people get through periods of heavy stress.句子切分：

1.which includes stoppping your mind from wandering and directing your attention to what's happening in the moment 定语从句

2.with their cognitive resources intact 介词短语作状语 3.according to a 2016 study 插入语

参考译文：2016年的一份研究显示，警觉训练——即停止思维散漫并集中注意力于当下正在发生的事——有助于建立韧性，帮人们度过压力极大的时期，并完全无损于认知资源。文章来源：

The Boston Globe 2017-06-13 当亚历山大•贝尔在波士顿向他的助手托马斯•华生打出世界上第一次电话时，这位伟大的苏格兰发明家可能没有预料到电话销售会像瘟疫一样蔓延，因为他只是找不到人干活而不得不拿起电话咆哮（很多跨越时代的改变最初发生时都是如此平淡世俗）。到2016年，平均每个月都会有约24亿次预录电话拨出。而且如果一家叫做“关于信息的一切”的公司的请求获得法庭支持，情况将更加糟糕，因为他们的技术可令销售电话无需等待响铃就直接进入人们的留言信箱，大大减少了时间和成本。如果这种技术被豁免于《1991年电话消费者保护法案》的话，将大行其道，堵满你的固话留言箱，用完你的套餐数据流量。今天的句子：

The technology, developed by Stratics Networks, allows messages to be delivered directly to voice mail without ringing through--a practice that will inevitably clog up landline inboxes and gobble up expensive cellphone data.The company argued in a recent petition to the Federal Communications Commission that ringless voice mails don't amount to actual phone calls and thus should be exempt from the venerable Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991.what can we infer from the text ?(A)The new technology of Stratics Networks creates the ringless phone call.(B)The company argues the voice mails are more like landline inboxes.(C)The Federal commission may abandon the Protection Act of 1991.38(D)The ringless voice mails may violate the Protection Act of 1991.词汇突破： 1.deliver 传递

2.voice mail留言信箱 3.inevitable 无可避免的 4.clog up 堵塞

5.landline 固定电话

6.gobble up 狼吞虎咽；风卷残云 7.petition 请求 8.exempt 豁免

9.venerable 受人尊敬的 句子一: 确定主干：

The technology allows messages to be delivered directly to voice mail without ringing through.切分成分：

1.a practice that„同位语

2.That will inevitably clog up landline inboxes and gobble up expensive cellphone data定语从句 句子二： 确定主干：

The company argued that„ 切分成分：

1.in a recent petition to the Federal Communications Commission 状语

2.that ringless voice mails don't amount to actual phone calls and thus should be exempt from the venerable Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991 同位语从句

参考译文：Stratics网络发展的这种技术可直接发送消息至留言信箱，无需等铃声响完——这种做法无疑会堵塞固话留言箱、鲸吞昂贵的移动电话数据流量。这家公司最近在致联邦通信委员会的请愿书中辩称，无响铃的语音留言不能算真正的通话，所以应豁免于可敬的《1991年电话消费者保护法案》。

昨天的题目答案选D The technology, developed by Stratics Networks, allows messages to be delivered directly to voice mail without ringing through--a practice that will inevitably clog up landline inboxes and gobble up expensive cellphone data.The company argued in a recent petition to the Federal Communications Commission that ringless voice mails don't amount to actual phone calls and thus should be exempt from the venerable Telephone Consumer Protection Act of 1991.what can we infer from the text ?(A)The new technology of Stratics Networks creates the ringless phone call.这家公司没有创造不响铃电话；他们研发的是不响铃的短信；所以是偷换(B)The company argues the voice mails are more like landline inboxes.声音邮件也不是更像landline inboxes；文章压根没说像什么，我就把这两个词拼凑在一起了。(C)The Federal commission may abandon the Protection Act of 1991.文章中没有任何依据，即使加了may也不对；

(D)The ringless voice mails may violate the Protection Act of 1991.这也是今年6月份的一个句子：

美国众议院议长Paul Ryan在一次制造业会议上表示，非常有信心共和党人能够一次性地纠正这个国家的税收制度，虽然前方阻碍重重。但他的讲话仅仅止步于这些美好而笼统的前瞻上，并未提及具体的细节和国会议员与本届政府之间的磋商。税收制度改革是共和党必然要进行的政治举措，因为它是该党派的核心纲领和关键的大选承诺。然而税收计划的顺利推行取决于共和党人能否部分推翻奥巴马医改，如果成功那将为税收改革扫清障碍，减少巨额的税负，这样税收改革就无需花大力气重复处理这个问题。

今天的句子：Tax policy would gain momentum/ if Republicans can pass a health law that repeals parts of former President Barack Obama's Affordable Care Act and cuts hundreds of billions of dollars in taxes that wouldn't have to be addressed as part of a tax plan.词汇突破：

1.momentum势头2.repeal废除3.affordable可负担的 4.address处理；解决5.tax plan 税收计划 确定主干：

Tax policy would gain momentum.切分成分：

1.if Republicans can pass a health law„条件状语从句

2.that repeals parts of former President Barack Obama's Affordable Care Act定语从句，修饰health law 3.and(that)cuts hundreds of billions of dollars in taxes定语从句，修饰health law 4.that wouldn't have to be addressed as part of a tax plan定语从句，That = hundreds of billions of dollars in taxes

参考译文：若共和党人能够通过新的卫生法，部分废除前总统奥巴马的平价医疗法案，并减少数以千亿计的税负（税收计划就无需处理这个问题），税收政策将获得（新的）势头。（拾起势头。）

民用无人机进入大多数国人视野，大概还是始于抢了汪峰头条那件事。老百姓们第一次意识到原来民用无人机技术已经如此精确而成熟，可以定制服务于人生最庸常不过的一件事——求偶上。要知道以前一谈到无人机，就是美国炸了哪里。以亚马逊和IBM为首的技术巨头已经在无人机配送方面申请了若干专利，花费巨资研究了仓储管理和物流运输的无人机技术应用。而包括脸书在内的其它硅谷公司则认为把无人机等同于送快递是非常低水平的应用，无人机不应该只限于送送戒指或洒洒农药。相反脸书对无人机的研究方向在发展通讯上，通过无人机来中继卫星信号，高效低成本地向无法通过传统电缆获得因特网接入的地区提供网络信号。当然，商业无人机的未来发展将面对的障碍不仅来自技术方面，法律和监管是否能够迅速跟进，确保其能在保护安全和秩序的前提下良性发展，也是非常关键的。今天的句子：

Deliveries are just one of the proposed uses of drones that seem speculative or impractical now but may become significant in future.Facebook, like Google and Amazon, is also investing in drones, but not for delivery: instead its drone, called Aquila, is a huge solar-powered machine intended as a communications relay, to extend internet access to parts of the world that lack connectivity.词汇突破：

delivery递送propose 建议drone 无人机speculative 投机的；推测的 impractical 不切实际的relay 转播；中继connectivity 连通性 第一句 确定主干：

Deliveries are just one of the proposed uses of drones„ 切分成分：

that seem speculative or impractical now„定语从句 but(that)may become significant in future定语从句 第二句： 确定主干：

Facebook is also investing in drones instead its drone is a huge solar-powered machine 切分成分：

Like Google and Amazon同位语 But not for delivery插入语

called Aquila 后置定语，相当于which was called Aquila as a communications relay 状语

to extend internet access to parts of the world不定式作后置定语 that lack connectivity定语从句 参考译文：配送只是无人机的众多建议用途之—。这些用途现在看起来纯属推测或不切实际，但将来也许会非常重要。脸书和谷歌及亚马逊一样正在投资无人机，但不是为了送货，相反脸书的无人机Aquila是一个由太阳能驱动的大型机器，旨在中继通讯，将互联网接入世界上那些缺乏网路连通的地区。

明天的句子：“There is no experimental evidence to support the idea that people get asthma or exacerbated asthma from exposure to fragrances,” says Wolkoff, who suspects psychology is at work instead.A big problem with experiments that expose people to fragrances is that blinding is virtually impossible: the subject knows they are smelling a scent and this may affect their response.41 今天来谈谈香的坏处。这里的香不是“春风花草香”里的植物之香，亦不是“赌书消得泼茶香”中的雅香，更不是屈夫子诗句里满满的中药香，而是现代商业带来的各种含香消费品。香料的流行始于古埃及的贵族，他们非常喜欢麝香和其他来自珍稀动植物的昂贵且难求的原料。19世纪晚期开始，人们开始利用现代化工技术合成多样且低成本的合成香料，从蜡烛到洗发水，甚至是厨房和厕所都慢慢散发出柠檬和松香的味道，人类从来没有暴露在如此多的人工芳香化学物之中。问题在于没有人知道这些含香产品是否安全，甚至很难知道它们的成分，在大多数国家厂家香料成分无需声明。越来越多的人表示无孔不入的人工香味已经严重地影响了他们的健康，然而矛盾在于嗅觉是无法进行盲法实验对比，因此很难排除心理因素。

今天的句子：

“There is no experimental evidence to support the idea that people get asthma or exacerbated asthma from exposure to fragrances,” says Wolkoff, who suspects psychology is at work instead.A big problem with experiments that expose people to fragrances is that blinding is virtually impossible: the subject knows they are smelling a scent and this may affect their response.词汇突破： asthma 哮喘 exacerbate 加重 experiment 实验 expose 暴露；置身 fragrance 芳香 scent 气味 response 反应

第一句： 确定主干： „says Wolkoff 切分成分：

There is no experimental evidence to support the idea 直接引语的主干

that people get asthma or exacerbated asthma from exposure to fragrances同位语从句 who suspects psychology is at work instead定语从句 第二句： 确定主干：

A big problem with experiments is that„

the subject knows they are smelling a scent and this may affect their response 切分成分：

that expose people to fragrances定语从句 that blinding is virtually impossible宾语从句 参考译文：

Wolkoff说，“没有实验证据支持暴露于香气中会让人得哮喘或加重哮喘这一观点”，相反他怀疑起作用的是心理。芳香实验的一大问题在于，对于置身其中的人来说，盲法几乎是不可能的：实验对象知道他们正在闻一种气味，这会影响他们的反应。

今天的句子：

莎士比亚曾经在威尼斯商人中写道：“慈悲不是出于勉强，它像甘霖一样从天而降，既赐福于施与者，又赐福于受施者”（The quality of mercy is not strained, it droppeth as the gentle rain from heaven upon the place beneath.It is twice blessed.It blessth him that gives and him that takes）。今天选的这篇文章标题即化用了这句经典，但恰恰是以相反的口吻——“勉强的慈悲”。如出此言？因为美国农业地区严重的老龄化和极高的老年痴呆病发率令许多家庭苦不堪言，到了“对上帝感到愤怒”（get angry with God）的地步（天地不仁，以万物为刍狗）。美国正以前所未有的速度老龄化，加上年轻人口大规模涌向大城市，农业地区的人口构成越来越向65岁以上人群倾斜。而这个年龄段的美国人，每10位就有1位患有不同程度的老年痴呆，这对农业地区造成了巨大的社会和经济负担。

The migration of young adults fleeing farming communities coupled with the movement of retirees to pastoral settings is tipping rural demographics toward people age 65 and older.A recent report by the U.S.Department of Agriculture predicts a significant swelling of the retirement-age population in rural America,where the death rate is 14 percent higher in the nation’s least populated counties than in the most populated ones.词汇突破： 2.flee逃离

3.coupled with 加上；与„„结合=and 4.pastoral田园的；乡村的

5.demographics人口统计；人口特征 7.swelling增长；膨胀 第一句： 确定主干：

The migration coupled with the movement is tipping rural demographics toward people age 65 and older.(coupled with 连接的主语，后面的动词用单数。)切分成分：

1.fleeing farming communities 后置定语 2.of retirees to pastoral settings 后置定语 第二句： 确定主干：

A recent report predicts a significant swelling of the retirement-age population.切分成分：

1.by the U.S.Department of Agriculture 后置定语 2.in rural America, 状语

3.where the death rate is 14 percent higher in the nation’s least populated counties than in the most populated ones.定语从句

参考译文：年青人逃离农业社区的大迁移，加上退休人员向田园美景的回归，农业人口的构成正在向65岁以上倾斜。美国农业部近期的一份报告预测，农业地区退休年龄以上的人口将大幅增长，且人口最稀少的郡县死亡率将比最密集的高14倍。

也许要了解英国的政府治理，金斯林这个城市边缘镇并不是明显的选择。它处于“半阴影区”，经济方面几乎乏尚可陈，既不像剑桥那样发达，可以吸引大数目的投资，也不像更东边的市镇那样偏远得毫无希望。为了振兴经济，让小镇重回14世纪商贸要塞的风光，当地一些政治人士提议与周边的市镇联合组成特殊的行政区，推选出一名共同市长，以此来交换一定的财政支持。此计划响应了2015年乔治•奥斯本提出的“放权革命”，即通过地方级别的联合决策来促进经济发展。但因有人担心联合的区域过大会导致尾大不掉、无疾而终，新一届政府也不热衷于放权，所以许多计划最后都被投票否决。也就是标题所说的“空途末路”（Reaching a dead end）。

Yet in November the council voted to reject a plan for the 16 boroughs of Norfolk and Suffolk to join up in a “combined authority”, and accept a mayor for the region, known as East Anglia, in exchange for a slice of £25m funding a year for 30 years to support economic growth and the development of local infrastructure, as well as £130m for housing.词汇突破

1.Boroughs 自治城市4.combined authority 6.East Anglia 东英格兰（拉丁语）主干识别：

the council voted to reject a plan 切分成分: 1.for the 16 boroughs of Norfolk and Suffolk to join up in a “combined authority”, and accept a mayor for the region, known as East Anglia(plan的定语)诺福克和萨福克的16个区镇组成“联合当局”并且，此区域（被称为东英格兰）将接受一位市长

2.in exchange for a slice of £25m funding a year for 30 years to support economic growth and the development of local infrastructure, as well as £130m for housing.状语

以交换30年每年2500万英镑拨款的一部分（用来支持经济增长和当地基础建设发展）以及1.3亿英镑住房津贴的一部分。

参考译文：但是11月委员会投票否决了诺福克和萨福克的16个区镇组成“联合当局”的计划。该计划下此区域（被称为东英格兰）将接受一位市长，以交换未来30年每年2500万英镑的拨款（用来支持经济增长和当地基础建设发展）的一部分以及1.3亿英镑住房津贴的一部分。

In this world of change and complexity, the need for information is of greatest importance.Those people who have accurate, reliable up-to-date information to solve the day-to-day problems, the critical problems of their business, social and family life, will survive and succeed.“Knowledge is power” may well be the truest saying and access to information may be the most critical requirement of all people.62.We can learn from the last paragraph that ________.[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible

[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible

[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information

[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently 原文翻译：在这个多变而又复杂的世界里，对信息的要求最为重要。那些拥有准确、可信、最新信息并用来解决日常问题、工作中的重要问题以及社会和家庭问题的人就能生存下去并取得成功。“知识就是力量”是再正确不过了，获取信息也许是所有人最迫切的要求。

（这段话推荐大家背下来，可以用到写作中，写现代科技的发展。）

题型识别：推理题（记住推理题本质就是细节题，只是需要用选项的定位词定位而已；）题干定位：最后一段

思路解析：记住推理题本质就是细节题，只是需要用选项的定位词定位而已；

四个选项分别和原文比对。

选项分析：[A] it is necessary to obtain as much knowledge as possible

文中强调的是拥有准确可靠及时的信息，而不是强调信息的数量；排除

[C] we should realize the importance of accumulating information 文中强调了信息的及时准确而不是仅仅的积累信息，选项过于片面；排除

（再说一句，如果没有D，你选C也是可以的，但是有了D，D就是最佳答

案！）

[B] people should make the best use of the information accessible

人们应该最好的利用可获得的信息；

文中强调的去获取信息，而不是利用信息；偷换概念

[D] it is of vital importance to acquire needed information efficiently

这个选项中的：needed替换第一句

Effciently替换第二句 为正确选项。

同学们可以好好的体会一下，出题人真的是下了一番功夫的！这就是我要求大家只做真题的原因，你得习惯出题人的说话方式！

今天的题目： A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them.To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American.There are, of course, exceptions.Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US.Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.55.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment [C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors[D] most Americans are ready to offer help 几年前看了部日本电影《那年夏天宁静的海》，情节我倒是影响不深刻，但是名字一直记得，好听。今天来说说爱尔兰的那片沙滩吧。爱尔兰沿岸最大的岛屿阿基尔岛Dooagh村出现了一件奇怪的事。早在三十年前就因暴风雨被冲走的海滩（washed away by storms）复活节期间竟然在一次潮汐后重新出现。成百吨的沙子随着海浪（transport sand in）留在了本已全是石头和石坑的区域，再现了1984年前的黄金海滩盛景。居民对此十分高兴（delighted to have the beach back），因为海滩可以带来更多的游客，提升当地的民生。这座小岛地处偏僻，目前依靠名人故居和作家胜地发展旅游业（1972年获得诺贝尔奖的海因里希•伯尔曾在该岛居住过）。

今天的句子：But after a freak tide around Easter this year, hundreds of tonnes of sand were deposited around the area where the beach once stood, recreating the old 300-metre stretch of golden sand.词汇突破：1.Freak 奇怪的2.Easter 复活节3.Deposit 沉积4.Recreate 重新创造5.Stretch 一片地域或水域

确定主干：hundreds of tonnes of sand were deposited around the area 切分成分+独立成句：

1.after a freak tide around Easter this year 状语 2.where the beach once stood

3.recreating the old 300-metre stretch of golden sand.=This recreates the old 300-metre stretch of golden sand.（This 指代对象是前面的整个句子。）参考译文：但今年复活节期间一次奇怪的潮汐之后，成百吨的沙子被沉积在原来海滩所处的区域，再现了昔日长达300米的黄金海滩。

昨天的解析：

A report consistently brought back by visitors to the US is how friendly, courteous, and helpful most Americans were to them.To be fair, this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians, and should best be considered North American.There are, of course, exceptions.Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US.Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment.去美国访问的人经常带回报告说，大多数美国人对他们友善、好客、乐于助人。公正的说，人们对加拿大人也有这样的评论，因而，应当认为这是北美普遍的现象。当然也有例外。在美国，心胸狭隘的官员，举止粗鲁的招待和毫无礼貌的出租车司机也并非罕见。尽管有不如意的地方，但因为人们常常得出美国人好客的观察意见，因而也就值得议论一番了。

55.In the eyes of visitors from the outside world, ________.[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US

[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment

[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors

[D] most Americans are ready to offer help 题型识别：细节题；

题干定位：根据visitors from the outside world可以定位到第一句；（定位错误

的同学，自己去面壁！）

思路解析：常规的细节题解题思路，返回原文找到包含题干定位词的句子，这

个句子就是线索句！（有资格和选项发生关系的句子。）选项分析：[A] rude taxi drivers are rarely seen in the US

Small-minded officials, rude waiters, and ill-mannered taxi drivers are

hardly unknown in the US.和原文表述矛盾，可以排除；

[B] small-minded officials deserve a serious comment

文中没有提及

[C] Canadians are not so friendly as their neighbors

this observation is also frequently made of Canada and Canadians

和文中此句矛盾可以排除

[D] most Americans are ready to offer help

第一句的同意替换，入选！

这是一道特别典型的细节题：）今天的句子：

如今传统行业的经济表现几乎无法吸引大众的目光，能带来轰动效应的总是快速增长的互联网企业，例如亚马逊。但今年国际纸业公司上涨的现金流和稳定攀升的分红，让投资者不得不关注这家生产包装材料和纸类产品的传统企业。这家公司的年终股息在过去5年内平均增长12%，股票收益率高达3.5。国际纸业是全球最大的硬纸板和瓦楞包装生产商，北美每3个纸箱就有一个来自国际纸业。值得注意的整个造纸行业市场容量并没有显著的增长，反而有许多中小型企业在之前以低价换销量的恶性竞争中败下阵来。这使得国际纸业和另外四家主要竞争者可以控制70%的市场份额，更合理地制定价格、保证利润。同时电商平台的蓬勃发展也给了纸业巨头一些机遇，疯狂的节日网购缓解了第四季度例来的冷清，令现金流在整个商业周期都十分充裕。

E-commerce is also a contributor to rising demand, as supermarkets and other retail sectors increasingly embrace the trend, says Will Mies, editorial director of RISI, a research firm that tracks forest products.And while none of the three big box makers release numbers on sales related to e-commerce, IP estimates its shipments to Amazon and its ilk are growing at a double-digit pace.词汇突破：

1.contributor促成者（因素）2.embrace拥抱 3.track追踪 4.release公布 5.estimate估测

6.shipment装货；装载的货物 7.ilk亲属；一类

第一句话 确定主干：

E-commerce is also a contributor to rising demand, says Will Mies.切分成分：

1.as supermarkets and other retail sectors increasingly embrace the trend 伴随状语从句

2.editorial director of RISI 同位语 3.a research firm 同位语

4.that tracks forest products 定语从句

第二句话 确定主干：

And IP estimates(that)„ 切分成分：

1.while none of the three big box makers release numbers on sales related to e-commerce 让步状语从句

2.that its shipments to Amazon and its ilk are growing at a double-digit pace 宾语从句

参考译文：锐思林（一家关注林业制品动向的研究公司）的编辑总监Will Mies说，随着超市和其他零售行业越来越顺应趋势，电子商务也成为需求上涨的一个促成因素。虽然三大纸箱制造商均未发布过关于电子商务的数字，国际纸业公司估计其发给亚马逊等电商的货物维持着2位数的增速。

明天的句子：

However, emails released by the auditor’s office, including a new batch of emails released Friday to The Chronicle, show that Napolitano’s office went far beyond offering guidance, instead editing surveys and emailing campuses that they expected to see the final draft before surveys were sent to auditors.47