总理高翻的经典英文翻译(共五篇)

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第一篇:总理高翻的经典英文翻译

全文句子:

1.我们应该记住这样一条古训:行百里者半九十。

We should always remember this important thing, that is half of the people who have embarked on a one hundred mile journey may fall by the wayside.2.同时我们要坚定信心,华山再高,顶有过路。

We must reinforce our confidence no matter how high the mountain is, one can always ascend to its top.3.我深深爱着我的国家,没有一片土地让我这样深情和激动,没有一条河流让我这样沉思和起伏。亦余心之所向兮,虽九死其尤未悔。我将以此明志,做好今后三年的工作。

I have deep love for this country.I love every inch of its land.I love every river that flows on this piece of earth with deep passion and deep affection.For the ideal that I hold dear to my heart, I will not regret a thousand deaths to die.With this strong commitment, I will continue to devote myself to my work in the next three years.4.中国有一句古语,人或加讪,心无疵兮。(总理回应记者“为何中国缺席哥本哈根某次重要会议”的提问)

As a Chinese proverb goes: My conscience stays untainted in spite of rumors and slanders from the outside.5.我知道商签协议是一个复杂的过程,但是正因为我们是兄弟,兄弟虽有小忿,不废懿亲,问题总会可以解决的。(总理答台湾记者问)

I understand the negotiation may be a complex process, but differences between brothers cannot sever their blood ties, and I believe that problems will eventually be solved.1.行百里者半九十。

张璐译文:Half of the people who have embarked on a one hundred mile journey may fall by the way side.译文直译:在百里的旅途中,有一半人会在途中放弃。

点评:“fall by the way side”在英语中是半途而废的意思,用英语中的成语来翻译中国古语,对接得很巧妙。

2.华山再高,顶有过路。

张璐译文:No matter how high the mountain is,one can always ascend to its top.译文直译:无论山有多高,我们都能登到顶峰。

3.亦余心之所向兮,虽九死其尤未悔。

张璐译文:For the ideal that I hold dear to my heart,I'd not regret a thousand times to die.译文直译:我遵从我内心的想法,即使要死千万次我也不会后悔。

点评:“九死”翻译成thousand times(上千次),很地道。

4.人或加讪,心无疵兮。

张璐译文:My conscience stays untainted inspite of rumors and slanders from the outside.译文直译:我的良知纯洁没有污点,不管外界的流言飞语和造谣中伤。

点评:如果把my改成one's会更客观一些,总体来说用词非常好,把握得恰到好处。

5.兄弟虽有小忿,不废懿亲。

张璐译文:Differences between brothers can not sever their bloodties.译文直译:兄弟之间的分歧,是无法割断他们的血脉亲情的。

点评:“小忿”有愤恨的意思,在极短的时间内,能想到用differents(分歧),而不是用angry等表示愤怒的词,非常有急智,比较得体。

第二篇:英文翻译

英语原文:

The computer application development application significance and the prospect

of development

Computer science and technology combining of each subject, improved the research tools and methods, to promote the development of the discipline.In the past, people mainly through experiment and theoretical two ways for science and technology research.Now, calculation and simulation has become the third approach research work.The computer and the relevant experimental observations can be combined, instrument field experimental data record, sorting, processing, analysis and draw a diagram, significantly improve the quality and efficiency of experimental work.Computer aided design has become the engineering design of the important means combination, automation.In the aspect of theory, the human brain computer is outspread, can replace the human brain function and strengthened the number.Ancient mathematical rely on paper and pen computing, now computer became the new tools, such as math theorem proving the heavy mental work already may, by computer to complete or partial completed.Calculation and simulation, as a new research method, often makes some disciplines derive new branch discipline.For example, air dynamics, meteorology, elastic structural mechanics and application analysis etc faced by the “dyscalculia”, in a high-speed computer and relevant calculation method, and a breakthrough started after derive calculation aerodynamics, meteorological numerical prediction edge branch discipline.Use computer quantitative research, not only in natural science plays a significant role in the social science and humanities subjects also is such.For example, in the census, social investigation and natural language research aspects, computer is a very effective tool.Computer wide application in all walks of life, often produce remarkable economic and social benefits, which led to the industrial structure, product structure, management and service pattern, etc of the revolution.In the industrial structure in the computer industry has a view, and knowledge and computer services industries new industry.Computer application, have computer hardware technical ability, software technology ability, 8 bits embedded microcontroller, 32-bit computer system application ability and good engineering technical ability compound talents.Main

course: C series language program design, foundation of computer network, circuit and electronic technology and single-chip microcomputer principle and application, the sensor technology, control engineering foundation, visual programming technology, Linux operating system, answer the art, etc.After graduating in industry measurement device manufacturing enterprise, the civil electronic manufacture of various types of enterprises are engaged in the embedded system software and hardware development work, also can be engaged in industry measurement and control device, the civil all kinds of intelligent electrical repairs.The computer or people learning tools and life tools.With home computer, personal computer, computer network, database systems and all kinds of terminal equipment, people can learn all kinds of classes, get all sorts of intelligence and knowledge, processing various kinds of life issues(such as booking tickets, shopping, different etc), can even home office.More and more people work, study and life with computer will occur directly or indirectly touch.Popularization of computer education has become an important problem.In short, the development of the computer and application has is not only a scientific technology phenomenon and is a kind of politics, economy, military and social phenomenon.Our computer application problems existing in the development of computer application in China and low level of enterprise informatization level is low, Internet enterprises and Internet families still less, information technology application in enterprise and family enough for popularity.With the developed countries and developing countries have very big gap, according to the state statistical center research, our infomationization ability not only lagging far behind Japan and other developed countries, also behind Singapore, South Korea, the Philippines, Egypt, India and other developing countries;Netizens percentage of the population of 67%, Switzerland, Sweden, Germany, China 60% to 49% only 3.5%.Domestic computer application development is not balanced, regions informatization index 20 times vary, Internet users and computer size in the eastern and western regions, and Taiwan region difference, Taiwan Internet users have 5.4 million, the netizen percentage of the population of 26%, networking host 85 million, the enterprise has a 50% yourself in developing electronic commerce for e-commerce enterprise less than 10%.China's information industry is not completely satisfy informatization development and computer application on the hardware and software product demand, product

technical level and localized market penetration, major application engineering and large application system USES software and hardware product mainly rely on foreign companies, transformation of scientific and technological achievements slow, system integration, information service level should be further enhanced, computer application related standards, norms, and neither need to be unified.Computer application, information of the market economy and policy legal environment remains to be perfect, there is lack of effective technology economics policies promote information technology is widely applied, the information organization, leadership and management system is yet to be perfected and strengthen the market management, the relevant laws and regulations, social credit system has not been fully set up, electronic commerce development need market environment still is not perfected.Enterprise management system, mechanism, management concept and organization of still can not adapt to the requirements of market economy, game lack of knowledge, some leadership to information technology application to the importance and urgency of inadequate understanding.Enterprise using information technology, high and new technology is still lack of internal drive, human, financial and material resources.Basic work is weak, information technology talents especially know both of information technology and understand industry business technology compound talents more lack, broad worker information consciousness and information technology application knowledge lack, worker presses for improving cultural quality.The computer in the popularization and application of social fields will be rapid development area informationization, city information, community information will accelerate development.Beijing, Shanghai, guangdong pilot experience will further promote informatization in the scientific concept of development, will be built, led by some informatization demonstration provinces, cities, and areas, urban communities and villages and towns, the 2010 national regions, small and medium-sized city information will be rapid development.Social utility, public service and other public domain informationization been accelerated.Cultural and educational health, social insurance, social security, public transport, water heating power supply system, community service and other public domain will widely applied information technology, key application engineering and gold-lettered series digital Olympic victory completion, public domain informationization level will have a new stage, feed, clothe and shelter for the people provide good environment and service

information technology in the home, and promote the development of family information.Intelligent building, the village promotes gradually, the telephone, mobile phone, information home appliances, home computer further popularization, make information technology entered the family and personal life, promote the development of informationization family information appliances digital, intelligent, home theater, home office will gradually popularizing, family the development of informationization will greatly improve the quality of life.中文译文:

计算机应用的发展应用意义及其发展前景

计算机科学与技术的各门学科相结合,改进了研究工具和研究方法,促进了各门学科的发展。过去,人们主要通过实验和理论两种途径进行科学技术研究。现在,计算和模拟已成为研究工作的第三条途径。

计算机与有关的实验观测仪器相结合,可对实验数据进行现场记录、整理、加工、分析和绘制图表,显著地提高实验工作的质量和效率。计算机辅助设计已成为工程设计优质化、自动化的重要手段。在理论研究方面,计算机是人类大脑的延伸,可代替人脑的若干功能并加以强化。古老的数学靠纸和笔运算,现在计算机成了新的工具,数学定理证明之类的繁重脑力劳动,已可能由计算机来完成或部分完成。

计算和模拟作为一种新的研究手段,常使一些学科衍生出新的分支学科。例如,空气动力学、气象学、弹性结构力学和应用分析等所面临的“计算障碍”,在有了高速计算机和有关的计算方法之后开始有所突破,并衍生出计算空气动力学、气象数值预报等边缘分支学科。利用计算机进行定量研究,不仅在自然科学中发挥了重大的作用,在社会科学和人文学科中也是如此。例如,在人口普查、社会调查和自然语言研究方面,计算机就是一种很得力的工具。

计算机在各行各业中的广泛应用,常常产生显著的经济效益和社会效益,从而引起产业结构、产品结构、经营管理和服务方式等方面的重大变革。在产业结构中已出观了计算机制造业和计算机服务业,以及知识产业等新的行业。

计算机应用,具备计算机硬件技术能力、软件技术能力、8位、32位嵌入式微计算机系统应用能力以及良好的工程技术能力的复合型人才。主要课程: C系列语言程序设计、计算机网络基础、电路与电子技术、单片机原理与应用、传感器技术、控制工程基础、可视化编程技术、Linux操作系统接术等。学生毕业后可在工业测控装置制造企业,民用电子制造各类企业从事嵌入式系统的软、硬件开发工作,也可以从事工业测控装置,民用各类智能电器的维修工作。

计算机还是人们的学习工具和生活工具。借助家用计算机、个人计算机、计算机网、数据库系统和各种终端设备,人们可以学习各种课程,获取各种情报和知识,处理各种生活事务(如订票、购物、存取款等),甚至可以居家办公。越来越多的人的工作、学习和生活中将与计算机发生直接的或间接的联系。普及计算机教育已成为一个重要的问题。

总之,计算机的发展和应用已不仅是一种科学的技术现象而且是一种政治、经济、军事和社会现象。

我国计算机应用发展中存在的问题我国计算机应用水平低,企业信息化水平低,上网企业与上网家庭数量还较少,信息技术在企业与家庭中应用尚不够普及。

与发达国家及发展中国家相比都有很大差距,据国家统计中心研究,我国信息化能力不仅远落后于美日等发达国家,也落后于新加坡、韓国、菲律宾、埃及、印度等发展中国家;网民占人口比例瑞典达67%,瑞士60%,德国49%,我国仅3.5%。国内计算机应用发展很不平衡,各地区信息化指数高低相差20多倍,互联网用户及计算机拥有量在东西部地区、与台湾地区差距很大,台湾互联网用户有540万,网民占人口比例达26%,连网主机85万台,企业有50%己开展电子商务,开展电子商务企业不到10%。我国信息产业尚不能完全满足信息化发展与计算机应用对软硬件产品的需求,国产化产品技术水平与市场占有率低,重大应用工程与大型应用系统所用的软硬件产品主要依靠国外公司,科技成果转化速度慢,系统集成,信息服务水平有待提高,计算机应用有关标准、规范既缺乏又不统一,急需加强。

计算机应用、信息化的市场经济和政策法律环境尚待完善,目前还缺乏有力的技术经济学政策推动信息技术广泛应用,信息化的组织领导与管理体制尚待完善与加强,有关市场管理的法律法规、社会信用体系尚未完全建立,电子商务的发展所需要的市场环境尚不完善。企业管理体制、机制、管理理念与组织机构尚不能适应市场经济的要求,博弈知识的缺乏,部分领导对信息技术应用的重要性、紧迫性认识不足。企业采用信息技术等高新技术尚缺少内在的动力、人力、财力与物力。基础工作薄弱,信息技术人才特别是既懂信息技术又懂行业业务技术的复合型人才更为缺少,广大职工信息意识与信息技术应用知识欠缺,职工文化素质急待提高。

计算机在社会各领域的普及应用将有快速的发展地区信息化,城市信息化,社区信息化会加速发展。北京,上海,广东等地信息化试点经验将进一步推广,在科学发展观的引领下,将建成若干信息化示范省市、地区、城市社区及乡镇,2010年全国各地区、中小城市信息化将会快速发展。社会公用事业,公共服务等公共领域信息化步伐加快。文教卫生,社会保险,社会治安,公共交通,供水供暖供电系统,社区服务等公共领域将广泛应用信息技术,金字系列重点应用工程与数字奥运会胜利完成,社会公共领域信息化水平将上一个新台阶,为人民群众衣食住行提供良好的环境和服务信息技术进入家庭,推进家庭信息化的发展。智能建筑、小区逐步推广,电话、手机、信息家电、家用电脑进一步普及,使信息技术大量进入家庭及个人生活,推动了家庭信息化的发展信息家电数字化、智能化、家庭影院、居家办公将逐步普及,家庭信息化的发展将大大提高生活质量。

第三篇:英文翻译

9.驾驶室:人机工程学方面

博士J.Mark Porter 博士C.Samantha Porter 章节目标:  根据前面的概念明确人机工程学因素和设计过程相联系的那部分的需要; 当尝试为人民大众设计汽车时指出常见的错误思想; 证明那种可以将人机工程分析并且并入设计过程的方法; 举例说明怎样实现这个设计过程以及它的发展前景.9.1 介绍

尽管在整个设计过程中将人机工程学投入到一辆汽车或者一件产品的生产中很必要,但是最重要的是概念和前期设计的发展阶段。基础的人机工程学标准,比如当在不引起过多的成本,在设计过程后期,修改得范围受到限制的时候,驾驶室的设计在将来的一定时间内要在利于健康和舒适性方面使早期的使用者满意.但是,汽车的设计总是注重于外形和性能.结果,汽车的这些方面代表性的设计比内部的人机工程学方面重要,如果不可能,就将这些使购买者舒适的责任成为留给购买者的一个艰巨的任务.例如,座椅的设计者通过简短的介绍去确保那些潜在汽车的拥有者或者使用者坐在试驾车的驾驶室内和长途驾驶时称赞车子很舒服。许多因素可以被设计来防止这一点,包括

 潜在的拥有者和使用者或许没有精确地预测他们体型的大小和身体的比例或者他们的操控能力这些方面;

 座位的设计者在驱动机构的设计上花很少的心思。结果导致使用者或许忍受少许长期的不舒适和严重的健康问题,比如腰椎间盘突出和发生碰撞事故时受不必要的伤害。

那么他们中的很多人将决定决定去购买或者使用一个更合适的可供选择的汽车。一种汽车的成功与失败可以从很多方面衡量,但是对汽车制造商来说,一个最重要的衡量是它市场份额的百分比。怎样去保证早期外形的概念设计的决定令人费解,比如驾驶座的高度和顶部线条的轮廓决定车内头上空间,头上的空间可以被允许高出男性驾驶者百分之十到百分之二十。特别的,因为设计队不明白各种方法和工具去帮助他们预测和量化这些问题,经常通过违约而不是决定来做这个妥协。因此,这个章节的目的之一是介绍关于这些方法和工具的信息。记住一个配备低级驾驶座的汽车产品比在汽车的设计中阻止超出潜在购买者的百分比更昂贵是重要的。

在开发一种新型汽车的过程中,许多制造商采取传统的程序是连续的并且可以简单地描述为由内而外的设计。一直以来认为外部款式首先服从在车内适合工程要求(Tovey 1992)。设计一款新型汽车一种可替代的方法是由外而内的设计(Porter&Porter 1998)。这种方法将促进开发汽车时更加明确的集中在购买者驾驶室内的问题。例如,所设计汽车乘坐者的体型,数目和年纪,还有他们最舒服的姿势的细节,视线和表皮触感,这些将帮助定义驾驶者们将会对汽车内空间内的要求。不要忘记像比如购物、高尔夫用品、宝宝椅和宠物这些物品对空间的要求。控制装置和显示器将被设计围绕在这些人知道的在他们手、脚、和视线可触及的范围内。汽车的外观需要同时适应人体和工程。成功的设计和在形成过程中强加约束(代表性的有时间、花费和法律)还有取得无论在哪儿都可以行得通的最佳折中有很大联系。如果基础的人体工程学问题影响驾驶室还有从设计的一开始舒适没有被建立,不会取得这样的折中。

章节以对人体工程学常见错误的和它在设计中的作用这两点的讨论开篇。这些错误需要被这样暴露并且希望许多读者可以提出他们自己过去有的相似的错误的想法的例子。这些问题在描述生物工程如何在汽车工业中应用以及读者怎样和何时与设计者和工程师在汽车驾驶室的设计和开发的过程中进行交流之后。下一个章节陈述关于可预测的和可估价的方法和工具帮助提高高水平的驾驶室的实际细节,这些细节范围从基础人体测量学工具比如人体模型和人体模拟CAD系统到道路使用者和拥有者的调查问卷。从内到外的主题然后被汽车人体工程学团队从两个方面研究进行插图,它们是回潮CAD和考文垂艺术和设计学校。关于将来趋势的一个讨论和章节关于更深一步阅读的建议的结论。9.2八个基本错误

直到最近,许多汽车公司没有一个正规的机构在设计和开发汽车的过程中去识别和解决人体工程学的问题。正如下面插图描述的八个基本的错误,这种情况的原因可能包括几个关于人体工程学的使用和价值的错误概念。Pheasant在1996年提出前五条错误,Porter and Porter在1997年提出后三条错误。实例来自于作者自己的经历。

1.令我满意的设计,因此也将令每个人满意。

从这方面讲,最终的设计可能同时满足设计者和上层领导者的要求。汽车人体工程学小组已经代表主要的汽车制造商进行了几次大型的调查。这些调查的一项结果表明有一半的男性驾驶者抱怨汽车驾驶过程中,座位太狭窄。这种感觉明显错误的理由是董事长已经在这个模型上投入了大量的兴趣并且驾驶座是按照他脑海中的需要设计。当他被测量时发现他的臀部宽度和百分之五十的男性相同,这很精确地解释了为什么百分之五十的男性汽车拥有者有问题:他们的臀部比董事长的更宽。

2.令普通人满意的设计,因此也将令每个人满意。

不幸的是,对汽车设计者来说,没有像普通男性或女性或孩童这样的东西来提供数据支持。Daniels在1952年进行的一项经典的研究中证明了这一点。对4000名飞行员进行不同规模的测量并且因为计算平均值有正负0.5的标准偏差,所以每一次的平均值范围计算非常粗糙。分析显示没有一个飞行员在10个规模的测量中都是平均值,有少于百分之二的飞行员在4种规模的测试中是平均值。这个实验在历史上闻名为‘普通人谬论’因为他或她不存在。因此,在设计中人类的差异性经常是一个问题。一定尺寸或重量的样本的统计平均值完全不能给任何有关那个样本内的差异性的信息。两个驾驶员的身高可以被测量,他们的身高平均值可以被计算。这两个人的身高都不可能恰好是平均身高,有可能他们的身高分别在这个虚构的平均身高的上面和下面许多厘米。如果车门根据这个平均身高设计,那么两个驾驶者中的一个将通不过设计的车门;一种完全不可接受的半数成功率。但是,从工程学的视角看,平均值在产线上的每个条目的尺寸和重量是一个非常有用的预测。现代汽车设计的简介

因为通过对制造材料和方法的仔细选择,驾驶者的变化没有考虑在设计中。因为可读存储器都按照同一规格来制造,所以它们在适应电脑时有百分百的成功率。这种方法对人不适用,而且,为了卖出尽可能多的汽车,理解人的多样性是必要的。设计者和工程师对用人体工程学的方法去描述和解决驾驶者多样性的问题的方法不太了解,这导致低效的交流,并且,在很多情况下,导致差的设计。

关于差的设计的一个例子是,在美国和加拿大,汽车上安全气囊去适应方向盘。在一系列由于安全气囊的爆炸力问题引起而不是汽车的影响引起的死亡事件发生之后,瘦小的女性驾驶者被建议在事故中去主动激起安全气囊。安全气囊被设计去适应适合一半的男性驾驶者的模型被撞碎,又因为瘦小的女性坐得离方向盘更近,所以这个决定将小个子的女性置于危险中。结果,这些女性在安全气囊彭起的过程中撞到安全气囊。平均值或者百分之五十的价值理论应该从不被用到说明间隙,最小接触距离或者最大控制力量。为了制造出成功的产品,在一种产品制造的过程中,它的可变的特征通常不被考虑在设计之内。可变性从遗传学角度被考虑在设计之内,这一点可以应用在人身体上和那些不适应这种可变性,会导致人被考虑在设计之外或者使人在某些方面受伤的产品。

3.人类的多样性是如此丰富,以至于它不可能适应任何设计。但是因为人类出色的适应性,所以它不是个问题。

人类具有可适应性,但是最终的调查显示人类的适应性还不够。作者进行了几项研究去调查曝光出的驾车和因为身体不适和生病而请假的报告之间的联系。调查结果清楚的显示高里程(小于25000英里每年)驾驶者(大约有百分之六十到百分之八十的人经常经历轻微的背部不舒服的问题)主要抱怨轻微的背部问题。在Gvi and Porter于1995年对600名英国普通大众进行的调查中发现和在过去12个月内行驶少于5000英里的低里程驾驶员由于靠垫问题而请假,且请假的平均天数只有3.3天相比,高里程驾驶员因为背部不舒服问题而请假的平均天数是22.4天。在把驾驶车当做工作的一部分的人中,与那些一周驾车时间少于10个小时,由于背部问题而请假的平均天数是8.1天相比,那些一周驾驶时间超过20小时的人,因为轻微的背部问题而请假的平均天数是51.3天。因为轻微背部不适而请假的量是因为生病而请假的量的六倍还多。

几项其他的研究也证明长时间驾驶和出现轻微的背部疼痛有着清楚的关联。这一点在几项具有代表性的调查中都有体现,它们是Frymoyer于1983年,Damkot于1984年对美国男性做的调查,Walsh于1989年对英国男性做的调查和Pietri于1992年对法国职业驾驶者做的调查。Kelsey and Hardy 于1975年进行的一个美国成年人的个案对照研究也表明一个曾经有一份花费他一半或是更多他的工作时间来驾驶的人,这个人比平常人多三倍的可能性得腰椎间盘突出。依据由轻微背部问题到恶化成腰椎间盘突出所引起的从身体不适到病假的标准,长时间驾驶和逐渐流行的轻微背部问题之间的联系已经被建立。有趣的是,这些研究中的几个研究已经报道了,当长时间驾驶车比有一半的工作时间驾车更好,这两者之间的联系最强烈(Porter and Gyi,1995)。Porter在1992年发现,在驾驶里程内和汽车提供自动变速箱时(自动变速箱的好处来自于姿势的约束性和固定性的减少),对于那些高水平适应性的车,很少有轻微的背部问题或者因病请假的报道。这一点证明那个设计在满足人的差异性方面真正取得了很好的效果。4.人体工程学是昂贵的,因为商品实际上凭借外观和款式被购买,人体工程学的因素容易被忽略。

如果后来才想到,用于人体工程学的费用可能很昂贵,导致在发展的过程中改正检测迟了的问题。制造形状和尺寸精良的东西不需要比制造形状和尺寸不良的东西更昂贵。在产品的开发过程中,人体工程学必须早一点被考虑在内,这也要求人体工程学者积极主动的做出贡献。

人体CAD模型系统可以在产品的早期设计阶段为这个功能提供必要的支持(见下面9.4.6章节)。公众逐渐意识到像安全性,可用性和健康性这类消费者问题。作者们认为,一些汽车的销售说明书中应该显示安全警告。例如,伴随着菲亚特汽车座位的发展工作(Porter 1995),在150分钟的菲亚特体验驾驶结束时,发现报告在驾驶者后背的上部,中部,下部和臀部不舒服的百分比分别为5%,5%,5%,15%。菲亚特的竞争对手之一,在欧洲非常流行的一款车,在驾驶者如上所述的身体部位报告不适的百分比表现更糟,它们分别是20%,35%,40%和30%。很可能许多这款车的拥有者在得到车时就已经有后背问题。牵涉其中的法律问题已经引起了人们的注意。第一作者充当最近在英国发生的一起案例的目击专家,案例中法院判决是由于公司车子的驾驶室问题导致一个高里程销售员遭受腰椎间盘突出症。

5.人体工程学是一个出色的主意。在设计时我总是想着人体工程学,但是着手做时,我很直观并且依赖常识,因此我不需要数据分析。

只使用直觉获得最舒适的折中是不可能一直成功的,特别是当汽车设计者和工程师的个人偏见和喜好与那些广泛而多样的消费者不完全适合时。女性驾驶者会遇到的问题,例如方向盘太近,当把座位往前调时容易触及踏板。同样的,踏板的设计或许没有考虑到女的喜欢穿高跟鞋驾驶的事实;安全带没有调节充分,引起脖子或者胸部的皮肤磨损;操控把手的设计没有考虑长的手指甲(Thompson 1995).为了去量化这些问题,最近一个关于小的家庭尺寸的车的调查显示,有42%的女性认为踏板不舒服,25%的女性抱怨安全带的位置(Petherick and Porter,1996)。这些数据为证明反复改正设计直到最终满意的需要提供了清楚的必要的反馈。

6.我对设计不满意,因此每个人都不满意(误区一的变化)。

腿长的驾驶汽车的男性记者一个典型的抱怨是驾驶座的坐垫没有为大腿提供足够的支持。他们后来对车的回顾表明驾驶座的坐垫太短。为大腿提供额外的支持是否可以令记者更舒服是不清楚的,但是一个较长的驾驶座坐垫对于大部分其他的短腿的驾驶者来说或许是灾难性的。或者短腿的驾驶者们将发现踩到踏板很困难或不可能,或者结果他们将向前滑去并且向下下垂导致后背疼痛。7.百分数是一种非常清楚而简单地展现和使用与身体尺寸相关信息的方式。

百分数值的概念很好理解(如果你对这个概念不熟悉,参照9.4.2章节),但是谬误上升了,因为假定这样的数据的使用是同样的容易。甚至对百分数有更好了解的人体工程学家,在谈及虚拟人时也会掉入陷阱,例如一个第五个百分比女性或者一个第95个百分比男性。测量出的尺寸之间联系不密切,这意味着有着相同体型的人可能在腿长,胳膊长等身体尺寸上有显著地不同。百分数是单变量的,一次只能涉及事物的一个方面。一个没有得到原始调查数据中年龄范围,国籍和职业这些细节的百分数值,不应该被使用。

调查的日期也很重要,由于生物进化的问题,在北美洲,代与代之间有平均增长速度,在英国,人类每10年的增长速度大约10mm。一个人或者人体模型身体所有部分的垂直距离和净身高是5或者95百分比在数学上是不可能的(McConville,1978)。不幸的是,在没有如此问题的情况下,构建50百分比的人体模型是可能的——因为只用统计方法将每一段的长度加起来等同于所有长度的平均值,所以这两种方法本质上一致。令人遗憾的是,这样的人体模型大概容易为上面的错误二制作增加了丰富的虚拟支持。因为有五个百分比的女性使用者和95个百分比的男性使用者模型(但是,他们或许被构建,具体见上面的评论)表明一个固定的位置可以适合所有的驾驶者,所以有很少的制造商可能提供一个由内而外的可调节的方向盘。一个更精致的分析需要考虑一个有着长腿短胳膊体型的高个子男性驾驶者和一个有着短腿长胳膊体型的小个子女性驾驶者。这样的一个分析令人信服的证明为了让所有的驾驶者舒服需要由内而外的调节方向盘。8.从5个百分比的女性到95个百分比的男性调查范围得到的设计将适应95%的人。

如果只有一个尺寸与设计解决方案相关,这个结论是正确的(例如驾驶室的单变量,竖直净空高度)。但是一些汽车工作站同时要求一个大范围的驾驶室(例如多变量的驾驶室)。这一点特别适合战斗机,战斗机的驾驶员被捆绑在座位上,防止他们身体前倾不容易控制,或者因为净空高度而滑动。因为在调查所遵循的身体范围之间有很少的联系,因为有限的净空高度,这些男性将不被考虑在设计之内(在随机取样中理论上有5%的男性),这些数据不必与5%的胳膊太长而没被考虑在设计之内或者5%腿太长,臀部太宽等等因素。

同样的,那些因为她们的腿,胳膊,坐着时视线的高度等因素被考虑在设计之外的女性。那些因素太小了,紧紧占女性的5%。Roebuck于1995年对空乘人员选择标准的检查而进行的经典调查证明了这个问题的严重性。如果驾驶舱使用范围从5到95个百分比的男性规模(因此谬误会为90%的男性详细说明驾驶舱)的人体测量数据进行设计,他们发现或许不是期待中的10%,这将导致50%的飞行员被考虑在设计之外。幸运的是,这种情况在汽车工业不严格,不需要考虑平视显示,弹射座椅和经常处在非常高的超重力状态。另一方面,由于驾驶者坐着时的视线高度太高或太矮,太向前或太往后,汽车很可能出现视物模糊,多年来导致了许多事故。相同的,安全带安装不好和膝盖接触仪表板将加重任何持续事故的严重性。

9.3 汽车制造业的人体工程学

传统上,在汽车设计中的式样设计的最后,提供大多数人体工程学投入。源自包裹中设计师必须遵守的难点(见9.4.2章节)将使用非常粗糙的驾驶舱数据。但是在最近过去的几年里,许多因素已经戏剧性的人为的改善了这一状况。大多数制造商正在生产设计精良,可靠的汽车,人体工程学是一个现今他们竞争,寻求市场挑战的竞技场之一。在产品设计的每一个领域,以使用者为中心的设计正在增长,采购人员变得更加意识到工程学问题并且对他们所买的产品更有辨别力。五年前,一些主要的汽车制造商不雇佣他们国内的人体工程师,但是现在几乎所有的汽车制造商都这么做。但是,仍有大部分的汽车制造企业,例如比较小的设计公司和其他的供应者,他们没有雇佣人体工程师并且他们的人体工程学知识非常有限。正如最近的一项非正式调查显示的那样,通过各行各业,越来越多的人体工程学实践,工具和技术被应用在各种各样的领域。

为了达到这个章节的目的,我们采访了这个国家所有的汽车制造公司的人体工程学家以及接触到的规模较小的设计机构的设计主管关于在他们的公司里,人体工程学实践,工具和技术的使用。通常,汽车设计有一个走向由内而外设计方法的趋势。大多数生物工程学者和工程团队不在有联系,但他们仍是设计功能组成的一部分,他们还在向当地的设计主管报道,或者从某些方面说是欧洲的设计主管。高级管理认为,生物工程学者的贡献对设计过程来说是必要的。许多大型的汽车制造雇佣2到5个合格的生物工程学者组成一个团队。在那些没有生物工程学者的公司,生物工程学的责任由机械工程师负责,进行完全将人体考虑在内的设计完全取决于机械工程师的技能组合。在小一点的设计中心,生物工程学的责任由设计者承担,生物工程学的质量也取决于个体的经验。当生物工程学者为一家大的制造商工作,一些汽车的生物工程学知识将由制造商来说明,但是当他们为小一点的公司工作,他们或许为汽车的生物工程学负全责。

在几乎所有的案例中,生物工程学者都参与到项目的先期过程,例如,在设计过程开始之前,他们参与到汽车的定义并且在汽车的特征中发挥优先作用。或者他们必须参与到概念设计阶段的开始,特别在外资公司,先期过程或许在总公司进行。一旦设计过程开始,必须满足已经设计好的人体工程学目标和可交付物的要求。产品不能达到目标或者不能交付意味着设计过程可能被停。人体工程学已经成为设计过程正式的一部分,人体工程学家对人体工程学的所有方面负责,给人体工程学家设立独立的部门并且希望他们与其他部门保持联系,提高工作人员对人体工程学问题和危险问题的认识。在某些情况下,他们也在将人体工程学介绍到设计过程的其他设计准则中起到作用。就一切情况而论,人体工程学已经被投入到显示器和控制器,显示器和控制器操作的逻辑顺序,车厢,座位,车门的进出,放行李箱的地方这些设计中。

人体工程学向它们被要求的方式和它们被理解的影响程度做出妥协。在其他光谱的结束,那里没有人体工程学家,没有正规的程序考虑汽车的人体工程学方面,因此理解人体工程学方面的问题是受限制的。在那里,设计者负责人体工程学问题,他们大多数人仍经常在一个或更多上面所列的错误下设计。这一章将描述在汽车制造公司,生物工程学家使用的工具和技术。他们使用相同的数据资源和CAD工具。他们都进行用户实验(详细见9.4.8章节)去评估他们的产品;在某些情况下仅使用公司的员工作为实验对象,在其他的情况下用群众中的成员做实验。

人体工程学家和大学保持好的联系并且参与到大学的研究项目中。一个公司没有人体工程学家时,数据资源总是过期并且使用者评估数据很少被管理。人体工程学家必须找到和那些需要人体工程学信息的人进行交流的方法。一般而言,人体工程学信息的描述是数字的和枯燥的。这种形式的信息或许很适合人体工程学者和机械师,但是有充分的证据证明它不适合于大多数的设计者(Porter and Porter,1997)。设计师们被训练进行视觉上的信息交流,在所有情况下,与设计师进行接触的人体工程学家必须学习用这种方式进行交流。例如:将数字数据转换为可视数据;制作CAD平面图来展示边界区域,CAD图直接储存在设计师们使用的软件中;在黏土模型上做标记去传达设计推荐值;使用所有在设计展示中常见的和探究设计理念可视化的多媒体工具。9.4用人体工程学的方法和工具去改善驾驶室

这一章节描述汽车人体工程师在定义和评估驾驶室时用到的各种各样的方法和工具。

9.4.1标准,指导方针和推荐信

在与汽车设计有关的人体工程学的许多领域都有着许多各种不同的标准,指导方针和建议。因为它们现成的和快速的和容易的去使用,因此它们在概念设计的早期阶段极其有用。与程序相关的标准已经被应用到人体工程学的领域,这些标准已经被仔细的调查。美国汽车工程师学会特别热衷于制定这样的标准,许多这些标准成为覆盖汽车设计法则的一部分。当考虑到驾驶室时,和生物工程学者最相关的是:

SAE J826

H-point(ISO 6549)

SAE J1100

乘坐基准点

SAE J1100

H-point 旅行路径

SAE J1517

司机选择座位的位置

SAE J941

眼睛活动范围(ISO 4513/BS AU 176)

SAE J1052

司机和乘客头部轮廓的位置

SAE J287

手控制达到信封(ISO 4040/BS AU 199)

相应的国际标准和英国标准以插入的成分在描述之后给出。这些以及其他相关的标准在Roe(1993)中有详细的描述,他们也可以在SAE Handbook(1996)中被发现。这些标准在全世界的汽车工业中构成了基础的驾驶室标准。与汽车内显示和控制设计,视线,镜子设计,震动和热环境这些相关的都有相应的标准。可以在Peacock and Karwowski(1993)找到覆盖范围更广的这些主题和相关的标准。在人体工程学很少完成的领域(例如控制和显示的设计,特别是那些新兴技术发挥作用的地方),这些领域存在着大量的设计推荐值和指导方针。它们的范围从非常详细(例如,它应该距离地面之上13.7mm)到非常笼统(例如,它应该舒服),这一点让其在汽车设计环境中的使用有时很困难。下面列了一些有用的资源:

Sanders and McCormick(1992)

显示,控制,工作站布局

Peacock and Karwowski(1993)

驾驶室,显示和控制,变老的驾驶者

Defence Standard 00-25

显示,控制,人体测量学,噪音,震动,工作站布局

Pheasant(1996)

人体测量学

Campbell et al.(1998)

汽车内信息系统的设计准则

建议和指导方针的使用应该是接近明智而审慎的。对于制定早期的设计决定,它们可能极其有用,但是它们的适宜性和成功总应该使用如下面所列的其他方法去查实。有很多需要警示的理由。建议和方针的使用经常和非常特殊的人群和非常特殊的任务相关,总的方面和联系上下文的数据与得出的原始数据不符。同样的,在相同的情况下得出的数据或许意味着指导方针太笼统,或许与特别的驾驶任务环境和汽车环境没有关联。背景细节没被包括在指导方针的情况经常发生,因此指导方针的使用者无法就关于其适应性做出知情的选择。

甚至当指导方针表面上完全合适时,没有额外的支持这种情况,在这种情况中必须向最适宜的人体工程学做出妥协。例如,在设计跑车的过程中,为了满足使用人群对外观和驾驶性能的期望,得对跑车的舒适性和合用性水平做出妥协。指导方针和建议的更进一步的问题是科技还在持续发展,因为指导方针和建议在汽车内远程信息处理领域内发展更缓慢,因此不可能简单地找到一个合适的建议和指导方针。或许可以在9.8章节找的关于指导方针在汽车新兴技术上的使用更详细的信息。

参考文献

[1] Manary Miriam A, Ritchie Nichole L, Schneider Lawrence W.WC19: a wheelchair

transportation safety standard--experience to date and future directions.Medical Engineering & Physics, 2009,32(3):263-71 [2] Flavio Jose Craveiro Cunto.Assessing safety performance of transportation systems using microscopic simulation[D].University of Waterloo(Canada), 2009.[3] Miriam A.Manary, Nichole L.Ritchie, Lawrence W.Schneider.WC19: A wheelchair transportation safety standard—Experience to date and future directions[J].Medical Engineering & Physics, 2010, 32(3).[4] Mohd Rapik Saat.Optimizing railroad tank car safety design to reduce hazardous materials transportation risk[D].University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 2009.[5] Lobb Brenda.Trespassing on the tracks: a review of railway pedestrian safety research.[J].Journal of Safety Research, 2006, 37(4).[6] Sudipta Sarkar.Pedestrian safety analyses[D].University of Calgary(Canada), 2009.

第四篇:高翻-合同法律类翻译[范文]

引子:鉴于现在对外交流事例逐渐增多,英文合同特别是经济合同的翻译愈显重要,若译文不准确或不严谨,势必会引起不必要的经济纠纷.故今以一英文(经济)合同写作书籍为蓝本,录入一些有益文字,希望大家共同提高英文(经济)合同的翻译和写作。

合同文件是合同双方签订并必须遵守的法律文件,因此合同中的语言应体现其权威性.英文合同用语的特点之一就表现在用词上,即选择那些法律用词,以及正式用词,使合同表达的意思准确无误,达到双方对合同中使用的词无可争议的程度。

一.hereby 英文释义:by means of , by reason of this 中文译词:特此,因此,兹

用法:常用于法律文件、合同、协议书等正式文件的开头语;在条款中需要强调时也可用。语法:一般置于主语后,紧邻主语.例1:

The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of defects therein the Contract Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at the time and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.参考译文: 业主特此立约保证在合同规定的期限内,按合同规定的方式向承包人支付合同价,或合同规定的其它应支付的款项,以作为本工程施工、竣工及修补工程中缺陷的报酬。注释:(1)hereby: by reason of this 特此

(2)covenant: v.make a formal agreement 立约,签订合同、条约;n.legal agreement具有法律约束的正式合同

(3)completion of the Works: 工程的竣工(4)therein: in the Works在本工程中(5)the Contract Price: 合同总价,指工程的总造价(6)such...as: 关系代词,相当于that, which(7)under: in accordance with 根据,按照

(8)the provisions of the Contract: terms and conditions of the Contract合同条款 例2:

We hereby certify to the best of our knowledge that the foregoing statement is true and correct and all available information and data have been supplied herein, and that we agree to provide documentary proof upon your request.注释:

(1)hereby:特此

(2)to the best of our knowledge:as far as we know据我们所知(3)foregoing statement:above-mentioned statement上述声明(4)herein:in this, in the statement在声明中(5)documentary proof:证明文件 参考译文:

特此证明,据我们所知,上述声明内容真实,正确无误,并提供了全部现有的资料和数据,我们同意,应贵方要求出具证明文件。例3:

This Contract is hereby made and concluded by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B)on(Date), in(Place), China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through amicable consultation.注释:

(1)hereby:特此

(2)hereinafter referred to as Party A:以下称甲方(3)on the principle of equality and mutual benefit:在平等互利基础上(4)through amicable consultation:通过友好协商 参考译文:

本合同双方,公司(以下称甲方)与 公司(以下称乙方),在平等互利基础上,通过友好协商,于

****年**月**日在中国(地点),特签订本合同。例4:

This agreement is hereby made and entered into on(Date), by and between Co.China(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B).注释:

(1)this agreement is hereby made and entered into:特此订立本协议

在法律文件中表示“订立本协议”可用以下4个动词:sign(make, conclude or enter into)this agreement, 按照同义词连用的写作特点,可用上述4个动词中的两个来表示)。(2)hereinafter referred to as Party B:以下简称乙方 参考译文:

本协议特由中国

公司(以下简称甲方)与

公司(以下简称乙方)于

****年**月**日订立。

二 hereof 英文释义: of this 中文译词:关于此点;在本文件中

用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的、本文件的……”时,使用该词。例如表示本合同条件、条款时,可以说“the terms, conditions and provisions hereof”,这里hereof表示“of this Contract”;又如表示本工程的任何部分,可用“any parts hereof”,这里hereof表示“of this Works”。

语法:一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。hereof和thereof的区别:hereof强调“of this”。例如,上面的“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”中的thereof表示of the Contract;“any parts thereof”中的thereof表示of the Works。例1 Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not, the owner of the goods shall, without interruption, by day and night, including Sundays and holidays(if required by the carrier), supply and take delivery of the goods.Provided that the owner of the goods shall be liable for all losses or damages including demurrage incurred in default on the provisions hereof.注释:

(1)Whether the custom of the Port is contrary to this Clause or not:不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反,whether… or not:不论……是否(2)the owner of the goods:货方(3)without interruption:无间断地(4)carrier:承运人

(5)in default on the provisions hereof:违反本款规定 hereof:of this Clause 参考译文:

不论港口习惯是否与本款规定相反,货方都应昼夜地,包括星期日和假日(如承运人需要),无间断地提供和提取货物。货方对违反本款规定所引起的所有损失或损坏,包括滞期应负担赔偿责任。例2 Foreign trade dealers as mentioned in this Law shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, cover such legal entities and other organization as are engaged in foreign trade dealings.注释:

(1)foreign trade dealers:对外贸易经营者(2)as mentioned in this Law:本法所称

(3)the provisions hereof:the provisions of this Law 本法规定(4)legal entity:法人

(5)be engaged in foreign trade dealings:从事对外贸易经营活动 参考译文:

本法所称对外贸易经营者,是指依照本法规定从事对外贸易经营活动的法人和其他组织。例3 The establishment of a limited liability company or a company limited by shares shall comply with the conditions and provisions of this Law.A company complying with the conditions and provisions hereof may be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.Provided that if a company fails to comply with the conditions and provisions hereof, the company in question shall not be registered as a limited liability company or a company limited by shares.注释:

(1)a limited liability company:有限责任公司(2)a company limited by shares:股份有限公司(3)provisions hereof:本法规定 hereof: of this Law(4)may be registered as:登记为 参考译文:

设立有限责任公司、股份有限公司,必须符合本法规定的条件。符合本法规定的条件的,登记为有限责任公司或者股份有限公司;不符合本法规定的条件的,不得登记为有限责任公司或股份有限公司。例4 If, as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons, an arbitrator fails to perform his duties as an arbitrator, another arbitrator shall, in accordance with the provisions hereof, be selected or appointed.注释:

(1)as a result of withdrawal or any other reasons:回避或者其它原因(2)arbitrator:仲裁员

(3)the provisions hereof:the provisions of this Law 本法规定(4)be selected or appointed:选定或指定 参考译文:

仲裁员因回避或者其它原因不能履行职责的,应当依照本法规定重新选定或指定仲裁员。例5 In the event of conflict between the provisions on arbitration formulated and prepared prior to the effective date of this Law and the provisions of this Law, the provisions hereof shall prevail.注释:

(1)conflict:相抵触

(2)prior to the effective date of this Law:本法施行前

(3)the provisions hereof shall prevail:以本法为准 hereof:of this Law 参考译文:

本法施行前制定的有关仲裁的规定与本法的规定相抵触的,以本法为准。例6 Where, in accordance with laws, the circumstance(s)specified in Article 15 and Article 16 of this Law is /are confirmed, the organization with compensatory obligations shall pay compensation in any of the circumstance in question.Where the claimant for compensation demands the confirmation of one of the circumstances specified in Article 15 and Article 16 hereof, and the demanded organization refuses to make the confirmation, the claimant shall have the right to lodge a complaint.Where the claimant claims compensation, the claim, shall, first, be lodged to the organization for compensatory obligations.The provisions of Article 10, Article 11 and Article 12 hereof shall apply to/ in the procedures of compensation.注释:

(1)the organization with compensatory obligations:赔偿义务机关(2)shall pay compensation:应当给予赔偿(3)the claimant for compensation:赔偿请求人

(4)Article 15 and Article 16 hereof:本法第十五条、第十六条 hereof:of this Law(5)shall have the right to lodge a complaint:有权申诉(6)claims compensation:要求赔偿

(7)apply to/ in:适用 More Examples: The comment applies equally here./That argument does not apply in this case./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./These remarks apply to every town in this kingdom./The rules of safe driving apply to everyone.参考译文:

赔偿义务机关对依法确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定的情形之一的,应当给予赔偿。赔偿请求人要求确认有本法第十五条、第十六条规定情形之一的,被要求的机关不予确认的,赔偿请求人有权申诉。赔偿请求人要求赔偿,应当先向赔偿义务机关提出。赔偿程序适用本法第十条、第十一条、第十二条的规定。例7 If an arbitrator involved in one of circumstances specified in Item 4, Article 34 of this Law, and if it is serious, or those specified in Item 6, Article 58 hereof, the arbitrator in question shall, in accordance with the law, bear the legal liability and responsibility.The arbitration commission shall remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators.注释:

(1)arbitrator:仲裁员

(2)Article 58 hereof:本法第五十八条 hereof:of this Law(3)bear the legal liability and responsibility:承担法律责任(4)the arbitration commission:仲裁委员会(5)remove the name of the arbitrator in question from the list of arbitrators:将其除名 参考译文:

仲裁员有本法第三十四条第四项规定的情形,情节严重的,或者有本法第五十八条第六项规定的情形的,应当依法承担法律责任,仲裁委员会应当将其除名。例8 If, pursuant to this Law, the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals fail to grant approval to such an application as meets the requirements and provisions hereof, or the company registration authorities fail to register a company whose application meets the requirements hereof, the party in question may, in accordance with laws, apply for reconsideration or bring an administrative suit.注释:

(1)the relevant responsible authorities with the duty of approvals:履行审批职责的有关主管部门

(2)meets the requirements and provisions hereof:符合本法条件(3)the company registration authorities:负责公司登记的主管部门(4)the requirements hereof:本法条件 hereof: of this Law(5)apply for reconsideration:申请复议(6)bring an administrative suit:提起行政诉讼 参考译文:

依照本法,履行审批职责的有关主管部门,对符合本法条件的申请不予批准,或负责公司登记的主管部门不予登记,当事人可以依法申请复议或者提起行政诉讼。例9 This Decision shall apply to the crimes committed against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof by the staff and workers of enterprises other than limited liability companies and companies limited by shares.注释:

(1)the crimes committed:犯罪行为

(2)against Article 9, Article 10 and Article 11 hereof:犯有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定 hereof: of this Decision 参考译文:

有限责任公司、股份有限公司以外的企业职工有本决定第九条、第十条、第十一条规定的犯罪行为的,适用本决定。例10 Companies registered and established prior to the effective date of this Law shall, in accordance with Laws, administrative regulations, local regulations and pursuant to the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies” or the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares” issued by the relevant responsible department of the State Council, continue to exist.Those companies not completely satisfying the requirements of this Law shall, within the specified time limit, meet the requirements hereof.Specific methods for implementation of this Law will be set out in separate regulations issued by the State Council.注释:

(1)companies registered:已登记成立的公司

(2)the “Standard Opinion on Limited Liability Companies”:《有限责任公司规范意见》(3)the “Standard Opinion on Companies Limited by Shares”:《股份有限公司规范意见》(4)the relevant responsible department of the State Council国务院有关主管部门(5)in separate regulations issued by the State Council:由国务院另行规定 参考译文:

本法施行前已登记成立的公司,应依照法律、行政法规、地方性法规和国务院有关主管部门制定的《有限责任公司规范意见》,和《股份有限公司规范意见》,继续保留。其中不完全具备本法规定的条件的,应当在规定的期限内达到本法规定的条件。具体实施办法,由国务院另行规定。例11 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to acts of such business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.注释:

(1)unfair competition:不正当竞争(2)business operators:经营者

(3)contravene the provisions hereof:违反本法规定 the provisions hereof:本法规定 hereof:of this Law(4)the lawful rights and interests:合法权益(5)disturbing the socio-economic order:扰乱社会经济秩序 参考译文:

本法所称的不正当竞争,是指经营者违反本法规定,损害其他经营者的合法权益,扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。

三 hereto 英文释义: to this 中文译词:至此,在此上。

用法:在表示上文已提及的“本合同的……本文件的……”时,使用该词。例如表示“本合同双方”,可以说“the Parties hereto”,这里hereto表示“to this Contract”;表示“本协议附件4”,可用“Appendix 4 hereto”,这里hereto表示“to this Agreement”。语法:一般置于要修饰的名词的后面,与之紧邻。

hereto和thereto的区别:同前面所言hereof和thereof的区别类似,hereto强调的是“to this”。

例1 All disputes arising from the performance of this Contract shall, through amicable negotiations, be settled by the Parties hereto.Should, through negotiations, no settlement be reached, the case in question shall then be submitted for arbitration to the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing and the arbitration rules of this Commission shall be applied.The award of the arbitration shall be final and binding upon the Parties hereto.The Arbitration fee shall be borne by the losing party unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission.注释:

(1)the performance of this Contract:履行本合同(2)through amicable negotiations:友好协商

(3)the Parties hereto:the Parties to this Contract本合同双方(4)shall then be submitted for arbitration:提交进行仲裁(5)the China International Economic and Trade Arbitration Commission, Beijing:中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京)

(6)the arbitration rules of this Commission:其仲裁规则(7)the award of the arbitration:仲裁裁决

(8)unless otherwise awarded by the Arbitration Commission:仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外 参考译文:

对于因履行本合同所发生的一切争议,本合同双方应友好协商解决,如协商无法解决争议,则应将争议提交中国国际经济贸易仲裁委员会(北京),依据其仲裁规则进行仲裁。仲裁裁决是终局性的,对双方都有约束力。仲裁费用应由败诉方承担,但仲裁委员会另有裁定的除外。

例2 “Patented Technology” means such patent, and such applications for the patent as are presently owned or will hereafter be acquired in the future by Party B, or as Party B has or may have the right to control, or as are permitted to be transferred during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto.注释:

(1)patented technology:专利技术(2)patent:专利

(3)application for the patent:专利申请

(4)may have the right to control:可能有权控制的

(5)permitted to be transferred in any or all countries of the world:在世界任何国家许可转让

(6)Contract Products specified by the Parties hereto:本合同双方规定的本合同产品 hereto: to this Contract 参考译文:

“专利技术”,系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的,或乙方有权或可能有权控制的,或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的,适用于或可能适用制造本合同双方规定的本合同产品的专利和专利申请。例3 “Technical Documents” means the data and the information specified in Appendix 1 hereto, such as engineering, manufacturing and original information relating to the manufacture and maintenance of the Contract Products, including drawings, blueprints, design sheets, material specifications, photographs, photostats and general data, and design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities.Provided that the above-mentioned information shall be such information as is only available to Party B and applicable to the business operation of Party A under this Contract.注释:

(1)technical documents:技术资料(2)the data and the information:资料(3)engineering:工程(4)manufacturing:制造

(5)original information:原始资料(6)blueprint:蓝本

(7)design sheets:设计图表(8)material specifications:材料规格(9)photostats:影印资料(10)general data:一般资料

(11)design and their specifications relating to manufacturing euipment, tools and facilities:与制造设备、工具和装置有关的设计及其说明书 参考译文:

“技术资料”系指列于附件1与制造和维修合同产品有关的工程、制造及原始资料,包括与制造设备、工具和装置有关的图纸、蓝本、设计图表、材料规格、照片、影印资料和一般资料、设计及其说明书等,但上述资料仅限于乙方拥有的资料和甲方用于本合同业务活动的资料。例4 If Party B demands to audit the accounts of Party A, Party B shall, within 10 days after receiving the written notice issued by Party A under Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract, notify Party A of the mater in question.The specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts are detailed in Appendix 4 hereto.注释:

(1)audit the accounts of Party A:查核甲方的帐目(2)Sub-Clause 3.4 of this Contract:本合同第3.4款

(3)the specific contents and procedure of auditing accounts:其具体的查帐内容和程序(4)Appendix 4 hereto:本合同附件4 hereto:to this Contract 参考译文:

乙方如需查核甲方的帐目时,应在接到甲方依上述本合同第3.4款规定开出的书面通知后10天之内通知甲方,其具体的查帐内容和程序详见本合同附件4。

例5 The parties to this Agreement agree that either Party hereto shall, immediately and fully, notify the other Party hereto of any such matters comprising an improvement, modification, further invention or design as the Party in question may discover, make or develop with respect to manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof.The Party discovering, making or developing the subject matter in question may, at its own expense and its own name, file application for Letter Patent or take other necessary legal steps to protect the same, and any patent arising therefrom shall belong to the Party in question.The other Party may, during the effective period hereof, make use of, and sell products utilizing such improvement, modification, further invention or design(whether patented or un-patented)without charge and royalty fee in any manner consistent with this agreement.注释:

(1)either Party hereto:本协议各方(不译成“one Party hereto)。

(2)improvement, modification, further invention or design:改进、修正、更新本发明或设计

(3)discover, make or develop:开发

(4)manufacture and assembly of the Licensed Products or components thereof:生产及装配许可证产品或部件

(5)file application for Letter Patent:申请专利

(6)take other necessary legal steps to protect the same:其它必要的法律保护程序 the same: Letter Patent(7)any patent arising therefrom:由此产生的专利(8)consistent with this agreement:与本协议不相矛盾 参考译文:

本协议各方同意,一方对于有关生产及装配许可证产品或部件所做的改进、修正、更新发明或设计均应立即全部通知另一方。开发改进的一方可以自负费用并以自身名义申请专利或采取其它必要的法律保护程序,由此产生的专利将属于该方所有。在本协议的有效期内,另一方可以与本协议不相矛盾的方式无偿使用和销售利用改进、修正、更新本发明或设计(无论其是否取得专利权)生产的产品。

例6 The Parties to this Agreement agree that Y shall supply to FCAM certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products.The Technical Assistance Agreement to be concluded between FCAM and Y shall be deemed to be an attachment as Appendix 2 hereto(hereinafter referred to as the “Technical Assistance Agreement”).注释:

(1)certain license and technical assistance for manufacturing Products:有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务

(2)the technical assistance agreement:技术服务协议

(3)Appendix 2 hereto:本协议附件2 hereto:to this Agreement 参考译文:

本协议双方同意Y将向FCAM提供有关生产产品的许可证和技术服务,FCAM和Y将订立技术服务协议并作为本协议附件2(以下称作“技术服务协议”)。

例7 The Parties to this Agreement agree and ensure that FCAM will, to the maximum extent practicably possible, use the forms required by Y for such data on management and financial information as are given by FCAM to the Parties hereto, and that FCAM shall prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto.注释:

(1)to the maximum extent practicably possible:尽实际可能最大限度地(2)data on management and financial information:管理和财务信息材料

(3)prepare and keep accounting and financial records and books:建好会计和财务帐目

(4)available for inspection or audit by either Party hereto:以备本协议各方的检查或审计 either Party hereto:either Party to this Agreement本协议双方 inspection:检查 audit:审计 参考译文:

本协议双方同意保证FCAM将尽实际可能最大限度地使用Y所要求的表格式样,用于FCAM向协议各方提供管理和财务信息材料;并且FCAM应建好会计和财务帐目以备协议双方的检查或审计。

例8 The Parties to this Agreement agree that the Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto to administrate or manage FCAM shall be responsible for approving the overall business management plan of the company, and monitoring the execution of the plan in question.Provided that the business management plan in question shall be submitted to the Parties hereto for review and approval.注释:

(1)Board of Directors authorized by the Parties hereto:本协议双方授权的董事会 hereto:to this Agreement(2)to administrate or manage FCAM:管理FCAM administrate:行政管理 manage:业务管理

(3)the overall business management plan of the company:公司整体经营计划(4)monitor the execution of the plan in question:监督该计划的执行(5)review and approval:审阅和批准 参考译文:

本协议双方同意授权管理FCAM的董事会对公司整体经营计划的报批和监督执行负责。该经营计划需要提交协议双方审阅和批准。

例9 The Parties to this Agreement agree, and will cause FCAM to agree, that Y will sell to FCAM, and FCAM will buy from Y, all such specialized machinery and equipment as is determined through mutual consultation by and between Y and FCAM for the effective utilization of the technical know-how supplied by Y to FCAM under the Technical Assistance Agreement at such prices and on such terms and conditions as are determined by and between the Parties hereto.注释:

(1)specialized machinery and equipment:特定机器设备 equipment:(单数形式)设备

(2)determined through mutual consultation:协商决定

(3)the effective utilization of the technical know-how:有效使用技术诀窍(4)terms and conditions:条件

(5)(such…)as:作关系代词,意为which, that 参考译文:

本协议双方同意并将使FCAM同意Y将向FCAM出售,FCAM从Y购买经过Y和FCAM协商决定的特定机器设备,以保证根据技术服务协议由Y向FCAM提供的技术诀窍得到有效使用,并以协议双方同意的价格和条件成交。

例10 The termination of this Contract shall not in any way affect the outstanding claims and liabilities existing between the Parties hereto upon the expiration of the validity of the Contract and the debtor shall continue to be kept liable for paying the outstanding debts to the creditor.注释:

(1)the termination of this Contract:本合同期满(2)outstanding claims and liabilities:未了债务(3)debtor:债务人(4)creditor:债权人 参考译文:

本合同期满时,双方之间发生的未了债务不受合同期满的影响,债务人应向债权人继续支付未了债务

四 herein 英文释义:in this 中文译词:此中,于此

用法:表示上文已提及的“本合同(中)的……,本法(中)的……”等时,使用该词。如表示“本法(中)所称的不正当竞争”,可译为“unfair competition mentioned herein”,此处herein表示“in this Law”;表示“本协议(中)内容”,译为“the Contents herein”,此处herein表示“in this Agreement”。

语法:置于所修饰词后,紧邻所修饰词.例1 Unfair competition mentioned in this Law refers to such acts of business operators as contravene the provisions hereof, with a result of damaging the lawful rights and interests of other business operators, and disturbing the socio-economic order.Business operators mentioned herein refer to such legal persons, other economic organizations and individuals as engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services(hereafter called Goods including services).注释:

(1)unfair competition:不正当竞争(2)mentioned in this Law:本法所称(3)refer to:是指

(4)contravene the provisions hereof:违反本法规定

(5)damage the lawful rights and interests of other business operators:损害其他经营者的合法权益

(6)disturb the socio-economic order:扰乱社会经济秩序(7)business operators mentioned herein:本法所称的经营者 herein:in this Law(8)engage in the trading of goods or profit-making services:从事商品经营或营利性服务 engage in:从事,be engaged in:忙于 参考译文:

本法所称的不正当竞争,是指经营者违反本法规定,损害其他经营者的合法权益,扰乱社会经济秩序的行为。

本法所称的经营者,是指从事商品经营或营利性服务(以下所称商品包括服务)的法人、其他经济组织和个人。

例2 This Law is hereby formulated and prepared in order to develop the foreign trade, maintain the foreign trade order and promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy.Foreign trade mentioned herein shall cover the import and export of goods, technology and the international trade in services.注释:

(1)this Law is hereby formulated and prepared:兹制定本法(2)maintain the foreign trade order:维护对外贸易秩序

(3)promote the healthy development of the socialist market economy:促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展

(4)foreign trade mentioned herein:本法所称对外贸易 herein:in this Law(5)the international trade in services:国际服务贸易 参考译文:

为了发展对外贸易,维护对外贸易秩序,促进社会主义市场经济的健康发展,兹制定本法。本法所称对外贸易,是指货物进出口、技术进出口和国际服务贸易。

例3 The term “company” mentioned herein refers to such a limited liability company or such a company limited by shares as are established within the territory of China in accordance with this Law.注释:(1)mentioned herein:mentioned in this Law 本法所称(2)limited liability company:有限责任公司(3)company limited by shares:股份有限公司(4)within the territory of China:在中国境内 参考译文:

本法所称公司是指依照本法在中国境内设立的有限责任公司和股份有限公司。

例4 Illegal gains from the crimes as specified in this Decision shall, if any, be confiscated.Where those commit crimes against the provisions herein, with their illegal gains to be confiscated, a fine imposed on, their property forfeited and a civil compensation assumed by, and their property and assets are insufficient for the payments of all the above items, they shall first be liable for the civil compensation.注释:

(1)illegal gains:违法所得

(2)shall be confiscated:应当予以没收

(3)the provisions herein:the provisions in this Decision 本决定规定(4)illegal gains to be confiscated:被没收违法所得(5)a fine imposed on:判处罚金(6)property forfeited:没收财产

(7)a civil compensation assumed by:承担民事赔偿责任 参考译文:

犯本决定规定之罪有违法所得的,应当予以没收。

犯本决定规定之罪,被没收违法所得、判处罚金、没收财产、承担民事责任的,其财产不足以支付时,先承担民事赔偿责任。

例5 The terms “FOB”, “CFR” or “CIF” shall be subject to the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000)provided by International Chamber of Commerce(ICC)unless otherwise specified herein(in this Contract).注释:(1)(1)“FOB”(free on board)(…Named port of shipment):船上交货(…<指定装运港>)

(2)(2)“CFR”(Cost and Freight)(…Named port of destination):成本加运费(…<指定目的港>)

(3)(3)“CIF”(Cost, Insurance and Freight)(…Named port of destination):成本、保险费加运费(……<指定目的港>)

(4)(4)the “International Rules for the Interpretation of Trade Terms”(INCOTERMS, 2000):《国际贸易术语解释通则(INCOTERMS)2000》 参考译文:

除非本合同另有规定,“FOB”、“CFR”和“CIF”均应依照国际商会制定的《国际贸易术语解释通则(INCOTERMS)2000》办理。

例6 Unless otherwise expressly provided for herein, if all disputes, controversies or differences arising out of or in relation to the execution of this Agreement between the Parties hereto, or any breach or default of the provisions hereof(including but not limited to, a dispute concerning the existence or continued existence of this Agreement, and the validity of the Arbitration Clause)fail to be settled amicably, the disputes, controversies or differences in question shall be submitted for arbitration.注释:

(1)unless otherwise expressly provided for herein:除非另有明确表示 herein:in this Agreement(2)dispute:争议(3)controversy:纠纷(4)difference:歧意

(5)the Parties hereto:the Parties to this Agreement本协议双方(6)any breach or default of the provisions hereof:任何违约及过失(7)including but not limited to:包括,但不限于

(8)the validity of the Arbitration Clause:仲裁条款有效性 arbitration clause 仲裁条款 参考译文:

除非另有明确表示,则由于执行本协议所引发或与本协议有关的协议双方的所有争议、纠纷或歧意,以及任何违约及过失(包括,但不限于有关本协议存续的争议,仲裁条款有效性的争议),如不能以友好协商的方式解决,则提交仲裁。

例7 The Agent shall, pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein, on the Disbursement Date, credit the funds received to such account as is specified by the Borrower under Sub-Clause 2.2 of this Contract.注释:

(1)the Agent:correspondent bank 代理行

(2)pursuant to the conditions and provisions specified herein:按照本合同规定的条件 herein:in this Contract(3)on the Disbursement Date:在付款日(4)credit the funds received:贷记入所收资金(5)the Borrower:借款人 参考译文:

代理行应按照本合同规定的条件,在付款日将所收资金贷记入借款人根据2.2款指定的帐户。

例8 All the rights provided for herein(in this Contract)shall be cumulative and shall not be exclusive of any other rights, powers, privileges or remedies provided for by laws.注释:

(1)cumulative:累加的

(2)shall not be exclusive of:并不排除(3)privilege:特权(4)remedy:补救方法

(5)provided for by laws:法律规定的 参考译文: 本合同规定的各项权利是累加的,并不排除法律规定的其它权利、权力、特权或补救方法。例9 Now Therefore, under the consideration of the mutual promises made by the Parties to this Agreement, the Parties hereto agree the contents herein as follows: 注释:

(1)Now Therefore:据此

(2)the consideration:对价。对价是对一项允诺(promise)的回报。例如,甲方允诺向乙方提供若干数量的货物,乙方同意付给甲方一定数目的货款,该货款便构成甲方允诺的对价。在经过要约(offer)与承诺(acceptance)的基础上,只有那些拥有对价的允诺才被认作合同,得到法律的保护和执行。

(3)the contents herein:本协议内容 herein:in this Agreement 参考译文:

据此,以本协议双方相互承诺为对价,就下述内容达成一致: 例10 The Borrower shall, under this Agreement and the Note, fulfill the obligations of making all payments.All the reimbursements to the Bank shall be free and clear of any other charges and exempt from all taxes and such reimbursements as are received by the Bank will not be subject to taxes.The Borrower shall, under this Agreement, pay all taxes as provided for herein.注释:

(1)the obligations of making all payments:支付义务(2)reimbursement:偿付

(3)be free and clear of any other charges:不附带其它费用(4)exempt from all taxes:是免税的

(5)pay all taxes as provided for herein:承担全部本协议规定的税务 herein:in this Agreement 参考译文:

借款人应按照本协议和票据完成所有支付义务。向银行的偿付应是不附带其它费用并且是免税的,而且银行所收到的偿付款项不含任何税务。借款人应按本协议承担全部本协议规定的税务。

五 hereinafter 英文释义:later in the same Contract 中文译词:以下,在下文

语法:一般与referred to as, called等词组连用,以避免重复,置于这些词组前面,与之紧邻。例1:

In accordance with the Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures and the Contract signed by and between Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party A)and Co.(hereinafter referred to as Party B), the articles of association hereby is formulated and prepared.注释:

(1)in accordance with:under 根据

(2)Law of the People’s Republic of China on Chinese-Foreign Equity Joint Ventures:中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法(3)Hereinafter:以下

(4)articles of association:合营公司章程(条款)(5)hereby:特此

(6)formulate:prepare 制订 参考译文:

根据《中华人民共和国中外合资经营企业法》以及由

公司(以下称甲方)与

公司(以下称乙方)所订的合资经营的合同,特制订本公司章程。

例2 Financial institutions with foreign capital mentioned in these Regulations refer to the following financial institutions that are established and operate in China upon approval in accordance with the relevant laws and regulations of the People’s Republic of China:(1)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign banks);(2)branches of foreign bank in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches);(3)banks incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture banks);(4)finance companies incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China(hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies);and(5)finance companies incorporated jointly by foreign and Chinese financial institutions(hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies).注释:

(1)financial institution:金融机构

(2)subsidiary banks incorporated by foreign capital whose head offices are in China:总行在中国境内的外国资本银行。在中译英时,这里的“外国资本银行”,应理解成“外资银行的子银行”,英文为subsidiary banks,而不能简单地译成foreign banks,因为很少有一家外国银行把自己的总部搬到国外,但在境外设立子银行、子公司是经常的。(3)hereinafter referred to as foreign banks:以下简称外资银行。

(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign bank branches:以下简称外资银行分行。(5)finance company:财务公司,这里应理解为金融公司,是指在商业银行以外的专门从事抵押放款业务的金融企业。如果中文为会计事务所,则要译成:accounting firm(6)hereinafter referred to as foreign finance companies:以下简称外资财务公司(7)hereinafter referred to as equity joint-venture finance companies:以下简称合资财务公司 参考译文:

本条例所称外资金融机构,是指依照中华人民共和国有关法律、法规的规定,经批准在中国境内设立和营业的下列金融机构:

(一)总行在中国境内的外国资本银行(以下简称外资银行)

(二)外国银行在中国境内的分行(以下简称外资银行分行)

(三)外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的银行(以下简称合资银行)

(四)总公司在中国境内的外国资本的财务公司(以下简称外资财务公司)

(五)外国的金融机构同中国的金融机构在中国境内合资经营的财务公司(以下简称合资财务公司)

例3 When existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures, Chinese-foreign cooperative joint ventures and wholly foreign-owned enterprises(hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”)apply to reorganize themselves into a company, the enterprises with foreign investment shall have a record of making profits for the recent three consecutive years.注释:

(1)existing Chinese-foreign equity joint ventures:已设立的中外合资经营企业,即现有的中外合资经营企业

(2)Chinese-foreign cooperative joint venture:中外合作经营企业(3)wholly foreign-owned enterprises:外资企业

(4)hereinafter referred to as “enterprises with foreign investment”:以下简称外商投资企业

(5)shall have a record of making profits:应有盈利纪录 参考译文:

已设立的中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业,外资企业(以下称为外商投资企业),如申请转变为公司的,应有最近连续3年的盈利纪录。

例4 To apply for the establishment of an investment company, the investor shall submit the following documents to the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC)for examination and approval after the examination and consent obtained from the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities of the related province, autonomous region, municipalities directly under the Central Government or the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan in which the investment company is to be located.注释:

(1)the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation(hereinafter referred to as MOFTEC):对外贸易经济合作部(以下简称外经贸部)(2)the foreign trade and economic cooperation authorities:外经贸部门(3)municipalities directly under the Central Government:直辖市

(4)the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan:计划单列市 参考译文:

申请设立投资公司,投资者应将下列文件经拟设立投资公司所在地的省、自治区、直辖市、计划单列市外经贸部门审核同意后,报对外贸易经济合作部(以下简称外经贸部)审查批准。例5 These Regulations are formulated and prepared in accordance with the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China(hereinafter referred to as the Company Law)in order to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies and standardize the registration activities of companies.注释:

(1)these Regulations are formulated and prepared:制定本条例 prepare:制定(2)the Company Law of the People’s Republic of China:《中华人民共和国公司法》(3)hereinafter referred to as the Company Law:以下简称《公司法》

(4)to affirm the qualifications of enterprise legal persons of companies:确认公司的企业法人资格

(5)standardize the registration activities of companies:规范公司登记行为 参考译文:

为了确认公司的企业法人资格,规范公司登记行为,依据《中华人民共和国公司法》(以下简称《公司法》),制定本条例。

例6 In order to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange, to absorb foreign investment and to promote the development of socialist market economy, foreign companies, enterprises and other economic organizations or individuals(hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders)and Chinese companies, enterprises and other economic organizations(hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders)may, within the territory of China, on the principle of equality and mutual benefit, incorporate themselves into a company limited by shares with foreign investment(hereinafter referred to as the Company).注释:

(1)to further expand international economic co-operation and technological exchange:进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流

(2)to absorb foreign investment:引进外资

(3)to promote the development of socialist market economy:促进社会主义市场经济的发展

(4)hereinafter referred to as foreign shareholders:以下简称外国股东 foreign shareholders:外国股东

(5)hereinafter referred to as Chinese shareholders:以下简称中国股东(6)within the territory of China:在中国境内

(7)a company limited by shares with foreign investment:外商投资股份有限公司 参考译文:

为进一步扩大国际经济合作和技术交流,引进外资,促进社会主义市场经济的发展,外国的公司、企业和其他经济组织或个人(以下简称外国股东),按照平等互利的原则,可与中国的公司、企业或其他经济组织(以下简称中国股东)在中国境内共同举办外商投资股份有限公司(以下简称公司)。

例7 In order to promote foreign investment in China and to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise, foreign investors are permitted to establish investment companies(hereinafter referred to as “investment company”)in China in accordance with the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment and these Regulations.注释:

(1)to introduce foreign advanced technology and managerial expertise:引进国外先进技术和管理经验

(2)to establish investment company:设立投资公司(3)hereinafter referred to as “investment company”:以下简称投资公司

(4)the Chinese laws and regulations governing foreign investment:中国有关外国投资的法律、法规 参考译文:

为了促进外国投资者来华投资,引进国外先进技术和管理经验,允许外国投资者根据中国有关外国投资的法律、法规及本规定,在中国设立投资公司(以下简称投资公司)。

例8 These Detailed Rules shall apply to the resident representative offices set up within the territory of the People’s Republic of China by foreign traders, manufacturers, shipping agents, contractors, consultant companies, advertising agencies, investment companies, leasing companies and other economic entities(hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”).注释:

(1)these Detailed Rules:本实施细则

(2)apply(to):vi.适用于 More Examples:The rules of safe driving apply to everyone./That applies to at least nine-tenths of the people we see about./That argument does not apply in this case./The comment applies equally here.(3)the resident representative offices:常驻代表机构(4)shipping agents:货运代理商(5)consultant company:咨询公司(6)advertising agency:广告公司(7)leasing company:租赁公司

(8)hereinafter called “foreign enterprises”:以下简称外国企业 参考译文:

本实施细则适用于外国贸易商、制造厂商、货运代理商、承包商、咨询公司、广告公司、投资公司、租赁公司和其他经济贸易组织(以下简称外国企业)在中华人民共和国境内设立的常驻代表机构。

例9 A foreign enterprise applying for the establishment of its resident representative office in the territory of the People’s Republic of China shall, upon approval and consent by the Ministry of Foreign Trade and Economic Cooperation or its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations(hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan, register with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce or its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce(hereinafter called the “registration authorities)of the provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the Central Government and the municipalities specifically(separately)listed in the State Economic Plan.注释:

(1)its authorized Commissions for Foreign Trade and Economic Relations:其授权的对外经济贸易委员会

(2)hereinafter called the “Examination-Approval Authorities:以下简称审批机关 Examination-Approval Authorities:审批机关(3)register with:办理登记手续

(4)the State Administration for Industry and Commerce:国家工商行政管理局(5)its authorized Administrations for Industry and Commerce:其授权的(各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市)工商行政管理局 参考译文:

外国企业申请在中华人民共和国境内成立常设代表机构,应经对外贸易经济合作部或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市对外经济贸易委员会(厅)(以下简称审批机关)批准,并在中华人民共和国国家工商行政管理局或其授权的各省、自治区、直辖市及计划单列市工商行政管理局(以下简称登记机关)办理登记手续。

六 therein 英文释义:in that;in that particular;in that respect 中文译词:在那里;在那点上,在那方面

用法:在表示上文已提及的“合同中的……,工程中的……”等时使用。例如表示“修补工程中的缺陷”:“the remedying of any defects therein”,此处therein表示“in the Works”;表示“用于工程中的材料或机械设备”:“materials or plant for incorporation therein”,这里的therein表示“in the Works”。

语法:置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。

例1 “Temporary Works” means all temporary works of every kind(other than the Contractor’s Equipment)required in or about the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein.注释:

(1)Temporary Works:临时工程,是指为永久工程服务的工程,永久工程建成后应予以拆除。建造临时工程的费用,按国际FIDIC合同条件规定,应由承包人负责。

(2)Defects:缺陷,表示工程施工出现的问题,即工程本身存在的问题,而不是因业主使用不当造成的。

(3)the execution and completion of the Works and the remedying of any defects therein:工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷。建造一项工程一般分成两个阶段进行,工程设计、施工、竣工为第一阶段,修补工程中任何缺陷为第二阶段,因此此句中的第一个and是对的,表示建造工程的两个阶段。参考译文:

临时工程是指在工程施工、竣工和修补工程中任何缺陷时需要或与上述工程阶段有关的所有各种临时工程,但承包人的设备除外。

例2 The contractor shall not, without the prior consent of the Employer, assign the Contract or any part thereof, or any benefit or interest therein or thereunder, otherwise than by: 注释:

(1)the prior consent of the Employer:业主的事先同意 注意:consent只有单数形式,表示同意

(2)assign:转让

(3)therein:in the contract;thereunder:under the contract(4)otherwise than by:但下列情况除外。也可写成:unless otherwise specified in the following circumstances: 参考译文:

没有业主的事先同意,承包人不得将合同或合同的任何部分,或合同中或合同名下的任何利益或好处进行转让,但下列情况除外:

例3 This Note means the Note mentioned in the Loan Agreement and is entitled to all the benefits provided therein.This refers to the rights and obligations therein of advance payments, default and acceleration of the maturity in the event of default.注释:

(1)Note:期票,即借据,票据(2)loan agreement:贷款协议

(3)be entitled to all the benefits:享有(贷款协议规定的)全部利益(4)advance payment:预付(5)default:违约

(6)in the event of default:因违约 参考译文:

本期票是贷款协议中所指的期票,享有贷款协议规定的全部利益,是指贷款协议中规定的预付、违约及因违约提前到期的权利和义务。

例4 A certificate of the Borrower shall, substantially, comply with the form set forth in Appendix 4, and the attachments specified therein.注释:

(1)a certificate of the borrower:借款人说明书(2)comply with:遵照

(3)the attachments specified therein:附录4规定的附件 therein:in Appendix 4 参考译文:

借款人证明书,其格式基本上应遵照附录4规定的格式及其规定的附件。

例5 If, at any time, an exemption shall be obtained from any such present or future taxes of any nature whatsoever imposed by local authorities or any political subdivision or taxing authorities thereof or therein as shall, under the Contract, be due in respect of any payment or payments, the Borrower shall promptly deliver to the Agent a copy of the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question.注释:

(1)exemption:免征税款(2)local authorities:地方当局

(3)any political subdivision:任何下属政府分支机构

(4)taxing authorities thereof or therein:地方当局的税收当局 therein:in local authorities(5)under the Contract:根据合同规定(6)shall be due:应予以征收的

(7)the certified documents evidencing the exemption in question:证明上述免税文件 in question:上述 参考译文:

任何时候,如果由当地或其任何政府分支机构或税收当局,对任何根据合同规定所支付费用应予以征收的税款,不论什么性质,现在或将来,凡可以免征的,借款人应及时向代理行递交一份证明上述免税文件的副本。

例6 Where enterprises with foreign investment were registered with the State Administration for Industry and Commerce before the promulgation of the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises(hereinafter called the Tax Law), the enterprise in question shall pay income tax at the rates provided for therein.注释:

(1)the Income Tax Law of the People’s Republic of China for Enterprises with Foreign Investment and Foreign Enterprises:中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法。(2)at the rates provided for therein:按税法规定的税率 therein:in the Tax Law 参考译文:

在《中华人民共和国外商投资企业和外国企业所得税法》(以下简称税法)公布前已经办理工商登记的外商投资企业,该企业应按税法规定的税率缴纳所得税。

例7 Where the Borrower has full power and authority to enter into this Agreement, to make the borrowings, to execute and deliver the Note and to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein, all the actions in question shall, properly and necessarily, be authorized by legal persons.注释:

(1)the Borrower:借款人

(2)to make the borrowings:借贷资金(3)to execute and deliver the Note:签署票据

(4)to incur the obligations provided for in this Agreement and therein:承担由此产生的义务 therein:in the Note(5)all the actions in question:上述全部行为(6)legal person:法人 参考译文:

借款人有充分的权力订立本协议,借贷资金、签署票据并承担由此而产生的义务,上述全部行为均应经法人适当和必需的授权。

例8 The Leasee shall, at his own expense, keep the commodity in good condition.Provided that the Leasor shall be responsible for the breakdown of the commodity and the Leasee may have the right to lodge claims against the Leasor for any losses occurred therein.注释:

(1)leasee:承租人

(2)keep the commodity in good condition:维持商品的良好状况(3)provided that:除非,表示进一步规定(4)leasor:出租人(5)to lodge claims against the Leasor:向出租人提出赔偿

(6)any losses occurred therein:因此所遭受的损失 therein:in the above-mentioned matters指出租商品出现的故障 参考译文:

承租人必须自负费用维持商品的良好状况;除非由出租人对商品的故障负责,承租人则有权向出租人提出赔偿因之所遭受的损失。

例9 When documents other than transport documents, insurance documents and commercial invoices are required, the credit shall provide for the following items, such as, the persons(drawers)by whom the documents in question are to be issued and the wording therein or data content thereof.If the credit fails to so stipulate, and the data content in the documents presented makes it possible to relate to the goods and/ or services referred to in the credit, banks will accept such documents as presented.注释:

(1)documents:shipping documents货运单据(2)transport documents:运输单据

(3)insurance documents:insurance policies保险单据(4)commercial invoice:商业发票(5)the credit:the letter of credit 信用证(6)drawer:出单人

(7)the wording therein:the wording in the documents 其措辞(8)data content thereof:data content of the documents 项目内容(9)referred to in the credit:信用证中所述的 参考译文:

当信用证要求运输单据、保险单据和商业发票以外的单据时,信用证应规定该单据的出单人及其措辞或项目内容。如信用证虽无此规定,但提交的单据的项目内容可能证实与信用证中所述的货物及/或服务有关联,则银行将予接受。

例10 If any loss or damage happens to the Works, or any part thereof, or materials or Plant for incorporation therein, during the period for which the Contractor is responsible for the care thereof, from any cause whatsoever, other than the risks defined in Sub-Clause 20.4, the Contractor shall, at his own cost, rectify such loss or damage so that the Permanent Works conform in every respect with the provisions of the Contract to the satisfaction of the Engineer.注释:

(1)loss or damage:损失与损坏 注:loss与damage同义,同义词连用是合同文件语言特点之一。

(2)any part thereof:any part of the Works 工程中的任何一部分 thereof:of the Works(3)for incorporation therein:used in the Works 用于工程中的 for incorporation in:used in 应译成“用于(工程)中”,而不能译成“进入工程” therein:in the Works 工程中(4)at one’s own cost:自费(5)rectify:弥补,纠正

(6)Permanent Works:永久工程

(7)to the satisfaction of the Engineer:达到工程师满意的程度 参考译文:

在承包人负责照管工程期间,如果工程或其任何部分或材料或用于工程中的设备,除第20.4款所规定的风险外,不管由于任何原因而遭受损失或损坏,承包人应自费弥补此类损失或损坏,以使永久工程在各方面均符合合同的规定,并达到工程师满意的程度。

七.thereof 英文释义: of that, of it 中文译词:由此,其

用法:在表示已提及的“人或事的……”时,为避免重复,可使用该词,比如表示“合同条件、条款”时,可译为“the terms, conditions and provisions thereof”,此处的thereof表示“of the Contract”;表示“工程任何部分”,可译为“any parts thereof”,这里的thereof表示“of the Works”。

语法:置于所修饰词后,紧邻修饰词。例1:

When the Buyer is entitled to determine the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery, the Buyer in question shall give the Seller the notice thereof.注释:

(1)be entitled to determine:有权确定

(2)the time within a specified period and /or the place of taking delivery:提取货物的时间和/或地点

(3)the notice thereof:有关这方面的通知 thereof:of the above-mentioned matters, that is, the time and the place of taking delivery.参考译文:

买方有权确定在规定期限内提取货物的时间和/或地点时,应给卖方有关这方面的通知。

例2 The collection of tax or the cessation thereof, the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid shall, in accordance with the provisions of the relevant law, be implemented.Provided that if the State Council is authorized by the law to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations, the provisions in question shall be implemented and complied with.注释:

(1)the collection of tax:税收的开征

(2)the cessation thereof:税收的停征 thereof:of tax(3)the reduction, exemption and refund of tax as well as the payment of tax unpaid:减税、免税、退税、补税(4)the State Council:国务院

(5)to formulate and prepare the relevant provisions of the regulations:制定的行政法规规定 prepare:制定 参考译文:

税收的开征、停征以及减税、免税、退税、补税,依照法律的规定执行;法律授权国务院规定的,依照国务院制定的行政法规的规定执行。

例3 The Party applying for arbitration shall submit to an arbitration commission the arbitration agreement, the application for arbitration and the copies thereof.注释:

(1)the Party applying for arbitration:当事人申请仲裁(是指申请仲裁的当事人)(2)arbitration commission:仲裁委员会(3)arbitration agreement:仲裁协议(4)application for arbitration:仲裁申请书

(5)the copies thereof:the copies of the application for arbitration 仲裁申请书副本 参考译文:

当事人申请仲裁,应当向仲裁委员会递交仲裁协议、仲裁申请书及副本。

例4 “Tests on Completion” means such tests specified in the Contract or otherwise agreed by and between the Engineer and the Contractor as shall be made by the Contractor before the Employer takes over the Works or any section or part thereof.注释:

(1)Tests on Completion:竣工检验(2)otherwise agreed:另行商定

(3)Employer takes over the Works:业主接收工程

(4)any section or part thereof:工程任何部分、区段 thereof:of the Works 参考译文:

竣工检验指合同规定的或由工程师与承包人另行商定的检验。这些检验是由承包人在业主接收工程或工程任何部分、区段之前进行的。

例5 The collection order shall give specific instructions regarding the protest(or shall take other legal process in lieu thereof), in the event of non-acceptance or non-payment.In the absence of such specific instructions, the banks concerned with the collection shall have no obligation to provide the protest(or to take other legal process in lieu thereof)when the banks in question experience non-acceptance and non-payment.Any charges and /or expenses incurred by the banks in connection with such protest or other legal process shall be borne by the principal.注释:

(1)the collection order:托收指示(2)the protest:拒绝证书

(3)in lieu thereof:代替拒绝证书 thereof:of the protest(4)non-acceptance or non-payment:拒绝承兑或拒绝付款(5)the banks concerned with the collection:与托收有关的各银行

(6)experience non-acceptance and non-payment:遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款(7)the principal:委托人 参考译文:

托收指示应对于在遭到拒绝承兑或拒绝付款时,是否需要作出拒绝证书(或采取其它替代法律手续)给予特别指示。

如无此项特别指示,与托收有关的各银行在遭到拒绝付款或拒绝承兑时,并无义务作出拒绝证书(或采取其它替代法律手续)。

银行由于作出拒绝证书或采取其它法律手续而发生的手续费或费用概由委托人负担。

例6 If the Seller makes the specification himself, he shall inform the Buyer of the details thereof and shall determine a reasonable time within which the Buyer may make a different specification.If, after receipt of the communication in question, the Buyer fails to do so within the time so determined, the specification made by the Seller shall be binding.注释:(1)makes the specification:订明规格

(2)the details thereof:the details of the specification规格的细节(3)the communication in question:该通知(4)shall be binding:应具有约束力 参考译文:

如果卖方自己制订规格,他必须将所制订的规格的细节通知买方,而且必须规定一段合理时间,让买方可以在该段时间内制订出不同的规格。如果买方在收到该通知后没有在该段时间内这样做,则卖方所订的规格应具有约束力。

例7 This Law shall apply to limited liability companies with foreign investment.Unless otherwise specified by the laws on Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprises, Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprises and wholly foreign-owned enterprises, the provisions thereof shall apply to them.注释:

(1)apply to(sb.):适用

(2)limited liability companies with foreign investment:外商投资的有限责任公司(3)Sino-foreign equity joint venture enterprise:中外合资经营企业(4)Sino-foreign co-operative joint venture enterprise:中外合作经营企业(5)wholly foreign-owned enterprise:外资企业 参考译文:

外商投资的有限责任公司适用本法,有关中外合资经营企业、中外合作经营企业、外资企业的法律另有规定的,适用其规定。

例8 “Time for Completion” means such time for completing the execution of the Works and passing the Tests on Completion of the Works or any Section or part thereof as is specified in the Contract from the Commencement Date.注释:

(1)time for completion:竣工时间(2)the execution of the Works:施工

(3)any Section or part thereof:工程的任何部分或区段,thereof:of the Works 参考译文:

竣工时间是指合同规定从工程开工日期算起到工程或其任何部分或区段施工结束并且通过竣工检验的时间。

例9 The Employer shall, prior to the submission by the Contractor of the Tender, have made available to the Contractor, such data on hydrological and subsurface conditions as have been obtained by the Employer or the Representative on behalf of the Employer from the investigations into the Works provided that the Contractor shall be responsible for his own interpretation thereof.注释:

(1)make available to the Contractor….:向承包人提供……(2)data on hydrological and subsurface conditions:水文地质资料

(3)his own interpretation thereof:自己对上述资料的解释 thereof:of the data 参考译文:

在承包人提交投标书之前,业主应向承包人提供由业主或业主代表根据对该项工程的勘察所取得的水文地质资料,但是承包人应对他自己对上述资料的解释负责。

例10 If this Agreement is terminated for any reason whatsoever, all such drawings, transparencies, specifications, and any other manufacturing or engineering information as are supplied by Party A, including all the copies thereof, shall be returned to Party A, and Party B shall cease to manufacture the said Licensed Products or Components, or parts of the Licensed Products.注释:

(1)this Agreement is terminated:本协议终止(2)transparency:图片(3)specifications:规格

(4)any other manufacturing or engineering information:其它全部生产和操作资料(5)the said Licensed Products:上述许可证产品 参考译文:

如本协议因任何理由而终止,所有由甲方提供的图纸、图片、规格以及其它全部生产和操作资料,包括全部复制品,均返还甲方,同时,乙方应停止生产上述许可证产品、或部件、或零件。

八.thereafter, thereto, therewith, therefor, thereunder

1)thereafter: after that此后;之后 2)thereto: to that 随附;附之 3)therewith: with that 与此;与之 4)therefor: for that 因之;为此 5)thereunder: under that 在其下;依照

用法: 本节提及的各词,其用法与上面七节谈及的一样,主要强调的是“that”。如果强调的是“this”,则要用hereafter, hereto, herewith和hereof等。语法:紧接所修饰词之后。

例1:

The decision and award of the arbitration tribunal shall be final, and the judgment on the decision and award in question may, under the request of either party to the Contract, be made by any court having jurisdiction.The parties thereto shall, in good faith, comply with the decision and award of the arbitration tribunal.注释:

(1)

decision and award of the arbitration tribunal:仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决(2)

the judgment:司法判决

(3)

any court having jurisdiction:有管辖权的法院 jurisdiction:管辖权(4)

the parties thereto:合同双方 thereto:to the Contract(5)

in good faith:以良好诚信的态度

参考译文:

仲裁庭的仲裁决定或裁决是终局的,任何一方可以要求任何有管辖权的法院对此作出司法判决。双方须以良好诚信的态度遵守仲裁庭的决定。

例2: “Patented Technology” means such letters patent, and application therefore as are presently owned or acquired in the future by Party B and /or as Party B has or may have the right to control or grant license thereof during the effective period of this Contract in any or all countries of the world, and as are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products.注释:

(1)

patented technology:专利技术(2)

letters patent:专利证,专利(3)

application therefore:专利申请(4)

grant license thereof:许可转让

(5)

during the effective period of this Contract:本合同有效期间

(6)

are applicable to or may be used in the manufacture of this Contract Products:适用于或可能适用于制造本合同产品

参考译文:

“专利技术”,系指乙方目前拥有的或未来获得的和/或有权或可能有权控制的,或在本合同有效期间在世界任何国家许可转让的,适用于或可能适用于制造本合同产品的专利和专利申请。

例3:

“Contract Products” means the products specified in Appendix 2 to this Contract, together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto.注释:

(1)

Contract Products:合同产品

(2)

Appendix 2 to this Contract:本合同附件2(3)

together with all improvements and modifications thereof or developments with respect thereto:及其改进发展的产品 thereof:of the Contract Products;thereto:to the Contract Products 参考译文:

“合同产品”,系指本合同附件2中规定的产品及其改进发展的产品。

例4:

“Specifications” means the specifications of the Works included in the Contract and such any modification thereof or addition thereto as are made under Clause 95 or as are submitted by the Contractor and approved by the Engineer.注释:

(1)

specifications:规范

(2)

any modification thereof or addition thereto:对规范的任何修改或增补 thereof:of the Specifications;thereto:to the Specifications(3)

under Clause 95:根据第95条规定

参考译文:

规范是指合同中包括的工程规范,以及根据第95条规定的或由承包商提出并经工程师批准的对规范的任何修改或增补。

例5:

The Defects Liability Certificate for the Works shall, within 28 days after the expiration of the Defects Liability Period, be issued by the Engineer, or, if different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works, the expiration of the latest such period, or if, pursuant to Clause 82, any works instructed are completed to the satisfaction of the Engineer, the Defects Liability Certificate therefor shall be issued by the Engineer as soon as possible.注释:

(1)

the Defects Liability Certificate:缺陷责任证书

(2)

the expiration of the Defects Liability Period: 缺陷责任期终止

(3)

different defects liability periods become applicable to different Section or parts of the Permanent Works:不同的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分(4)

any works instructed:任何按指示进行的工程

参考译文:工程的缺陷责任证书应由工程师在缺陷责任期终止后28天内颁发,或者,如果不同的缺陷责任期适用永久工程的不同区段或部分时,则在最后一个缺陷责任期终止或根据第82条,在任何按指示进行的工程已完成并达到工程师满意之后尽快签发。

例6:

The Borrower shall pay for the account of the Banks a commitment fee of one half of one percent(0.5%)per annum on the Total Loan Commitment.The commitment fee shall be paid from the date of the conclusion of the Contract(inclusive)to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date(but excluding the day in question).The commitment fee shall quarterly be paid from the date in the third month thereafter to the earlier day of the Disbursement Date and the Termination Date.注释:

(1)

commitment fee:承诺费,承担费。贷款协议签定生效后,如借款人没有按期使用贷款,需向贷款人支付一定金额的补偿费用——承诺费或承担费。通常在贷款协议中确定一个承诺期。承诺期分为前后两期,前期不收承诺费,后期计收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期已使用全部承诺期金额,则不收承诺费。如果在前段承诺期未使用全部承诺期金额,其余额在后段承诺期使用,则计收承诺费。

(2)

the Disbursement Date:贷款发放日(3)

the Termination Date:贷款终止日

(4)

from the date in the third month thereafter:从其后第3个月的该日 thereafter:after the Termination Date

参考译文:

借款人每年应支付银行贷款承诺总额0.5%的承诺费。支付时间从签订合同之日起(包括该日在内),到贷款发放日和终止日中较早之日(但不包括该日在内)为止,从其后第3个月的该日起开始按季支付至发放日与终止日中较早之日。

例7: If one or more of the following events of default(hereinafter called “Event of Default”)occurs or occur or continues or continue, the Agent and the Bank shall be entitled to the remedies specified in Sub-Clause 11.2 of the Agreement.(a)The Borrower fails to pay any amount payable thereunder as and when such amount shall become payable.注释:

(1)

events of default:违约事件(2)

continues or continue:正在继续(3)

the remedies:补救方法

(4)

fail to pay any amount payable thereunder:未能支付根据该协议规定应付的款项 thereunder:under the Contract

参考译文:

如果发生下列一种或一种以上违约事件(以下称违约事件),或该违约事件正在继续,代理行以及各行应行使第11.2款规定的救济方法。(1)借款人未能支付根据该协议规定到期应付的款项。九.whereas

释义: considering that, 鉴于,就......而论(法律用语)

用法: 常用于合同协议书的开头段落中,以引出合同双方要订立合同的理由或依据。语法:紧接于要修饰词之前,常位于句首。

例1:

Whereas Party B has the right and agrees to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology;Whereas Party A desires to use the Patented Technology of Party B to manufacture and sell the Contract Products;The Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract have, through friendly negotiation, agreed to enter into this Contract under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows: 注释:

(1)

whereas:鉴于

(2)

to grant Party A the rights to use, manufacture and sell the Contract Products of Patented Technology:将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方(3)

the Representatives authorized by the Parties to this Contract:双方授权代表(4)

under the terms, conditions and provisions specified as follows:就以下条款

参考译文:

鉴于乙方有权并同意将专利技术的合同产品的使用权、制造权和销售权授予甲方; 鉴于甲方希望利用乙方的专利技术制造并销售合同的产品;双方授权代表经友好协商,同意就以下条款签订本合同:

例2:

Whereas Party A possesses proprietary technical information including designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data useful in the manufacture and marketing of certain products;and Whereas Party B desires to acquire the right and licence to use the above-mentioned technical assistance for the purpose of manufacturing, using and selling such products;and Whereas Party B desires to use the following trademarks owned by Party A.Now Therefore, the parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注释:

(1)

proprietary technical information:专有技术信息

(2)

designs, techniques, workmanship, formulas, skills and other data:设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料

(3)

the right and licence:许可权利(4)

technical assistance:技术协助(5)

trademarks:商标

参考译文:

鉴于甲方拥有合同产品的生产及销售所涉及的技术信息,包括设计、技术、工艺、配方、技能和其他资料的专有权;

鉴于乙方以生产、使用和销售合同产品为目的,希望获得使用上述协助的许可权利; 鉴于乙方希望使用甲方所有的下述商标; 双方兹就下列内容达成一致:

例3:

Whereas the Borrower proposes to borrow from the Banks, and the Banks, severally but not jointly, propose to lend to the Borrower, an aggregate amount of $50,000,000, the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows: 注释:

(1)

whereas:鉴于

(2)

severally but not jointly:分别但不连带地(3)

an aggregate amount:总额

(4)

the Parties hereto have hereby made and concluded this Agreement as follows:当事人协议如下

参考译文:

鉴于借款人提出从银行借款,各银行分别但不连带地向借款人贷款,总额为$50,000,000(5000万美元),当事人协议如下:

例4: Whereas the Borrower has requested the Bank to extend to the Borrower a term loan in the principal amount of One Million US Dollars(US $1,000,000)under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;and Whereas the Bank is prepared to make such a loan available to the Borrower under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement;Now Therefore, in consideration of the mutual promises contained herein, the Parties hereto do hereby agree on the contents of the agreement as follows: 注释:

(1)

whereas:鉴于(2)

a term loan:定期贷款(3)

the principal amount:本金

(4)

under the terms, conditions and provisions of this Agreement:根据本协议规定的条件和款项

(5)

in consideration of the mutual promises:以双方相互承诺为对价 consideration:对价 参考译文:

鉴于借款人根据本协议规定的条件和款项,已向银行要求向借款人提供一笔本金为100万美元(US$ 1,000,000)的定期贷款;

鉴于银行根据本协议规定的条件和款项,已准备向借款人提供此项定期贷款; 据此,以双方相互承诺为对价,就下述内容达成一致。例5:

Whereas Party A and Party B, adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit and through friendly consultation, agree to jointly invest to establish a new joint venture company in China(hereinafter referred as “Joint Venture”).The Contract hereunder is made and concluded.注释:(1)

whereas:鉴于

(2)

adhering to the principle of equality and mutual benefit:按照平等互利的原则(3)

through friendly consultation:通过友好协商(4)

joint venture company:合资经营公司(5)

hereinafter referred as:以下称 参考译文:

鉴于甲方与乙方按照平等互利的原则,经过友好协商,决定共同投资在中国建立合资经营公司(以下称“合资企业”),为此达成如下合同。

第五篇:一篇上外高翻的报道

一篇上外高翻的报道

群群,明明,晓理(女):均为同传班学员

柴院长:上外高级翻译学院院长 小杜:同传系主任,加拿大人

Topic1:PPMM唱主角?

走进教室才发现,“娘子军”打天下,2名男生成了8名女生的陪衬。学员们清一色都是年轻面庞,年龄集中在22到28岁。心生好奇:做同传,难道漂亮女生最吃香?

晓理:女生嘛,口语能力总占点优势,发音频率高,口齿清楚。男孩的优势是反应灵敏,比较strong(体力好)。

群群:习惯了!学文科,女生数量总是有压倒性优势,以前班级里还有个男、女生比例为3:62的惊人记录。至于年龄,年轻人接受能力强,学翻译当然是越早越好———就像学骑车,小时候比较容易。

柴院长:女多男少,是整个文科类学科面临的问题。所以说,男孩子来报考外语学校,其实很合算。年轻人可塑性大,到了四五十岁再改行的人毕竟少。话说回来,做这行也不是吃青春饭,经验很重要。我们的面试考官中有一位60多岁的法国人,是法国的首席口译员———伊拉克打仗那会儿,法国电视台就是请他把现场的英语新闻口译成法语的!

Topic2:“牛人”都是啥背景?

本想请教这些“牛人”,考前到底做了什么准备。谁知道个个都说“没啥好准备”———不知道考什么,最多只是听听英语广播,看看原版书。他们的背景倒是五花八门,有工作好几年的,有刚毕业的,还有在读的研究生……

晓理:以前在大学实习时,参加了不少在上海召开的国际性会议。会议大多档次很高:在五星级宾馆召开,名流云集……偏偏就是不少翻译的水平很烂。因为这个,我对这次招考动了心———早在大一时,我就考出了高级口译证书。当然,我也不会放弃原来的专业,完全可以和同传找到结合点!

群群:大学时读的就是英语专业,现在再读同传,比较符合我的性格———我不太擅长需要原创性的东西,而同传要忠实于别人的发言,并不需要你自己“创造”。

明明:我原先在IT行业工作了3年———别人都以为方向转得太“猛”,其实自己英语底子一直还可以。几年工作下来,还是觉得学语言最适合自己,凭感觉,同传该是这个领域里面的“塔尖”了吧,收入应该不会比IT业差。

Topic3:考试难倒了英雄汉?

8月份的考试,是这次招生的一道“门槛”。考试分笔试和面试两部分。90多个报名者,笔试后之剩下1/4,本以为20个招生名额会招满,谁知道面试下来,又刷掉一大半。同传考试,到底考了点啥?

明明:面试的3位考官,有2位是老外,大概因为学理工科出身,我有点发怵。考题的一部分是翻译所给的四、五段材料,从“儿童问题”一直到“企业领导”,一紧张,我漏了不少东西。笔试中有一部分是视译,其实也是口头的———给你中文材料,让你现场翻译,要用录音机录下来———我的经验是不要瞻前顾后,据说不少人老觉得前面的没说好,一开小差,就容易说不成句、停顿下来。

群群:笔试难度,感觉和英语8级差不多,除了常见的中翻英、英翻中,比较有意思的是作文———不是普通的命题作文,而是让你做完前面的完形填空题后,再顺着文章的思路完成全文。至于面试,一上来是复述一大段英文材料———有一页半A4纸那么长!因为不能做笔记,复述时只记得一堆零散的材料,逻辑关系很容易搞乱。

晓理:最难的是笔试中的“名词解释”。给你一些英文缩写、英文人名,要你用英文解释———知识面不广,你会知道ILO是“国际劳工组织”的缩写吗?你知道怎么解释瓦杰帕依和维拉潘?

柴院长:被淘汰的人,除了语音语调基础差、逻辑思维不强,很重要的一个问题就是在“自我发挥”———材料听不懂、看不全,结果就胡编乱造。要记住,做同传,可不需要你“添砖加瓦”、“横生枝节”!

Topic4:好老师就是好课堂?

现场听了同传班的课。因为开课不久,形式并不复杂:几张桌子拼起来,学生们围坐一圈,小杜老师读完材料,就请学员们翻译。学同传,究竟有什么两样?

晓理:他比大山还要大山———英语好不稀奇,稀奇的是他对汉语的理解比我们还到位。比如他会说,翻译时不要“只见树木,不见森林”。我们常常用“开展了××工作”这样的句子,他就会边比划边说:“汉语里有更地道的词———为什么不说‘抓’好某项工作呢?”

群群:别看上课时他挺幽默,其实也挺严格。谁翻得不好,马上就请其他同学重新翻过,直到他满意为止。课后,他给我们布置的作业份量还挺“足”:要经常阅读《国际先驱论坛》、《经济学家》这样的权威刊物。

小杜老师:千万别以为这种授课方式是我的发明,其实,同传的教学在国际上有着统一标准。刚入门,学员们主要练听力———这时他们往往会发现自己对母语根本没吃透。今后他们还有很多实习机会,等到第二学年下学期,还会让他们去联合国“实战演习”———在现场做“哑巴”翻译,他们的声音不传送到会场内。

Topic5:许我一个“金饭碗”?

同传的报酬到底有多少?每小时几千?甚至上万?在普通人眼里,它绝对是个“金饭碗”。很想知道,同传在这些学员眼里,是个怎样的“饭碗”?

明明:我觉得挺有前途,虽然同传的缺口不大,可真正高水平的同传还是凤毛麟角。既然改了行,我对未来有信心!唯一担心的是怕有上顿没下顿:像“非典”那会儿,几个月没收入的日子也不是好过的。

群群:同传只是一个“专业人士”罢了。别看它薪水高,可那是计件的,做个20年,还是这样的标准。不像在大公司做,起初月薪只有五、六千,没法和同传比,可等你做到manager、partner……同传是个收益股,而依托一个公司,那是“成长股”。

晓理:未来?能找到一份相关的工作最好,找不到也不遗憾。毕竟,第一学年结束后还有中期考试,考不出,照样被淘汰,只能去做笔译。再说了,两年8万元的学费也是一笔不小的开支……投资本身就比较高。今后赚不赚大钱不重要,主要是希望通过这段经历提升自己的总体水准。

柴院长:不要轻易把同传当成“金饭碗”!同传其实是幕后工作,可不像你想象得那么光鲜,喜欢做决策的人千万不要来。

看完后发现可能是篇年代久远的报道。。凑合看吧

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