国际贸易专业英语复习

第一篇：国际贸易专业英语复习

国际贸易专业英语期末考试（开卷）

一、名词英译汉：1’*10=10，（来自课件）

二、句子英译汉：3’*10=30，（来自课件，注意：句子翻译要符合中文的语法习惯）

三、简答题：5’*4=20，（来自课件）

四、判断对错：1’*10=10，（来自课件）

五、阅读理解：15’*2=30，（关注中国商务部英文网，考查的是短语，句子翻译，文章的理解，要关注最近一段时间的新闻，对于像Policies,Topics,Services,上海自由贸易区的等一系列的内容的了解）

第二篇：国际贸易专业英语

1.The theory ofcomparative advantage

Although Smith’s work was instrumental in the development of economic theories about trade and production, it did not answer a question like if a country did not possess absolute advantage in any product, could it(or would it)trade ?

尽管大卫李嘉图的著作在贸易和生产相关的经济理论上有指导意义，但他没有回答类似于一个国家若没有绝对优势能否贸易这样的问题。

David Ricardo(1772-1823), in his 1819 work entitled On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, sought to take the basis ideas set down by Smith a few steps further.Ricardo noted that even if a country possessed absolute advantage in the production of two products, it still must be relatively more efficient than the other country in the production of one commodity than the other.Ricardo termed this the Comparative Advantage.大卫.李嘉图在1819年的作品《政治经济学及赋税原理》，试图在斯密观点基础上进行更深一步挖掘，李嘉图表示即使一个国家在生产两种产品时有绝对优势，但相对另一个国家生产同类产品它依然有相对较高效率的产品，李嘉图把这称之为比较优势。

2.Definition

a.According to the theory of comparative advantage, it makes sense for a country to specialize in the production of those goods it produces most efficiently and to buy the goods from other countries that it produces less efficiently, even if this means buying goods from other countries that it could produce more efficiently itself.根据比较优势理论，一个国家专注于生产那些有较高效率的产品何从其他国家购买本国生产效率相对较低的产品，即使这意味着从国外购买更高效率的产变得合情合理。b.A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the

opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries.就产品而言，如果一个国家生产这种产品相比其他国家有更低机会成本就称之为这个国家有比较优势。

3.Chief points of view

a.Each country would then possess comparative advantage in the production of one of the two products, the less efficient nation should specialize in and export the good in which it is comparatively less inefficient(where its absolute disadvantage is least).每个国家在生产一两种产品上有比较优势，一个生产效率相对较低的国家应专业化出口相对来说具有优势的产品。

b.The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that good in which it is comparatively more efficient(where its absolute advantage is greatest).And both countries would then benefit by specializing completely in one product and trading for the other.一个相对生产效率较高的国家应专注看相对生产效率更高（绝对优势最大的）产品，这样两类国家都能从完全专业化的生产和贸易中获利。

c.Absolute productive efficiency was thus not a crucial factor governing the basis for international trade, according to Ricardo.The Ricardian model or principle of comparative advantage is today the most famous and influential principle of economics.根据李嘉图的观点，绝对生产效率并不是控制国际贸易基础一个关键因素。李嘉图模型或相对比较优势的原理是今天经济理论中最著名的也是最有影响力的经济理论。

4.Comparison between the two Theories

a.After comparison we’ll find Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage is more advanced than Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.在比较后我们发现李嘉图的比较优势理论比斯密的绝对优势理论更先进。b.According to Smith’s view, the product exported by a country must be goods which the exporting country has absolute advantage to produce and the cost of producing it must be absolutely lower than the same good of another country.根据斯密的观点，一个国家出口的产品一定是出口该国生产商有绝对优势的相比另一个国家绝对生产成本更低的产品。

c.But David Ricardo took Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage one step further.In his opinion not necessarily every country has to produce all sorts of goods.What a nation should do is to concentrate its efforts and resources on producing those goods which can generate more advantages and bring about less disadvantages.但是李嘉图是在斯密绝对优势理论的基础上进一步延伸的。在他看来，每个国家没必要生产所有类型的产品，一个国家需要做的只是集中精力和资源生产那些有更少劣势更多优势的产品。

d.Under such conditions international trade would result in international division of labor and specialization beneficial to all countries.In addition, Ricardo particularly stressed labor productivity and argued that differences in labor productivity between nations underlie the notion of comparative advantage.在这些条件下，国际贸易会产生国际劳动、专业分工，对所有国家都有利，除此之外，李嘉图特别强调，不同国家劳动分工、生产差异构成的比较优势。

e.Despite the differences between the two theories they have something in common.Both Smith and Ricardo emphasized the supply side of the market and the fact that the immediate basis for trade stemmed from cost differences.Actually Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage was developed on the basis of Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.尽管这两个理论有差异但也存在共性。李嘉图和斯密都强调了市场的供给

方，贸易基础根源于生产成本的差异，确切的说，李嘉图的相对比较优势理论是在史密斯的绝对优势理论的基础上发展起来的。

5.A questiontodiscuss

A professor is prepared to write a book.He is faster both in writing and collecting data than others.Suppose that he need 1 year to write a book, 4 months to collect data.And the student need 2 years to write a book, 6 months to collect data.But the professor paidto his students for collecting datafor him instead of collecting data himself.Explain the reason.一个教授准备写一本书，他在写书和收集书籍上都比别人快，假设他需要一年去写一本书，四个月收集数据，学生需要两年写一本书，六个月收集数据，但是教授支付费用给他的学生请学生代替他自己收集数据，请解释理由。

相对学生来说，教授在写书有比较优势；相对教授来说，学生在搜集数据上更有优势。

第三篇：国际贸易专业英语整理

可能出翻译

(1)FOB: Free on Board(…named port of shipment)

装运港船上交货（……指定装运港）“Free on Board” means that the seller fulfils his obligation to deliver when the goods have passed over the ship’s rail at the

named port of shipment.（2）CFR: Cost and Freight(…named port of destination)成本加运费（……指定目的港）

“Cost and Freight” means that the seller is responsible for chartering a liner and loading the goods on the liner at the stipulated time in the contract.（3）CIF: Cost Insurance and Freight(…named port of destination)成本、保险加运费（……指定目的港）

“Cost Insurance and Freight” means that the seller has the obligations to procure marine insurance against the risks of losses of, or damage to the goods during the carriage.1.The theory ofcomparative advantage

Although Smith’s work was instrumental in the development of economic theories about trade and production, it did not answer a question like if a country did not possess absolute advantage in any product, could it(or would it)trade ?

尽管斯密的著作在贸易和生产相关的经济理论上有指导意义，但他没有回答类似于一个国家若没有绝对优势能否贸易这样的问题。

David Ricardo(1772-1823), in his 1819 work entitled On the Principles of Political Economy and Taxation, sought to take the basis ideas set down by Smith a few steps further.Ricardo noted that even if a country possessed absolute advantage in the production of two products, it still must be relatively more efficient than the other country in the production of one commodity than the other.Ricardo termed this the Comparative Advantage.大卫.李嘉图在1819年的作品《政治经济学及赋税原理》，试图在斯密观点基础上进行更深一步挖掘，李嘉图表示即使一个国家在生产两种产品时有绝对优势，但相对另一个国家生产同类产品它依然有相对较高效率的产品，李嘉图把这称之为比较优势。

2.Definition

a.According to the theory of comparative advantage, it makes sense for a country to specialize in the production of those goods it produces most efficiently and to buy the goods from other countries that it produces less efficiently, even if this means buying goods from other countries that it could produce more efficiently itself.根据比较优势理论，一个国家专注于生产那些有较高效率的产品何从其他国家购买本国生产效率相对较低的产品，即使这意味着从国外购买更高效率的产变得合情合理。b.A country has a comparative advantage in producing a good if the

opportunity cost of producing that good in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries.就产品而言，如果一个国家生产这种产品相比其他国家有更低机会成本就称之为这个国家有比较优势。

3.Chief points of view

a.Each country would then possess comparative advantage in the production of one of the two products, the less efficient nation should specialize in and export the good in which it is comparatively less inefficient(where its absolute disadvantage is least).每个国家在生产一两种产品上有比较优势，一个生产效率相对较低的国家应专业化出口相对来说具有优势的产品。

b.The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that good in which it is comparatively more efficient(where its absolute advantage is greatest).And both countries would then benefit by specializing completely in one product and trading for the other.一个相对生产效率较高的国家应专注看相对生产效率更高（绝对优势最大的）产品，这样两类国家都能从完全专业化的生产和贸易中获利。

c.Absolute productive efficiency was thus not a crucial factor governing the basis for international trade, according to Ricardo.The Ricardian model or principle of comparative advantage is today the most famous and influential principle of economics.根据李嘉图的观点，绝对生产效率并不是控制国际贸易基础一个关键因素。李嘉图模型或相对比较优势的原理是今天经济理论中最著名的也是最有影响力的经济理论。

4.Comparison between the two Theories

a.After comparison we’ll find Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage is more advanced than Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.在比较后我们发现李嘉图的比较优势理论比斯密的绝对优势理论更先进。

b.According to Smiths view, the product exported by a country must be goods which the exporting country has absolute advantage to produce and the cost of producing it must be absolutely lower than the same good of another country.根据斯密的观点，一个国家出口的产品一定是出口该国生产商有绝对优势的相比另一个国家绝对生产成本更低的产品。

c.But David Ricardo took Adam Smith’s theory of absolute advantage one step further.In his opinion not necessarily every country has to produce all sorts of goods.What a nation should do is to concentrate its efforts and resources on producing those goods which can generate more advantages and bring about less disadvantages.但是李嘉图是在斯密绝对优势理论的基础上进一步延伸的。在他看来，每个国家没必要生产所有类型的产品，一个国家需要做的只是集中精力和资源生产那些有更少劣势更多优势的产品。

d.Under such conditions international trade would result in international division of labor and specialization beneficial to all countries.In addition, Ricardo particularly stressed labor productivity and argued that differences in labor productivity between nations underlie the notion of comparative advantage.在这些条件下，国际贸易会产生国际劳动、专业分工，对所有国家都有利，除此之外，李嘉图特别强调，不同国家劳动分工、生产差异构成的比较优势。

e.Despite the differences between the two theories they have something in common.Both Smith and Ricardo emphasized the supply side of the market and the fact that the immediate basis for trade stemmed from cost differences.Actually Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage was developed on the basis of Smith’s theory of absolute advantage.尽管这两个理论有差异但也存在共性。李嘉图和斯密都强调了市场的供给

方，贸易基础根源于生产成本的差异，确切的说，李嘉图的相对比较优势理论是在史密斯的绝对优势理论的基础上发展起来的。

5.A questiontodiscuss

A professor is prepared to write a book.He is faster both in writing and collecting data than others.Suppose that he need 1 year to write a book, 4 months to collect data.And the student need 2 years to write a book, 6 months to collect data.But the professor paidto his students for collecting datafor him instead of collecting data himself.Explain the reason.一个教授准备写一本书，他在写书和收集书籍上都比别人快，假设他需要一年去写一本书，四个月收集数据，学生需要两年写一本书，六个月收集数据，但是教授支付费用给他的学生请学生代替他自己收集数据，请解释理由。

相对学生来说，教授在写书有比较优势；相对教授来说，学生在搜集数据上更有优势。在写书有比较优势；相对教授来说，学生在搜集数据上更有优势。

可能出简答题

1.What is the foundation of the world trade?

（1）In today’s complex economic world, neither individuals nor nations are self sufficient.（2）Nations have utilized different economic resources;people have developed different skills.（3）As a result of this trade and activity, international finance and banking have evolved.2.What are the major views of the theory of absolute advantage?

Nations could concentrate their production on goods they could make most cheaply, with all the consequent benefits of the division of labor.Smith used some suppositions to explain his principle of absolute advantage.it was far better for a country to import goods that could be produced overseasmore efficiently than to manufacture them itself.Countries would import goods in the production of which they had an absolute disadvantage against the exporting country.They would export goods in the production of which they had an absolute advantage over the importing country.In Smith’s opinion each nation had some sort of absolute advantage in the production of certain goods.If it could specialize in the production of them and then exchange the goods with each other, every country would receive a benefit.3.Make a comparison between the H-O theory and Ricardo’s theory of comparative advantage.（1）Main similarity

Like Ricardo’s theory, H-O theory also argues that free trade is beneficial to trading nations.（2）difference

The biggest difference between Ricardo’s trade theory and H-O theory is that, when explaining the basis for trade Ricardo places primary reliance on factor productivity while the H-O theory sheds more light on other important trade issues such as the influence of resource supplies or factor endowment supplies on international specialization and the influence of trade on the distribution of income.To put it in a simple way, unlike Ricardian trade theory which takes factor

productivity difference as the main basis for trade, the H-O theory, in explaining the main reason for trade, delegates primary importance to the factor endowments nations enjoy.4.What is the purpose of the trade terms?

Trade terms are key elements of international contracts of sale, since they tell the parties what to do with respect to:

Delivery terms ；Price terms ；Delivery obligations

(1)Naming the exact point at which the ownership of the merchandise is transferred from the seller to the buyer.(2)Define the responsibilities and expenses of both the seller and the buyer.(3)The use of the trade terms greatly simplifies the contract negotiations, and thus saves time and cost.5.What are the reasons for the popularity of the international competitive bidding?

(a)When public funds is involved, a public agency, through international notification, is bound to offer an equal opportunity to all potential bidders who directly or indirectly contribute to public funds.(b)This competitiveness of bidding results in the most efficient use of public funds.(c)The open bidding procedure serves as a safeguard against waste, corruption and favoritism.6.What are the reasons of the foreign trade?

（1）No nation has all of the commodities that it needs.Raw materials are scattered around the world.Countries that do not have these resources within their own boundaries must buy form countries that export them.（2）Second, foreign trade also occurs because a country often does not have enough of particular item to meet its needs.（3）Third, one nation can sell items at a lower cost than other countries.---Comparative Advantage:One country should buy and import what it needs from those countries that have a comparative advantage in the desired items.7.What are the major views of the theory of comparative advantage?(1)Each country would then possess comparative advantage in the production of one of the two products, the less efficient nation should specialize in and export the good in which it is comparatively less inefficient(where its absolute disadvantage is least).（2）The more efficient nation should specialize in and export that good in which it is comparatively more efficient(where its absolute advantage is greatest).And both countries would then benefit by specializing completely in one product and trading for the other.（3）Absolute productive efficiency was thus not a crucial factor governing the basis for international trade, according to Ricardo.The Ricardian model or principle of comparative advantage is today the most famous and influential principle of economics.8.Illustrate the meaning of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory.Although sometimes this theory is also referred to as the Heckscher-Ohlin model or the factor endowment model, more often than not it is called the Heckscher-Ohlin theory or simply the H-O theory.H-O theory is one of the most influential theories in modern international economics according to which international trade is largely driven by differences in countries’ resources(land, labor and capital).9.What is the concept of trade terms?

（1）Trade terms, also called price terms or delivery terms, are an important

component of a unit price in international trade, standing for specific obligations of the buyer and seller.（2）Trade terms are often shorthand expressions or expressed by three-letter abbreviation.10.Shipments are examined to determine what?

（1）Shipment should be made according to the contact terms.（2）Usually, the exporter shall fill in the Shipping Note to book the shipping space or ship.（3）After receiving the Shipping Order(S/O)from the carrier, the exporter may start to ensure the loading of the goods.The exporter should supervise the loading process.（4）After the goods being loaded on board the vessel, the Captain or the Mate will issue a receipt, i.e the Mate’s Receipt.（5）The shipper shall exchangethe Mate’s Receipt for the Bill of Lading from the shipping Agency making payment of freight.（6）After the loading of the goods and the receipt of the B/L, the

exporter should send a Shipping Advice to the importer for the receipt of the goods.

第四篇：王帅 国际贸易专业英语

There are three kinds of payment methods.Each payment method may have its advantages and disadvantages.Do you think that payment by a letter of credit always the first choice in international trade? Why?

In international trade settlement, the payment of international money usually uses a non-cash settlement according to the amount of cash.It often uses financial instruments instead of cash as a means of circulation and means of payment for settlement.There are three payment methods in international trade: remittance, collection and letters of credit.As a written document, letter of credit opened by banks and banks are committed to make a payment.As the bank's financial strength, they usually have a higher credibility.In the letter of credit payment, as long as the beneficiary to fulfill its obligations under the letter of credit or meet the conditions, the issuing bank guarantees payment and bear the responsibility of the first payment.Thus, in the form of letter of credit, it is the bank that provides credit.It has four functions for exporters.(1)Provide a security guarantee for exporters to receive payments;

(2)Enable exporters to obtain the foreign exchange protection;

(3)Increase the stability of the export trade;

(4)Provides a convenient financing for exporters.It has three functions for importers.(1)It is helpful for the imports to receive the goods under the contract on time;

(2)To provide a certain amount of transaction security;

(3)Provides a convenient financing for importers.In addition, for the banks, the issuing bank only bear the responsibility to ensure payment, it provides only bank credit, not money.Moreover, the issuing banks also require the applicant to provide the issuing guarantees and to pay the deposit in order

to spread risk.By letter of credit business, the issuing bank expands its business volume and increases its economic benefits without taking much risk in the case.In the form of letter of credit, bank provides credit;it has many benefits for imports, exports and the issuing banks.So the letter of credit has been widely used in international trade, especially in China, international trade are basically using this payment method

However, there are also some drawbacks for the letter of credit.For example:

(1)Documentation requirements are relatively high, as documents and letters of credit do not match, prone to non-payment of the settlement;

(2)Cost is relatively high, affecting exporters’ profits;

(3)Special national letters of credit risk.For example, letters of credit in Bangladesh, they were very irregular in the operation, which takes many risks in international trade settlement.(4)Bank risk.Ultimately, banks are also enterprise;they have their own credits too.Especially in the foreign, the bank entry threshold is very low, relatively large differences in bank credit, and some small banks’ reputation is not very good.In summary, Letter of credit payment in international trade, is it always the first choice? I think it is not comprehensive.In some cases, use remittance and collection is better.Remittance: refers to the payer initiative remitted to the payee by banks or other means of payment.It includes Mail Transfer(M/T), Telegraphic Transfer(T/T)and Remittance by Banker’s Demand draft(D/D).For remittance, its advantages are: simplicity and low cost.Mode in the remittance whether the seller can recover the money on agreed time depends entirely on the buyer's credit situation.Because of this payment is a commercial credit with a high risk, it is usually applied to a small payment, deposit money, transport fees and commissions, etc.If used properly, the transaction will benefit both sides.In international payments another common way to settle payments is by collection whereby the exporter first ships cargoes to get necessary documents and entrusts banks as intermediaries to collect the money for the goods.For the

advantages and disadvantages of collection: collection way is more favorable to the buyer, it has a low cost, low risk, and financial burden.It even gets the seller's financial intermediation.However, it has been more detrimental to the seller, even Documents against Payment(D/P)methods, because the goods have been issued, if the other party refused to pay money for the sake of the price is low, property in poor condition or other reasons, the seller will suffer a loss and round-trip transportation costs of goods for resale the loss.For Documents against Payment after sight(D/P after sight)and Documents against Acceptance, the sellers to bear the financial burden while the latter risk more.Based on the comparison above, I think China’s enterprises should take a comprehensive plan.The creditworthiness of buyers and sellers, the position of buyers and sellers and other risk factors should all be taken into account in international trade when they choose the mode of payment.Only in this way can we lead to a successful deal.国际贸易专业英语

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任课教师：

国际经济与贸易国贸08—1班王帅汪海凤2011 年 12月10日

第五篇：特殊教育专业英语复习

简答

1.What Does It Take to be a Good Special Education Teacher?

1Patience 2 Diligence 3Compassion 4Flexibility 2.ADHD has three subtypes多动症分类: 1 Predominantly hyperactive-impulsive 过动/冲动控制障碍型2 Predominantly inattentive 注意力缺陷型3 Combined hyperactive-impulsive and inattentive 混合型

3.a student with :hearing impairment听力损伤、vision impairment视觉、mental impairment智力

5What Causes导致 ADHD因素? genes—environmental factors—brain injuries—nutrition—social environment—Food additives 6多动症的症状symptom：inattention注意力缺乏、hyperactive活动过度、impulsive冲动。解释

1.（Inclusive education全纳教育）means meeting individual needs。

2(task Analysis任务分析法）task Analysis is a process by which a task is broken down into its component parts。

3（Autism自闭症)causes kids to experience the world differently from the way most other kids do.4.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)注意力缺陷多动障碍is one of the most common childhood disorders and can continue through adolescence and adulthood.5.Learning Disability学习障碍

6.Studens with special needs有特殊需要的学生

7.Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder(ADHD)注意力缺陷多动障碍 8.Mainstrseam主流

1通常,有学习障碍的学生的平均智力但是他们将需要更多的具体教学策略、程序修改或住宿。学习障碍不包括一个残疾带来的视觉、听觉受损、身体或行为。虽然,许多行为残疾学生通常有学习障碍。Descrepancies学业成绩之间和实际知识的能力就会发生。学习障碍的诊断通常发生在孩子有一个威R是执行标准化考试,是通过一个心理学家——通常是。学习障碍的定义往往会不同地区地区但往往传达一个共同的意义。这里有一个全面的特质列表学习障碍的学生通过他们的特定类别:1视觉感知2听觉感知3身体和空间关系4概念赤字5内存赤字6行为赤字

2Teaching students with special needs is very rewarding值得的 – but it’s hard work as well.A special education teacher must be willing to struggle奋斗 in order to provide her/his students with the best education possible.Many times, good special education teachers go far above what is expected of them.Going that extra mile can make the difference between a student floating through顺利度过 school and being truly successful.教学生有特殊需要的值都非常有价值得的——但这很困难的工作。一个特殊教育教师必须愿意斗争奋斗为了提供她/他的学生提供最好的教育成为可能。很多时候,良好的特殊教育教师远远高于对他们的期望是什么。将这额外的一英里就区分一个学生浮动通过顺利度过学校和真正的成功。

3To be a good special education teacher, it is important that you care about your students.Although discipline纪律 is imperative必要的 in the special education classroom, undue不适当的 harshness严肃 is not imperative.You must truly care about your students in order to motivate them to succeed.特殊教育成为一个好老师,但重要的是,你关心你的学生。虽然纪律纪律必要的必须在特殊教育课堂,过度的不适当的严肃严肃不是势在必行。你必须真正关心你的学生

为了促使他们成功。

4Perhaps one of the least noticed characteristics of a good special education teacher is flexibility.Very often, what works for one student will fail for another.Special education teachers often need to alter 改变their approaches to various students due to changes in the student’s IEP, educational circumstances, or personal life.In addition, a special education teacher must be willing to incorporate 综合input 付出from student’s parents and from the student herself.This requires the ability to take into account alternative 选择性的viewpoints and options选择, and to be flexible with your teaching methods.也许一个最不注意到特征的特殊教育教师是灵活性好。通常,最适合一个学生将失败的另一个。特殊教育老师经常需要改变他们的方法对各种改变学生由于改变学生的等电位点,教育环境,或个人生活。此外,一个特殊教育教师必须愿意将综合输入付出从学生的家长和学生自己。这样做需要能够考虑替代选择性的观点和期权选择,灵活的和你的教学方法。

5Patience is definitely the most important characteristic of a special education teacher.Unlike regular teachers, special education teachers work with students who may not grasp concepts quickly.In fact, depending on the needs of the students, the special education teacher may find himself/herself repeating the same simple concept over and over and over again before the student begins to comprehend.In addition to this repetition, the special education teacher may need to break seemingly simple concepts down into parts that are manageable for his students, which can take a considerable amount of patience.忍耐无疑是最重要的特性的一个特殊教育的老师。与普通教师,特殊教育教师与学生工作可能不会很快理解概念。事实上,根据学生的需要,特殊教育的老师可能会发现本人重复相同的简单的概念反反复复的前学生开始理解。除了这种重复,特殊教育的老师可能需要打破看似简单的概念分解成可管理的部分,为他的学生,这可能会花费大量的耐心。

6They also may react to what's going on around them in unusual ways.Normal sounds may really bother someone with autism — so much so that the person covers his or her ears.Being touched, even in a gentle way, may feel uncomfortable.他们也可能对他们周围发生了什么不同寻常的。正常的声音可能真的烦自闭症患者——以至于人覆盖他或她的耳朵。被感动,即使在一个温和的方式,可能会感到不舒服。

7Kids with autism often can't make connections that other kids make easily.For example, when someone smiles, you know the smiling person is happy or being friendly.But a kid with autism may have trouble connecting that smile with the person's happy feelings.闭症儿童往往不能使连接,其他孩子使容易。例如,当别人微笑,你知道了微笑的人是快乐或友善。但一个患自闭症的孩子可能无法连接,微笑与人的快乐的感觉。

8A kid who has autism also has trouble linking words to their meanings.Imagine trying to understand what your mom is saying if you didn't know what her words really mean.It is doubly frustrating then if a kid can't come up with the right words to express his or her own thoughts.一个孩子患有自闭症的也有麻烦连接词含义。想像一下你妈妈明白说如果你不知道她的话真正的意思。它更是令人沮丧的然后如果一个孩子不能想出合适的词语来表达自己的想法。8Autism causes kids to act in unusual ways.They might flap 拍打their hands, say certain words over and over, have temper tantrums发怒, or play only with one particular toy.Most kids with autism don't like changes in routines.They like to stay on a schedule that is always the same.They also may insist that their toys or other objects be arranged a certain way and get upset if these items are moved or disturbed.孤独症造成孩子以不寻常的方式采取行动。他们可能皮瓣拍打他们的手,说某些单词,有发脾气发怒,或者只有一个特定的玩具玩。大多数自闭症儿童不喜欢

变化在例程。他们喜欢呆在一个时间表,总是相同的。他们还可能会坚持他们的玩具或其他对象是安排一个特定的方式,如果这些产品是生气移动或干扰。

9Not seem to listen when spoken to.Daydream, become easily confused, and move slowly。Have difficulty processing information as quickly and accurately as others(90)。Struggle to follow instructions.85。Children who have symptoms of hyperactivity may: 似乎听的时候才说话。做白日梦,变得容易混淆,慢慢地移动。有困难准确而快速地处理信息和其他人(90)。努力遵循instructions.85。症症状可能: 10孩子们的多动Fidget 烦躁 and squirm蠕动 in their seats Talk nonstop。touching or playing with anything and everything in sight。Have trouble sitting still during dinner, school, and story time。Be constantly坚持不懈地 in motion动作。Have difficulty doing quiet tasks or activities.Children who have symptoms of impulsivity may: 孩子们的多动烦躁烦躁,在座位上扭动蠕动。聊个不停。碰或玩什么,眼前的一切。有麻烦静坐晚餐期间,学校,和故事时间吗。被不断地坚持不懈地在运动动作。有困难的任务或活动做安静。儿童症状的冲动可能: 11Be very impatient。Blurt out 未加思索地冲口说出inappropriate comments。Show their emotions without restraint克制。Act without regard for consequences。Have difficulty waiting for things they want or waiting their turns in game。sOften interrupt conversations or others' activities.很不耐烦，脱口而出未加思索地冲口说出不恰当的评论。表现自己的情绪毫无节制克制。不顾后果的行为。有困难等待他们想要的东西或者等待他们的将在游戏。经常中断谈话或别人的活动。12if a child: Is experiencing undetected seizures that could be associated with other medical conditions Has a middle ear infection that is causing hearing problems Has any undetected hearing or vision problems Has any medical problems that affect thinking and behavior Has any learning disabilities 是否一个孩子: 正在经历未被发现的发作可能伴随其他疾病吗 有一个中耳炎感染导致听力的问题 有任何未被发现的听力和视力问题吗 没有任何医学问题,会影响思维和行为吗 有学习障碍

13Has anxiety or depression, or other psychiatric problems that might cause ADHD-like symptoms Has been affected by a significant and sudden change, such as the death of a family member, a divorce, or parent's job loss.有焦虑或抑郁,或其它精神问题可能导致多动症像症状吗

一直受到重大和突然的变化,比如一个家人的死去,离婚,或者父母的失业。

13A specialist will also check school and medical records for clues, to see if the child's home or school settings appear unusually stressful or disrupted, and gather information from the child's parents and teachers.Coaches, babysitters, and other adults who know the child well also may be consulted.一个专家还将检查学校和医疗记录为线索,看看孩子的家里或者学校设置出现异常压力或中断,并收集信息从孩子的父母和老师。教练、保姆和其他成年人知道孩子好也可以咨询。

14The specialist also will ask: 1.Are the behaviors excessive and long-term, and do they affect all aspects of the child's life? 2.Do they happen more often in this child compared with the child's peers? 3.Are the behaviors a continuous problem or a response to a temporary situation? 4.Do the behaviors occur in several settings or only in one place, such as the playground, classroom, or home? 专家还会问: 1。是行为过度和长期,他们影响所有方面的孩子的生命吗? 2。他们发生在这个孩子更经常与孩子的同龄人相比? 3。是一个连续的行为问题或一个响应一个临时的情况吗? 4。做行为发生在几个设置或只在一个地方,比如操场,教室,或在家吗? 15The specialist pays close attention to the child's behavior during different situations.Some situations are highly structured, some have less structure.Others would require the child to keep paying attention.Most children with ADHD are better able to control their behaviors in situations where they are getting individual attention and when they are free to focus on enjoyable activities.These types of situations are less important in the assessment.A child also may be evaluated to see how he or she acts in social situations, and may be given tests of intellectual ability and academic achievement to see if he or she has a learning disability.Finally, if after gathering all this information the child meets the criteria for ADHD, he or she will be diagnosed with the disorder.专家密切关注孩子的行为在不同的情况。有些情况是高度结构化的,一些有更少的结构。其他人将要求孩子保持关注。大多数儿童多动症的能更好地控制他们的行为,在这种情况下,他们越来越关注和当他们是免费的把注意力放在令人愉快的活动。这些类型的情况下是不太重要的评估。一个孩子也可能会被评估,看看他或她的行为在社交场合,可以通过测试的知识能力和学术成就,看看他或她有学习障碍。

最后,如果在收集所有这些信息符合标准的孩子多动症,他或她将被诊断为这种疾病。