第一篇:自动化专业英语试卷及答案
2008年秋冬学期研究生专业英语期末考试试卷参考答案 1.Translate the following words or phrases into Chinese ① Metric
度量 收敛 方差 随机 等价 动态方程 判据、评价标准 测量模型
偏微分方程
在概率意义上,依概率 ② Convergence③ Covariance④ Stochastic⑤ Equivalence⑥ Dynamic equation⑦ Criteria⑧ Measurement Model⑨ Partial derivative equation⑩ In the sense of probability
2.Explain the following symbols in English
① bmthe second order derivative ofb sub m, b
double prime sub m
②
③
④ ABA is equivalent toapproaches aB xiaxi yyx
xthe partial derivative ofwith respective to
a⑤ b
⑥ a‖b
⑦
⑧ 3
f
fintegral between limits b to a a is parallel to the cube root of set aAbXaaAX is contained in b d⑨ abcdedivided by
⑩ e plusminus c multiplied , allequals ,N,s.t aia as ifor any special , there is a respected N,such that
ai
approaches
a
as i approaches
二、Translate the following paragraphs into Chinese Paragraph A[8 Points]
A subset
d(x,y)M
AX
is said to be bounded if there exists
x,yA
MR
such that
for all.The diameter of A is defined to be
supd(x,y)x,yA.A bounded metric space is one for which X itself is bounded.Bounded intervals in R are bounded sets.A discrete metric space is bounded(take
译文:一个子集A
d(x,y)M
M1).X
被称为是有界的,如果存在M
x,yA
R
使得对所有x,y
A
有
。A的半径被定义为supd(x,y)。有界度量空间是指X本
1)
身有界的空间。
在R上有界的区间是一个有界集。离散度量空间是有界的(取M
Paragraph B[8 Points]
In general, it is not required that the reference dynamic model be exactly the same as the truth dynamics or that the modeling parameter
α
be equivalent to the
true modeling vector.This notation is left in place to simplify the derivation of the Kalman filter formulation.A number of innovative approaches have been developed for adapting reference model parameters to improve fidelity(逼真度)with the unknown real-world system model and can be used to enhance filter operation.译文:一般来说,并不需要参考动态模型与实际动态模型完全相同,或模型参数
a
与实际模型矢量相等。这个记号保留下来只是为了简化Kalman 滤波公式的推
导。大量的改进方法也已被开发出来用于调整参考模型的参数使其与未知的实际系统更接近,这些方法也能被用于增强滤波器运行效果。
Paragraph C[8 Points]
It is commonly held among designers of Kalman filters that the implementation of the
formulas listed above represents only a portion of the effort required to develop an accurate and robust Kalman filter application.Once the dynamics, measurements, and partial derivatives have been coded, the task remained is to tune the noise magnitudes represented in the process noise covariance Q and the measurement noise covariance R.While the measurement noise can be based in realistic hardware performance specifications, the process noise is often used as a tuning parameter to ensure that the filter operates correctly.译文:在Kalman 滤波器的设计者中存在着这样一个共识:对上文所列出来的公式的实现只是用于建立一个精确且稳健的Kalman滤波器应用的一部分努力。一旦动态方程、测量方程和偏微分方程被编码,剩下的任务就是调节在过程噪声方差阵Q和测量噪声方差阵R中表示的噪声幅度值的大小。其中测量噪声的调整可可以立足于实际系统的硬件性能指标,过程噪声常常被用于调节一些参数,以保证滤波处理过程正确。
Paragraph D[8 Points]
Suppose now that
X1
is given as a fixed function of the random
X1
variablesy(t0),...,y(t).Then
is itself a random variable and its actual value is
known whenever the actual values ofy(t0),...,y(t)are known.In general, the actual value of
X1(t1)
will be different from the(unknown)actual value of
x1(t1).To arrive
at a rational way of determiningX1, it is natural to assign a penalty or loss for incorrect estimates.Clearly, the loss should be a(i)positive,(ii)nondecreasing function of the estimation error
x1(t1)X1(t1)
.译文:现在设X1是随机变量y(t0),...,y(t)的确定函数,则X1本身就是一个随机变量,其实际取值只有在y(t0),...,y(t)确定后才能确定。一般地,X1(t1)的实际值将与(未知的)x1(t1)的实际值不同。为了寻找确定X1的一个合理的方法,自然会为不准确的估计赋予一个惩罚或损失。显然,损失应该是估计误差
x1(t1)X
(t1的)
(i)正定、(ii)非递减 函数。
Paragraph E[8 Points]
Definition:A lead/lag compensator is a rational function of the form
RC(s)
K(1s)1s
1
forK,,
R
with 0,1and
K,0
.It is a lead compensator when and a lag compensator when
K(1s)1s
1.译文定义:一个超前/滞后补偿器是一个形如
RC(s),K,,R,0,1,K,
0的有理函数。当偿器。
1时,它是一个超前补偿器;当1时,它是一个滞后补
三、Try to write an abstract for the following article in about 150 words[20 Points]
TCP/IP Communication for Real-Time and Embedded Systems
(Article deleted here)
Abstract
Using a thermal model of a house as an example, this article describes a method for communicating with other devices via TCP/IP.The method is based on using inexpensive TCP/IP-to-serial-conversion hardware.The real-time system is xPC Target™, a bootable kernel that enables real-time execution of Simulink® models on a separate PC.The target computer is an x86 processor Intel®/AMD® standard PC that can use commercial off-the-shelf input/output interface cards.The connectivity approach described here can be used with any real-time or embedded system that supports serial communication.四、Write an Email to a foreign professor according to following requirements(In about 300 words)
Suppose that you are planning to study for a doctor degree in Sci.abroad, and you have got the email address of a famous professor in your intended studying major in an English speaking country.You have never had any contact with this professor and this is the first time you write to him(her).Now please: Write to this professor;Introduce yourself to him(her);Apply for a studying permission, Convince the
professor that you have a reliable financial support or it is worthy for him(her)to afford you a part time job to improve your financial situation if it is possible.参考:
Dear professor:
Thank you very much for your spending a few minutes reading this letter.The only aim that I write this letter is to apply for an opportunity to study for a doctor’s degree under your supervision.I am a Chinese student.My name is Dongfang Jiang.Now I am studying for my master’s degree in major automation in Northwestern Polytechnical University located in Xi’an, a famous city in the heart section of PR.China.I would graduate in April next year.I am a hard-working student;the appended Resume can help you know more about me and my study.My parents have promised to provide me fundamental financial support for my studying in your country.I also believe that I have the ability to improve my financial situation through taking part time work if it is possible.As I want to get a deeper understand of the advanced development of this science direction(which is exactly what your research field), and hope to do some related research work some day, I hope, my wish can be realized.I am looking forward to your kind reply.Your sincerely
Dongfang JiangNov.20, 2008
第二篇:自动化专业英语A-答案
浙江工业大学之江学院2010/2011学年 第一学期《自动控制专业英语》期终试卷答案(A)
(考试类型:闭卷)
一、Translate the following words into Chinese(20%)
1.电阻器2.积分3.放大器4.电势5.触发器
6.转换器,换流器,变流器7.晶闸管
8.换向器,整流器9.变压器10.铝
11.激励12.超调13.矢量14.渐近线15.分贝16.带宽17.刺激,激励18.公式化(表达)19.基本原理20.解耦
二、Write English equivalents of the following key word(20%)
1.Passive network2.Integrated circuit
3.Digital electronics technology4.Forward biased5.Transfer function
6.Ordinary differential equation7.Characteristic equation8.Real axis9.Break frequency10.Asymptotically stable
三、Translate the following phrase into Chinese(20%)
1.回路电流2.嵌入式系统3.封锁电流4.串励直流电机5.同步调相机
6.集中参数7.调节时间8.雅可比矩阵 9.性能指标10.步进电机
四、Translate the following sentence into Chinese(30%)
1.就电阻来说,电压——电流的关系由欧姆定律决定。欧姆定律指出:电阻两端的电压等于电
之江学院第 1 页(共 2页)
阻上流过的电流乘以电阻值。
2.现在我们将简要地讨论一下这些术语之间的关联,并在此过程中阐明用标示“真”和“假”
来识别一个变量的可能的特殊用途。
3.电力二极管提供不可控的整流电源,这些电源有广泛的应用,如电镀、电极氧化、电池充电、焊接、交直流电源和变频驱动。
4.每种类型的电动机由于其基本电路的不同而具有不同的特征和物理特性。
5.在城市和其它地区,明线存在安全隐患或被认为影响美观,所以使用绝缘的地下电缆进行配
电。
6.飞行员的反应速度太慢,如果不附加阻尼偏航系统,飞行员就无法通过轻微阻尼的侧倾转向
方式来驾驶飞机。
7.这张表向水平(向右)垂直(向下)方向延伸,直到得到的都是为零为止。
8.....当任意单一参数,如增益或时间常数,从零变化到无穷时。
9.对应于后面的一次和二次滞后的超前环节也是这样。
10.从易于处理的简单近似模型到实际一些的模型的转换存在两方面问题。
五、Translate the following paragraph into Chinese(10%,字迹潦草扣1-2
分;关键词译错一个扣1分)
一台装置(或系统)如果能找到一个无约束控制矢量u(t)在有限的时间间隔内将任意初始状态x(t0)转化为任意其它状态x(t),则这台装置(或系统)是完全可控的。因为状态完全能控性不一定意味着输出的完全可控,而且反之亦然,所以输出完全能控性以类似的方式单独定义。如果可从有限的时间间隔内的输出c(t)的信息中确定状态x(t),则装置是完全可观的。
之江学院第 2 页(共 2页)
第三篇:自动化专业英语
1)the parameterization of the0controller0isC=X+MQ/Y-NQ。where N,M are right coprime factors of P,X,Y satisfy NX+MY=1,Q∈RH∞
2)According to the right coprime factorization of P, N=,M=,X=,Y=By the performance of the closed-loop system
N(0)[X(0)+M(0)Q(0)]=1 N(10j)[Y(10j)-N(10j)Q(10j)]=0,So take Q in the form Q(s)=x1+x2·1/s+1+x3·1/(x+
1)²
we can get the solution of Q。x1=,x2=,x3=,Q=Finally,the controller is C=
步骤:S=1-λ/λ代人 P(λ)=λ²/6λ²-5λ+1
X=-q2/r2 ,y=1+q1q2/r2 λ=1/s﹢1
N(S)=1/(s+1)²
M(s)=(s-1)(s-2)/(s+1)² X(s)=19s-11/s+1Y(s)=s+6/s+1
C=X+MQ/Y-NQ
N(0)[X(0)+M(0)Q(0)]=1 N(10j)[Y(10j)-N(10j)Q(10j)]=0
Q(0)=6,Q(10j)=-94+70j Q(s)=x1+x2·1/s+1+x3·1/(x+
1)²
x1=-79 x2=-723 x3=808 Q(s)=(-79s²-881s+6)/(s+1)²C(s)=[-60s4-598s32
2+2515s-1794s+1]/[s(s+100)(s+9)]
A control system is stable if the number of encirclements of the(-1,0)point by the GH plot is equal to the number of poles of GH with positive real parts.The direction of encirclement must be in a direction opposite to τs.GH is on open loop transfer function.τs is open right half of s-plane.一个控制系统是稳定的数量是否包围的(1,0)点的GH图的数量相等的两极与积极的真实部分GH。被包围的方向都必须在一个τs的相反方向。
“GH”是在开环传递函数上。τs在s-plane的右半平面开放。
二.The process of designing a control system generally involves many steps.A typical scenario is as follows:
1.Study the system to be controlled and decide what types of sensors and actuators will be used and where they will be placed.2.Model the resulting system to be controlled.3.Simplify the model if necessary so that it is tractable.4.Analyze the resulting model;determine its properties.5.Decide on performance specifications.6.Decide on the type of controller to be used.7.Design a controller to meet the specs, if possible;if not, modify the specs or generalize the type of controller sought.8.Simulate the resulting controlled system, either on a computer or in a pilot plant.9.Repeat from step 1 if necessary.10.Choose hardware and software and implement the controller.11.Tune the controller on-line if necessary.r.reference or command inputvsensor outputuactuating signal, plant inputdexternal disturbanceyplant output and measured signaln.sensor noise
第四篇:2012专业英语试卷答案
学号:_____________ 班级:__________ 姓名:_______________ 专业:__________
湖北医药学院2014-2015学年第 一 学期
专业 12 级本科课程结业考试
《
专业英语 》试卷(A)
I.Choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D(40points)1.Which of the following suffixes does not mean “pertaining to”? A.-ic
B.-al
C.-ar
D.-our 2.Which of the following combining forms means cell? A.-cyte
B.cyt/o
C.cel/o
D.both a and b 3.Which of the following forms means tissue? A.erythr/o
B.immun/o
C.hist/o
D.vascul/o 4.An-means ______.A.up
B.down
C.apart
D.without 5.The suffix-itis means _______.A.infammation
B.inflammation
C.inflammazed
D.instrument 6.The combining form of radi/o means _________.A.radar
B.x-ray
C.radio
D.both B and C 7.The instrument for viewing is –scope whereas the instrument for cutting is_____.A.–scopy
B.–tome
C.–meter
D.–graph 8.Which of the following forms refers to “surgical incision of ?” A.–tomy
B.-stomy
C.–tome
D.–ectomy 9.A record of electric wave occurring in the brain is called _______.A.electroencephogram B.electromyogram
C.electrocardiogram
D.electroencephalogram 10.Stethalgia means the pain of chest, which can also be expressed in ____.A.stethodynia
B.thoracalgia
C.thoracodynia
D.all of the above 11.Which of the following forms means fungus? A.my/o
B.myel/o
C.myc/o
D.none of the above 12.The combining form meaning “the skin” is _______.A.dem/o
B.derm/o
C.dermat/o
D.both B and C 13.Which of the following combining vowel means blood vessels ? A.vascul/o
B.angi/o
C.chromat/o
D.Both A and B 14.The term meaning “pertaining to secretion” is _______.A.crinogenic
B.endocrine
C.crinologic
D.endocardial 15.The disease of having too many white blood cells is referred to as _______.A.leukocyte
B.leukemia
C.leukogenesis
D.erythrocyte 16.Inflammation of liver is known in English as ________.A.bronchitis
B.pneumonitis
C.gastritis
D.hepatitis 17.-plasm means _______.A.treatment
B.knowledge
C.diagnosis
D.growth 18.Mammo/o refers to _______.A.mother
B.thymus gland
C.thyroid gland
D.breast 19.Which of the following does not mean “within or in”? A.en-
B.endo-
C.intra-
D.none of the above 20._______ means surgical repair of an organ.A.phag/o
B.–plasm
C.–plasty
D.–pathy
21.Spir/o is a combining form meaning ______.A.see
B.sight
C.breath
D.sport 22.Inflammation of lungs is known as _______.A.pneumonitis
B.pneumonia
C.pulmonitis
D.All of the above 23.Which of the following forms means “protection or safe” ?
A.immun/o
B.lymph/o
C.erythr/o
D.None of the above 24.Cardiopathy means _________.A.heart failure
B.heart disease
C.brain disease
D.skeletal disease 25.Which of the following combining forms does not refer to an organ?
A.hepat/o
B.gastr/o
C.psych/o
D.nephr/o 26.The color of something best expressed in medical terminology is _______.A.chrom/o
B.chromomat/o
C.chramat/o
D.Both A and B 27.Which of the following means “cell”?
A.cyt/o
B.cyst/o
C.–cyte
D.Both A and C 28.Bi-means ______.A.life
B.two
C.across
D.Both A and B 29.The form meaning arteries is ________.A.arter/o
B.arteri/o
C.arthr/o
D.artheri/o 30.The prefix with the meaning of bad is ______.A.mal-
B.dys-
C.polio-
D.Both A and B 31.The flesh is expressed in the combining form of _______.A.top/o
B.ten/o
C.thym/o
D.sarc/o 32.The combining vowel for angitis is ____________.A.a
B.o
C.e
D.i 33.Hypo-means having _______ of something.A.too much or too high
B.too little or too low
C.over
D.below 34.Morph/o means ______.A.many
B.maxillae
C.shape
D.head 35.“Pertaining to nourishment or development” is expressed in _________.A.–tropy
B.–trophy
C.-tropic
D.-trophic 36.The process of recording sth is expressed in _________.A.-graph
B.-gram
C.-graphy
D.-scope 37.The formation of blood is also known as ______.A.hematopoiesis
B.hemopoiesis
C.homopoiesis
D.both A and B 38.Because the strands are readily stained with dyes, they are called_______.A.chromosomes
B.protoplasm
C.cytoplasm
D.chromatin
39.The science that deals with cells on the smallest structural and functional level is called _____.A.biology
B.microbiology
C.homostasis
D.molecular biology 40.An instrument for measuring the cell counts of red blood cells is an _______.A.erythrocyte
B.erythrogenesis
C.erythrocytometer
D.erythrocytograph II.Find the best answer to the following abbreviations.(10 points)41.SARS
A.Serious Acute Respiratary Syndrome
B.Severe Acute Respiration System C.Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome
D.Severe Acute Respiratary Syndrome 42.T.B
A.tuberclosis
B.tubercluosis
C.tubaclosis
D.tuberculosis 43.Ig A.immunoglobin
B.immunogloblin
C.immunoglobulin D.immunoglubin 44.RNA A.ribonuclear acid
B.ribonucleic acid
C.ribanucleic acid D.ribonucleic acid 45.USG A.ultrosonograhy
B.ultrasonograhy
C.ultrosonography
D.ultrasonography 46.ECG
58.光纤技术
A.optic fiber technology
B.fiber optic techonology C.fiber optic technology
D.optic fiber techonology 59.肌肉收缩
A.muscle contraction
B.muscular contraction
C..musclar contraction
D.Both A and B 60.血供
A. supply blood
B.blood supply
C.protein molecule
D.extensor IV.Reading Comprehension.(40 points)A.electrocardiogram
B.electrocardiography
C.electroencephogram D.electroencephalogram 47.CT
A.computed tomograhy B.computed tomography C.computerized tomograhy
D.computerized tomography
48.MRI
A.Magnetic resononce image
B.Magnetic resonance image
C.Magnetic resononce imaging D.Magnetic resonance imaging 49.VD
A.varied disease
B.venareal disease
C.venereal disease
D.vocal disease 50.GI
A.gastrointral
B.gastrointervention
C.gastrointestinal
D.gastrointersectional
III.Find the best answer to the following translations.(10 points)51.心血管疾病
A.cardiavasclar disease
B.cardiavascular disease
C.cardiovasclar disease
D.cardiovascular disease 52.随意肌
A.voluntary muscle
B.involuntary muscle
C.smooth muscle
D.cardiac muscle 53 脉冲信号
A.pulse
B.impulse
C.impulsive
D.pulsive 54.转换
A.transformation
B.transaction
C.transmute
D.transmission 55.功能失调
A.malfunction
B.dysfunction
C.maloperation
D.disoperation 56.局部化的感染
A.local infection
B.localized infection
C.local inflammation
D.localized inflammation 57.乐观的预后
A.optimistic pregnosis
B.optimistic prognosis
C.pessimistic pregnosis D.pessimistic prognosis
第五篇:辽工大电气自动化《专业英语》答案
单词:
current电流 voltage电压 variable变量 charge 电荷 resistor电阻 capacitor电容inductor 电感 generator发电机
independent source独立源 dependent source受控源 controlled source受控源 linear resistor线性电阻
voltage-current characteristic伏安特性 short circuit短路 open circuit开路 conductance电导 network网络 node节点 mesh网孔
mesh analysis网孔分析 time domain时域
phasor diagram相量图 frequency domain频域 amplitude振幅,幅度 impedance阻抗
electronics电子学,电子仪器 digital数字的 analog模拟
transducer传感器 excitation激励,激发 binary二进制的 amplifier放大器 resolution分辨率
operational amplifier运算放大器 difference amplifier差动放大器 semiconductor半导体 winding绕组
transformer变压器 interface接口 duty ratio功率比 inverter逆变器 step pulse阶跃脉冲
induction machine感应电机 exciting voltage励磁电压 prime mover原动机
induction generator感应(异步)发电机synchronous machine同步发电机 field winding励磁绕组
Y-connected windings星形连接绕组 turbine generator涡轮发电机 lead导线
flux通量,磁力线 transformer变压器
primary winding一次绕组 secondary winging二次绕组 reluctance磁阻 instruction 指令 document文件
audio signal声频信号,音频信号 program程序 keyboard键盘 software软件
central processing unit中央处理单元 workstation工作站 server服务器 client客户
microcomputer微型计算机 desktop computer台式计算机 notebook computer笔记本电脑 handheld computer掌上电脑 mouse鼠标 sound card声卡 modem调制解调器
operating system操作系统 serial processing串行处理 parallel processing并行处理 discharge放电
megabytes(MB)兆字节 install安装 setup安装
update更新,修改 adapter适配器
computer language计算机语言 high-level language高级语言 compiler编译程序 interpreter解释程序
system software系统软件 application software应用软件 bootstrap program引导程序 date base数据库
coaxial cable同轴电缆 fiber-optic cable光缆 microwave微波 infrared红外线的 broadband宽带 narrowband窄带
electric power system电力系统 fuse保险丝熔断器
transmission line输电线路
interconnection互相连接,互联
power system protection电力系统保护 circuit breaker断路器
electromechanical relay电磁继电器 protective relay保护继电器 thermal relay热继电器
rectifier bridge relay整流桥型继电器 electronic relay电子继电器
open-loop control system开环控制系统 closed-loop control system闭环控制系统选择题: 1.1
1.It is conventional(positive charges)2.Electric current is(amperes)3.The energy required(voltage)4.The plus(+)and(voltage polarity)5.According to the(absorbed)1.2
1.An independent voltage(two-terminal element)2.Resistors are(passive)
3.An ideal dependent(active)4.There are(four)
5.For a voltage(current)1.3
1.The circuit element(the resistor)
2.Ohm’s Law states(directly proportional to)3.A resistor whose(a nonlinear resistor)4.(An open circuit)is a circuit 5.An electric heater(12Ω)1.4
1.Kirchhoff’s Laws are(topology of the network)2.Kirchhoff’s Current Law can(two ways)
3.Kirchhoff’s Current Law is(the law of conservation of charge)
4.Kirchhoff’s Voltage Law(the law of conservation of energy)
5.The algebraic sum(zero)1.5
1.Nodal analysis is(KCL, KVL)2.(Nodal analysis)method is 3.For a circuit(N-1)4.The potential at(zero)
5.Mesh analysis applies(KVL, mesh)1.6
1.The voltage across(90°)2.The voltage across(90°)3.If in an(100∠100°)4.The three-phase(four)
5.The three voltages(balanced three-phase voltages)2.1
1.The voltage produced(an analog)2.ON-OFF information(a digital)3.A device that(A/D)
4.The thermocouple pair(voltage)5.A D/A is(analog form)2.2
1.Any algebraic combination(two)
2.According to the(multiplication, addition)3.The commutative rule(the order)4.The associative rule(the validity)5.The relation A+(identity)2.3
1.The process of(analog-to-digital conversion)2.(A temperature transducer)is a device 3.The precision and(incompatible)
4.The precision of(the number of binary bits)5.In Fig.2-4 the(two)2.4
1.At one time,(analog computer)2.After the invention(solid-state)
3.If the operational(a very small voltage difference)4.The wide application(negative feedback networks)5.The useful range(80)3.1
1.The switching losses(the off-state losses)2.The typical power(0.7V)
3.The power transistors,(high reverse)4.The rate of(power losses)3.2
1.The DC-DC converter(direct current, direct current)2.The Buck is(current step-up)3.The PWM control(pulse width)
4.The gain of(the input dc source, the output voltage)3.3
1.High power inverters(three-phase type)2.The output of(sinusoidal voltage)
3.The constant speed(ac voltage sink load)4.Voltage source inverters(inductive loads)5.Output amplitude in(pulse-width)4.1
1.The thumb is(the relative motion of conductor)2.In induction motors(never reaches)4.Form-wound coils(large AC)4.2
1.When a induction(600)2.If the difference(smaller)
3.The electric machine(generating)4.The breakdown torque(maximum)4.3
1.The speed of(the frequency of the current)2.The field winding(a DC)
3.The cylindrical rotor(high-speed steam-turbine-driven generators)
4.The turbine generators(3600-rpm)5.The field current(an exciter)4.4
1.A transformer is(a magnetic field)
2.The primary winding(the power source)3.The core construction(shell form)
4.The transformer that(distribution transformer)5.Copper losses are(resistive)5.1
1.A computer works(a series of stored instructions)2.A keyboard or(an input)
3.The computer network(a local area network)4.A computer that(client)5.A hard disk(a storage)5.2
1.Logical operations are(the ALU)2.The 16-bit(sixteen bits)
3.A microprocessor accesses(more rapidly than)4.Data stored in(permanently disappears)5.The basic information(CMOS)5.3
1.(A network card)is used to 2.(AGP slots)are primarily used 3.The notebook computers(LCDs)4.Image clarity on(dot pitch)
5.(A dot matrix printer)printer uses a5.4
1.(A support module)can be used
2.A computer’s microprocessor(machine language)3.Delphi belongs to(high-level programming language)4.An operating system(system software)
5.(The file management system)allocates and 5.5
1.Twisted-pair cables(four)2.(Fiber-optic cables)do not
3.The transmission capacity(broader)4.(A modem)converts the signals 5.(A router)that connects at 翻译: 6
The modern society 现代社会比以前更加依赖于电力供应。
Electric power systems 电力系统(或电能系统),已经变成工业社会必不可少的部分,它提供电能给现代社会。
The first complete 第一个完整的电力系统(包括有发电机、电缆、保险丝、电表和负载)被托马斯爱迪生建立,它于1882年的9月在纽约城历史上的珍珠街站开始,这是一个直流系统,包括有一个蒸汽机驱动的直流电动机提供电能给方圆1.5公里内的59个消费者。
Voltage levels can 在交流系统中,电压能够很容易被传输,因而为生产、传输和消耗的不同电压的使用提供了灵活性。
The first three-phase 第一个三相传输线于1893年在北美投入使用,它位于南加利弗里亚州2300V12km的传输线。
Eventually 最终在北美60Hz被采用为标准频率,尽管50Hz在其它国家已被使用。
To avoid the 为了避免电压不受限制的数值增升,工业上已经标准化了电压水平。
With the development 随着交流/直流转换设备的开发,高压直流传输系统在一些特殊情况已经变得更加具有吸引力和更加节约了。
The basic requirement 电力系统的最基本的需求是提供给消费者具有可接受的电压和频率的不间断的能源。7
The steady state 电力系统的稳态操作,常常被各种电气设备上各种各样的故障打断。
To maintain the为了维护电力系统的正确操作,有影响、有效的、可靠地保护方案是必需的。
Power system components 电力系统元件被设计成在正常操作坏境下操作。然而,由于任何原因,所说的故障在这是一个异常,应该有一个能够检测这些异常情况的设备是必须的,如果是这样,发生异常的元件或器件被移除,比如说尽可能快的从系统的剩余部分删除它们。
The protection scheme保护方案包括有保护继电器和开关电路,比如说断路器。充当大脑功能的保护继电器是一个非常重要的部件。保护继电器是一个检测设备,它检测故障、确定故障的位置,通过关闭跳闸线圈,发送命令给正确的断路器,从保护继电器获得命令的断路器,仅断开出错的元件,这就是为什么保护继电器为什么是可靠地可维护的和可操作的快速的。This relay 这种继电器,它仍被在使用中,拥有几个重要的特性,比如说比较高的速度,对给定电力输入的比较高的扭矩和更加一致的扭矩。
With the discovery of solid 在上世纪50年代期间,随着固态软件的发现,具有无数优点的静态继电器被开发出来了。
Now the microprocessor 现在基于微处理器和小型计算机的继电方案已经被广泛的使用到世界各地的电力系统中,因为它有无数个优点,比如说自检特性和灵活性。
The overall system 整个系统保护被分成为下列部分:发电机保护、变压器保护、母线保护、反馈线路保护、传输线保护。
Any protection scheme 任何保护方案,基本包括2个部分,它被要求以保障电力系统部件能够抵制异常情况,比如说:继电器保护、断路器保护。
Since faults on a well designed 由于好的设计和健全的系统故障常常是稀少的,继电器仅仅偶尔被用来操作,这就是意味着继电方案通常是理想的,而且只要有故障发生时必须操作,换句话说,它必须是可靠的。Since the reliability 由于可靠性部分依赖于维护,因此继电器必须是容易维护的。
The maloperation of 继电器的误操作可以有两种方式。
Relaying scheme must 继电器方案必须是足够敏感的,以便于区别是正常系统还是故障系统。8.1
In fossil fuel
在化石燃料电厂,煤、石油、或者天然气是在燃烧室中燃烧,燃烧的产品加热水,水被转化成水蒸气,水蒸气驱动机械上与发电机相连的涡轮机。
Coal is taken 煤从仓库中取出,被送到磨煤机与预加热的空气混合,混合物被吹进燃烧室,在那里它被燃烧,烧热室包括一个有管子和被称为蒸发器的合成器,通过蒸发器水被吸进来,在过程中水温上升,直到水蒸发变成水蒸气,水蒸气传过来送到涡轮机,燃烧的气体(烟气),通过机械或电气的除尘器,烟气在被释放到烟囱之前,多达99%的固体颗粒灰尘,被吸尘器移除。
The net efficiency 火力发电厂的净效率通常小于40%被转化成电能(例如,煤的化学能不足40%被转化成电能)。尽管这个数据与工厂的大约30%的平均值相比较还算好一些,超过60%的化石燃料能量被转化成无用的热量。
为了提高效率和节约初级能源,热电能供电系统已被使用很长时间了,在那儿为工业应用和空间加热的电能和水蒸气(或者是热水)同时被产生。在这样的系统里,整个能量效率据说被提高60%至65%。
Some problem associated与火力发电厂相关的使用问题是煤的挖掘和传输带来的安全隐患和其他社会代价,火力发电厂与其他类型的化石燃料发电厂共同承担环境问题,它们包括有酸雨和温室效应。
8.2
In contrast to 水力发电厂与热电厂不同,水力发电厂的能源是从下落的水中获得,这样的电厂输出能量直接与水的流速参量相关联,用每秒立方米来测量水落下通过的距离被水头的米数来测量和一些合适的常量。8.3
Controlled nuclear 可控核裂变是核电站的能量的来源,在裂变过程中通过反应堆传输到冷却液的热量被产生,水是最普通的冷却液,但是气体、有机复合物、液态金属和熔化物的盐也可以作为冷却剂。
In USA 在美国,有两种通用的类型,共同的被称之为亲水反应堆(以便于和使用“重水”区分),它们是沸水反应堆和压水反应堆,两者均使用水作为冷却剂。9
The successful operation 太空交通工具,太空飞船,太空站和可重构的飞行控制系统的成功操作依赖于使用在这些探险事业的大量控制系统的正确操作。For a given 对一个励磁电流的给定值,一个必须的电压值被应用到电刷上以产生电机速度的期望值。Systems in which the output quantity 这种输出量对输入量没有影响的系统被称为开环控制系统。
Systems in which the output has 这样的输出量对输入量有直接影响的系统被称之为闭环控制系统。Comparison between the 参考输入和反馈信号两者之间进行比较,差值作为激励信号。
The fundamental difference 开环控制系统和闭环控制系统之间的最根本的区别是反馈行为,这个反馈可以是连续的或者是断续的。
This rapid growth 反馈控制系统的快速增长是被计算机的同样快速发展和广泛使用加速的。
The control theory 上个世纪五十年代末发展起来的控制理论可以被分类为经典控制理论,它被有效的应用到许多控制设计问题中,特别是单输入单输出系统,从那时开始,控制理论已经被发展成为更复杂的系统和多输入多输出系统的设计。
Hall and Harris appliedHall和Harris应用频率响应分析法到反馈系统的研究中,这种方法加快了控制理论作为一个整体的发展。
Laplace transform theory 拉普拉斯变换理论和网络理论也加入到根轨迹的计算中。
Depending upon the 根据已知因素和控制系统问题的简单性或复杂性,设计者可以单独使用一种方法或几种方法的组合。