航海专业英语翻译2

第一篇：航海专业英语翻译2

The contract of carriage of goods by sea is usually concluded as between the shipper and the carrier，either directly or through their respective agents．Consequently，by virtue of the historic principle of privity of contract，only the shipper and the carrier have the right to take action against one another under the contract of carriage．The only clear exception to the rule was where the party having the right to sue assigned that right under a separate agreement to another party．On the other hand，when goods are sold(as they typically are)prior to shipment，the terms of sale generally result in the risk in the goods passing from the seller(the shipper)to the buyer(the consignee or endorsee，in the case of a bill of lading，or the party entitled to take delivery under a waybill)when the goods cross the ship's rail in the port of loading．Therefore，although the law recognizes that the shipper alone has the right to sue the carrier in contract for subsequent cargo loss or damage occurring while the carrier had charge of the shipment，the shipper is not usually the party who actually suffers that loss．Frequently，also，depending on the terms of sale，the shipper will no longer be the owner of the goods at the time when the loss or damage occurs，and so will be unable to sue the carrier in tort．

Carriage of goods by sea

海上货物运输

海上货物运输合同缔结双方通常是承运人和托运人, 他们也可以直接或间接通过各自代理人来履行。因此，由于合同相对性原则,只有承运人和托运人才有权根据合同对彼此履行职责。除非甲方/乙方根据另一份协议将权利转移给第三方, 乙方/甲方才有权利起诉对方。另一方面，若货物在装运港越过船舷之后（通常如此）售出，规定销售的条款通常会阻碍货物在卖家(托运人)和买家（涉及提单的情况下,可能是受托人或受让人,又或者是持有货票有权提货的一方）之间流通。因此, 尽管法律承认托运人有权根据海上货物运输合同起诉承运人在负责货物装运时承担货物灭失或损坏的一切风险,但并不总是托运人一方蒙受损失。所以根据销售条款，当货物损失时托运人并不总是货物所有者，因此托运人也无法起诉承运人的侵权行为.

第二篇：航海专业英语翻译1

作业-1

Watertight doors or ramps of satisfactory construction may be fitted to internally subdivide large cargo spaces, provided that the administration is satisfied that such doors or ramps are essential.These doors or ramps may be hinged, rolling or sliding doors or ramps, but shall not be remotely controlled.Such doors or ramps shall be closed before the voyage commences and shall be kept closed during navigation;the time of opening such doors or ramps in port and of closing them before the ship leaves port shall be entered in the logbook.Should any of the doors or ramps be accessible during the voyage, they shall be fitted with a device which prevents unauthorized opening.水密门或通道的恰当结构设计将有助于大型货物空间的再次细分，假如政府机构满意这种水密门或通道的设计，这是至关重要的。这种水密门或通道可能是铰链式的、滚动或滑动的，但不能被远程控制。这些门或通道在开航前应当关闭，并在航行中保持关闭状态；靠港口时开启门或通道的时间及离港时关闭的时间应当写进航海日志。如果需要任何的门或通道在船舶航行中是互通的，那就要安装未经授权将不能开放的设备。

作业-2

Thin-walled structures such as ships and offshore structures have many structural units that may be collapsed.Both geometrical non-linearity such as buckling and material non-linearity such as plasticity have to be considered to investigate the collapse behaviors of thin-walled structures.In this analysis, large-deflection and elastic-plastic behaviors of ship panels are calculated by a non-linear finite element method.The database of collapse behaviors is generated from these finite element results.By using the database the ultimate strength of the hull girders can be accurately calculated in a short computation time.The ultimate strength state necessarily occurs after an initial failure of a structure.This means that knowledge of the ultimate strength of the structure is not important if we think that initial failures of structures are the finally utilizable stages of the structural strength.However, there are always some possibilities that ships are under ultimate load conditions, and this ultimate state is much serious than the initial failures of the structure.Probabilistic approach is a reasonable method to consider both the initial failures and the ultimate strengths of the structures.The ultimate strength state, which is a low possibility but a serious event, should be investigated by the probabilistic approach and the reliability analysis.The ultimate strength of hull girders may become one of the design parameters by the structural reliability analysis.例如船舶和海上建筑等薄壁结构拥有许多可能坍塌的结构单元。有使用例如弯曲的非线性几何材料和例如塑料的非线性材料，都必须考虑运用薄壁结构的崩溃行为。这样分析，有着大绕动力和弹性的船甲板面是采用非线性有限元的方法来计算的。具有坍塌行为的数据库来自于这些有限元的设计。通过使用这个数据库，船舶梁体的极限强度可以在很短的时间用电脑精确计算。如果我们认为结构体强度初始的故障是最后的可利用阶段，这就意味着对结构体的极限强度的认识不重要。不管怎样，在船舶极限负载的条件下，这是有可能的，并且这种极限状态比结构体初始故障更加严峻。用概率统计方法来研究结构体的初始故障和极限强度下引起的故障是合理的。极限压强状态，具有很小的可能性但却是一件很严峻事情，这需要用概率统计法和可靠性分析来认真研究。船舶梁体的极限强度通过可靠性分析将成为一项设计参数。

第三篇：专业英语翻译

1)Electricity can be measured in amount and quality.电可以用数量和质量来度量。

2)Instrument transformers are installed on the high-voltage equipment.互感器安装在高压设备上。

3)Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants.电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的。

4)The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程，以便读出期望的数值。

5)Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulation medium.Such a device is called a capacitor, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance.It is measured in Farads.电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容器，它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。1)The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.The signal should be filtered before being amplified.放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波。

2)An object becomes hot.It is placed in the sun.Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot.物体放置在太阳下会变热。

3)We must do various experiments before a new electronic product is designed.Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experiments.在设计一个新的电子产品之前，我们必须做各种实验。

4)Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current.改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法。

5)Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object.传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动。

1)The power supply, which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1, is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。

2)A three-phase circuit, as it was pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.A three-phase circuit, as pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。

3)The transistor, which is working with correctly polarities, can work as an amplifier.The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier.工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管，作用就像放大器。

1）The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power.单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。2)What does a fuse do? It protects a circuit.The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.保险的作用就是保护电路。1)If it is possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.If possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.可能的话，这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。

2)As illustrated in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.As in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.就像图1所示的那样，这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。

3)The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system which has two circuits in it.The device includes an instrument transformation and a

relay system with two circuits in it.这个装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。

1)It has been mentioned above that the electrons in a metal

are able to move freely through the metal, that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.前面已经提到：金属中电子能自由地通过金属，电子的移动在金属中形成了电流，电子在热传导中起着重要的作用。

2)The reluctance motor operates synchronously at a speed which is determined by the supply frequency and the number of poles for which the stator is wound.磁阻电动机以某一速率同步运转，该速率是由电源频率和定子绕制的级数决定的。

3)The testing of a cross-field generator will be described in this section with chief reference to the tests that are normally taken on every machine before it leaves the makers works.交磁发电机的试验将在本节中叙述，它主要涉及每台电机在离开制造厂前应进行的试验。1)All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics, which are analogous to those of waves moving through water.All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water.所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。

2)The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs.The instruments present include some digital ones relative to DSPs.到场的仪器中还有一些与DSP有关的数字仪器。

1.As the system expands and higher voltage levels become necessary for transmission, the older transmission lines are often relegated to subtransmission function.随着系统的扩大和更高的电压等级为输电所必需，旧的输电线路往往被移交给中压输电功能。

1.Roughly, the capability of lines of the same length varies at a rate somewhat greater than the square of the voltage.粗略的讲，长度相同的线路的容量，以比电压的平方略大的比率变化。

2.No definite capability can be specified for a line of a given voltage, however, because capability is dependent on the thermal limits of the conductor, allowable voltage drop, reliability, and requirements for maintaining synchronism between the machines of the system, which is known as stability.然而，无法为给定电压等级的线路指定确切的容量，这是因为容量取决于导线的发热极限、允许的电压降落、可靠性和维持系统中的发电机同步的要求（这被认为是稳定性）。

1.Capacitance exists between the conductors and is the charge on the conductors per unit of potential difference between them.电容存在于导体之间，等于导体上的电荷（电量）与导体间的电势差之比。或：电容存在于导体之间，等于导体之间单位电压对应的电量。“A per unit of B” 表示 “单位B上的A” 或者“A/B”。

2.Balance of the three phases can be restored by exchanging the positions of the conductors at regular intervals along the line so that each conductor occupies the original position of every other conductor over an equal distance, as shown in Fig.3.1.如图3.1所示，沿线路方向每隔一定间隔就交换导线位置，使每根导线都能占据具有相同输电距离的其他各导线的初始位置，以重建三相平衡。

Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.Such a device is called capacitor or condenser.Its ability to store electrical energy is capacitance.It is measured in farads 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。

1.Small industrial customers are supplied by primary feeders at this voltage level from the primary system, which also supplies the distribution transformers providing secondary voltages over single-phase three-wire circuits for residential and commercial customers at 120 V/240 V.小型工业用户由一次系统中此电压等级的一次馈线供电。一次系统也给经过单相三线电路为居民用电和商业用户提供120V/240V二次电压的配电变压器供电。

2.As illustrated in Fig.6.1, the aggregated load represented at a transmission substation(bus A)usually includes, in addition to the connected load devices, the effects of substation step-down transformers…

如图6.1所示，在输电变电站（母线A）所给出的集合负荷，除了所连接的负荷设备以外，通常还包括变电站降压变压器的影响……。

1.Roughly, loads are devices those consume electric energy or electric power consumed by customers mainly in distribution system.粗略的讲，负荷是主要在配电网中消耗电能的设备或者由用户消耗的功率。

2.The loads absorb electric energy from the power system and converts it into energy of other forms, which may be heat energy to heat water or to melt irons, or mechanical energy to drive a machine, etc.负荷从电力系统中吸收电能，并将其转换为其他形式的能量，可能是烧水或溶化钢铁的热能，或者是驱动机器的机械能等。

3.This kind of loads, especially those consume energy calculated by standard coals more over 10 thousands of tons per year, has a name of high energy consuming loads.这种负荷，尤其是那些年耗能万吨标准煤以上的负荷，被称为高耗能负荷。

1.The synchronous machine as an AC generator driven by a

turbine is the device which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, in powers ranging up to 1500MW.作为由涡轮机驱动的交流发电机，同步电机是将机械能转化为电能的设备，其功率范围高达1500MW。

1.Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to riverbank habitats.水电厂会导致水中的氧气溶解度降低——（这是）一个对岸边生存环境有害的问题。

2.For instance, in the United States, water power accounts for less than 20% of the total and that percentage will drop because most of the available sources of water power have been developed.例如，在美国，水电在全部电力中所占的比例不到20%，并且，因为大多数可用的水电资源已被开发，该百分数还会下降。

1.Most stations have ratings between 200 MW and 1500 MW so as to attain the high efficiency and economy of a large installation.大多数电站的额定值在200MW到1500MW之间，以实现大站的高效经济（运行）。

2.Thermal stations are usually located near a river or lake because large quantities of cooling water are needed to condense the steam as it exhausts from the turbines.热电厂通常位于河流或湖泊附近，这是因为需要大量的冷却水在蒸汽从汽轮机排出时将其冷凝。

1.Nuclear plants fueled by uranium account for a continually increasing share of the load, but their construction is slow and uncertain because of the difficulty of raising capital to meet the sharply rising cost of construction, constantly increasing safety requirements which cause redesign, public opposition to the operation of the plants, and delays in licensing.Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of it energy.当电流流过电路时，要损耗掉一部分能量。（现在分词短语作状语）

Doing experiment is of great help to us.做实验对我们的学习是很有帮助的。（动名词作主语）By changing the resistance，we can change the current.通过改变电阻，我们就能改变电流。（动名词作介宾）Mechanization is using machines instead of hand labor.机械化就是用机器来代替手工劳动。（动名词作表语）

When an electric current flow through a wire it meets some opposition.当电流流过导线时，它会遇到某种阻力。（状语从句）

Before one studies a system, it is necessary to define and discuss some important terms.在我们学习系统之前，必须定义并讨论一些重要的术语。（状语从句）It is possible that we use a computer to solve these complicated problem.我们可以用计算机来解这些复杂的题目。（表语从句）

You should determine which of the following functions is analytic.你应当确定下列函数中哪一个是解析式。（宾语从句）The fact is that radio waves travel as fast as light does.事实是无线电波的传播速度与光速一样快。（表语从句）The places where small computers can be used appear endless.可以使用小型计算机的场合似乎是无止境的。（定语从句）The instrument that we often use is very good in quality.我们经常使用的那台仪器质量很好。（定语从句）

The places where small computers can be used appear endless.可以使用小型计算机的场合似乎是无止境的。（定语从句）The instrument that we often use is very good in quality.我们经常使用的那台仪器质量很好。（定语从句）

Now we can determine where the slope is zero.现在我们可以求出何处斜率为零。（宾语从句）This is how a computer works.这就是计算机的工作原理。（宾语从句）Electrons always move toward where the potential is higher.电子总是朝向电位较高的地方移动。（介宾从句）

The fact that everything around us is matter is known to all.我们周围的一切东西均是物质这一事实是大家都知道的。（同位语从句）Section 2 Exercise 3

Section 3 Exercise3 必须强调的是线性电阻器是一个理想的电路元件；它是物理元件的数学模型。我们可以很容易地买到或制造电阻器，但很快我们发现这种物理元件只有当电流、电压或者功率处于特定范围时其电压——电流之比才是恒定的，并且这个比值也取决于温度以及其它环境因素。我们通常应当把线性电阻器仅仅称为电阻器。只有当需要强调元件性质的时候才使用更长的形式称呼它。

而对于任何非线性电阻器我们应当始终这么称呼它，非线性电阻器不应当必然地被视为不需要的元件。

Section 4 Exercise 3 如果一个电路有两个或多个独立源，求出具体变量值（电流或电压）的一种方法是使用节点分析法或网孔分析法。另一种方法是求出每个独立源对变量的作用然后把它们进行叠加。而这种方法被称为叠加法。叠加法原理表明线性电路某个元件两端的电压（或流过元件的电流）等于每个独立源单独作用时该元件两端的电压（或流过元件的电流）的代数和。Section 5 Exercise 3 相电压与相电流之比等于电路的阻抗，符号为字母Z，阻抗是一个具有量纲为欧姆的复数量。阻抗不是一个相量，因此不能通过把它乘以

并取其实部把它转换成时域形式。但是，我们把电感器看作是通过其电感量L表现为时域形式而通过其阻抗

表现为频域形式，电容在时域里为电容量C而在频域里为

，阻抗是某种程度上的频域变量而非时域变量。

Section 6 Exercise 3

第四篇：专业英语翻译

介绍

硒(Se)是一个对人类和动物而言很重要的微量营养素,但是Se毒性和Se缺乏发生在世界不同的地方(弗兰肯伯格和本森,1994)。硒能提高活动的自由羟基自由基(OH-)导致高氧化应激损害生物(赵et al,200

8)。Se这种基本的或有毒的特性在生物中不仅取决于其浓度状况,而且也在于其直接影响吸收和生物利用度的化合物(米凯尔森et al，1989;伦茨et al，2008)。在水系统中硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐是主要的物质(雅各布斯,1989),然而,亚硒酸盐很容易吸附于土壤矿物质，所以高浓度的硒酸盐是工业废水污染水域中主要的硒化合物。

铝、铁、硅氧化物是普遍存在于地球地壳的矿物，他们通常被用于除去水中污染物,因为铝和铁氧化物具有较高的表面积和零点电荷(i.e,86范围内，在Al(III)/SiO2 中的亚硒酸盐吸附受电解

质浓度影，这并不表示pH值的增长。Hayes博士(1987年)增加报道,亚硒酸盐吸附在吸附剂、针铁矿(a-FeOOH)，形成一个内球体复合体，硒酸盐形成一个弱外球体，然后硒酸盐在吸附剂会受在电子双层理论上易溶效应的影响。图2显示在Al(III)/SiO2体系中，用Al(III)/SiO2比Fe(III)/SiO2对硒酸盐的和亚硒酸盐除去效率更大。当基本溶液添加到Al(III)/SiO2体系中,铝和二氧化硅形成配合物以增加二氧化硅带负电荷表面的吸附地方。因此一个Ph=5.0和0.01M电解质溶液被选作等温、动力学、和吸附实验。

3.2.2吸附等温线

为了探讨吸附能力，一系列的亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐溶液和在pH=5下用24h准备的两个二元氧化物进行振荡。吸附数据通过Langmuir 等温线装备好（r 2> 0.858,P < 0.01(n=7))(图

3、表2)。相关系数表明Langmuir等温线模型适用于通过二元氧化系统来描述亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的吸附平衡。拟合数据显示，分别地由Al(III)/SiO2吸收硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐的最大吸附容量(Qmax)是32.7和11.3毫克/克，由Fe(III)/SiO2吸收硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐的 Qmax是 20.4和2.4毫克/克。就硒物种的吸附能力考虑, Al(III)/SiO2和Fe(III)/SiO2似乎比粗铝或铁氧化物涂层砂高得多(Lo和Chen,1997，Kuan et al,1998)。两个二元氧化物系统可以归于微粒增加了硒物种和吸附剂接触。

在两个二元氧化物系统中亚硒酸的吸附能力比硒酸盐的高，这和基于第一个酸度常数来区分各种阴离子亲和力的结果是一致的(Hayes,1987，Hayes et al,1988)。亚硒酸盐的化学特性和几何结构类似于磷酸盐,而硒酸盐是类似于硫酸盐(Hayes 1987，wijnja和Schulthess,2000)，两个二元氧化物系统对亚硒酸盐的吸附大于硒酸盐。

对亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐吸附而言，Al(III)/SiO2体系相比Fe(III)/SiO2体系显示了一个更大的容量，来源于Al(III)/SiO2体系对硒含氧阴离子有更多的正电荷造成的高亲和力(图1)。铁颗粒在二氧化硅上的沉淀物不能增加任何吸附地方，二氧化硅的带负电荷的表面增加了硒含氧阴离子和二氧化硅之间的排斥力。因此，Al(III)/SiO2对硒的Qmax高于Fe(III)/SiO2的(表2)。至于二元氧化物系统吸附亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的机制,之前的光谱研究表明,硒的吸附是铝-和铁氧化物形成内球面配合物的配位体与羟基在矿物表面交换(Peak,2006)。为了研究吸附过程的机制,我们使样品遭受到二元氧化物系统吸附的硒的XANES和EXAFS光谱。

3.3吸附动力学

描述溶质吸附率的吸附动力学控制吸附反应的停留时间是一个决定吸附效率的重要特征。图.4表明两个二元氧化物系统在不同的时间间隔和伪二级动力学模型的仿真显示了硒的吸附数据。二元氧化物系统吸附亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的伪平衡方法比那些在铝或铁涂料石英沙更为迅猛(Lo and Chen,1997，Kuan et al,1998)。对在Al(III)/SiO2 and Fe(III)/SiO2上的亚硒酸盐，2 h的接触会使95%的亚硒酸盐被完全除去，吸附也会接近平衡(图4a)。个别的硒酸盐去除百分比可以达到99，在Al(III)/SiO2和Fe(III)/SiO2中30分钟可以除去96%，吸附也接近平衡(图4b)。两个二元氧化物系统的更大的表面地区和更小的颗粒尺寸提高吸附反应的概率。已安装的动力学数据零、第一、伪第二、二阶，抛物线，Elovich模型，评估r2和假定值，总安装数据没有显示。这个伪二阶动力学模型是最好的模型去描述二元氧化系统的动力学数据。表3表明显示了通过t/qt的图形从伪二级动力学模型得到确切系数(r2)和其他参数来确定V0和qeq所有的媒体价值。这个伪二阶模型很好的符合了两个二元氧化物的系统运动数据(r2 > 0.999,P < 0.001,n=18)。亚硒酸盐在Al(III)/SiO2上的最初的吸附率是6.25mg/gh，少于硒酸盐的(57.5mg/gh)，在Fe(III)/SiO2上的亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的比例为8.36比4.89mg/gh。数据显示，对硒酸盐Al(III)/SiO2具有更高的亲和力，在Fe(III)/SiO2上对硒酸盐的吸附能力大于亚硒酸盐。不像亚硒酸盐,上清液pH值是稳定的，硒酸盐平衡浓度的pH值从5.0增加到8.0，表明氢氧离子在吸附过程中被释放出来。因为亚硒酸盐强烈的通过结合金属氧化物表面形成更强壮的内球面复合物，在缓慢的过程中亚硒酸盐需要花更多的时间到达平衡(Balistrieri and Chao,1987，Hayes,1987，Neal et al,1987，Zhang and Sparks,1990，Scott and Morgan, 1996)。

3.4XAS数据分析

从XANES的吸附反应可知，氧化状态在硒物种和二元氧化物系统之间相互作用没有改变。图5和表4表

明了在样品上进行的硒的K-edge EXAFS在pH=5.0时亚硒酸盐在二元氧化物系统的吸附结论。在图5a,b上显示了这个径向结构功能(RSFs)的傅里叶转换数据。在所有亚硒酸样本中，明确证明在RSFs上有两个外形：第一外形是Se-O(在1.72A下用3 O安装)，第二外形Se-Al或Se-Fe在两个二元氧化物系统上(图5)。这个距离是与以前在亚硒酸盐进行的EXAFS实验数据达到了良好的统一，这表明对水合和吸附的亚硒酸盐的Se-O键的距离1.68-1.72 A(Manceau and Charlet,1994，Peak et al,2006，Peak,2006)。基于简单的几何约束，最好的亚硒酸盐结合环境任务是在Al(III)/SiO2上(在3.22A下用2个Al安装成Se-Al)在pH=5下是一个双配位基、双核的表面复合物(键长的范围是～3.2A)。亚硒酸盐吸附在其他铝轴承矿物表面这个和以前的研究(Hayesetal,1987)达成良好的协议，这也报道了双配位基、双核的表面络合作用。在针铁矿上有内球体硒酸盐的存在是符合Manceau and Charlet(1994)的工作结果的他们报道类似的Se-Fe键距离是3.29A相应的在那个工作结果是3.31A(表4)。在水合的铁氧化物(HFO)下，然而，他们发现他们最好的数据是0.4铁在2.80A和1.8铁在3.29A描述的。他们确定一个双配位基的单核表面复合物的距离是2.80A和一个双配位基的双核的表面复合物的距离是3.29A。亚硒酸盐在Fe(III)/SiO2上的结果表明距离为3.05A形成双配位基的单核表面复合物。

在二元氧化系统上硒酸盐局部结构是由EXAFS装置指导的(表4和图5b)。在所有的硒酸盐样品中,第一个形式是在RSFs上的Se-O(在1.66A用4O装配)与先前发表的水合和吸附的硒酸盐Se-O距离是一致的(Hayes et al,1987，Peak and Sparks,2002)。这个在硒酸盐吸附样本的Se-Al距离键长及配位数(3.32A、CN=1)表明研究在Al(III)/SiO2表面的硒酸盐的协调环境是一个内球体表面复合物。然而，Se-Fe的键长(3.04A)表明在Fe(III)/SiO2上的硒酸盐形成了双配位基的单核配合物(Hug,1997，Peak and Sparks,2002)。EXAFS拟合数据表明硒酸盐在Fe(III)/SiO2的键长比在Al(III)/SiO2的长。根据EXAFS原则, x射线吸收原子和周围原子的距离就是一个键长。键长越长，中心和周围的原子的相互作用越弱。在Fe(III)/SiO2体系上的亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的Se-金属键长实际上是一样的。键长适合特性的估计精度是±0.02A。Peak和Sparks(2002)表明硒酸盐在赤铁矿的形式只有内球体表面复合物，在针铁矿和重质燃料油上是外球体和内球面表面复合物的混合形式。EXAFS结果表明在Fe(III)/SiO2的硒酸盐形成内球体复合物。虽然在pH=5.0硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐在二元氧化物系统形成内球体复合物,数据表明在二进制元氧化物系统上亚硒酸盐比硒酸盐形成了更强的表面复合物。结论

根据研究结果,我们提出在二元氧化物系统上铝或铁氧化物可以修改二氧化硅的负表面电荷,应用二元氧化物系统吸附阴离子、硒含氧阴离子。从这项研究中,我们观察到Al(III)/SiO2和Fe(III)/SiO2从水溶液清除硒含氧阴离子是有效的。然而，Al(III)和SiO2表面强烈联系导致其整个表面电荷比Fe(III)/SiO2更加积极, Al(III)/SiO2对硒的吸附能力比Fe(III)/SiO2的更强。在pH=5.0, 在Al(III)/SiO2和Fe(III)/SiO2中的亚硒酸盐形式内球体复合物，分别地包括双配位基和单配位基。然而, 在Al(III)/SiO2上的硒酸盐形成较弱的内球体单配位基复合物，在Fe(III)/SiO2上的硒酸盐也是这样的。根据硒酸盐的键长, 硒和铁高亲和力导致了之间的键长更短。调查结果得出目前的研究的基本意义是在推进前沿二元氧化物系统化学专业知识。

第五篇：专业英语翻译

桩筏基础的简化设计方法

摘要：在筏板基础本身并不能满足设计要求情况下，可通过在筏板下增加桩来提高其承载力。合理的布置一定量的桩，可以提高桩筏基础的承载力和减少总沉降和差异沉降。本文分析了简化计算方法的过程，对桩筏基础的初步设计提供了有用的依据。它包括两个阶段：

1.桩筏基础整体性能的评价；

2.单柱荷载作用下的性能评价。