建筑专业英语翻译

第一篇：建筑专业英语翻译

建筑专业英语翻译

原文：

Using Consultants for Community Comprehensive Planning1

When a community decides to develop or update its comprehensive plan, it is immediately plagued2 by a number of decisions regarding how should they develop it, what should be contained in it, how professional assistance should be used, and what form it should take.In the main, many communities having no, or a small, planning staff turn to professional planning consultants for assistance in the endeavor.This results in the establishment of a consultant selection process that can be as short as hiring the one firm someone knows about or utilizing a full scale “Request for Proposal” process.Consultant selection is important since the developed plan will bear the mark of the consultant as well as the community.Therefore, it is useful to first agree upon the type of consultant desired and then the purpose of the comprehensive plan update before embarking upon the consultant selection process.All consultants have, or should have, a particular approach to comprehensive planning—similar to doctors, lawyers, economists and other professionals.Planning consultants are not all alike in skills, approach, philosophy, and experience;community comprehensive planning is different from other forms of urban planning—it is not regional planning, metropolitan planning, corridor3 planning, project planning, or site planning.Because a consultant has experience in site planning or metropolitan planning does not mean that they are a skilled or experienced community comprehensive planner.Therefore, the selection of a planning consultant for comprehensive planning purposes should reflect an understanding and agreement with the consultant’s view as to the purpose of the plan development and the approach they will use.Such an understanding can easily be articulated4 by the consultant.While a consultant can bring sound technical skills and an objective viewpoint to the planning process, the key to developing a realistic and usable plan is to have the policies and programs for action emerge from the desires and capabilities of the community.To do this, the role and function of the consultant—for the duration of the project and within the immediate period following plan adoption—is to act as the technical area of the planning commission.This viewpoint is the result of several strongly held convictions borne out by experience in the comprehensive planning process, as well as in the implementation of such plans.Among these convictions:

 A plan is used only if it truly represents the political and social aspirations commonly held by the community and is responsive to the needs of its decision-makers. A plan is used only if its intent is clearly understood at the outset and its format flexible enough to respond to the changing problems, needs, and desires of the community. A plan is used only if it can be understood by the community’s decision-makers and if it fits into the process of local community development.Comprehensive planning is not an end in itself.Rather, the process and the product 1This text is from http://.plaguev.annoy 3 corridorn.a long narrow passage on a train or between rooms in a building, with doors leading off it 4 articulatev.speak distinctly

represent a tool to guide the Plan Commission and Board of Trustees in making growth management and redevelopment decisions.Such decisions encompass many aspects of community management, including subdivision5, rezoning, annexation6, historic preservation, economic development, housing, redevelopment, capital improvement and community design.To develop such a plan it is important that the consultant charged with developing the plan clearly understands the aspirations of the community and the limitations of the real world.Secondly, it is important that the local decision-makers accept the consultant as a professional who understands the needs and aspirations of the community.That is, it is necessary that a trusting relationship be built between the consultant and the clientand through them, the community as a whole.A comprehensive plan(or master plan)is a guide for moving a community from today to some point in the future.Just as a business or corporation may adopt a long-range strategic plan for their company, a community must also plan for its future through the development of a comprehensive plan.The process of comprehensive planning and the final product represents a tool to guide Planning Commissions, Zoning Boards, and local governing officials in making municipal policies and development decisions.These decisions encompass many aspects of community management, including subdivision, zoning, annexation, historic preservation, economic development, housing, redevelopment, capital improvement and community design.In developing such a plan, it is important that it serve the following purposes.It should provide a clear and supportable statement of the type of future that is desired.This statement must consist of:

 Goals: Community derived statements of aspirations

 Objectives: Statements of how the goals will be achieved

 Plans: Supportable illustrations of how the community should develop over time in terms of land use, transportation improvements, community, facilities, etc. Policies and Programs: Supportable rules for decision-making, courses of action to gain the objectives and projects which can move the community toward its vision of the future

It should identify needed capital improvements.Public improvements, such as transportation, utility and other community capital improvements, provide the community’s primary method of directing growth so as to reach the “vision” of the plan.As such, a strong emphasis upon the type, phasing, cost and financial resources for such improvements is a necessary component of the plan.The plan must provide a realistic basis for the use of zoning and other land use and redevelopment controls and incentives7.subdivisionn.a product of subdividing, as a section of a department

annexationn.that which is annexed 7 incentivea.something that encourages you to work harder, start a new activity etc.6

翻译：

地区综合规划中顾问的使用

当一个社区决定发展或更新它的综合规划时，会有大批折腾人的决策比如说 他们该怎样发展；规划应该包含些什么；使用什么样的专业帮助以及该采取何种形式。

重要的是，在努力的过程中许多社区仅有或只有小部分负责的规划员工会向专业的规划顾问寻求帮助。这一现象就导致了一个顾问的选择过程可以像雇佣一个彼此很了解的合伙人或像万事具备的求婚过程一样短暂简单。鉴于一个完善的规划可以显现出顾问及社区的能力，所以顾问的选择相当重要。因此，在开始顾问选择程序之前最有效地是弄清楚到底需要哪一类的顾问，然后才是完善综合规划的目地。

所有的顾问都有或者应当具有特殊的应对综合规划的对策。就像 医生 律师 经济学家以及其他职业一样。规划顾问在技术，方法，哲学及经验方面并不都一样，社区综合规划和其他形式的城市规划是不一样的。它不仅仅是区域规划，大城市规划，走廊规划，工程规划或地址规划。一个有丰富地址或大城市规划经验的顾问并比意味着他就是个有技术经验的社区综合规划者。因此，一个综合规划中规划顾问的选择应该是有洞察力的并且顾问的观点该与规划发展目地和他们采用的途径相一致。

顾问能轻易地分辨出这样的洞察力。尽管顾问可以给规划的过程带来成熟的技术性技巧和明确的观念但是开发一个现实并可用的规划的关键是有社区期望和能力所必须的行动的政策和程序。为了做好这些，顾问的角色及职能是担当计划委员会的技术领域。（规划必须在规划所规定的时间内完成）这一观点是由几个确信的在不断综合规划过程以及这类规划执行中衍生出来的。这些坚持包括：

。只有当这一规划真实的反应了地区的政治和社会的强烈愿望时并反应了决策者需求时才回被采用

。只有这一规划的目的从一开始就能被理解并且它的形式很多样能应对不断改变的地区题，需求和想法

。只有规划被地区决策者理解并能适应当地社区发展过程时才回被采用

综合规划并不是终结，相反的，这一过程和气产品象征着领导规划委员会以及董事会取得管理，重建决定的工具。这些决定包括了社区管理的许多方面。有进一步细分区制，附属建筑，历史保护，经济发展，住房，重建，资金改善和社区设计。

为了发展这样的规划最重要的是负责这个规划的顾问能清楚地了解社区的期望以及现实世界的约束。第二，当地决策者接受顾问的想法并把他当成能了解社区期望和需求的专业人士也很重要。也就是说一个建立在顾问与客户之间的互信关系很必要。通过规划委员会和城市理事会社区才是一个整体。

综合规划是引导社区从今天走向未来的好的向导，就像工商企业和公司为自身发展可能会采用一个长期的策略。社区也需要通过社区规划的发展来计划它的未来。社区规划的过程及其最终的成品是一个引导规划委员会，区域理事会和当地政府机关在做出市办政策及发展决定时的一个好的工具。这些决定包括了社区管理的许多发面。如：进一步细分区制，附属建筑，历史保护，经济发展，住房，重建，资金改善和社区设计。为深入发展这个规划按下述条例来做很重要。

对于未来想要的类型得提供一个清晰地被广接受的这个结算单包括:

。目标：结算单来源于社区强烈的愿望

。目地：结算单怎样实现这一目标

。计划：支持率阐明了社区在以后的时间内就土地使用，交通改善，设施的问题该怎样发展

。政策与程序：做决定的规则，实现目地和工程这一行动的过程能社区转移到未来的视

野上.这一系类的结算单需要资金的改善。

公共的改良,比如交通，公共事业及其他的公众资金改善，给大众提供基本的指向规划梦想扩大的途径。本身，一个关于类型，阶段，花费及财政资源的强有力的强调是这个规划成功的必要的组成部分。

规划必须向地区的使用，其他土地征用，重建控制和刺激提供一个实际可行的基础。

第二篇：专业英语翻译

1)Electricity can be measured in amount and quality.电可以用数量和质量来度量。

2)Instrument transformers are installed on the high-voltage equipment.互感器安装在高压设备上。

3)Electric power is generated in power generating stations or plants.电能是在发电站或发电厂产生的。

4)The meters are calibrated and the scale is designed to read the value of the desired unit.这些仪表可以被校准并且设计了不同的量程，以便读出期望的数值。

5)Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulation medium.Such a device is called a capacitor, and its ability to store electrical energy is termed capacitance.It is measured in Farads.电能可以储存在被一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属板中，这样的装置被称为电容器，它储存电能的能力就被称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。1)The signal should be filtered before it is amplified.The signal should be filtered before being amplified.放大信号前，应先对其进行滤波。

2)An object becomes hot.It is placed in the sun.Once being placed in the sun, an object becomes hot.物体放置在太阳下会变热。

3)We must do various experiments before a new electronic product is designed.Before designing a new electronic product we must do various experiments.在设计一个新的电子产品之前，我们必须做各种实验。

4)Changing resistance is a method for controlling the flow of the current.改变电阻是控制电流的一种方法。

5)Conducting electricity means the flow of electrons through an object.传导电流意味着电子在物体内的流动。

1)The power supply, which is shown in block-diagram in Fig.1, is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.The power supply shown in block-diagram in Fig.1 is a single-phase switch-mode inverter.图1中用框图表示的电源是一个单相开关逆变器。

2)A three-phase circuit, as it was pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.A three-phase circuit, as pointed out above, is merely a combination of three single-phase circuits.正如上面所指出的那样，三相电路只不过是三个单相电路的组合。

3)The transistor, which is working with correctly polarities, can work as an amplifier.The transistor working with correctly polarities can work as an amplifier.工作于正确电源极性下的晶体管，作用就像放大器。

1）The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger so that the increasing demand of electric power is satisfied.The capacity of individual generators is larger and larger to satisfy the increasing demand of electric power.单台发电机的容量越来越大，目的就是满足不断增长的用电需求。2)What does a fuse do? It protects a circuit.The function of a fuse is to protect a circuit.保险的作用就是保护电路。1)If it is possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.If possible, the open-loop control approach should be used in this system.可能的话，这个系统应该使用开环控制方法。

2)As illustrated in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.As in Fig.1, there is a feedback element in the closed-loop system.就像图1所示的那样，这个闭环系统中有一个反馈元件。

3)The device includes an instrument transformation and a relay system which has two circuits in it.The device includes an instrument transformation and a

relay system with two circuits in it.这个装置包括一个互感器和一个有两个电路的继电器系统。

1)It has been mentioned above that the electrons in a metal

are able to move freely through the metal, that their motion constitutes an electric current in the metal and that they play an important part in conduction of heat.前面已经提到：金属中电子能自由地通过金属，电子的移动在金属中形成了电流，电子在热传导中起着重要的作用。

2)The reluctance motor operates synchronously at a speed which is determined by the supply frequency and the number of poles for which the stator is wound.磁阻电动机以某一速率同步运转，该速率是由电源频率和定子绕制的级数决定的。

3)The testing of a cross-field generator will be described in this section with chief reference to the tests that are normally taken on every machine before it leaves the makers works.交磁发电机的试验将在本节中叙述，它主要涉及每台电机在离开制造厂前应进行的试验。1)All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics, which are analogous to those of waves moving through water.All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water.所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。

2)The instruments present include some digital ones which are relative to DSPs.The instruments present include some digital ones relative to DSPs.到场的仪器中还有一些与DSP有关的数字仪器。

1.As the system expands and higher voltage levels become necessary for transmission, the older transmission lines are often relegated to subtransmission function.随着系统的扩大和更高的电压等级为输电所必需，旧的输电线路往往被移交给中压输电功能。

1.Roughly, the capability of lines of the same length varies at a rate somewhat greater than the square of the voltage.粗略的讲，长度相同的线路的容量，以比电压的平方略大的比率变化。

2.No definite capability can be specified for a line of a given voltage, however, because capability is dependent on the thermal limits of the conductor, allowable voltage drop, reliability, and requirements for maintaining synchronism between the machines of the system, which is known as stability.然而，无法为给定电压等级的线路指定确切的容量，这是因为容量取决于导线的发热极限、允许的电压降落、可靠性和维持系统中的发电机同步的要求（这被认为是稳定性）。

1.Capacitance exists between the conductors and is the charge on the conductors per unit of potential difference between them.电容存在于导体之间，等于导体上的电荷（电量）与导体间的电势差之比。或：电容存在于导体之间，等于导体之间单位电压对应的电量。“A per unit of B” 表示 “单位B上的A” 或者“A/B”。

2.Balance of the three phases can be restored by exchanging the positions of the conductors at regular intervals along the line so that each conductor occupies the original position of every other conductor over an equal distance, as shown in Fig.3.1.如图3.1所示，沿线路方向每隔一定间隔就交换导线位置，使每根导线都能占据具有相同输电距离的其他各导线的初始位置，以重建三相平衡。

Electrical energy can be stored in two metal plates separated by an insulating medium.Such a device is called capacitor or condenser.Its ability to store electrical energy is capacitance.It is measured in farads 电能可储存在由一绝缘介质隔开的两块金属极板内。这样的装置称之为电容器，其储存电能的能力称为电容。电容的测量单位是法拉。

1.Small industrial customers are supplied by primary feeders at this voltage level from the primary system, which also supplies the distribution transformers providing secondary voltages over single-phase three-wire circuits for residential and commercial customers at 120 V/240 V.小型工业用户由一次系统中此电压等级的一次馈线供电。一次系统也给经过单相三线电路为居民用电和商业用户提供120V/240V二次电压的配电变压器供电。

2.As illustrated in Fig.6.1, the aggregated load represented at a transmission substation(bus A)usually includes, in addition to the connected load devices, the effects of substation step-down transformers…

如图6.1所示，在输电变电站（母线A）所给出的集合负荷，除了所连接的负荷设备以外，通常还包括变电站降压变压器的影响……。

1.Roughly, loads are devices those consume electric energy or electric power consumed by customers mainly in distribution system.粗略的讲，负荷是主要在配电网中消耗电能的设备或者由用户消耗的功率。

2.The loads absorb electric energy from the power system and converts it into energy of other forms, which may be heat energy to heat water or to melt irons, or mechanical energy to drive a machine, etc.负荷从电力系统中吸收电能，并将其转换为其他形式的能量，可能是烧水或溶化钢铁的热能，或者是驱动机器的机械能等。

3.This kind of loads, especially those consume energy calculated by standard coals more over 10 thousands of tons per year, has a name of high energy consuming loads.这种负荷，尤其是那些年耗能万吨标准煤以上的负荷，被称为高耗能负荷。

1.The synchronous machine as an AC generator driven by a

turbine is the device which converts mechanical energy to electrical energy, in powers ranging up to 1500MW.作为由涡轮机驱动的交流发电机，同步电机是将机械能转化为电能的设备，其功率范围高达1500MW。

1.Hydropower plants can cause low dissolved oxygen levels in the water, a problem that is harmful to riverbank habitats.水电厂会导致水中的氧气溶解度降低——（这是）一个对岸边生存环境有害的问题。

2.For instance, in the United States, water power accounts for less than 20% of the total and that percentage will drop because most of the available sources of water power have been developed.例如，在美国，水电在全部电力中所占的比例不到20%，并且，因为大多数可用的水电资源已被开发，该百分数还会下降。

1.Most stations have ratings between 200 MW and 1500 MW so as to attain the high efficiency and economy of a large installation.大多数电站的额定值在200MW到1500MW之间，以实现大站的高效经济（运行）。

2.Thermal stations are usually located near a river or lake because large quantities of cooling water are needed to condense the steam as it exhausts from the turbines.热电厂通常位于河流或湖泊附近，这是因为需要大量的冷却水在蒸汽从汽轮机排出时将其冷凝。

1.Nuclear plants fueled by uranium account for a continually increasing share of the load, but their construction is slow and uncertain because of the difficulty of raising capital to meet the sharply rising cost of construction, constantly increasing safety requirements which cause redesign, public opposition to the operation of the plants, and delays in licensing.Flowing through a circuit, the current will lose part of it energy.当电流流过电路时，要损耗掉一部分能量。（现在分词短语作状语）

Doing experiment is of great help to us.做实验对我们的学习是很有帮助的。（动名词作主语）By changing the resistance，we can change the current.通过改变电阻，我们就能改变电流。（动名词作介宾）Mechanization is using machines instead of hand labor.机械化就是用机器来代替手工劳动。（动名词作表语）

When an electric current flow through a wire it meets some opposition.当电流流过导线时，它会遇到某种阻力。（状语从句）

Before one studies a system, it is necessary to define and discuss some important terms.在我们学习系统之前，必须定义并讨论一些重要的术语。（状语从句）It is possible that we use a computer to solve these complicated problem.我们可以用计算机来解这些复杂的题目。（表语从句）

You should determine which of the following functions is analytic.你应当确定下列函数中哪一个是解析式。（宾语从句）The fact is that radio waves travel as fast as light does.事实是无线电波的传播速度与光速一样快。（表语从句）The places where small computers can be used appear endless.可以使用小型计算机的场合似乎是无止境的。（定语从句）The instrument that we often use is very good in quality.我们经常使用的那台仪器质量很好。（定语从句）

The places where small computers can be used appear endless.可以使用小型计算机的场合似乎是无止境的。（定语从句）The instrument that we often use is very good in quality.我们经常使用的那台仪器质量很好。（定语从句）

Now we can determine where the slope is zero.现在我们可以求出何处斜率为零。（宾语从句）This is how a computer works.这就是计算机的工作原理。（宾语从句）Electrons always move toward where the potential is higher.电子总是朝向电位较高的地方移动。（介宾从句）

The fact that everything around us is matter is known to all.我们周围的一切东西均是物质这一事实是大家都知道的。（同位语从句）Section 2 Exercise 3

Section 3 Exercise3 必须强调的是线性电阻器是一个理想的电路元件；它是物理元件的数学模型。我们可以很容易地买到或制造电阻器，但很快我们发现这种物理元件只有当电流、电压或者功率处于特定范围时其电压——电流之比才是恒定的，并且这个比值也取决于温度以及其它环境因素。我们通常应当把线性电阻器仅仅称为电阻器。只有当需要强调元件性质的时候才使用更长的形式称呼它。

而对于任何非线性电阻器我们应当始终这么称呼它，非线性电阻器不应当必然地被视为不需要的元件。

Section 4 Exercise 3 如果一个电路有两个或多个独立源，求出具体变量值（电流或电压）的一种方法是使用节点分析法或网孔分析法。另一种方法是求出每个独立源对变量的作用然后把它们进行叠加。而这种方法被称为叠加法。叠加法原理表明线性电路某个元件两端的电压（或流过元件的电流）等于每个独立源单独作用时该元件两端的电压（或流过元件的电流）的代数和。Section 5 Exercise 3 相电压与相电流之比等于电路的阻抗，符号为字母Z，阻抗是一个具有量纲为欧姆的复数量。阻抗不是一个相量，因此不能通过把它乘以

并取其实部把它转换成时域形式。但是，我们把电感器看作是通过其电感量L表现为时域形式而通过其阻抗

表现为频域形式，电容在时域里为电容量C而在频域里为

，阻抗是某种程度上的频域变量而非时域变量。

Section 6 Exercise 3

第三篇：专业英语翻译

介绍

硒(Se)是一个对人类和动物而言很重要的微量营养素,但是Se毒性和Se缺乏发生在世界不同的地方(弗兰肯伯格和本森,1994)。硒能提高活动的自由羟基自由基(OH-)导致高氧化应激损害生物(赵et al,200

8)。Se这种基本的或有毒的特性在生物中不仅取决于其浓度状况,而且也在于其直接影响吸收和生物利用度的化合物(米凯尔森et al，1989;伦茨et al，2008)。在水系统中硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐是主要的物质(雅各布斯,1989),然而,亚硒酸盐很容易吸附于土壤矿物质，所以高浓度的硒酸盐是工业废水污染水域中主要的硒化合物。

铝、铁、硅氧化物是普遍存在于地球地壳的矿物，他们通常被用于除去水中污染物,因为铝和铁氧化物具有较高的表面积和零点电荷(i.e,86范围内，在Al(III)/SiO2 中的亚硒酸盐吸附受电解

质浓度影，这并不表示pH值的增长。Hayes博士(1987年)增加报道,亚硒酸盐吸附在吸附剂、针铁矿(a-FeOOH)，形成一个内球体复合体，硒酸盐形成一个弱外球体，然后硒酸盐在吸附剂会受在电子双层理论上易溶效应的影响。图2显示在Al(III)/SiO2体系中，用Al(III)/SiO2比Fe(III)/SiO2对硒酸盐的和亚硒酸盐除去效率更大。当基本溶液添加到Al(III)/SiO2体系中,铝和二氧化硅形成配合物以增加二氧化硅带负电荷表面的吸附地方。因此一个Ph=5.0和0.01M电解质溶液被选作等温、动力学、和吸附实验。

3.2.2吸附等温线

为了探讨吸附能力，一系列的亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐溶液和在pH=5下用24h准备的两个二元氧化物进行振荡。吸附数据通过Langmuir 等温线装备好（r 2> 0.858,P < 0.01(n=7))(图

3、表2)。相关系数表明Langmuir等温线模型适用于通过二元氧化系统来描述亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的吸附平衡。拟合数据显示，分别地由Al(III)/SiO2吸收硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐的最大吸附容量(Qmax)是32.7和11.3毫克/克，由Fe(III)/SiO2吸收硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐的 Qmax是 20.4和2.4毫克/克。就硒物种的吸附能力考虑, Al(III)/SiO2和Fe(III)/SiO2似乎比粗铝或铁氧化物涂层砂高得多(Lo和Chen,1997，Kuan et al,1998)。两个二元氧化物系统可以归于微粒增加了硒物种和吸附剂接触。

在两个二元氧化物系统中亚硒酸的吸附能力比硒酸盐的高，这和基于第一个酸度常数来区分各种阴离子亲和力的结果是一致的(Hayes,1987，Hayes et al,1988)。亚硒酸盐的化学特性和几何结构类似于磷酸盐,而硒酸盐是类似于硫酸盐(Hayes 1987，wijnja和Schulthess,2000)，两个二元氧化物系统对亚硒酸盐的吸附大于硒酸盐。

对亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐吸附而言，Al(III)/SiO2体系相比Fe(III)/SiO2体系显示了一个更大的容量，来源于Al(III)/SiO2体系对硒含氧阴离子有更多的正电荷造成的高亲和力(图1)。铁颗粒在二氧化硅上的沉淀物不能增加任何吸附地方，二氧化硅的带负电荷的表面增加了硒含氧阴离子和二氧化硅之间的排斥力。因此，Al(III)/SiO2对硒的Qmax高于Fe(III)/SiO2的(表2)。至于二元氧化物系统吸附亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的机制,之前的光谱研究表明,硒的吸附是铝-和铁氧化物形成内球面配合物的配位体与羟基在矿物表面交换(Peak,2006)。为了研究吸附过程的机制,我们使样品遭受到二元氧化物系统吸附的硒的XANES和EXAFS光谱。

3.3吸附动力学

描述溶质吸附率的吸附动力学控制吸附反应的停留时间是一个决定吸附效率的重要特征。图.4表明两个二元氧化物系统在不同的时间间隔和伪二级动力学模型的仿真显示了硒的吸附数据。二元氧化物系统吸附亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的伪平衡方法比那些在铝或铁涂料石英沙更为迅猛(Lo and Chen,1997，Kuan et al,1998)。对在Al(III)/SiO2 and Fe(III)/SiO2上的亚硒酸盐，2 h的接触会使95%的亚硒酸盐被完全除去，吸附也会接近平衡(图4a)。个别的硒酸盐去除百分比可以达到99，在Al(III)/SiO2和Fe(III)/SiO2中30分钟可以除去96%，吸附也接近平衡(图4b)。两个二元氧化物系统的更大的表面地区和更小的颗粒尺寸提高吸附反应的概率。已安装的动力学数据零、第一、伪第二、二阶，抛物线，Elovich模型，评估r2和假定值，总安装数据没有显示。这个伪二阶动力学模型是最好的模型去描述二元氧化系统的动力学数据。表3表明显示了通过t/qt的图形从伪二级动力学模型得到确切系数(r2)和其他参数来确定V0和qeq所有的媒体价值。这个伪二阶模型很好的符合了两个二元氧化物的系统运动数据(r2 > 0.999,P < 0.001,n=18)。亚硒酸盐在Al(III)/SiO2上的最初的吸附率是6.25mg/gh，少于硒酸盐的(57.5mg/gh)，在Fe(III)/SiO2上的亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的比例为8.36比4.89mg/gh。数据显示，对硒酸盐Al(III)/SiO2具有更高的亲和力，在Fe(III)/SiO2上对硒酸盐的吸附能力大于亚硒酸盐。不像亚硒酸盐,上清液pH值是稳定的，硒酸盐平衡浓度的pH值从5.0增加到8.0，表明氢氧离子在吸附过程中被释放出来。因为亚硒酸盐强烈的通过结合金属氧化物表面形成更强壮的内球面复合物，在缓慢的过程中亚硒酸盐需要花更多的时间到达平衡(Balistrieri and Chao,1987，Hayes,1987，Neal et al,1987，Zhang and Sparks,1990，Scott and Morgan, 1996)。

3.4XAS数据分析

从XANES的吸附反应可知，氧化状态在硒物种和二元氧化物系统之间相互作用没有改变。图5和表4表

明了在样品上进行的硒的K-edge EXAFS在pH=5.0时亚硒酸盐在二元氧化物系统的吸附结论。在图5a,b上显示了这个径向结构功能(RSFs)的傅里叶转换数据。在所有亚硒酸样本中，明确证明在RSFs上有两个外形：第一外形是Se-O(在1.72A下用3 O安装)，第二外形Se-Al或Se-Fe在两个二元氧化物系统上(图5)。这个距离是与以前在亚硒酸盐进行的EXAFS实验数据达到了良好的统一，这表明对水合和吸附的亚硒酸盐的Se-O键的距离1.68-1.72 A(Manceau and Charlet,1994，Peak et al,2006，Peak,2006)。基于简单的几何约束，最好的亚硒酸盐结合环境任务是在Al(III)/SiO2上(在3.22A下用2个Al安装成Se-Al)在pH=5下是一个双配位基、双核的表面复合物(键长的范围是～3.2A)。亚硒酸盐吸附在其他铝轴承矿物表面这个和以前的研究(Hayesetal,1987)达成良好的协议，这也报道了双配位基、双核的表面络合作用。在针铁矿上有内球体硒酸盐的存在是符合Manceau and Charlet(1994)的工作结果的他们报道类似的Se-Fe键距离是3.29A相应的在那个工作结果是3.31A(表4)。在水合的铁氧化物(HFO)下，然而，他们发现他们最好的数据是0.4铁在2.80A和1.8铁在3.29A描述的。他们确定一个双配位基的单核表面复合物的距离是2.80A和一个双配位基的双核的表面复合物的距离是3.29A。亚硒酸盐在Fe(III)/SiO2上的结果表明距离为3.05A形成双配位基的单核表面复合物。

在二元氧化系统上硒酸盐局部结构是由EXAFS装置指导的(表4和图5b)。在所有的硒酸盐样品中,第一个形式是在RSFs上的Se-O(在1.66A用4O装配)与先前发表的水合和吸附的硒酸盐Se-O距离是一致的(Hayes et al,1987，Peak and Sparks,2002)。这个在硒酸盐吸附样本的Se-Al距离键长及配位数(3.32A、CN=1)表明研究在Al(III)/SiO2表面的硒酸盐的协调环境是一个内球体表面复合物。然而，Se-Fe的键长(3.04A)表明在Fe(III)/SiO2上的硒酸盐形成了双配位基的单核配合物(Hug,1997，Peak and Sparks,2002)。EXAFS拟合数据表明硒酸盐在Fe(III)/SiO2的键长比在Al(III)/SiO2的长。根据EXAFS原则, x射线吸收原子和周围原子的距离就是一个键长。键长越长，中心和周围的原子的相互作用越弱。在Fe(III)/SiO2体系上的亚硒酸盐和硒酸盐的Se-金属键长实际上是一样的。键长适合特性的估计精度是±0.02A。Peak和Sparks(2002)表明硒酸盐在赤铁矿的形式只有内球体表面复合物，在针铁矿和重质燃料油上是外球体和内球面表面复合物的混合形式。EXAFS结果表明在Fe(III)/SiO2的硒酸盐形成内球体复合物。虽然在pH=5.0硒酸盐和亚硒酸盐在二元氧化物系统形成内球体复合物,数据表明在二进制元氧化物系统上亚硒酸盐比硒酸盐形成了更强的表面复合物。结论

根据研究结果,我们提出在二元氧化物系统上铝或铁氧化物可以修改二氧化硅的负表面电荷,应用二元氧化物系统吸附阴离子、硒含氧阴离子。从这项研究中,我们观察到Al(III)/SiO2和Fe(III)/SiO2从水溶液清除硒含氧阴离子是有效的。然而，Al(III)和SiO2表面强烈联系导致其整个表面电荷比Fe(III)/SiO2更加积极, Al(III)/SiO2对硒的吸附能力比Fe(III)/SiO2的更强。在pH=5.0, 在Al(III)/SiO2和Fe(III)/SiO2中的亚硒酸盐形式内球体复合物，分别地包括双配位基和单配位基。然而, 在Al(III)/SiO2上的硒酸盐形成较弱的内球体单配位基复合物，在Fe(III)/SiO2上的硒酸盐也是这样的。根据硒酸盐的键长, 硒和铁高亲和力导致了之间的键长更短。调查结果得出目前的研究的基本意义是在推进前沿二元氧化物系统化学专业知识。

第四篇：专业英语翻译

桩筏基础的简化设计方法

摘要：在筏板基础本身并不能满足设计要求情况下，可通过在筏板下增加桩来提高其承载力。合理的布置一定量的桩，可以提高桩筏基础的承载力和减少总沉降和差异沉降。本文分析了简化计算方法的过程，对桩筏基础的初步设计提供了有用的依据。它包括两个阶段：

1.桩筏基础整体性能的评价；

2.单柱荷载作用下的性能评价。

第五篇：专业英语翻译

Forces of Interactions between Bare and Polymer-Coated Iron and Silica: Effect of pH, Ionic Strength, and Humic Acids The interactions between a silica substrate and iron particles were investigated using atomic force microscopy-based force spectroscopy(AFM).The micrometer-and nanosized iron particles employed were either bare or coated with carboxymethyl cellulose(CMC), a polymer utilized to stabilize iron particle suspensions.The effect of water chemistry on the forces of interaction was probed by varying ionic strength(with 100 mM NaCl and 100 mM CaCl2)or pH(4, 5.5, and 8)or by introducing 10 mg/L of humic acids(HA).When particles were uncoated, the forces upon approach between silica and iron were attractive at pH 4 and 5.5 and in 100 mM CaCl2 at pH 8, but they were negligible in 100 mM NaCl buffered to pH 8 and repulsive in water buffered to pH 8 and in HA solutions.HA produced electrosteric repulsion between iron particles and silica, likely due to its sorption to iron particles.HA sorption to silica was excluded on the basis of experiments conducted with a quartz-crystal microbalance with dissipation monitoring.Repulsion with CMC-coated iron was attributed to electrosteric forces, which were damped at high ionic strength.An extended DLVO model and a modified version of Ohshima’s theory were successfully utilized to model AFM data.PH、离子强度和腐殖酸对硅与裸露铁粒子和高分子聚合物包裹铁粒子之间相互作用的影响 利用以原子力显微镜为基础的光谱法研究石英基片和铁颗粒之间的相互作用。微米和纳米铁颗粒采用的都是赤裸的或羧甲基纤维素包裹的——一种用于稳定铁颗粒悬浮液的聚合物。通过不同离子强度（100mM氯化钠和100mM氯化钙）或PH值（4，5.5，和8）或通过引入10毫克/升的腐殖酸探讨水化学环境对这种相互作用力的影响。当粒子裸露时，硅和铁的相互接近的吸引力出现在PH值4和5.5。加100mM氯化钙时出现在PH值为8的时候。但在PH为8的100毫米氯化钠缓冲溶液中它们是可忽略的，在PH为8的水和腐殖酸溶液中表现为相互排斥。腐殖酸使铁颗粒和二氧化硅之间产生静电斥力，可能由于其吸附铁颗粒。通过进行了石英晶体微天平与耗散监测的实验，腐殖酸吸附硅胶的可能性被排除在外。与羧甲基纤维素包铁颗粒的斥力是由于静电力量，这种静电力在高离子强度会减弱。一个扩展的 DLVO模型和Ohshima理论修改后的版本成功地拟合了原子力显微镜得到的数据。