第一篇:计算机专业英语2008影印版句子词语翻译(小抄版)
○1.Visual chapter openers and summaries
具视觉效果的开篇和总结
2.On the Web explorations 网络资源 3.Tips 小贴士,小窍门
4.Making IT work for you 为你所用 5.Concept checks and review 检查 6.Key terms 核心词汇
7.Careers in IT 信息技术相关职业 8.Procedures(指令,操作说明)9.Software(软件)10.Hardware(硬件)
11.Blocking spam 垃圾邮件过滤软件 12.Speech Recognition 语音识别软件 13.Virus Protection and Internet Security 14.网络安全软件 15.TV Tuner Cards and Video Clips
电视卡和视频编辑软件
1.Computer competency refers to acquiring computer-related skills-indispensable tools for today.2.Present an overview of an information system 概述信息系统
3.Understand these basic parts and how
connectivity through the Internet.5大组成部分
及如何访问网络
4.Filled out computerized forms, took computerized tests 填写电脑化的表格和考试
5.People are surely the most important part
of any information system.人是信息系统中最重要的组成元素
6.Our lives are touched every day by
computers and information systems.1.Integrated Packages综合程序包 2.Software Suites软件套组 3.templates 模版
4.Thesaurus 同义词库 5.Word wrap 自动换行 6.Autocorrect: 自动更正
1.Integrated package: is a single program that provides the functionality of a word processor, spreadsheet, database manager and more.独立的集成软件包包括文字处理、表格和数据库管理等功能 ○1.Booting a system启动电脑 2.Mundane 常规的3.behind-the-scenes 幕后的4.Warm boot 热启动Cold boot 冷启动 5.Embedded OS 嵌入式OS 6.Network OS 网络OS
1.System software: works with end users, application software, and computer hardware to handle the majority of technical details.系统软件处理大多数技术细节
2.System software is collection that handle hundreds of technical details with little or no user intervention.少用户介入的技术细节 3.Managing resources 资源管理
4.Providing character-based or graphical user interface 提供人机界面接口
5.A platform for running applications and supporting multitasking 为应用软件的运行提供系统平台
6.Advanced system security to guard against malicious files and programs, including spyware.防恶意软件安全系统
7.Three-dimensional workspace capable of 1.Originally intended for voice communication 语音通讯
2.Widely used to support computer communication 计算机通讯
3.Allow a wide variety of nearby devices to communicate without physical connection 设备通讯
4.Allow individuals to connect to the Internet
因特网无
线互联
5.Communication channel 信道 6.Connection devices 连接设备
7.Data transmission specifications 数据传输规则
8.Twisted-pair cable 双绞线 9.Made up of copper wires 铜线 10.Coaxial cable 同轴电缆
1.Computer communications: is the process of sharing data, programs, and information between two or more computers.计算机之间共享信息数据资源
2.Connectivity: is a concept related to using computer networks to link people and resources to the world of larger computers and Internet.3.Protocol: a set of communication rules for the exchange of information.协议是传输信息的规则
4.Network architecture: describes how a network is arranged and how resources are
16.Web Cams and Instant Messaging
网络视频摄像头和即时通
讯
17.Music from the Internet
网络音乐下载、上传和编
辑
18.Home Networking 家庭网络
19.Spyware Removal间谍软件移除工具 20.Job Opportunities网络就业机会搜索软件
21.Operation system 操作系统 22.Coordinate resources 协调资源 23.Interface 提供接口
24.Run applications 运行应用程序 25.Utilities 公共实用程序
26.Device drivers 设备驱动程序 27.Browser浏览器程序
28.Microsoft Office办公软件
我们的生活每天都要接触计算机、信息系统分不开 7.Making IT Work for You:present interesting and practical IT applications.实用的信息技术应用
8.Tips:suggestions ranging from the basics
ofkeeping your computer system running
smoothly to how to protect your privacy while
surfing the Web.关于计算机运用和网上冲浪安全的提示和建议
9.projectedCareersemploymentinIT:providesjob descriptions,demands,educationalrequirements, current salary ranges, and
advancementopportunities.信息技术相关的7.Header or Footer 页眉页脚 8.Footnote 脚注
9.Captions, Cross References题注,交叉引用
10.Table 表格
11.Calculations计算
2.Presentation: programs that combine a variety of visual objects to create attractive visually interesting presentations.利用可视化的图形,创造吸引人的演示效果。
3.Software suites: a collection of separate application programs bundled together and sold 7.Stand-alone OS 客户端OS 8.track 磁道
9.concentric ring同心圆 10.contiguous连续相邻的displaying transparent cascading windows.三维立体、玻璃、瀑布效果
8.Filtering capabilities to provide convenient parental controls by blocking access of objectionable Web sites.滤能力,家长控制
9.Utilities: are designed to make computing easier.使用计算机更加简单的专业程序 10.Use for: avoid frustrating
11.Internal hard disks crashed 死机 12.Computers freeze up 锁定卡死 13.Operations slow down 系统慢
14.Troubleshooting programs: recognize and correct problems.自检程序
15.Antivirus programs: guard your computer system against viruses.防病毒程序 11.made up of a single solid-copper 12.Fiber-optic cable 光纤
13.Physical connections: 物理连接 14.Infrared: 红外线
15.Over short distances 短距离 16.Travel in a straight line 直线 17.In clear view of one another 18.Broadcast radio: 无线电通讯 19.Use radio signals 无线电信号 20.Follow standard Wi-Fi 无线保真 21.Microwave: 微波
22.Use high-frequency radio wave 23.line-of-sight communication
24.Be relayed by stations with dishes or antenna 天线接收传递 25.Bluetooth: 蓝牙技术
26.Pass through walls and nonmetal barriers coordinatedand shared.搭建,协调和共享 5.Terminal network: processing power is centralized in one large computer, other terminals connected to this host.计算机能力集中在中央主机上,即主机终端联机模式 6.Client/server networks: server nodes coordinate and supply specialized services, and client nodes request the services.客户端请求服务,服务器提供服务
7.Peer-to-peer networks: nodes have equal authority and can act as both clients and servers.各节点角色相同
8.Intranets: a private network within an
29.Basic application 基础应用程序 30.Military or Government军事政府 31.Research institute 研究机构 32.Insurance companies 保险公司
33.Mainframe computers 大型机,主机 34.Supercomputers超级计算机 35.Minicomputers中型电脑
36.Microcomputers 微机 个人计算机 37.Desktop computer 台式电脑
38.Notebook computer, laptop computers
手提式、膝上轻便
电脑
39.Tablet PC 支持手写的平板电脑 40.Handheld computer 掌上电脑 41.Windows mobile 操作系统 42.Electronic Dictionary 电子词典 43.Palm computer 掌上电脑 44.Handheld computer 手持电脑
工作
10.Computing Essentials Web site:more information on the Web.本课本相关的网络资源
11.Software are the instructions that tell the computer how to process date into the form you want.软件就是指导计算机把数据转换成信息的指令
12.In the most case, the words software and programs are interchangeable.大多时候,软件和程序的概念是可以互换的13.系统软件是应用软件和计算机硬件的中间连接件。
14.The system software is just the mediator between application software and 12.Functions函数
13.Analytical graphs or charts 图表 14.What-if analysis 假设分析 15.Query: 查询
16.communicate a message 传递 17.persuade people 说服
as a group.捆绑一起售卖的多个应用程序 4.Good communication skills and teaching experience, though a teaching degree may not be required, it may be preferred.沟通技能和授课经验
5.Experience with the latest software and 11.wedge-shaped楔形的 12.sector扇区
13.Norton AntiVirus: 防毒
14.Norton CleanSweep: 系统清理 15.Web CleanUp: 上网痕迹清理
16.GoBack Personal Edition: 恢复设置 17.Norton Utilities: 实用工具
16.Uninstall programs: safely and completely remove unneeded programs.卸载程序
17.Backup programs: make copies of files.备份程序
18.File compression programs: reduce the size
of files.压缩程序
过19.Disk Cleanup: a troubleshooting utility that identifies and eliminates nonessential files, frees up valuable disk space.清理无用文件,释放磁盘空间
20.A track is a concentric ring.磁道,就是一个同心圆
21.Each track is divided into wedge-shaped sections called sector.磁道被分成的楔形,称为扇区
22.The operating system tries to save a file on a single track across contiguous sectors.具有穿透性
27.Satellite: 卫星通讯
28.Use satellites orbiting about 22000 miles above the earth
29.Offered by Intelsat通讯卫星协会
30.Rotate at a precise point and speed 位置和速度严格定位
31.External modem 外置调制解调器 32.Internal modem 内置调制解调器 33.PC Card modem 卡式调制解调器 34.Wireless modem 无线上网卡
35.Use for converting the digital signals to analog signals 数字、模拟信号转换 36.Transfer rate: 传输率 37.Bandwidth带宽
38.Node: any device connected 节点 39.Client: a node uses resource 客户端
organization that resembles the Internet.企业内部网是一个私有网络
9.Extranets: a private network that connects more than one organization.企业间的外联网 10.Firewall: a security system designed to protect an organization’s network against external threats.防范外部威胁
11.Proxy server: a gatekeeper to monitor and evaluate all communication.代理服务器
45.Military PDA 军用PDA
46.System unit:microprocessor and memory
微处理器
和内存
47.Input/output devices 输入和输出 48.Keyboard 键盘 49.Mouse 鼠标
50.Monitor 显示器 printer 打印机 51.Secondary storage 辅助存储器 52.Compact discs(CD)激光盘
53.Digital versatile or video discs(DVD)数字化视频光盘
54.High-definition discs(HDD)高清盘 55.Document files文字处理 56.Worksheet files工作表单 57.Database files数据库文件 58.Presentation files演示文件
hardware.15.you have to know to be considered computer competent.作为计算机能手必须具备
16.Wireless applications are just the beginning of the wireless revolution.无线应用开启了无线革命
17.Central to the concept of connectivity is the network.连接概念的中心是网络 ○
318.Professional 专业
19.Productivity suite 商务组件 20.Personal suite 家庭组件 21.Specialized suite 专业组件 22.Utility suite 实用工具组件
hardware is essential.熟悉最新的软件和硬件 6.Seek detail-oriented individuals with IT experience IT经验的细心人
18.Bachelor’s degree 本科学位 19.Practical experience 实战经验 20.Certification from training 认证
21.Good analytical and communication skills 社交技能
23.Disk Defragmenter: locates and eliminates unnecessary fragments and rearranges files and unused disk space to optimize operations.去除无用的碎片,重新安排文件,优化磁盘空间
24.Device driver: work with the operating system to allow communication between the device and the rest of the computer system.用于设备和计算机其他组件通信
25.Windows supplies hundreds of different device drivers with its system software.自带驱动 ○
940.Server: a node sharing resources and performing specific task 服务器 41.Hub: the central node 集线器 42.Network interface cards: 网卡
43.Network operating systems: 网络OS 44.Distributed processing: 分布处理 45.Local Area Network: 局域网 46.Network gateway 网关 47.Ethernet: 以太网
48.Metropolitan Area Network: 城域网 49.Wide Area Network: 广域网
50.Network configurations 拓扑结构 51.Strategies 策略,模式
第二篇:专业英语写作小抄
(1)It allows developers to write managed code in the Java language, controlling the device via Google-developed Java libraries.(1)它允许开发者用Java语言编写托管代码,通过谷歌开发的Java库来控制设备。
(2)The unveiling of the Android distribution on 5 November 2007 was announced with the founding of the Open Handset Alliance, a consortium of 47
hardware, software, andtelecom companies devoted to advancing open standards for mobile devices.(2)2007年11月5日Android发布的揭幕宣布了开放手机联盟的成立,这是一个由47个硬件、软件以及电信公司组成的致力于推动开放手持设备标准的组织。
(3)In July 2005, Google acquired Android, Inc., a small startup company based in Palo Alto, California, USA.(3)2005年7月谷歌收购了Android公司,一个总部坐落于美国加州帕洛阿尔托的刚刚起步的小公司。
(2)At Google, the team led by Rubin developed a mobile device platform powered by the Linux kernel which they marketed to handset makers
and carriers on the premise of providing a flexible, upgradeable system.(4)在谷歌,由Rubin领导的小组开发出一款基于Linux内核的移动设备平台,在基于提供灵活可更新的系统的前提下,他们将之销售给手
机制造商和运营商。
(3)It was reported that Google had already lined up a series of hardware component and software partners and signaled to carriers that it was
open to various degrees of cooperation on their part.(5)据报道,谷歌已经将硬件和软件方面的合作伙伴分门别类并且示意运营商会基于对方开放不同程度的合作。
(6)Reports from the BBC and The Wall Street Journal noted that Google wanted its search and applications on mobile phones and it was working
hard to deliver that.(6)据BBC和《华尔街日报》报道谷歌想将它的搜索以及应用植入手机并正在努力的为之付诸实践。
(7)Print and online media outlets soon reported rumors that Google was developing a Google-branded handset.(7)报纸和网络媒体很快报道了谷歌正在开发自有品牌手机的传言。
(8)More speculation followed reporting that as Google was defining technical specifications, it was showing prototypes to cell phone manufacturers
and network operators.(8)更多的猜测紧随报道,谷歌正在定义技术标准并且正在向手机制造商和网络运营商展示的手机原型。
(1)As long as the deleted data has not been overwritten by new data, it can be found, reconstituted and recovered.Therefore the quicker you can get the
affected hard disk or partition, the higher your possibility of retrieving 100% of your deleted data back is.As the advancement of technology, the volume of storage device has markedly expanded, as a result leading to correspondingly higher risks of losing more
precious and valuable data and files in circumstance partition in which you store data and files is damaged.MiniTool Solution Ltd., producer of MiniTool Power Data Recovery, has dedicated to provide affordable, easy-to-use software and support to allow users
to recover their lost data without sending their media to expensive data recovery service.(1)只要被删除的数据没有被新的数据所覆盖,它就可以被找到,重建并恢复。因此越是尽快的找到受影响的硬盘或者分区,完全恢复你被删除的数据的可能性就越大。
随着科技的发展,存储设备的容量显著增加,结果导致当你分区存储的数据或文件受损时,丢失更多宝贵且有价值数据的可能性相应的更
高。
MiniTool Solution有限公司是MiniTool Power Data Recover的生产者,它一直致力于提供价廉、易用的软件并且支持允许用户不用将设备送至昂贵的数据恢复机构就可以进行数据恢复。
(2)Like other similar software, MiniTool Power Data Recovery, enjoying a size of less than 5MB, is veritably a MiniTool.(2)向其他小软件一样,MiniTool Power Data Recovery只有不到5MB大小,是一款货真价实的小工具。
RIAs generally split the processing across the Internet/network divide by locating the user interface and related activity and capability on the client
side, and the data manipulation and operation on the application server side.(1)富互联网应用通常通过互联网或者网络来进行处理,它分为位于用户交互界面用于处理用户活动的客户端,以及数据计算程序操作的服
务器端。
The sandbox limits visibility and access to the file and operating system on the client to the application server on the other side of the connection.This approach allows the client system to handle local activities, calculations, reformatting and so forth, thereby lowering the amount and frequency of
client-server traffic, especially as compared to the client-server implementations built around so-called thin clients.沙箱技术能够限制客户端文件以及操作系统对与之相连的服务器端的可见可接入性,这种处理方式能够允许客户端独自处理本地活动,计算,格
式修改等,因此减少了客户端与服务器端的通信频率以及总量。尤其是与所谓的基于c/s技术部署的精简型客户端相比。
One distinguishing feature of an RIA(in contrast to other Web-based applications)is the client engine that intermediates between the user and the
application server.The client engine downloads when the RIA launches.The engine can be augmented during subsequent operation with additional
downloads in which the engine acts as a browser extension to handle the user interface and server communications.RIA一个明显的特点(与其他基于网络的应用相比)是在用户端以及客户端交互协调的客户端引擎,当RIA启用时客户端引擎就会开始下载数
据,随着用户随后的操作,客户端引擎会下载更多的数据,并以此扩展,扮演负责客户端和服务器端的通信浏览器扩展组件的角色。
The iPad is Apple’s new tablet computer.Steven P.Jobs positioned the iPad as a device that sits between the laptop and the smart phone-and which does certain things better than both
of them, like browsing the Web, reading e-books and playing video.There was enormous anticipation leading up to its release on Jan.27, 2010.Media
companies hoped that the device would finally lead to a viable way for them to charge for news, books and other material.The iPad’s features and specifications, once the stuff of Internet myth, are now sharply in focus: The half-inch thick, 1.5-pound device will
feature a 9.7-inch multi-touch screen and is powered by a customized Apple microchip, which it has dubbed A4.The iPad will have the same
operating system as the iPhone and access to its 140,000 applications.The price of the device will start at $499 for the most basic model, with a Wi-Fi wireless connection.More expensive models will be offered with
more memory and with 3G wireless access from AT&T, which will charge up to $30 for an unlimited monthly data plan.The device lacks a camera, the ability to make phone calls and does not work with the ubiquitous Flash software that runs many Web sites.Apple
is selling accessories like a stand and a keyboard.The iPad puts Apple on a direct collision course with Amazon.Mr.Jobs credited Amazon with pioneering the category with the Kindle, but said
“we are going to stand on their shoulders and go a little bit farther.”
iPad是苹果的新款平板电脑。
乔布斯将iPad定位于一款介于笔记本电脑和智能手机之间并且在网络浏览,电子书阅读以及视频播放等方面明显优于二者的设备。众多的期望致使其2010年1月27日的发布。传媒公司希望这款设备能够最终为他们对新闻,书籍以及其他材料进行收费提供可行的途径。
iPad的功能与规格曾经是互联网上虚构的东西,而现在成为万众瞩目的焦点:这款半英寸厚1.5英镑重的设备配置一块9.7英寸的多点触控屏幕,使用一块被称作A4的定制苹果芯片。iPad将会采用与iPhone相同的操作系统,能够适用iPhone的140000个应用程序。
这款设备的价格将会499美元起,基本机型配有Wi-Fi无线连接。更贵的机型将会提供更多的储存空间以及AT&T的3G无线接入,这将会每月
收取高达30美元的不限流量套餐费用。
这款设备没有配备照相,打电话的功能,并且不能与运行于许多网站随处可见的Flash软件兼容。苹果公司同时销售配件像支架,键盘。
iPad将苹果公司置于与亚马逊公司正面竞争的的局面。乔布斯先生肯定了亚马逊公司Kidle的先驱作用,同时说:“我们将会站在他们的肩膀,并且走得更远一点。”
Web services(sometimes called application services)are services(usually including some combination of programming and data, but possibly including human resourcesas well)that are made available from a business's Web server for Web users or other Web-connected programs.Web services range from such major services as
storage management and customer relationship management(CRM)down to much more limited services such as the furnishing of a stock quote and the checking of bidsfor an auction item
Users can access some Web services through a peer-to-peer arrangement rather than by going to a central server.Some services can communicate
with other services and this exchange of procedures and data is generally enabled by a class of software known as middleware.(1)网络服务(有时称作应用服务)是由商业的网络服务器向网络用户或者网络接入的程序提供的服务(通常包含一些程序或数据的接入,但是也可
能包含人力资源)。
(2)网络服务的范围从存储管理和客户关系管理这样一些主要的服务到限制性更多的服务,如提供股票报价以及查询拍卖物品的竞拍情况。
(3)用户可以通过端到端的方式获取一些网络服务而不必接入中心服务器。一些服务可以和其他服务进行交互,这些程序和数据的交互通常
是由一类叫做中间件的软件来实现
第三篇:自动化专业英语(小抄)
第一部分第六单元
A交流机
简介
将电能转换成机械能或将机械能转换成电能的电机是传动系统中的主要组成部分。从电学、机械学和热学的角度看,电机具有复杂的结构。虽然一百多年前就开始使用电机,关于电机的研究与开发工作一直在继续。但是,与电力电子器件和电力电子变换器相比,电机的发展十分缓慢。从传统观念上,由恒频正弦电源供电的交流机一直用于恒速场合,而直流机则用于变速场合。但在最近二、三十年,我们已经看到在变频、变速交流机传动技术上取得的研究与开发成果,并且它们正逐步取代直流传动。
在大多数情况下,新设备都使用交流传动。
一般可将交流机分类如下:
感应电机:鼠笼或绕线式转子(双馈),旋转或直线运动;
同步电机:旋转或直线运动,启动、绕线式激磁(转子)或永磁磁铁,径向或轴向气隙(圆盘状),凸磁极或内(隐)磁极,正弦波磁场或梯形波磁场;
变阻抗电机:开关磁阻电机,步进电机。
感应电机
在所有的交流电机中,感应电机,尤其是鼠笼型感应电机,在工业上得到了最广泛的应用。这些电机价格便宜、结实、可靠,并且从不到一个马力到数兆瓦容量的电机都可买到。小容量电机一般是单相电机,但多相(三相)电机经常用于变速传动。
图1-6A-1 理想化的三相、两极感应电机
图1-6A-1给出了一台理想的三相、两极感应电机,图中定子和转子的每一个相绕组用一个集中线圈来表示。三相绕组在空间上按正弦分布并嵌入在槽里。对绕线式转子电机而言,转子绕组与定子绕组类似,但鼠笼式电机的转子具有鼠笼状结构,并且有两个短路环。基本上,感应电机可以看作是一个具有可旋转并且短路的二次绕组的一台三相变压器。定子和转子的核用层压铁磁钢片制成,电机内的气隙实际上是均匀的(非凸极结构)。
感应电机的一个最基本的原理是在气隙中建立旋转和按正弦分布的磁场。如果忽略槽和由于非理想分布的绕组产生的空间谐波的影响,可以证明,在三相定子绕组中能以三相对称电源建立一个同步旋转的旋转磁场。
旋转速度由公式(1-6A-1)给出
Ne称作同步转速,单位是转/分,是定子频率,单位是赫兹。P是电机的极对数。
转子绕组切割磁场,就会在短路的转子中产生感应电流。气隙磁通和转子磁动势的相互作用产生转矩使转子旋转。但转子的转速低于同步转速。因此称它为感应电机或异步电机。为了满足各种工业应用中对启动和运行的要求,可从制造厂家得到几种标准设计的鼠笼电机。最常见的转矩-速度特性,与国家电气制造协会的标准一致的,并很容易获得和定型的设计,如图1-6A-2所示。这些电机中最有意义的设计变量是转子笼型电路的有效阻抗。
A类电机这类电机适用于启动负载低(诸如风扇、泵类负载)以便能快速达到全速,因而避免了启动过程电机过热的问题。对大容量电机而言,需要降压启动以限制启动电流。B类电机这类电机是很好的通用电机,有着广泛的工业应用。它们特别适合对启动转矩要求不是特别严格的恒速驱动。比如驱动风扇、泵类负载、鼓风机和电动发电机组。C类电机C类电机适合驱动压缩机、输送机等等。
D类电机此类电机适合驱动要求迅速加速的间歇性负载和冲床、剪床这样的高冲击性负载。在驱动冲击性负载的情况下,在系统中加一个调速轮。当电机转速随负载冲击有点 下降时,在负载冲击期间调速轮释放它的一部分动能。
同步电机
同步电机,正像名字所表示的,一定是像公式(1-6A-1)那样以同步速度旋转。对感应电机恒速驱动应用而言,它是一位非常重要的竞争者。
图1-6A-3理想化的三相、两极同步电机
图1-6A-3给出了一台理想的三相、两极绕线式激磁的同步电机。同步电机的定子绕组与感应电机的定子绕组一样,但同步电机的转子上有一个绕组,这个绕组通过直流电流,在气隙中产生磁通,该磁通协助定子感应的旋转磁场来拉动转子与它一同旋转。直流激磁电流由静态整流器通过滑环和电刷提供给转子,或由无刷励磁电源提供。因为转子总是以同步转速旋转,同步旋转的de-qe轴与转子的相对位置是不变的,如图所示,de轴对应N极。在转子中没有定子感应的感应电势,因此转子的磁动势仅由激磁绕组提供。这使得电
机在定子侧可以任意的功率因数运行,即引前、滞后或同相。从另一角度说,在感应电机中,定子给转子提供励磁使得电机功率因数总是滞后。
转矩产生的原理有点类似于感应电机。如图所示的同步电机是凸极式同步机,因为转子周围的气隙是不均匀的,不均匀的气隙在d轴和q轴上造成了不对称的磁阻。与其(凸极式同步机)对应的另一种电机是有均匀气隙的圆柱体形转子结构的电机(与异步机相似),定义为隐极式同步电机。例如,水电站使用的低速发电机是凸极同步机,而火力发电厂使用的高速发电机是隐极式同步机。除激磁绕组之外,转子通常有一个阻尼器,或叫阻尼绕组,它就像感应电机中短路的鼠笼棒。同步机更昂贵但效率也高一些。绕线式激磁绕组同步 机通常用于大功率(数兆瓦)驱动。
变阻抗电机
变阻抗或双阻抗电机,正像名字所表示的那样,有两个凸极,这意味着电机的定子和转子都是凸极结构。如前所述,变阻抗电机有两种:开关磁阻电机和步进电机
步进电机基本上是一种数字电机,即它根据数字脉冲运动固定的步数或角度。小型步进电机广泛用于计算机外围设备。然而,由于步进电机不适合调速应用场合,不再作进一步讨论。有关文献对开关磁阻电机驱动十分关注,最近做了许多工作来使其商品化以参与和感应电机的竞争。图1-6A-4给出了有四对定子极对数、三对转子极对数的四相开关磁阻电机的截面图。电机转子没有任何绕组或永磁磁铁。定子极上有集中绕组(不是正弦分布绕组),每一对定子极绕组,如图所示,由变换器的一相供电。例如,当转子极对a-a‘接近定子极对A-A‘时,定子极对A-A’被通电,通过磁拉力产生转矩,当两个极对重合时,定子极对A-A'断电。
图1-6A-4开关磁阻电机的结构
借助于转子位置编码器,电机的四对绕组依次、与转子同步得电,得到单向转矩。可给出转矩的幅值式中m =感应速率,i = 瞬时电流。感应速率恒定则电流i为
常数。高速运行时,转子感应的反电动势也高。
这种电机的优点是结构简单、坚固;也可能它比其它电机要便宜一些。但是,这种电机有转矩脉动和严重的噪声问题。
[2] In a well-designed PWM drive, the commutation frequency should be increased as permitted by the devices so as to obtain a good balance between the increase of inverter loss and decrease of machine loss. 在设计完善的PWM传动系统中,应在器件允许的条件下增加换相频率,以便在逆
变器损耗的增加和电机损耗的降低之间找到一个合适的平衡点。
so as to接动词不定式,可译作“为的是”、“以便……”;so…as to 接动词不定式,意
思是“如此……以致”。
6.参考译文
B感应电机传动装置
感应电机的转速由电机的同步速和转差决定。同步速与电源频率有关,转差由供给电机
为控制感应电机的转速,存在几个机理,它们是:(1)变电压恒频率或定子电压控制,(2)变电压变频率控制,(3)变电流变频率控制,和(4)转差功率调节。这些方法之一,变电压变频率控制可被描述如下。
方波逆变器传动装置
馈电电压逆变器(也称电压源逆变器,VSI)通常分为两类:方波逆变器和脉宽调制逆变器。此类逆变器从二十世纪六十年代初,当先进的强制换相技术开始发展时就被提出。图1-6B-1显示了方波逆变器传动装置的传统电力电路,三相桥整流器把交流电变换为可变电压的直流电,作为强制变换桥逆变器的输入。逆变器产生变电压变频率电源,控制电机速度。图1-6B-1变电压变频率感应电机传动装置
(未显示逆变器的强迫换流电路)
由于大的滤波电容器给逆变器提供了一个刚性的电压源,且逆变器的输出电压不受负载种类的影响,因此,此类逆变器叫做馈电电压逆变器。通常,相对于假想的直流电源的中心点,逆变器每一桥臂上的每个晶闸管导通180°,在电机的一相产生方波电压。线电压可被显示为如图所示的六个阶梯形电压波。因为感应电机构成了滞后的功率因数负载,所以逆变器的晶体管需要强制换相。反馈二极管可利用滤波电容器促进负载无功能量的循环,并维持输出电压定位
在直流链接电压上,二极管也参与换相和制动过程。
变压变频速度控制方法的理论可由图1-6B-2和1-6B-3来帮助解释。用于此类传动装置的电机具有低转差特性,并提高效率。电机转速可通过简单改变同步速,例如,改变逆变器频率来改变。然而,随着频率的增加,电机的气隙磁通下降,导致产生的转矩降低。的电压或电流调节控制。
图1-6B-2感应电机的电压-频率关系
图1-6B-3变电压变频率电源的感应电机的转矩-转速曲线如果电压随频率变化,从而使电压/频率之比保持恒定,则就像直流并激电机一样可使气隙磁通保持不变。图1-6B-2 显示了期望的电机电压-频率关系。在基频(1.0 标幺值)以下,气隙磁通由于伏特/赫兹恒定而保持不变,这将导致恒定的转矩。处于低频时,定子阻抗超过漏感,占主导地位,因此,附加电压被施加,以补偿此作用。处于基频时,通过前推整流器触发角至所允许的最小值,电机全电压被建立,高于基频后,当频率增加时,由于气隙磁通的损失,转矩下降,电机以如图所示的恒功率方式运行。这与直流电机弱磁调速类似。电机恒转矩和恒功率区的转矩-转速曲线如图1-6B-3 所示,其中每一条转矩-转速曲线都对应于电机接线端特定的电压和频率组合。分别对应于恒定负载和变化负载的两个稳态运行点A 和B如图所示。
电机以最大可得转矩从零加速,以恒磁通转差控制方式或以恒转差磁通控制方式达到稳定点。稳态运转的磁通和转差调节均可提高电机效率。
馈电电压方波传动装置通常用于中、小功率的工业场合,其调速比一般不超过10:1。最近,此类传动装置在很大程度上已被下一部分将要介绍的PWM传动装置所代替。馈电电压逆变器非常适合多电机驱动,在这种情况下,许多感应电机的速度可得到精确控制。脉宽调制型(PWM)逆变器传动装置
在前一部分描述的变压变频逆变器传动装置中,若使用二极管整流器,则直流链接(link)电压不可控,基频输出电压可利用脉宽调制技术在逆变器中进行控制。利用这种方法,晶闸管在半周期中开合多次,产生低谐波的变压输出。
图1-6B-4脉宽调制的原理
等腰三角形载波波形与正弦波信号比较,得到的交叉点确定变换点。除低频范围外,载波与信号同步,载波频率与信号频率之比保持为3的偶数倍以改善谐波。通过改变调制指数可改变基频输出电压。可见,如果调制指数小于一,那么在输出中只有与残留边带相关的基频的载波频率谐波出现。与方波相比,此种波形产生相当小的谐波温升和转矩脉动。随着调制指数超过1,电压可一直增加,直到获得方波波形中的最大电压。因此,PWM电压控制适用于恒转矩区(如图1-6B-2),然而,在恒功率区,运行等同于方波传动装置。
指定谐波消除PWM(selected harmonic elimination)技术最近引起广泛关注。在这种方法中,换相点由预先确定的方波角度决定,此方波角度允许电压控制消除被选谐波。也可编程设计换相点角度,以使对于特定负载条件的电流谐波的有效值达到最小。微型计算机特别适合此类PWM,其中角度查询表存储在ROM 存储器中。在PWM乓乓控制方法中,逆变器开关控制的目的是让电流波被限制在参考波的磁滞带间,这样产生的纹波电流小。
尽管电机谐波损耗在PWM传动装置中有很大改善,但由于在每半周期存在多次换相,逆变器效率有所降低。在设计完善的PWM 传动装置中,应在器件允许的条件下增加换相频率,以便在逆变器损耗的增加和电机损耗的降低间找到一个合适的平衡点。在前节末尾提出的简单的、经济的二极管整流器可减少电网波形畸变和提高功率因数,减小滤波器容量,并提高
系统运行的可靠性。因为直流链接电压相对恒定,所以晶闸管的换相在整个基频电压范围内均令人满意。
另外,在低频区,低谐波和最小的转矩脉动允许大范围的速度控制,实际上是从电机具有最大转矩的停止状态开始。因为直流链接电压不可控,一些独立控制的逆变器可利用同一个整流器电源运行,这将节省大量的整流器费用。通过接通直流链接中的电池,传动系统可不受交流电源故障的干扰。对于电池或直流供电的传动系统,例如电车或地铁的发动机,电源可直接吸收再生发电制动能量。
第四篇:专业英语 翻译
1.Design means features of shape, configuration, pattern or ornamentation applicable to an article, being features that, in the finished article, can be judged by the eye, but does not include method or principle if construction.1 设计意味着形状的特征,结构,图案或装饰,用于一个物品中,成为一种特征,在完成的物品中,可以通过眼睛来判断,但不包括形成方法或原则。
2.Design is the activity that makes the living environment more suitable for people,it is also the tool by which the technologies, manufacture ability, market needs and resources can be transferred into the useful results and products.设计是一种能让生活环境更适宜人类生存的活动,也是一种可以将科学技术、制造能力、市场需求和资源转换为有用的结果和产品的工具。Design is the area of human experience, skill and knowledge that reflects mains concernwith the appreciation of his surroundings in the light of his materials and spiritual need, in particular, it relates with configuration, composition, meaning, value and purpose in man-made phenomena.3设计是人类的体验、技能和知识的结合体,源于设计者对其周遭环境的欣赏,按照其当时拥有的材料和精神需求,反映了一些主要问题,特别是在人为现象中,设计与外形结构、组成成分、含义、价值和目的都有关系。
4Design is the professional service of creating and developing concepts and specifications that optimize the function, value and appearance of products and systems for the mutual benefit of both user and manufacturer.4 设计是一种创造、开发新的观念与规范的专业服务,即在用户和制造商的共同利益的基础上,优化产品和系统的功能、价值和外观。
5.Design is an activity that uses wide range of experience, knowledge, and skills to find the best solution to a problem, within certain constrains.一定的约束。设计是一种活动,它广泛运用经验,知识,和技能,在一定的约束下,去寻找解决问题的最佳方法。
6.Design is far more than just problem-solving.It involves the whole process of producing a solution, from conception to evaluation.概念 评价。设计不仅仅是解决问题,它包括一个从概念到评估全过程的解决方法。
7.Design is a creative activity whose aim is to establish the multi-faceted qualities of objects多方面的品质目标, processes, services and their systems in whole life-cycles.7 设计是一种创造性的活动,旨在建立多方面的品质目标,过程,服务和全部生命周期中的系统。
8.Design is concerned with the whole process from identifying a problem, through to creating a solution and then testing it.设计与发现问题,解决方案以及对其试验的整个过程密切相关。
When applied to fine and applied arts, engineering, and other such creative efforts, design is both a noun and a verb.当设计应用于精美的或者实用型的艺术、工程或其他类似的创造性工作时,它既是一个
名词,又是一个动词。Red activates your pituitary gland, increasing your heart rate and causing you to breathe more rapidly.This visceral response makes red aggressive, energetic, provocative and attention-grabbing.Count on red to evoke a passionate response, albeit not always a favorable one.For example, red can represent danger or indebtedness.9 红色,激活了你的脑下垂体,增加了你的心率,加速了你的呼吸。这些生理上的反应也赋予了红色以攻击性、活力、刺激并引人注目。虽然红色并非总是最惹人喜爱的颜色,但凭借红色仍可唤起充满激情的回应。例如,红色可以用来表征危险或债务。It's important to remember that colors can have different meanings in different parts of the world.If your business operates globally, make sure you research the color selections for your brand to ensure your colors accurately communicate your brand image in international markets.10 我们应当铭记,各种色彩在世界的不同地区有着不同的含义。如果你在从事全球性的贸易,一定要充分调研自家品牌的色彩选择,确保选用的颜色在国际市场上能够准确传达品牌形象。
11.Blue is frequently used to promote products and services related to cleanliness and purity — cleaning liquids and water purification filters — air and sky for airlines, airports, and air conditioners, or water and sea such as bottled waters and ocean voyages.11.蓝色是经常被用来促进产品和服务,清洁和纯洁性清洁液体和水净化过滤器-空气,天空与航空公司,机场,和空调,或水和海水如瓶装水和大洋航行。
Rococo 洛可可Baroque style 巴洛克风格 Romantic painting浪漫主义画派Realism现实主义Abstract 抽象派
secondary colors:间色(绿橙紫)
primary colors:原色
complementary colors:补色
in-house 内部的the definition of design management 设计管理的定义
design project management设计项目管理
Sustainable design 可持续设计
Green design 绿色设计
Attribute属性,品质
cutting-edge前沿的end-user 终端用户
humanity 人,人性
prototype原型
usability可用性
human centered design 以人为本的设计
briefn.概要, 摘要
The design process设计过程
Observation and adaptation观察法和改良设计
ideas from drawing从图纸的想法
Brainstorming 头脑风暴
Checklists 调查问卷法
human body measurement 人体测量
a procedural flow chart 程序流程图
time schedule 时间表
sustainable design(green design)可持续设计
古希腊文化是西方文明的发源地。而且,古希腊设计也是西方设计的起源。特别是它的建筑艺术深深影响了西方建筑2000多年。
到了汉代,传统祭祀器皿的制造已经停止,青铜用于制造实用品或者奢侈品。到了唐代,金,银,镀金青铜几乎完全取代了铜,可能因为与中亚和西亚的人的接触,那里贵重的金属材料很久前就被重视了。
第五篇:财务管理专业英语 句子及单词翻译
Financial management is an integrated decision-making process concerned with acquiring, financing, and managing assets to accomplish some overall goal within a business entity.财务管理是为了实现一个公司总体目标而进行的涉及到获取、融资和资产管理的综合决策过程。
Decisions liabilitiesinvolving refertoa workingfirm’scapital short-termmanagement.assetsand决断涉及一个公司的短期的资产和负债提到营运资金管理
The right-handfirm’sside long-term ofthefinancingbalance sheet.decisionsconcernthe该公司的长期融资决断股份资产负债表的右边。
This affectsis company.theanfinancial importantriskdecisionfacedas bythethelegalownersstructureofthe这是一个重要的决定作为法律结构影响金融风险面对附近的的业主的公司。
The management(executiveboardincludesindividualssome directors), butmembersoftop
directors).fromoutsidethecompany(non-executive shouldalsoinclude董事会包括有些隶属于高层管理人员(执行董事),但将也包括个体从外公司(非执行董事)。
Maximization stockholdersofshareholderwealthfocusesonlyencompassescommonwhereas allfinancialmaximizationoffirmvalueonstockholders.stockholders, debtclaimholders holders, andpreferred including股东财富最大化只集中于股东,而企业价值最大化包含所有的财务债券持有者,包括普通股股东,债权人和优先股股东。
Given maximizationthesestakeholdersassumptionsand isconsistent,societyinshareholders’ withthethelongbestwealthrun。interests
of根据这些假设,从长期来看,股东财富最大化与利益相关者和社会的最好利润是相一致的。
No comprehensivecompetingthese consistentassumptions, shareholders’ wealthmeasure ameasurethatofcanafirm’sprovideas
maximizationstanding.Givenissociety in the longwiththerun.bestinterestsofstakeholdersand没有竞争措施,能提供由于全面的一个措施的一个公司的站。给这些臆说,股东'财富最大化一贯不比任何人差项目干系人项目利益相关者的利益,社会从长远说来。
In shareholders, andreality, managers andfinancingdecisionschoosemayignoretheinterestsof
that insteadbenefittomakethemselves.investment在现实中,经理可能忽视股东的利益,而是选择利于自身的投资和融资决策。
Financial of stakeholders(otherinformationstatementsfromareprobablytheimportantsourcefirm’sfinancialhealth.thanwhich
management)canthesevariousassess
a财务报表可能是最重要的信息来源,除管理者以外的各种利益相关者可以利用这些报表来评估一个公司的财务状况。
The commonstockholders’equitysectionlistspreferred retainedstock earnings.andcapitalsurplusandaccumulatedstock,股东权益列示有优先股,普通股,资本盈余和累积留存收益。
The assets, which are the “things” the company owns, are listed in the order of decreasing liquidity, or length of time it typically takes to convert them to cash at fair market values, beginning with the firm’s current assets.资产,也就是公司拥有的东西,是按照流动性递减的顺序或将它们转换为公允市场价值所需要的时间来排列的,通常从流动资产开始。The market value of a firm’s equity is equal to the number of shares of common stock outstanding times the price per share, while the amounthe cumulative amount the firm raised when issuing common t reported on the firm’s balance sheet is basically stock and any reinvested net income(retained earnings).公司权益的市场价值等于其发行在外的普通股份数乘以每股价格,而资产负债表上的总额则主要是公司在发行普通股以及分配任何再投资净收益(留存收益)时累积的数额。
When depreciationcompared early expenseyearsbuthasofhigherassetto loweracceleratednetlife, whichdepreciationmethods, straight-lineincome.tendsexpensetoainhigherthe
tax与加速折旧法相比,直线折旧法在资产使用年限的早期折旧费用较低,这也会趋向于较高的税金费用和较高的净收入。The statement of cash sections:(1)operating cashflows consists of three
and(3)financing bring activitiesincashflows.flows,(2)investingActivitiesin each areacashflows,thatcash.that cashinvolve representspendingsourcescashofcash areuses whileof该声明现金流量表包含三个部分:(1)经营现金流,(2)投资的现金流,(3)融资现金流。在每个地区活动带来现金来源的现金而代表活动涉及到花钱是使用现金
Financing repaymentsactivities andcashdividendorretirements, stockincludenewpayments.sales debtissuances, debt andrepurchases,筹资活动,包括发行新债券,偿还债务,股票销售和回购,以及现金股利支付。
Not $750 millionsurprisingly, Enron’sexecutives options in the 12 monthsinsalaries, bonusesandhadprofitsrealizedfromsomestockbankrupt.beforethecompanywent毫不奇怪, 公司破产前的十二个月里,安然的高管们实现了7.5亿美金的工资、奖金和股票期权利润。First, financial the aremanyfinancialratiostextbooks arenotstandardized.A andothersourcesperusalofcalculateavailablesomewillratios.oftenshowdifferencesinhow thatto首先,财务比率不规范。一个参考的许多金融教科书及来源,可将经常表现出差异如何计算一些率。
Liquidity obligationsratiosin theindicateshortrun.afirm’sabilitytopayits流动性比率表明公司的支付能力在短期内它的义务。
Excessively firmhighcurrentratios, however, mayindicateinvestor-supplied capitalmayhave too muchofitslong-term
acurrentassets.invested in short-termlow-earning当前的比率过高,然而,可能表明,一个公司可能有太多的长期investor-suppliedIn an inflationary 资本投资于短期first-out(LIFO)inventoryenvironment, firms low-earning that流动资产use
currentvaluationwilllikelyhave last-in,lowerfirst-out(FIFO).ratiosthanfirmsthatusefirst-in, 在一个通货膨胀的环境下,企业选择使用后进先出法对存货计价的公司比采用先进先出法的公司有一个低的流动比率。
The reflectcash thata firm’sratioliquidityistooconservative positionbecausetoaccuratelycashfirms andmarketable canfundtheiritassumessecurities.currentliabilitieswithonly 流动比率太稳健不能正确反映一个公司的流动性状况,因为在这一比率假定公司仅仅用现金和有价证券就可以偿还流动负债。
Debt of providethe relativemanagementmixratiosofdebtcharacterizeafirmintermsabilityofmeasuresthefirm.ofthelong-termandequitydebtfinancingpayingand描述一个公司债务管理比率从相对的混合的债务和股权融资的措施,提供长期偿债能力的公司。
Total equity, andcapitalthusincludesexcludesallshort-term non-currentdebt.liabilitiesplus资本总额包括所有非流动负债加上股本,从而排除短期贷款。Net industry.profitmarginsvarywidelybythetypeof有着很大的不同,其净利润为典型的产业。
Note thaninterestthat netincome, Is earningsbefore usedininterestthenumeratorandtaxes, ratherbecauseability taxes.toispay paidcurrentwithpre-taxinterestdollars, andisnotaffectedthefirm’sby注意,分子中用的是息税前利润而不是净收入,这是因为利息是税前支付的,公司支付现金利息的能力不受税收的影响。
Managers increasedshouldanalyzethetradeoffbetweenanyand andtheassociated salesfromcostsamoreoflongerlenientcollectioncreditpolicywhethermore increasechanginguncollected shareholder’sthereceivables wefirm’s alth.credittosalesdetermine periodspolicy
could管理者应该分析权衡增加的销售从一个更为宽松的信贷政策和相关费用较长的周期和更多的应收账款收集来决定是否改变公司的信用销售的政策可能会增加股东的财富。
If creditthereceivablescollectionperiodexceedsafirm’sineffectiveterms credittomarginal inthis collectingmaycustomers.indicate itscreditthatsalesafirm orisisgranting
如果应收账款采集时间超过公司的信用条款这也许说明了企业信用销售收集它无效或给予客户信用边缘。
A continuedlow, decliningratiomaysuggesttheweakeningoutdatedto demandbuildor upinventoryinthe firmfacehasof
soldatreduced orobsoleteprices, ifinventory maybeatall.that carryingcouldandonlyreportingbe一个低税率、下降率可能显示这个公司已经持续不断地加强库存面对需求不断减弱或可能携带和报告过期或过时的库存,只能减价出售。Thus, the operatingmeasuresoperating profitprofitmargin, whichindicatesthefinancinggeneratedperdollarofnetsales, costs.thefirm’soperatingprofitabilitybefore因此,经营利润,预示着美元营业利润产生的净销售额,公司的经营利润措施在融资成本。
If depreciatedthefirm’sfixedassetsareoldandhavebeen
not denominatorlosttheirtowilla productivelowbookinflate ROA.ability, the lowvalue, andthefigure in theassetshave如果公司固定资产比较旧,分母的减少会是ROA折旧到低的账面价值,但是资产并没有失去生产能力。
Return returnoncommonequity(ROCE)focusesonjusttheremovingto netthe commondividendsshareholderstopreferredandis shareholderscomputedfrom bycommonincomeshareholders.anddividingbythecapitalprovidedby普通股权益报酬率仅仅关注普通股股东的报酬率,用净收入扣除优先股股利除以普通股股东提供的资本计算得到。
Dividend return;anotheryield appreciation.part representsofaparts stock’softotalastock’sreturntotalisprice
代表部分股息率的股票总回报;另一部分是一个股票的总回报价格上涨。
In morefact, ofalltheconceptsusedinfinance, noneiscalledimportant discountedthancashtheflow(DCF)analysis.timevalueofmoney, also事实上,财务上所有的概念中,货币时间价值是最重要的,也称作是折现调整现金流量折价分析。
Thus, investors bearing principlesandtherequiretimecompensationvalueofmoney.Theseforbothrisk twodecision-makinglieatconcepts.theheartofthefinancial因此,投资者需要为风险负担和货币时间价值提供补偿,这两个原则的核心在于财务决策的概念。
Interest baseratesare investments.ratestodrawalsocomparisonoftenusedtoas alternativerisklessriskier or利率也常常作为无风险利率或基准利率来对可替代的风险投资进行比较。
Most operatepersonalonaloans, mortgages compoundingbasis.andcreditcards大多数个人贷款、抵押贷款和信用卡是以复利计息的。
Therefore, the is to reducetothe correctdiscountingadjustmentfactorforbyanoneannuityandtoduestream.thereducedcalculationanon-discountedcashflow add因此,正确的调整年金是为了减少由于贴现因子,增加减少的一个non-discountedIf rate, theinterest 计算现金流量
bondrateswillmovesellabove(below)thebelow(above)itsbond’s parvalue.coupon如果利率移动高(低)债券的票面利率,债券将出售低于(以上)其票面金额.If period, asanannuitynotbeginitspaymentinwith deferredanordinary withandue, then ordinaryit annuity, orisimmediately, as thefirststreamsubsequentannuity-anto annuitythefirstthatperiod.begins classifieditsas casha
flow如果一项年金不像普通年金那样在第一期支付,也不像预付年金那样马上支付,那么我们就把它划分为递延年金,这种年金在第一期后的期间支付。
The highereffective when year.interest thanthe rateofaninvestmentwillalwaysbeisnominal compoundedorstatedmoreinterest thanoncerateper当利息用复利计算一年多于一年的时候,一项投资的有效利率将永远比名义利率高。
Nonetheless, intrinsic determining whencomparedwhethervaluetoits tomarket buyservesorvaluesell asabasisfor
a orfinancialprice.asset尽管如此,内在价值作为基础,与市场价值或价格作比较,来决定是否购买或卖出一项金融资产。
The the relatedamount valueoftotheofaamount expectedfinancialofcashassetisdirectlyrelatedtorisk.flows, butinversely一项金融资产的价值与期望的现金流量正相关,与风险程度负相关。If fallinterestratesincrease, causingthebackbelowtothepar, theissuerbondholderatparormayahigher sell bondthepriceprice.bondto如果利率上升,导致债券价格跌破面值,场所将该债券交付可能卖债券回发行人的面值,或一个更高的价格。
In a claimthecaseof pledgedontothe otherassets unsecuredsecurities.thatdebt, thetheissuerbondholdershasnothave就信用借贷来说,债券所有人对发行人未抵押给其他担保人的资产有要求全。
An ratinginverse oryieldandtoquality relationshipmaturity.ofagenerallybondandexistsitsbetween interestthe rate评级和债券的质量与利息率或到期收益率程相反关系。
Common theirstockholdersareafterandclaim preferred satisfyingtoearningsand theassets residualisowners whatremainsbecausestockholders.thepriorclaimofvariouscreditors普通股股东是剩余所有者,这是因为他们对收益和资产的要求权是在满足各债权人和优先股股东优先选择权后剩余的。
In butsomeinstances, existingstockholderspurchasenotthecompanythe ofall obligation, tosells.newsharesshareofcommon proportionately havethestockinright, thatthe在某些情况下,现有的股东也有这个权利,但不是义务,在购买比例分享所有新股的公司的普通股票卖出。
Future dividendcash price(gainspaymentsflowsorlosses)overmay and/orbechangesinthe theholdingin formtheof period.stock’scash未来现金流的形式可能是现金股利支付和/或改变股票的价格(收益或亏损)控股的时期
It infinitesuggestsinvestorsmustvalue valueatand ofthethen commonrequireddiscountforecast thembackdividendstopresentto
stock.rateofreturntoestimatethe建议投资者必须预测派发股息的无限,然后他们回到现值折扣在所需的收益率的估计价值普通股。
The riskiergreatertheinvestment thevariabilityis.ofthepossiblereturns, the大的可变性的回报,投资将会有冒险性。
Investment actuallyrisk, then, isrelatedtothe thechanceearning investment.ofaalowloworornegativenegative thereturn, the return-theprobabilityriskier greaterof投资风险,然后,涉及的概率低或者消极实际获得回报,更大的机会或负回报低,风险投资。
This as standardtwoassumptionparameters, thegreatlyexpectedsimplifiesreturn(mean)andinvestmentanalysis,thecompletelydeviation(or financialreturns.describethevariance), areprobabilitysufficientdistributionto
ofall这个假设,极大地简化了投资分析的两个参数,预期回报(平均)和标准偏差(或方差),能够完整地描述所有财务回报的概率分布。
Financial beingtheorytypically considersrisk-averse.Aviewsdecisionmakersascompensationariskyrisk-aversedecisionmakerforrisk investmentthroughonlyariskifitpremium.provides金融理论的观点是典型的决策者风险。一规避风险投资决策者认为只有当它提供补偿风险通过风险溢价。
Rational some constraintsobjectivebehaviorthatfunction-theirmeansthattheyface.utility individualsfunction-undermaximize
the理性行为意味着个人一些目标函数最大化效用函数下-他们的效用函数-他们所面临的约束条件的。
In forreality, it is orindividualprobably orretailmore investorslikelyastobetrueonlystocksinstitutionalasopposedinvestors, andtothinlyfor tradedfrequentlyopposedstocks.tradedto large事实上,它可能是更有可能是真的只是为了个人或散户投资者反对大或机构投资者的交易,因为很多股票交易反对稀疏的股票。Based market, Fama(1970)distinguishesonthetypeinformationinformationallyefficientmarkets.three availableformstoofthe基于类型资料提供给市场,现有(1970)区分成三种形式的信息的有效率的市场。
Banks, insurance financial diversifiedinstitutionscompanies, mutualportfolios.arerequiredfunds, and bylawtootherhold银行、保险公司、基金和其他金融机构依法举办多种组合。
As thea numberrule, theofriskinessstocksinoftheaportfolio portfoliowill increases.declineas 一般来说,投资组合的风险也会下降股票的数目在组合增加。
The isbecalled part eliminateddiversifiable ofastock’siscalledrisk, whileriskthatcanbeeliminatedmarketrisk.thepartthatcannot部分股票的风险可以省略,被称为可分散风险,而无法消除的部分叫做市场风险。
In addinggeneral, theanswerisno, buttheextenttowhichin smallerthestocks degreetoofaportfolioreducesitsriskdepends therisktheinpositive correlation alargecorrelationamongportfolio.coefficients,thestocks: thethelower通常来说,答案是否定的,但是向证券投资组合中增加股票种类能使风险减小的程度取决于组合中股票的关联性:正相关系数越小,一个大的证券投资组合的风险就越低。
In individualtherealworld, wherethe+1.0, some, butstocksnotare correlationsamongtheall, riskgenerallycanpositive eliminated.butless than 在现实世界中,在相关个股通常是积极的,但是低于+ 1.0,有些,但不是全部,风险就会消除。
You securities, thefindoutbereduced, withouttotal thatrisk byreducingcombining ofthetheinvestmenttwoorexpectedmore
pay-off.canactually 你发现结合两个或两个以上的证券,总投资者的投资风险会减少,而不减少预期的收益。
Most annualpublic the shareholderSecuritiesreports firms。annualand TheseinExchangethe includeUnited(US)preparetworeport。
Commission theannual(SEC report)andtothe在美国大多数上市公司都准备两份报告,这包括给证券交易委员会的一份,和给股东的一份。
The owners’(stockholders’)equitybalancesheetreportsafirm’sattheendofareportingasperiod.ofagiven assets, anddate, usually
资产负债表报告的是特定日期公司的资产,负债和所有者权益,通常是在报告期末。
Net becauseincomeandactualnetcashflowmayfor therecognizingaccountants treatmentof revenuesusedepreciationan andaccrualaccounting differprocess
expenses, and andtaxes.becauseof净利润和实际的净现金流量可能不同,这是因为会计人员用应机制会计过程来确认收入和费用,也可能是因为对折旧和税收的处理不同。
Uses the shareholder wealth maximization to take the goal, both has supported the enterprise operation property right foundation, and sufficiently considers and has respected the enterprise funder(shareholder)the reasonable benefit, causes the entire enterprise management and operation to set up in one may hold with above the reality foundation.“shareholder wealth maximization” manages finances the goal inAt the same time,the capital market developed environment, also is advantageous for the balance and the operation, the feasibility is strongest.financial management decision-making财务管理 acquire决策,决策的 publicly traded corporations获得,取得
vice president of financechief financial officer财务副总裁公开上市公司 公众 chief executive officer首席财务官 balance sheet首席执行官capital budgeting资产负债表 working capital management资本预算
hurdle rate营运资本管理 capital structure最低报酬率 mix of debt and equity资本结构
cash dividendstockholder现金股利 负债与股票的组合dividend policy股东
dividend-payout ratio股利政策
stock repurchase股利支付率 stock offeringtradeoff股票发行 股票回购 common stock权衡,折中current liabilitycurrent asset普通股流动负债 marketable security流动资产
inventorytangible fixed assets存货
流动性资产,有价证券 in tangible fixed assets有形固定资产 patenttrademark专利 无形固定资产 creditor
商标 stockholders’ equity债权人financing mixrisk aversion融资组合股东权益 volatility风险规避allocate易变性不稳定性 capital allocation配置
business financial risk企业 商业 资本配置 业务sole proprietorship财务风险partnership
limited partner合伙制企业私人业主制企业 general partner有限责任合伙人
separation of ownership and control一般合伙人
claim management buyout要求 主张 要求权所有权与经营权分离 tender offer管理层收购
financial standards要约收购initial public offering财务准则
private corporation closely held corporation私募公司 首次公开发行股票
未上市公司 board of directors控股公司executive directornon-executive director董事会执行董事
chairperson 非执行董事 controller treasurer 主计长 主席revenue profit earnings per share利润收入司库
return 每股盈余 market share 回报
social good市场份额financial distress社会福利
stakeholder theory财务困境value(wealth)maximization 利益相关者理论
common stockholder preferred stockholder普通股股东价值(财富)最大化 debt holder well-being优先股股东diversity福利债权人going concern多样化agency problem 持续的 free-riding problem代理问题
information asymmetry搭便车问题retail investorinstitutional investor散户投资者信息不对称
agency relationship net present value 代理关系机构投资者creative accounting净现值
stock option agency cost股票期权 创造性会计 bonding cost代理成本monitoring costs契约成本 takeover监督成本 corporate annual reports 接管
balance sheet 公司年报 income statement资产负债表statement of cash flows 利润表
statement of retained earnings 现金流量表fair market value 留存收益表
marketable securities 公允市场价值check 油价证券money order 支票
withdrawal 拨款但、汇款单 accounts receivable 提款
credit sale应收账款 inventory property plant and equipment 存货赊销
depreciation 折旧 土地、厂房与设备 accumulated depreciation liability 累计折旧 current liability 负债
long-term liability 流动负债 accounts payout note payout 应付账款长期负债accrued expense 应付票据
deferred tax preferred stock 递延税款应计费用common stock book value 普通股优先股capital surplus 账面价值 accumulated retained earnings 资本盈余
hybrid 累计留存收益 treasury stock 混合金融工具historic cost 库藏股current market value 历史成本
real estate outstanding房地产
现行市场价值 a profit and loss statement 发行在外的net income 损益表 operating income 净利润
earnings per share 经营收益simple capital structure 每股收益
dilutive basic earnings per share 冲减每股收益的简单资本结构 complex capital structures 基本每股收益 diluted earnings per share 复杂的每股收益convertible securities 稀释的每股收益warrant accrual accounting 认股权证
可转换证券 amortization 应计制会计 accelerated methods 摊销
straight-line depreciation 加速折旧法
statement of changes in shareholders 直线折旧法
source of cash use of cash 现金来源 ’equity 股东权益变动表 operating cash flows 现金运用
cash flow from operations 经营现金流direct method 经营活动现金流
indirect method 直接法bottom-up approach 间接法
investing cash flows 倒推法 cash flow from investing投资现金流joint venture投资活动现金流
affiliatefinancing cash flows 分支机构合资企业
cash flows from financing筹资现金流
time value of money simple interest 货币时间价值筹资活动现金流debt instrument 单利annuity 债务工具
future value 年金
present value 终值compound interest 现值
compounding principal 复利计算复利mortgage 本金 credit card 抵押terminal value 信用卡discounting discount rate 折现计算终值opportunity cost 折现率
required rate of return 机会成本cost of capital 要求的报酬率
ordinary annuity资本成本annuity due 普通年金financial ratio 先付年金
deferred annuity 财务比率restrictive covenants 递延年金perpetuity 限制性条款
bond indenture 永续年金face value 债券契约
financial analyst 面值
liquidity ratio coupon rate 息票利率财务分析师nominal interest rate 流动性比率
current ratio 名义利率
effective interest rate 流动比率window dressing going-concern value 账面粉饰有效利率
marketable securities持续经营价值 quick ratio liquidation value 清算价值短期证券
book value 速动比率cash ratio现金比率账面价值
debt management ratios marker value市场价值
intrinsic value debt ratio 内在价值债务管理比率mispricing 债务比率debt-to-equity ratio 给……错定价格
valuation approach 债务与权益比率equity multiplier discounted cash flow valuation 权益乘估价方法 数
long-term ratio undervaluation 长期比率折现现金流量模型debt-to-total-capital 低估
overvaluation 高估
债务与全部资本比率
leverage ratios 杠杆比率option-pricing model 期权定价模型
interest coverage ratio 利息保障比率contingent claim valuation 或有要求权估价
earnings before interest and taxes 息税前利润promissory note 本票
cash flow coverage ratio 现金流量保障比率contractual provision 契约条款
asset management ratios 资产管理比率 par value 票面价值
accounts receivable turnover ratio 应收账款周转率maturity value 到期价值
inventory turnover ratio 存货周转率 coupon 息票利息
inventory processing period存货周转期 coupon payment 息票利息支付
accounts payable turnover ratio应付账款周转率 coupon interest rate 息票利率 cash conversion cycle 现金周转期 maturity 到期日
asset turnover ratio 资产周转率term to maturity到期时间 profitability ratio 盈利比率 call provision赎回条款
gross profit margin毛利润 call price 赎回价格
operating profit margin经营利润 sinking fund provision 偿债基金条款 net profit margin 净利润 conversion right 转换权 return on asset资产收益率put provision 卖出条款
return on totalequity ratio全部权益报酬率 indenture 债务契约
return on common equity普通权益报酬率 covenant 条款
market-to-book value ratio市场价值与账面价值比率trustee 托管人
market value ratios市场价值比率 protective covenant 保护性条款 dividend yield股利收益率 negative covenant 消极条款 dividend payout股利支付率 positive covenant 积极条款 financial statement财务报表 secured debt担保借款 profitability 盈利能力 unsecured debt信用借款 viability 生存能力
creditworthiness信誉 solvency 偿付能力 collateral抵押品
collateral trust bonds 抵押信托契约 debenture 信用债券 portfolio组合diversifiable risk可分散风险 marketrisk市场风险 expectedreturn期望收益 stand-alonerisk个别风险 standard deviation标准离差 variance方差
normaldistribution正态分布
efficientmarkethypothesis(EMH)有效市场假设 pricetaker价格接受者
investorrationality投资者的理性 institutionalinvestor机构投资者 retailinvestor个人,散户投资者 anomaly异常(人或物)
post-earningsannouncementdrift期后盈余披露 behavioralfinance行为财务
expectedutilitytheory期望效用理论
mean-varianceefficientfrontier均值-方差有效前沿 covariance协方差
correlationcoefficient相关系数
company-specificfactor公司特有风险
arbitragepricingtheory(APT)套利定价理论