2014英语六级翻译必备技巧之综合法

第一篇：2014英语六级翻译必备技巧之综合法

有些句子单独使用一种翻译方法是很难翻译好的，需要用几种方法进行综合处理，然后再按照时间顺序，主从结构或逻辑关系等重新排列，即进行句子重组。

我们先来看一句汉译英：

例1 除了服务于说本族语者的需要外，英语也是科学、技术和其他领域一些重要著作编撰时所使用的语言，这些著作并非总是由以英语为母语的人所编撰的。

这句话虽然很长，但其实只说明了一个问题--英语是一个什么样的语言?由句子可知，英语有以下功能：服务于以母语的人;在科学等领域编撰著作时使用。英语还具有一个特征：用于科学等领域的书籍编撰时，并非总是由以英语为母语的人来担纲。而在英语的两个功能中，本句尤其突出他的第二个功能，所以在翻译本句时要注意重点和句子结构的重组，有些部分可以处理成修饰语成分。

译文：English is a language in which some of important works in science,technology and other fields are being produced, not always by native speakers,besides serving the needs of its native speakers.我们再来看一个由英文转换到中文的例子：

例2 The technical aspects or applications of knowledge are equally necessary for man and are of the greatest importance, because they also contribute to defining him as man and permit him to pursue a life increasingly more truly human.译文：对人们来说，知识的技能及其应用是同样必不可少的，并且也是至关重要的，因为它们也有助于对人类本身下定义，同时允许人类追求日益真实的人的生活。

第二篇：英语六级翻译

2012年6月

《孙子兵法》（The Art of War）是中国古代最重要的一部军事著作之一，是我国优秀传统文化的重要组成部分。孙子（Sun Tzu），即该书的作者，在书中揭示的一系列具有普遍意义的军事规律，不仅受到军事家门的推崇，还在经济领域、领导艺术、人生追求甚至家庭关系等诸多方面，具有广泛的指导作用。《孙子兵法》中的许多名言警句（epigram），富有哲理，意义深远，在国内外广为流传。如今，《孙子兵法》已被翻译成多种语言，在世界军事史上也具有重要的地位。

The Art of War is one of the most important ancient Chinese military literary works, and serves as an important part of outstanding traditional culture in China.Sun Tzu, the author of the book, revealed a series of universal military laws which are not only valued by militarists but also play an extensive guiding role in several fields such as economy, art of leadership, the pursuit of life and even family relationship.There are a lot of famous saying and epigrams in The Art of War that are rich in wisdom and have profound meanings and are thus widely circulated both at home and abroad.Nowadays The Art of War has been translated into many languages and it also plays an important role in the military history of the world.2012年12月

京剧

京剧（Peking Opera）已有200多年的历史，是中国的国剧。与其他地方戏相比，京剧享有更高的荣誉，但其实京剧融合了多种地方戏的元素。京剧演员的脸谱（facial make-up）和戏服都很精美，相比之下舞台布景则十分简单。表演者主要应用四种技能：唱、念、做、打。京剧较擅长于表现历史题材的政治、军事斗争，故事大多取自于历史演义和小说话本（historic and fictional stories）。在古代，京剧大多是在户外演出的，因此演员们形成了一种有穿透力的唱腔，以便每个人都能听到。

Peking Opera, as the national opera of China, has a history of more than 200 years.Compared with other Chinese local operas,Peking Opera enjoys a higher reputation;but actually it absorbed many elements of other local operas.The facial make-up and costumers of the performs are very delicate;by contrast, the backdrops are quiet plain.During performance, the performers mainly utilize four skills: song, speech, dance, and combat.Peking Opera is better at performing political and military struggle with historic and the performed stories are mainly from historic and fictional stories.In ancient times, Peking Opera, was mostly performed in the open air, so the performers developed a piercing style of song that could be heard by everyone.2013年6月

中国卫生监督部门决定在未来三到五年之内建立一个全国性的网络，用以监测空气污染对人类健康的影响。这一目标于国家卫生和计划生育委员会(National Health and Family Planning Commission)针对空气污染的一份工作文件中披露，根据这份文件，该网络将搜集不同地区空气中的PM2.5数据和主要空气污染物浓度变化的数据。这将为分析和评估空气污染对健康的影响提供数据支持。这一文件提到，缺乏长期而系统的监测使国家无法揭示空气污染和人类健康之间的联系。

China’s health watchdog has decided to set up a national network to monitor the impact air pollution on human’s health within the coming three to five years.The goal was revealed in a work document on air pollution released by National Health and Family Planning Commission.According to the document, the network will gather data on PM2.5 in the air in different regions and the density changes of main air pollutants.That will provide data support for the analysis and evaluation of the impact of air pollution on health.The document noted that lack of long-term and systematic monitoring prevented the country from uncovering the link between air pollution and human’s health.2013年12月第一套

中国人自古以来就在中秋时节庆祝丰收。这与北美地区庆祝感恩节的习俗十分相似。过中秋节的习俗于唐代早期在中国各地开始流行。中秋节在农历八月十五，是人门拜月的节日。这天夜晚皓月当空，人们合家团聚，共赏明月。2006年，中秋节贝类为中国文化遗产，2008年又被定位公共假日。月饼被视为中秋节不可或缺的美食。人们将月饼作为礼物馈赠亲友或在家庭聚会上享用。传统的月饼上带有“寿（longevity）”、“福”或“和”等字样。

Since ancient times, Chinese people have celebrated their harvest during mid-autumn, which is quite similar to the custom of celebrating Thanksgiving Day in North America.The custom of celebrating Mid-Autumn Festival started gaining its popularity in the early Tang Dynasty around China.The Mid-Autumn Festival ,celebrated on the 15th day of the eighth lunar month, is a festival for Chinese people to worship the moon.During the night of the day when the bright moon is shining in the sky, there will be family reunions and family members will enjoy the bight moon together.In 2006, the Mid-Autumn Festival was listed as a Chinese cultural heritage, and in 2008, it was designated as a public holiday.The moon cake is seen as the indispensable fine food for the Mid-Autumn Festival.People send moon cakes as gifts to their relatives and friends or they eat moon cakes at family gatherings.Traditional moon cakes are imprinted with Chinese characters conveying such meanings as “longevity”, “blessing”or “harmony”.2013年12月第三套

闻名于世界的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6000多公里，得名于中国古代的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要的作用。正式通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术这四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器(porcelain)也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的，欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需求。

The word-famous Silk Road refers to a series of routes that connect the East and the West.The Silk Road extends for over 6,000 kilometers and derived its name from ancient China’s silk trade.The trades that occurred on the Silk Road played an important role in the development process of the civilization of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East.It is by way of the Silk Road that China’s four great inventions, namely paper-making, powder, compass and printing technology, were introduced to all over the word.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain also spread to the whole word.Material and cultural exchanges are two-ways, for Europe also satisfied the demands of Chinese market by exporting various commodities and plants to China through the Silk Road.2013年12月第二套

中国园林（the Chinese garden）是经过三千多年演变而成的独具一格的园林景观（landscape）。它既包括为皇室成员享乐而建造的大型花园，也包括学者、商人和卸任的政府官员为摆脱嘈杂的外部世界而建造的私家花园。这些花园构成了一种意在表达人与自然之间应有的和谐关系的微缩景观。典型的中国园林四周有围墙，园内有池塘、假山（rock-work）、树木、花草以及各种各样由蜿蜒的小路和走廊连接的建筑。漫步在花园中，人们可以看到一系列精心设计的景观犹如山水画卷（scroll）一般展现在面前。

The Chinese garden is a unique landscape in virtue of evolution of more than three thousand years.It includes not only the large gardens built by the royal family for enjoyment, but also the private ones built by scholars, businessmen and former government officials for getting rid of the hustle and bustle of the outside world.These gardens constitute a kind of miniaturized landscape which aims at displaying the due harmonious relationship between human and nature.Typical Chinese gardens are surrounded by walls.In the gardens there are ponds, rock-works, trees, flowers and plants, and various architectures that are connected by winding paths or corridors.When rambling in the gardens, people can enjoy a series of elaborately designed landscapes which are presented in front of them like a landscape painting scroll.2014年6月

北京计划未来三年投资7,600亿元治理污染，从减少PM2.5排放入手。这一新公布的计划旨在减少四种主要污染源，包括500多万辆机动车的尾气（exhaust）排放、周边地区燃煤、来自北方的沙尘暴和本地的建筑灰尘。另有850亿元用于新建或升级城市垃圾处理和污水（sewage）处理设施，加上300医院投资未来三年的植树造林（forestation）。

市政府还计划建造一批水循环利用工厂，并制止违章建筑，以改善环境。另外，北京还将更严厉地处罚违反限排规定的行为。

Beijing has planned to invest 760 billion yuan to tackle pollution in coming three years, starting from reducing the PM2.5 emissions.The newly released plan is aimed at reducing four major pollution sources, including the exhaust emissions from more than 5 million motor vehicles, the burning of coals in the surrounding areas, the sandstorms from the North and the local construction dusts.Another 85 billion yuan will be used to build or upgrade the facilities for treatment of urban garbage and sewage and additional 30 billion yuan will be invested in forestation in the next three years.The municipal government also plans to set up a group of water recycling factories and curb peccancy buildings in order to improve the environment.In addition, Beijing will punish more severely the behaviors that violate the regulations of emission limitation.4

第三篇：英语六级翻译

From Nov.3 to 12, Beijing will restrict the use of private vehicles based on even-and odd-numbered license plates, and 70 percent of cars belonging to local governments, public institutions, social groups and state-owned enterprises will not be allowed to be used during the period.11月3日至11月12日，北京市将按照机动车车牌单双号对私家车实行限制措施，同时，政府机构、事业单位、社会组织以及国有企业70%的车辆都不允许在此期间上路行驶。

”拼车“ 用英语怎么说

Carpooling has become a popular choice for Beijing's white-collar workers as the limit on the number of cars on roads during the APEC meeting took effect on Monday.北京在APEC期间的车辆限行措施周一开始实施，拼车成为北京白领们的热门选择。”

取消死刑“和”刑法“用英语怎么说

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is considering reducing by nine the number of crimes subject to the death penalty through revising the Criminal Law.全国人大常委会拟通过《刑法》修正案减少九个适用死刑的罪名。”邪教“用英语怎么说

Liu Jinguo, vice-minister of public security, has been appointed deputy head of the 610 Office, the central government agency responsible for combating cults and handling cult-related issues.公安部副部长刘金国被任命为中央防范和处理邪教问题领导小组610办副组长。

“出柜”用英语怎么说？

苹果CEO提姆·库克周四宣布出柜，并表示他在用自己小心守护的隐私换取民权进步的机会，他也由此成为出柜的美国公司首脑中最有影响力的一位

Apple Inc CEO Tim Cook on Thursday became the most prominent American corporate leader to come out as gay, saying he was trading his closely guarded privacy for the chance to help move civil rights forward.“低碳出行”英语怎么说？

Shanghai marked World Car-Free Day on September 22nd with a series of publicity campaigns to promote low-carbon transportation, but didn't prevent cars from entering certain downtown areas as it had in the past.It was the seventh year Shanghai participated in World Car-Free Day along with 150 other cities around the country.Officials used the theme “Greener Traffic, Cleaner Air” to encourage car owners to take public transportation more often and help ease road congestion and contribute to better air quality.9月22日是“世界无车日”，沪上并未像过去一样在市区某些区域设置“车辆禁行区”，而是通过一系列丰富多彩的宣传活动，倡导市民低碳出行。

这是上海第七年参与“世界无车日”的活动，一同参与的还有全国其他150个城市。此次活动的官方主题为“绿色交通?清新空气”，旨在鼓励有车一族多乘坐公共交通出行，从而缓解交通拥堵，提升空气质量。

“广场舞”用英语怎么说？

A recent survey found that Shanghai residents have more tolerance for public square dancing, or guangchangwu, which has become a national controversy in recent years.最近的一项调查发现，上海居民对广场舞的容忍度有所提高。近年来广场舞一直是饱受民众争议的一个话题。

“穷游”英语怎么说？

Traveling is a priority for many people during the National Day holiday, and college students are no exception.But with landmarks swamped with tourists, and transportation and accommodation costs even higher during Golden Week, how to travel on a budget is a tricky question.对于许多人而言，在过去的国庆假期里，旅行可是头等大事。大学生们自然也不例外，但是，鉴于黄金周各大景点人山人海，交通、住宿费用水涨船高，如何“穷游”成为了一个棘手的问题。

”依法治国“英语怎么说？

中国共产党第十八届中央委员会第四次全体会议10月20日起至23日在北京召开，将首次以全会的形式专题研究部署全面推进依法治国。以往的四中全会多聚焦于党风建设，本次会议以依法治国为主题，反映出中国改革已进入攻坚期，将通过完善法治实现改革目标。

The Fourth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committeewill deliberate on a draft decision of the CPC Central Committee on “major issues concerning comprehensively advancing rule of law”.”封杀劣迹艺人“用英语怎么说？

Watchdog bans broadcasts of works by tainted stars 广电总局下令封杀“劣迹艺人”

The country's top press and media watchdog has ordered TV stations and other outlets to stop broadcasting material featuring stars who use drugs or visit prostitutes.广电总局日前下令，各大卫视和其他媒体机构停止播出“有吸毒、嫖娼等违法犯罪行为者”参与制作的节目。

全面禁烟（可能性大）China is mulling

a

ban

on

all

forms

of

tobacco advertising,sponsorship and promotion of tobacco products, according to adraft regulation on Monday.据周一发布的一份条例草案规定，中国拟全面禁止任何形式的烟草广告、赞助活动以及烟草产品促销。

此次公开征求意见的控烟条例明确，所有室内公共场所一律禁止吸烟（smokingis banned in all kinds of indoor public places）；体育、健身场馆的室外观众座席、赛场区域（outdoor seating areas and venues of stadiums and fitness centers）、公共交通工具的室外等候区域（outdoor waiting areas of public transportation）等也全面禁止吸烟。

送审稿还规定，新闻出版广电总局负责对电影、电视剧及其他节目中的吸烟镜头（smokingscenes in films and TV shows）进行监督管理，违者最高罚款3万元。

这样的禁烟令堪称carpet（地毯式，全面）smoking ban。驾照自学自考

Under the reform, if someone wants toobtain a driver's license, they can learn the necessary skills on their own andregister online for an examination, said Huang Ming, vice-minister of publicsecurity.公安部副部长黄明表示，按照改革，人们可以自行学习驾车技能然后上网登记报考驾照。

此次reform on the issuing of driver's licenses（驾照改革）的目的是curb corruption in vehicle management departments（杜绝车管部门的腐败）。改革有望实现众人期盼已久的“驾照自学自考”。根据现行规定，想考取驾照的人必须上至少64小时的driving classes held by training schools（驾校课程），包括两门driving theory（驾照理论）课和两门driving practice（驾照实践）课。驾校学费从5000元到1万元不等，而且逐年上升。考生不能register for tests themselves（自行报考），而是由trainingagency registers on behalf of applicants（培训机构代为报考）。

APEC的亚太一体化

“The development prospect of ourregion hinges on the decisions and actions we take today,” he said.“We are duty-bound to create and fulfill an Asia-Pacific dream for ourpeople.”习近平指出，亚太发展前景取决于今天的决断和行动。我们有责任为本地区人民创造和实现亚太梦想。文中的Asia-Pacific dream就是指“亚太梦”。习近平指出，今天的亚太，在世界格局中的地位不断上升。也面临方方面面的挑战。亚太的未来，正处在关键的路口。

习近平在演讲中还指出，中国经济呈现出“new normal”（新常态）。我们正在推行的comprehensivelydeepening reform（全面深化改革），既是liberate theproductive force（对社会生产力的解放），也是对unleash the vitality ofthe society（社会活力的解放），必将成为推动中国经济社会发展的强大动力。

政府用房标准

The National Development and Reform Commission andMinistry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development jointly released the 32-pageset of guidelines outlining the construction standards for Party and governmentbuildings and offices on Monday.国家发展改革委、住房建设部周一发布了长达32页的党政机关办公用房建设标准。

“党政机关办公用房建设标准”即guidelines outlining the constructionstandards for Party and government buildings and offices，标准规定minister's office（部级正职的办公室）不超过54平方米。外面不搞luxurious decorations（豪华装修），不定位为landmarkbuilding（城市标志性建筑）。

自2012年12月4日中国中央政治局通过的eight-point code to cutbureaucracy and maintain close ties with the people（关于改进工作作风、密切联系群众的八项规定），就要求官员消除hedonism（享乐主义）。

药价改革

Prices of more than 2,700 drugs willsoon be determined by the market, rather than the government, as China getsready to roll out its ambitious drug pricing reform plan, industry sources said on Thursday.据业界消息周四透露，中国已准备好施行大规模的药价改革计划，今后超过2700种药品价格将由市场而不是政府来决定。“药价改革”英文就是drugpricing reform，根据改革方案，国家拟取消药品最高零售限价或出厂价格，从完善药品采购机制、强化医保控费作用、强化医疗行为监管、强化价格行为监管等四方面加强监管，发挥医保支付基准价的引导作用，使药品市场价格保持在合理的水平。

现阶段government-priced drugs（由政府定价的药品）占据了整个药品市场的23%。从明年一月份开始，政府不再设定药品的maximumretail price（最高零售限价）或factory price（出厂价）。

第四篇：英语六级翻译

一随着经济的快速发展和国际地位的提升，中国逐渐成为各国留学生的热门留学目的地。到2020年，中国将力○争成为亚洲最大的留学目的国。除了汉语之外，中国艺术、饮食、民俗、中医(Traditional Chinese Medicine)等颇具中国特色的专业也深受金发碧眼的洋学生们热捧。同时，中国为进一歩扩大外国留学生规模，不断增加政府奖学金的投入；另一方面，为吸引更多优秀的国际生源，各院校也增设了不少奖学金项目。参考翻译: With the rapid economic development and thepromotion of international status, China hasgradually become a popular destination country foroverseas students.China strives to be the hottestdestination country for overseas study in Asia bythe year 2020.Besides the Chinese language, the overseas students with blond hair and blueeyes are also interested in the majors with Chinese characteristics like Chinese art, food,folklore, traditional Chinese medicine and so on.Meanwhile, to expand the scale of overseasstudents, Chinese government constantly invests more to offer scholarships on the otherhand, to attract more excellent overseas students, universities also add many scholarshipprograms.1.随着经济的快速发展和国际地位的提升:表达“随着”的含义，可采用with加分词短语的形式。

2.力争成为亚洲最大的留学目的国:其中“力争”可用striveto表达；“最大的”即 “最热门的”，可译为 hottest。3.金发碧眼的洋学生们:其中“金发碧眼”可译为blond hairand blue eyes;“洋学生”可译为overseas students,文中“外国留学生”、“国际生源”均可用该词组表达。

4.扩大规模:可译为expand the scale of或increase the number of。

5.不断增加政府奖学金的投入:可译为Chinese government invests more to offer scholarships。6.增设了不少奖学金项目:可译为add many scholarship programs。

医生该如何学习诚实对待他们的病人呢？进行更多关于如何与病人沟通其健康状况的培训是极其重要的——尤其是在告知（deliver）坏消息时。如果检查结果对病人的健康没有影响的话，医生们可能不会把略有异常的实验室检查结果告诉给焦虑的病人。相反地，医生也许会夸大（exaggerate）正常的结果，希望能刺激病人更好地照顾自己。而病人们也需要清楚并确定他们所期望的医生的诚实度。毕竟，即便在医生的办公室里，交流也是双向的。参考译文：

How can doctors learn to be honest with their patients? More training about how to communicate with patients about their health is critical—especially when it comes to delivering bad news.Doctors may not tell the anxious patients the slightly abnormal results of a lab test, if it has no impact on the patient’s health.Conversely, they might exaggerate a normal result in hopes of motivating a patient to take better care of himself.Patients also need to be clear and certain about how honest they want their doctors to be.Communication is a two-way street, after all, even in the doctor’s office.词句点拨

1、极其重要的 critical

2、尤其是在告知（deliver）坏消息时 when it comes to delivering bad news.（注：注意come to的用法。come to sth.其中的一个意思就是“当达到某种状况（尤指不好的状况）时”。）

3、如果检查结果对病人的健康没有影响的话，医生们可能不会把略有异常的实验室检查结果告诉给焦虑的病人。Doctors may not tell the anxious patients the slightly abnormal results of a lab test, if it has no impact on the patient’s health.（注：注意这句话的翻译顺序，及检查结果重复出现时，翻译时可译为it。）

4、希望能刺激病人更好地照顾自己 in hopes of motivating a patient to take better care of himself

5、清楚并确定 be clear and certain

6、双向的 a two-way street

信用卡(credit card)是由银行发行的卡，持卡人可以凭卡赊购(buy on credit)商品和服务。使用信用卡最大的好处就是能给持卡人带来极大的方便。人们可以 使用信用卡赊购他们需要的东西，并在一段时期内付淸欠款,而不必随身携带大量的现金。但如此的便利也带来了一些问题，如恶意透支(malicious overdraft)。还会剌激使用者超前消费，容易产生月光族。在消费的时候，使用信用卡会促使消费者更加冲动地购物，甚至购买一些平时不怎么用的商品。参考译文：

A credit card is a card issued by a bank,allowing its holder to buy goods and services on credit.The most obvious advantage of credit card is the huge convenience it brings to card holders.People can use the cards to buy what they want on credit and pay off the debt over a period of time instead of carrying a large sum of cash with them.But such convenience also brings such problems as malicious overdraft and overconsumption which will easily reduce the card users to“moonlight group”.When shopping,consumers with credit cards will buy goods more impetuously.They will even buy something that is not often used in daily life.词句点拨

1.赊购商品和服务:赊购可用短语buy...on credit来表达。故此处可译为buy goods and services on credit。2.最大的好处:“大的好处”即“明显的好处”，故此处可译为the most obvious advantage。其中obvious意为“显著的”。3.但如此的便利也带来了一些问题，如恶意透支…:可译为But such convenience also brings such problems as malicious overdraft"其中，使用“such+n.+as...”这个结构可以达到清晰列举事例的效果。例如，我们买了苹果、香蕉、葡萄等水果，即We bought such fruits as apples,bananas,grapes,etc.4.恶意透支和超前消费:分别可译为名词短语malicious overdraft和over-consumption。

传统的中国婚俗被视为中国传统文化礼仪的基础。通常，婚礼是隆重场合，有很多的礼节。婚礼有八大程序，包括求婚、生辰匹配、合婚（marriage divination),下聘礼（betrothal gifts presenting)、确定婚期、置办嫁妆（dowry urging)、迎娶新娘、举行正式的结婚仪式。在中国传统的婚礼中，新娘由新郎牵着。她头顶红盖头，全程都垂在肩上。传统的中国婚俗已经实行了几千年。它们可能会因时间和地点而异，但在中国人的生活中一直占据着重要地位，对中国人的生活方式产生着深远的影响。参考译文：

Traditional Chinese wedding customs are considered as the foundation of rites in traditional Chinese culture.A wedding is usually a grand occasion with so many formalities.There are eight major procedures of a wedding,including proposal making,birthday matching,marriage divination,betrothal gifts presenting,wedding date fixing,dowry urging,welcoming the bride to the wedding and performing the formal wedding ceremony.During the traditional Chinese wedding ceremony,the bride is led by her groom.Her head is covered by a red veil which is Ming down to her shoulder during the whole period.Traditional Chinese wedding customs have been running for thousands of years.They may vary from place to place and from time to time,but they have been holding an important position in the life of Chinese people,having a far-reaching impact on Chinese people's lifestyle.词句点拨

1.隆重场合:可译为a grand occasion。grand意为“重大的，盛大的 2.求婚:可译为名词结构proposal making。3.生辰匹配:可译为birthday matching。

4.合婚:八字合婚是中国民间的一种旧俗，即婚前男女双方交换庚帖，以卜八字是否相配来确定婚姻是否幸福美满。故此处译为marriage divination,divination意为“预测，占卜”。

5.下聘礼:可译为betrothal gifts presenting。betrothal是名词，意为“订婚”，betrothal gifts意为“聘礼”。6.置办嫁妆:可译为dowry urging。

7.红盖头:可译为red veil。veil意为“头巾；面纱”。

8.因...而异:可译为vary。vary是常见词，常用词组有vary from(与...不同),vary with(随...而不同)，vary in(在...方面有差异)。

地球表面超过70%是水，水无疑是地球上最宝贵的自然资源。若非这些看似毫无价值的氢氧化合物(compound of oxygen and hydrogen)，地球上的生命将不复存在，因为万物的生长繁荣都依存于此。尽管人类承认这个现实，但是我们对此漠视，依然在污染我们的江河湖海。久而久之，地球确实深受其害，生物正以惊人的速度死亡。除了无辜生命的死亡外，我们的饮用水和水上娱乐活动也收到了极大的影响。为了应对水污染，我们必须理解症结所在，并参与解决。

请看下面的汉译英段落翻译：

【参考译文】：

Comprising over 70% of the Earth’s surface, water is undoubtedly the most precious natural resource that exists on our planet.Without the seemingly invaluable compound of oxygen and hydrogen, life on Earth would be non-exist: it is essential for everything on our planet to grow and prosper.Although we as humans recognize this fact, we disregard it by polluting our rivers, lakes, and oceans.Subsequently, we are slowly but surely harming our planet to the point where organisms are dying at a very alarming rate.In addition to innocent organisms dying off, our drinking water has become greatly affected as is our abilities to use water for recreational purposes.In order to combat water pollution, we must understand the problems and become part of the solution.在当今社会，相差三岁，就会有“沟”，即所谓的:“三岁一代沟”。以前，在人们的思维里，代沟(generation gap)所表示的时间长度是10到20年。而到了21世纪，随着全国各地的经济发展，人们文化知识的增长，思想意识的提髙，每个人的个性化和自我意识逐渐增强，人与人之间的交流出现了障碍，人与人之间的想法、观点出现了分歧，很难找到共鸣(resonance)。这种现象与经济发达程度有关，经济越发达的地方，代沟的时间差距越小。参考译文：

In modern society,there will be a generation gap if the gap of ages reaches 3 years.This is the so-called“Each three-year age gap,one generation gap”.In the past,people thought that generation gap appeared when the age gap reached 10 to 20 years.But in the 21st century,with the national economic development,the growth of people's cultural knowledge and the improvement of their thought and consciousness,people's individualization and self-awareness have gradually been strengthened.Communication barriers among people appear;ideas and viewpoints begin to differ from person to person,making it hard for one to find resonance with other people.This phenomenon is related to the level of economic development-the more developed a place is,the narrower the age gap will be.词句点拨

1.相差三岁，就会有“沟”:这里的“沟”指代沟。

2.三岁一代沟:可译Each three-year age gap,one generation gap,意为“每差三岁，就有代沟”。英文译成对仗的形式显得较为工整。

3.思想意识的提高:可译为the improvement of thoughts and consciousness。

4.每个人的个性化和自我意识逐渐增强:可译为people's individualization and self-awareness have gradually been strengthened。

5.很难找到共鸣:该句其实是“交流出现了障碍”、“想法、观点出现了分歧”的结果，故译为非谓语形式making it hard for one to find resonance with other people作结果状语。6.经济越发达的地方，代沟的时间差距越小:翻译时可使the more…the more…句式，即the more developed a place is,the narrower the age gap will be。

打车难已经成为大城市人们生活中较为普遍的问题。城市人口规模的扩大，人类社会活动的不断多元(diversification)化都增加了对出租车的需求。随着城市交通拥堵状况不断加剧，为避免堵车影响收人，上下班高峰时段很多司机不愿意跑拥堵路段和主城区，导致市民在一些交通枢纽、商业中心、医院附近很难打到出租车。城市建设影响了出租车的使用效率。出租车行业不规范，拒载行为屡屡发生，这也是导致打车难的人为因素 参考译文：

It has been a common problem in large city residents' life that it's hard to take a taxi.The increase of urban population and diversification of social activities make the demand for taxi rise.As the traffic jam becomes worse in cities，to guarantee personal income, many taxi drivers refuse to drive on busy roads and main urban areas, which makes it difficult for many citizens to take a taxi near some transportation junctions, commercial centers and hospitals.City construction affects the efficiency of taxi.Being not standard in the taxi industry and taxi drivers' often refusing to take passengers are the human factors that make it difficult to take a taxi.词句点拨

1.打车难:可译为it's hard to take a taxi,作为problem的同位语，意义表达清楚自然。

2.增加了对出租车的需求:可译为make the demand for taxi rise。

3.为避免堵车影响收入:可灵活地译为to guarantee personal income。采用逆向译法，上下文反复出现“堵车”这个词，所以可以省略。

4.出租车行业不规范，拒载行为屡屡发生:这里是说明原因，为了句式简明，可以处理为动名词和独立主格的形式，直接充当句子主语。

5.人为因素:可译为human factor。

闻名于世的丝绸之路是一系列连接东西方的路线。丝绸之路延伸6，000多公里，得名于古代中国的丝绸贸易。丝绸之路上的贸易在中国、南亚、欧洲和中东文明发展中发挥了重要作用。正是通过丝绸之路，中国的造纸、火药、指南针、印刷术等四大发明才被引介到世界各地。同样，中国的丝绸、茶叶和瓷器（porcelain）也传遍全球。物质文化的交流是双向的，欧洲也通过丝绸之路出口各种商品和植物，满足中国市场的需求。

【翻译】

The world-renowned Silk Road is a series of routes connecting the East and the West.It extended more than 6,000 kilometers.The Silk Road was named after ancient China‘s silk trade which played an important role in the civilization development of China, South Asia, Europe and the Middle East.It was through the Silk Road that papermaking, gunpowder, compass and printing of the four great inventions of ancient China were introduced around the world.Similarly, Chinese silk, tea and porcelain spread all over the world.Europe also exported various goods and plants through the Silk Road to meet the needs of the Chinese market.中国将加速节能产业的发展，使其到2015年成为国民经济的支柱产业。国务院(the State Council)曾在一份声明中承诺要推进技术创新,扩大人们对节能产品的需求，推动坏保服务产业的发展。国务院表示,节能产业的产出价值到2015年将达到4.5万亿元,平均年增长15%。政府将起主导作用，并允许非国有资本投资节能项目。中国已承诺到2020年，将每单位GDP的碳排放量在2005年的基础上减少40%—45%。【解析】

1.加速节能产业的发展:“节能产业”可译为energy saving industry。2.国民经济的支柱产业:可译为a pillar of the national economy。

3.承诺要推进技术创新，扩大人们对节能产品的需求，推动环保服务产业的发展:此处“承诺”可译为vow;“推进”可翻译为spur;“妒大”可翻译为 expand;“推动”可翻译为boost。

【参考答案】

China will speed up development of the energy-saving industry and make it a pillar of the national economy by 2015.The State Council vowed in a statement to spur technological innovation，expand demand for energy-saving products and boost the environmental-protection service industry.According to the State Council, the value of the energy-saving industry’s output will reach 4.5 trillion yuan by 2015,with an average annual growth rate of 15 percent.The govemment will play a leading role and allow the non-state capital to invest in energy-saving projects.China has committed to reducing its carbon emissions per unit of GDP by 40 to 45 percent by 2020 compared with the number in 2005.有些国家为了处理他们与中国的贸易，建立了专门的机构。CCBC是加中贸易理事会，该机构协助处理两国间的贸易项目。另外一个有此功能的机构是英中贸易协会(the China-BritainBusiness Council)。该机构设立的目的是协助中英两国间的贸易。同时，中国也帮助国内的年轻人在商业上抢占先机。中国青年创业国际计划旨在帮助年轻人进行创业。另外，中国还发行了一些商业杂志，来帮助中国人跟进国际商业领域的新发展。

【解析】

1.专门的机构:可译为special organization。

2.中国青年创业国际计划旨在帮助年轻人进行创业:“中国青年创业国际计划”是专有名词，译为Youth Business China;“创业”就是“开创一番事业”，因此可译为start a business。

3.跟进国际商业领域的新发展:“跟进”可用keep track of表达，“国际商业领域”可翻译为internationalcommercial areas。【参考答案】

Some countries have special organizations set up for dealing with their business with China.CCBC isthe Canada China Business Council which helps with the trade between the two countries.Anotherorganization of the same function is the China-Britain Business Council.This organization has beenestablished to facilitate the trade between the UK and China.At the same time, China serves for theyoung people to grab the favorable business opportunities.Youth Business China aims at helpingyoung people to start a business.China also publishes several business magazines to help theChinese people to keep track of the development in the international commercial areas.make a living 谋生

make it 成功

make the best / most of 充分利用 many a 许多

mark the papers 批改考卷

mayor / minor in

meet one's needs 满足要求

might as well 不妨

mistake a for b 认错

more or less 或多或少，有点

my treat 我请客

narrow escape 九死一生

necessary to /for 必要的 next door 隔壁的，在隔壁

next to 下一个，其次

no doubt 无疑地

no less than 不少于……;不亚于

no longer 不再

no more than 至多，同……一样不

no more 不再

none other than 不是别的，正是

nothing but 只有，只不过

now and then 时而，偶尔

off and on 断断续续，间歇地 hand 一方面

on a large/small scale 大/小规模地 on account of 由于

on behalf of 代表

on board 在船(车/飞机)上

in turn 依次,轮流;转而

in vain 徒劳,白费力

indifferent to无兴趣,不关心

indignant with sb.愤慨

inferior to级别低于,不如

innocent of无...罪,无辜

instead of 代替,而不是

intent on专心于

invisible to不可见的 jealous of嫉妒

just now 眼下;刚才

keep one's eyes on关注

keep on爱好,很喜欢

keep track of 留心

kind of / sort of有点somewhat

lay off 下岗

off duty 下班

on(the)one

in touch 联系,接触

leave alone别说

let the cat out of the bag泄露秘密 liable for对...有责任 liable to易于

little by little 逐渐地

look for / hunt for 找工作 lost the point弄错 lots of 许多 loyal to忠于

mad about/on狂热迷恋 mad at/with sb.生气,愤怒 mad with因...发狂

make(both)ends meet收支平衡

第五篇：翻译研究综合法总结

《翻译研究——综合法》总结

玛丽·斯奈尔—霍恩比在 1988 年出版的 《翻译研究：综合法》(Translation Studies: An Integrated Approach)中，全面考察了翻译研究的历史和现状，提出将翻译研究作为一门独立学科的见解；吸收语言学派和文学派翻译理论的长处，以格式塔整体理论为基础，倡导翻译研究的综合法；并以全新的视角看待文本在文化语境中的作用，提出了翻译是一种跨文化活动的观点。斯奈尔—霍恩比在书中阐发了场景一框架语言学、言语行为、格式塔语言学、原型学等这些语言学相关理论对翻译研究的启示和作用，拓宽了翻译工作者的视野，引发了他们对翻译研究的进一步审视和思考。

在本书的引言部分，斯奈尔—霍恩比首先回顾并分析了翻译研究的历史和现状，并指出本书的目的是：“This study is an attempt to bridge the gap…, it is rather an attempt to present recently developed concepts and methods, both from translation theory and linguistics, in such a way that they could be usefully employed in the theory, practice and analysis of literanl translation.”之后变提出“translation studies should be viewed as an independent discipline”的独特见解，即应该把翻译研究作为一门独立的学科，然后简单介绍了本书中主要章节内容。

在本书第一章中，斯奈尔—霍恩比首先分析了西方传统的语言研究主要分为两派：the study of literature and the study of language，并指出了这两种研究的变化以及出现的问题；然后介绍了两种不同的翻译方向：literary and linguistic orientations，前者将翻译归为比较文学的分支，后者将翻译归为应用语言学的分支，在此部分作者着重对欧洲翻译研究的两个流派：莱比锡学派和操纵学派进行了比较和研究，前者视翻译研究为应用语言学的一个分支，后者则把翻译研究归于比较文学之下。通过对莱比锡学派理论的考察，斯奈尔—霍恩比发现这些理论过于强调语言因素在翻译中的作用，其研究的视角较为狭窄，因而无法满足翻译研究的需要。此外，她在考察操纵学派翻译研究理论的基础上发现，这一学派所讨论的内容囿于文学翻译，也具有狭隘性。她认为，翻译研究的对象不仅仅包括文学文本，也要包括普通文本和特殊语言文本，因而，操纵学派也同样不能满足翻译研究的需要。接着，斯奈尔—霍恩比又介绍了翻译研究综合法的理论基础：格式塔理论（Gestalt Theory）和原型范畴理论（Prototype Theory），格式塔整体 原理是心理学的一个范，它强调整体不等于各部分的总和，而是各部分的有机关联，所以不能仅仅通过对部分的分析来理解整体。同样，原型学注重的是聚焦和细微的差异，斯奈尔—霍恩比运用原型框架，强调各种翻译文本是不可分割的连续体。最后，她在此基础上提出了翻译的综合研究方法，并做了详细地介绍。

在第二章中，斯奈尔—霍恩比提出了“翻译作为一种跨文化活动”的观点，因此，她首先对语言和文化之间的关系进行了分析，并给出了有关文化概念的三个重要特点：firstly, the concept of culture as a totality of knowledge, proficiency and perception;secondly, its immediate connection with behaviour(or action)and events, and thirdly, its dependence on expectations and norms, whether those of social behaviour or those accepted in language ueage.由此得出：称职的译者不但要有双语基础（bilingual），而且要有源语和目的语双文化背景（bicultural）；之后斯奈尔—霍恩比又介绍了翻译理论研究方面的一些新趋向，比如把翻译视为文化转换而非单纯的语际转换、把翻译视为交际行为而非符码转换、目的论等；接着，斯奈尔—霍恩比又探讨了索绪尔的语言两分法，进而总结出了系统（system）、范式（norm）和文本（text）三者之间的关系：the polarized dichotomy is once again resolved into a spectrum or cline, with the abstract concept of system at the one end and the concrete reality of text at the other, between these two outer areas there is the language prototype or unmarked norm.最后，斯奈尔—霍恩比从层次（dimension）与视角（perspective）两方面探讨有关隐喻翻译的问题，指出隐喻不能由一个单独的词构成，而是在impact、object和sense中构成的，还介绍了三种隐喻：the “dead” metaphor;the “original” or “individual” metaphor;the “faded” metaphor，继而用例子来进行解释，她认为隐喻翻译的核心问题就是文化差异，由于不同文化有不同的概念转换方法与隐喻投射取向，隐喻意义通常是与文化息息相关的。

在第三章中，斯奈尔—霍恩比主要围绕翻译、文本与语言这三个方面进行了一系列的探讨，首先她探讨了语言学中的一些理论和概念与翻译研究的潜在关系，指出语言存在反常性还语言学中比较常见的四种教条，同时也揭示出了机器翻译的局限性、人与机器相结合翻译的局限性，并指出目前发展比较完善的翻译方法是以人为主的机器辅助翻译方法，另外，她认为翻译研究不能抛弃语言学，尽管有些语言学教条阻碍了翻译的发展，但是一些语言学成果可以应用到翻译中 2 去，是值得借鉴的，并给出了翻译与语言学相结合的事例。其次，她又探讨了篇章语言学与翻译过程中的文本分析问题，并给出了“由上而下”的文本分析思路：textual analysis, which is an essential preliminary to translation, should proceed from the “top down,” from the macro to the micro level, from text to sign；同时，斯奈尔—霍恩比也给出了文本分析的详细步骤：the translator‟s text analysis should begin by identifying the text in terms of culture and situation, as “part of a world-continuum”, the next step is the analysis of the structure of the text, proceeding down from the macro-structure to the level of lexical cohesion and including the relationship between the title and the main body of the text, and finally strategies should be developed for translating the text, based on conclusions reached from the analysis；之后她就给出了实例对英语文本与德语译本进行了详细地分析和对比，从而对德语译本进行了批判，并指出译者在翻译过程中应该自己决定要保留哪些内容，另外还揭示出了对文学文本分析的重要性。第三，斯奈尔—霍恩比还探讨了查尔斯·菲尔莫尔的场景—框架语义学与翻译之间的关系问题，因为在翻译研究中创造性过程经常被忽视了，所以查尔斯·菲尔莫尔提出了场景—框架语义学，菲尔莫尔指出原形在本质上是经历性的（prototypes are essentially experiential），他还分别介绍了frame和scene的来历，指出：scenes and frames constantly activate each other，语言认知的场景、框架是通过交流得以激活并得到推进的；在场景-框架语义学理论下，译者应该首先接触文本的框架，然后从文本的框架中依据自己的经历和知识来建构自己的场景并激活这些场景，最后在他激活的这些场景的基础上找到合适的译入语的框架。因此，斯奈尔—霍恩比还给出了德语文本跟英语译本进行了详细地对比与分析。第四，斯奈尔—霍恩比又探讨了言语行为理论在公共告示（public directives）翻译中的运用及翻译此类告示时要考虑的几个因素，还介绍了并列文本了作用等，并给出了例子进行分析和总结。最后，斯奈尔—霍恩比主要通过实例来探讨了词义的动态特性和翻译活动中词典（单语、双语）的使用等问题，她认为翻译不可能是直接将词典中的词条放入译文中的，是需要译者进行综合考虑的，而且翻译研究的对象不应该局限于文学文本，还应包括普通语言文本和特殊语言文本（法律、经济、医学、科技等）。

在第四章中，斯奈尔—霍恩比对“从特殊语言文本翻译到文学文本翻译”这 3 个方面进行了讨论，该部分也是本书的重点。首先，她从原文的地位（the status of the source text）开始探讨，介绍了翻译理论家门最近提出的一些观点，如Vermeer提出“dethroning of the source text”，从Paepcke到Newmark、Holz-manttari，他们都强调“the situation of the source text and the function of the ttranslation”，另外还有一部分人认为“the „reale Situation‟ is not present in a literary text”，然后斯奈尔—霍恩比提出了她自己的观点：“I would support this premise that a literary text does not exist in a vacuum;while it is not bound to a single, specific situation as is a road sign or a legal contract, it has its own situation relationship to reality”，同时，她也给出了原因；之后她又指出文学翻译有三个功能维度：one is the function of intra-textual coherence, second dimension is “functional interaction”, and thirdly, the literary translation is as much as an act of communication as any other translation，也给出了一些例子，并提出了四种假设，对四个不同的文本从“situation of source text”、“function of target text”、“status of the source text”这三个方面进行了详细的分析和总结，最后，她概括到：从文学文本到普通文本，再到特殊语言文本，译者的态度和使用的策略都是渐变的。其次，斯奈尔—霍恩比又讨论了翻译中的风格问题（the factor of style），给读者介绍了风格在翻译中的重要性，以及不同的翻译理论家对待风格的不同观点，同时也指出文本的体裁分析仍旧要遵循由上而下的分析步骤，在语义分析的微观层面上，有两种不同的风格即“opaque and transparent style”；之后，斯奈尔—霍恩比又探讨了“style” 与“convention”之间的关系，“the more specialized the text, and the more specific the situation, the more the individual style recedes to make way for group convention”，Leech和Short也曾指出：“style，as a system of choices in language use by an individual writer”，因此，“for translation purposes, conventions can easily be studied and compared in several languages on the basis of parallel texts.”之后，斯奈尔—霍恩比又选择了四个文本从“syntax”、“semantics and lexis”、“formal text presentation”、“translation strategies and methods”这四个方面进行了详细的分析。最后，斯奈尔—霍恩比再次提出了翻译研究的综合方法。

第五章为全书的结尾，作者通过对本书第一版和再版的简单回顾，从而对翻译研究作为一门独立学科的前景作了一些预测和展望。

斯奈尔—霍恩比借鉴、吸收语言学派和文学派翻译理论的长处，提出建立翻译研究为一门独立学科的见解；并运用格式塔整体原理倡导翻译研究的综合方法；强调文化背景对翻译研究的重要作用，提出翻译是一种跨文化的活动的观点。所有这些都有利于开阔翻译研究者的视野，并为翻译研究提供了可资借鉴的理论依据，对我国翻译研究具有一定的指导意义。