第一篇：课后阅读翻译
烹饪与菜肴
1人与动物相区别的一点是人喜爱熟食。尽管人们发现高等动物猿能用声音和肢体动作进行交流，这与人类相同，但是猿从来不煮食。而且，我们还希望吃的食物味美香溢，非常诱人。人的感官非常灵敏、辨别力强。凡是社会已经发展到超越了单纯维持生存的时候，它就会满足人的美食欲望。世界名菜推出的菜肴都色味俱全——菜的颜色和质地与味道一样重要。
2世上众人公认的有三大国菜，法国、印度和中国菜。法国烹调在欧洲享有盛誉，被认为是最出色的。法国菜使用黄油、乳酪和奶油，是所有著名国菜中的典型代表：它把简单和精细相结合，利用本国的本土资源，尽显地方特色，成了真正的国际名菜。
3这三大菜肴都有自己的重要特色，以此出名。法国菜使用黄油、乳酪和奶油烹饪，是特有的烧法，若省去这些配料，便破坏了该菜肴的全部特色。同样，法国厨师本能地会在烧菜时加葡萄酒，就象中国厨师天生会用酱油一样。第二种菜系，印度菜，以使用香料而闻名。中国则以制作世界上最可口的主食米饭而成为第三种菜系。当然，这三种菜系都有这样或那样的共同特色。法国菜也有几样有名的米饭值得夸耀。在印度有的地区烧菜也用黄油，中国菜系中的四川菜也以它们的辣味而闻名。但是，它们确实各有各的显著特点而分成三大类的。三种菜系，依据各自不同的主要特色，在人类历史上长期发展，持续至今。
4烹饪风格之间的界限非常清楚，不像语言或种族界限变化那么大。印度献给世界的礼物是使用香料使食物的味道更好，而且印度烹饪，地区间差异很大，从南方非常辛辣的咖哩菜肴到北方地区稍加调料的素菜，变化之多令人赞叹。印度菜的色味，是其它菜系所不能及的。以米饭作为主食把印度烹饪和中国烹饪连在一起。中国厨师教导我们，菜的口感不应忽视。很久以前，中国人就把猛火快炒的烹饪艺术发挥到了极致, 这样烧法能保持蔬菜的鲜脆和营养。绝大部分的准备时间是用来切菜和剁肉，而不是用在真正的烧菜过程中。
5中国菜肴地域种类繁多，使外国人眼花缭乱。辛辣、清淡、酸、甜应有尽有。中国菜最会利用自己本土产的动植物了，这一点没有别的国菜可以比得上。每种可食的蔬菜和动物的任何一部分似乎都能用来做菜。
6近来，要保存民族菜肴，受到三方面的威胁：1）全球交通运输和通讯的革命，2）国与国之间贸易的增长，3）妇女社会角色的转变。
7快捷又廉价的交通和通讯有可能会威胁到民族菜肴/国菜，因为来自其他国家的游客希望吃到自己习惯的家乡菜。第二种威胁来自于食物和食品在国与国之间的流通。方便食品使费时的烹饪的（菜肴）魅力大减。我们能够为食品加工辩护，并且列述食品的冷冻、冷冻干燥以及罐装等技术的好处，但是西方的食品加工技术对民族菜肴不失为一种威胁。
8最后，女性角色的转变也影响到烹饪的民族风格。这种转变对家庭已经产生了深远的影响，并且会继续影响下去。数千年来，女性一直是主要的做饭者。如果她们时间少，而且不喜爱花大量时间准备和烧饭，这就会影响家庭所吃的饭菜。而今，妇女还可以走出自己所在的区域、突破自身的经验限制来进一步研究菜肴，收集世界其它地区的做菜理念和菜谱，并把这些融入到自己的烧法中去。然而，对民族菜肴的威胁却依然存在――这些提到的显而易见的好处甚至还加重了这种威胁。
9保留富有特色的国菜也许与人们的行为有关。所有著名的民族菜肴，除了有种类繁多的地方菜、可用资源的巧妙利用、对世界饮食习惯的影响等方面外，它们对食物的态度也是共同的。适度地重视饮食意味着这不只是人类生存的必需品。食物对每个人的生活至关重要。做工精致、外观诱人的美味佳肴是印度菜、法国菜和中国菜等国菜给予我们人生的一大享受。
美国的进餐习俗
1每个国家都有其独特的进餐习俗。美国人认为，作为一名有礼貌的客人，第一条规矩就是守时。如果一个人被邀请于六点半赴宴，女主人期待他在六点半或稍后几分钟到。因为通常是她做饭，她算好时间，以便客人到时能吃到新鲜出炉的热面包卷，咖啡和肉。如果客人来迟了，饭菜就不那么好吃了，女主人会感到失望的。如果客人不能按时到，就应打电话给主人，说明理由，并告诉他们什么时候能到。根据具体情况，客人有时会带一盒糖果或一些鲜花，送给女主人以表谢意。
2当客人们陆续到来时，如有女士进屋，在场的男士们应起身等女士入座后再坐下，这通常被视为是一种礼貌的行为。然而，多数年轻人和一些年纪再大一些的人，他们重视男女平等，不再遵守这一习俗。来访的客人应留意各种情况，照着在场的美国人去做。
3客人在餐桌就坐时，按照习俗男士应帮助女士推椅入座。有些美国人现在已不再这样做了，所以来访者必须留心别人的做法，并照着他们的做法去做。如果宴会是在个人的家里举行的，在开始吃饭前，要避免（说话）尴尬，客人可以（自己不说）让别人聊。有些家庭习惯于在饭前祈祷感谢上帝，有些家庭则没有这样的习惯。如果要做祷告，每个人都静静地低头坐着，直到祷告结束。如果主人家没有这样的习惯，聊天则无需中断。
4美国人与欧洲人使用刀叉的习惯不同。欧洲人右手拿刀，左手拿叉，吃东西时两手都用。美国人则相反，尽可能只用一只手，另一只手放在膝盖上。他们要切肉时通常把叉换到左手。在不往嘴里送食物、喝咖啡或在面包上涂黄油时，他们把叉放在自己的盘子上。欧洲人更习惯于饭后喝咖啡，饭没吃完刀叉就一直拿在手里。
5由于美国人进餐时经常会放下刀叉等金属餐具，一些习俗也随之形成。把勺子留在汤碗里，咖啡杯里或其他盘子里都被看作是不礼貌的。勺子应该放在可以平放的地方（如咖啡勺放在茶托上，汤勺放在汤碗旁边的托盘上，等等），但不放在桌布上。这样做就不大会把金属餐具碰到地板上或把食物碰撒出来。另一个不同的习俗是美国人和欧洲人都用汤勺的侧面喝东西而不是前端。
6美国人吃面包是不用刀叉，而是通常把面包掰开用手拿着吃。美国人用手拿着吃的东西还有玉米棒、芹菜、萝卜和橄榄。在美国，人们不用手来抓生菜吃，也不端起汤碗把碗底剩下的汤喝光。
7如果客人在就餐时不得不离开餐桌的话，他（她）应该向女主人说：“对不起，我能离开一会儿吗？” 进餐结束后，客人们把餐巾放在桌上，然后起身。客人不用按原样把餐巾折好，除非是暂住的客人，要住下来吃不止一顿饭。
8饭后，客人通常会再呆两三个小时，但客人要考虑周到，注意不要因呆得太久而不受欢迎。出于礼貌主人也许会劝客人多呆一会，但多数宴请11点钟左右就结束了。
9按照习俗，客人临走时应感谢女主人让他们度过了一个愉快的夜晚。你可以说一些表示感谢的话。通常的说法有：“再见，你让我来参加宴会真是太好了”或“再见了，今晚过得开心极了” 或 “谢谢，我过得很愉快” 对于那些比宴会更大的款待，如在主人家过夜或度周末，习惯上还应给主人寄一封感谢信。
致上帝的一封信
1整个山谷唯一的一座房子坐落在一个小山顶上。从这个高度可以看到河，还可以看到畜
栏旁的一片农田，农田里长着成熟的玉米，周围还点缀着菜豆花，预示了即将到来的好收成。
2田里只要再来一场雨就行了，哪怕只是一场阵雨也好。蓝休对他的农田了如指掌，整个
上午什么也没做，只是仔仔细细地观察东北方的天空。
3“老婆，这回可真会有雨水了。”
4女人正在做饭，回答道：
5“嗯，看上帝的旨意了。”
6大孩子们都在田里干活，而小一些的孩子们在房子旁玩耍，知道妈妈向他们喊道：7“回来吃饭吧······”
8不出蓝休所料，正吃着饭，大滴雨点开始落下来。东北方向大团大团的乌云正在移过来。
空气清新甘甜。
9蓝休出去到畜栏里找什么东西，其实他只是想让自己感受雨点打在身上的喜悦。他回来
时叫道：“天上掉下来的不是雨点，而是新的银币。大的都是10分的银币，小的是5分······ 11他带着心满意足的表情望着笼罩在雨幕之中的田野，上面是成熟的玉米，周围缀满了菜
豆花。可是突然刮起了一阵狂风，大颗的冰雹夹杂在雨中落了下来。这可真像是新的硬币了。男孩子们不顾雨淋，跑出去捡冰珠。“这下可糟了，”蓝休叫了起来，“希望快点停。”
13冰雹没有很快就停。整整一个小时，雹子打在屋顶上、花园里、山坡上、玉米田里，整
个山谷全下了冰雹。农田一片白色，仿佛是洒满了盐。树叶一片不剩全掉光了。玉米全毁了。菜豆上的花全没了。蓝休心里难受极了。暴风雨过后，他站在田中间，对儿子们说：“蝗灾好歹还能留下一点，冰雹可什么也没留下：今年我们不会有玉米了，豆子也没
了······”
15那是一个伤心的夜晚：“我们的力气都白费了！”“没有人能帮助我们！”“今年要挨饿了······”
19但是所有住在山谷中央那座孤零零的房子里的人都心存一丝希望：上帝的帮助。20“别难过，就算看起来一切全完了。记住，没人会饿死的！”
21“他们是这么说的：没人会饿死······”
22蓝休整晚冥思苦想，他只有一线希望：上帝的帮助，他一贯受到的教导是，上帝能洞察
一切，甚至人的内心深处。
23蓝休壮得像头牛，在田里干活十分卖力，而且他还会写字。接下来的星期天，天刚亮，在他确信了世上确有保护神之后，便开始写信，而且还要亲自送到城里去邮寄。24这的确是一封写给上帝的信。
25“上帝，”他写道，“假如你不帮我，我和我家人今年就要挨饿。为了重新播种、维持生计
到新的庄稼收上来，我需要一百比索，因为冰雹······”
26他在信封上写下“上帝收”，把信装进信封，然后带着一种忧虑的心情进城去了。在邮
局里他把信贴上邮票，就投到邮筒里了。（你想接下来的故事会怎样？）
28邮局的一名雇员，他是邮差同时又在邮局帮忙，他大笑着跑到上司那儿，把这封寄给上
帝的信给他看。自打他做邮差以来还从不知道上帝的地址。邮局局长，一个胖胖的、和蔼的人，也一下子大笑起来，但他马上收敛笑容，轻轻地敲着桌上的这封信，评论到：29 “多么坚定的信仰！但愿我的信仰也跟这个寄信人一样坚定，像他那样去信仰。像他那
样知道该怎样信心满怀地去期盼。开始和上帝通信！”一封无法寄出的信显示了一种忠诚，为了不破坏这种忠诚的绝佳榜样，邮局局长想出了
一个主意：回信。但是，当他提笔开头时，很显然，他要回信的话，除了良好的愿望加上纸和墨，还需要更多的东西。然而，他坚持自己的决定：他找雇员捐钱，自己拿出一部分工资，他的几个朋友也不得不为“这一善举”出一些钱。
31他不可能凑齐这一百比索，只能给这位农民比这笔数目一半稍多一些的钱。他把钱装进
寄给蓝休的信封里，和钱放在一起的还有一封信，信上只有两个字，是签名：上帝。32接下来的一个周日，蓝休来得比平时早了点，询问是不是有他的信。那个邮递员亲手把
信交给他，而邮局局长则在他的办公室门口看着，享受着一种行过善事的人所能感到的满足。
33（你猜蓝休看到信和钱会有怎么样的反应呢？）
34蓝休看到钱一点都不感到惊讶——他就是如此有信心——可是当他数钱的时候却生气
了······上帝是不可能搞错的，也不可能会拒绝蓝休要的东西！
35蓝休马上走进窗口要来了纸和墨。在公用的写字台上，他开始写信，他眉头紧锁，显然
是在搜肠刮肚，寻找字句来表达他的意思。写好后，他走到窗口买了一张邮票，舔了舔贴在了信封上，并用拳头敲了敲实。
36信一落进邮筒，邮局局长就取来打开。信上写道：
“上帝，我要的一百比索只到手了七十。请把剩下的给我，因为我非常需要这些钱。不
过别再邮寄了，因为邮局的人是一帮贼。蓝休。”
第二篇：课后翻译 - 副本
U1effective 翻译一:Outlines are essential to
make together, sure speeches.that related By outlining, you one to another, and that the structure of that your thoughts ideas flow from are your probably speech is coherent.You will your use two kinds of outlines for outline and the brief speaking outline.speeches-the detailed preparationshouldIn a preparation outline, you central state and idea, your and specific purpose and pattern.sub-points identify using a main points consist of brief notes to help you while The speaking outline consistent should you contain key words or phrases to bolster deliver the speech.It should your speaking memory.visual outline, In follow making up your preparation framework used the in same your outline as brief as possible and be sure outline.Keep the speaking it is plainly legible.过写发言提纲，你可以确保你的想法发言提纲是有效发言的基础。通是相关联的，你的思路从一点谈到另一点，准备讲演你可以采用两种提纲方式：你的讲话结构是连贯的。通常，详细准备提纲和简单发言提纲。定目的及中心思想，并以连贯的方式在准备提纲中，应该写出你的特 确定主要观点和次要观点。发言提纲应该由简要的提要组成，这些提要在你讲话时能够给予你一些帮助。发言提纲还应包括帮助你记忆的重点词或重点短语。在写发言提纲时，可采用准备提纲的发言提纲简要，同时，要确保提纲清 糢式。尽可能使你的晰、易于辨认。先要做好充分的准备；其次，你演讲翻译二:当你发表学术演讲时，首的主要观点要明确，层次要清楚。演讲时，语速不要过快，语言要清晰。不要总是在读你准备好的稿子。最后，你应该经常看一下你的听众。这样，一方面你对你的听众表示尊重，另一方面，你可以更顺利地进行你的演讲。speech, you should, first of all, get wellBefore
you deliver an academic prepared your major points clear in your speech, for it.Then, you should make and organized.When speaking, you should your speech should be well not should speak the be too explicit.fast, and Don’your t always language read From time to time.notes you prepared beforehand.your show audience.you should look at and on the other hand.you will be able your respect On one to your hand, audience, you can to smoothly.go on with your speech more U2
翻译一with human human :Energy well-being.has a dual relationship concerned history, man For has most been of side thanks of the mainly about the benefit energy to the energy-well-being low costs equation staggering use.However, involved with the in brought unprecedented forth scale by of energy 100 years demand of coupled growth with population growth, industrial in per an capita equally remarkable increasingly higher costs, both external energy forms, energy demand entails of and energy internalized.On the one hand, accelerating resources requires speed are and reducing at an hand, higher input.energy On the supply worrisome the external costs seem other more serious safety, threats because ecosystem, and may trigger large-scale keeps disrupting to public energy health use poses the global and military conflict.人类历史发展长河中，由于利用能源能源和人类利益有着双重关系。成本低廉，人们主要关注能源和人类安康关系中有利的一面。然而，过去一百年以来人口以空前速度增长，引起了能源需求的激增，同时，人均工业能源需求亦急剧增长，因此，能源利用所需成本越来越高，无论是外延成本还是内涵成本。一方面，能源资源加速减少，能源供应所需投入越来越高；另一方面，相比之下，外延成本更加令人忧虑，原因是能源利用严重威胁大众健康和安全，不断破坏全球生态系统，并可能引发大规模军事冲突.影响能源供应的资金成本难以量化，翻译二：以上各种因素究竟如何部分原因是许多非环境因素实际上同环境因素互相交织在一起。比如，造成工程施工延误的原因，不但有管理上的限制，而且有工程、管理以及质量监控等方面的问题。然而在美国，过去油产品供应的资金成本至少上升了20年中由于环境影响，石25%,则上升了而火电和核电生产的资金成本 contributionIt isdifficult 40%,甚至更多。
monetary costs of energy supply in part of all to these quantify factors the to total the because environment factors not related to environmental are construction ones.often entwined with the not delays have For been example, caused also just management by by problems regulatory constraints but Nevertheless, and quality of engineering, control.impacts costs have in increased the US environmental by at least 25 percent during the past 20 of supplying petroleum the monetary products years, electricity from coal and nuclear power and the costs of generating by 40 percent or more.U3
翻译一24-hour :Two fatal wrecks in less than a weekend period over to six the number of deaths killed three the people, Thanksgiving bringing two weeks on Springfield city streets.in the pastatleastWith one month left in the year17 people have been killed，in
fatality including accidents Chicago family the three in members Springfield, before on Interstate 44.who died the weekend of aandOn Sunday, Springfield husband Bauer, wife South Glenstone Avenue.59，Jon died Bauer, in the 58, 2400 and block Juanita ofsouthboundAccording to police，Jon Bauer's sides also wiped 2001 a 1995 Hyundai Chrysler Santa Cirrus, Fe Chadd Rohde, 27, of Mountain Homeheading southbound, driven by Ark., at around 10:30 a.m.，south and struck a brick wall and utilityJon Bauer’s vehicle continued pole at Springfield National Cemetery.extractedThe Springfield Juanita the couple from Fire Department the Bauer was pronounced the vehicle.dead at unconscious, scene.Jon John’s Regional Medical Center, where was Bauer, transported who to was St.he was later pronounced dead.hours as police investigated the crash.Traffic was shut down for four了周里斯普林菲尔德城市道路上死亡2在感恩节的周末，起车祸，撞死3人，使得过去24小时内发生2人教上井到 6人。
普森菲尔德至少有本还剩下最后其中包括上周在171个月，在斯死的来自芝加哥的一家三口。44号州际公路上撞人死于车祸，妇，特58周日，斯普林菲尔德的一对夫岁的乔恩•保尔和59区被车撞死。•保尔在南格林斯顿大道的岁的詹尼
2400街乔恩据警察讲述，上午边撞上了一辆同样往南开的•保尔南行的2001现代胜达菲檫10点半左右，出产的克莱斯勒斯柔斯，司机是1995年岁的查德27居。•罗德，来自阿肯色州的山 普林菲尔德国家公墓的砖墙上，又撞
乔恩•保尔的车继续南行，撞在斯上了一根公用电线杆。
妇从车里拉了出來。斯普林菲尔德消防队把这对夫场宣布已死亡，乔恩詹尼特•保尔被当被送到圣约翰地区医疗中心，之后也•保尔不省人事，被宣布死亡。了
一种模拟驾驶器，观察4 警察在调香现场时交通被关闭 小时。翻译二
:美国的研究人员使用了分别在手持手机通话驾驶、酒后驾驶40名志愿者以及专心驾驶的过程。结果显示：共有时均在打手机状态下。研究发现：无3名志愿者发生追尾事故，司机当论手机是否处于免提状态，司机在通话状态下会放慢车速。刹车措施的反应速度也会减慢 此外，采取而刹车后加速的速度又会减慢9%，19%。USUsing a driving simulator, some 40 talking people.researchers navigated on Some studied the driving of a of cell them drove while drove while drunk, phone, and others others impairments.with no there were three accidents in which the The such results distractions showed that or drivers were talking on cell phones-all of research has found that those talking on them involving a rear-ending.The the sluggish.In addition, talking on the cell phone while driving are more phone percent can reduce reaction time by 9 percent in after braking.in terms terms of o f picking braking up and speed 19 U4
翻译一of masculine that reinforces the stereotype what :Perhaps it is our social concept is feminine and what is that even women talk more than men, and communication.causes these labeled Maybe different a patterns woman of interrupting if she does it at alltalkative or is criticized for is our cultures culture — as well as，because be quiet if they want to be “feminine.’ — teaches that women should many other Perhaps boys interrupt and masculine men to dominate culture encourages talk talk more often, and males and who to criticized a lot and interrupt often are not differences for communication in doing the patterns so.These communicating who are and studied styles of by of communication.study the effects of gender experts on effects misunderstandings in order They to understand study these and women in conversation.Often, it’s occur between why men because conversation their important are styles so and different.patterns It of these that we learn to recognize is to the other gender.communicate differences better so that with we people can learn of加深了女人比男人话多这一糢式化或许正是我们的男女社会观念印象，甚至导致这些不同沟通方式的出现。如果一个女人真的在别人说话时插嘴，她或许会被认为是话多，或许会为此受到批评，因为我们的文化—性：她们如果想要有女人味就必须文还有其他许多文化—如此教导女静。或许男性文化鼓励男孩和男人支配谈话并且更经常打断谈话，健谈和频繁打断话头的男性不会为 而且此受到批评。研究性别对交流所产生的作用的专家们针对沟通模式和沟通风格方面的这些差异进行探究，以便了解在男女对话中为什么会产生误解。误解的产生常常是因为他们的对话风格和方式存在极大的差异。为了能学会更好地和异有必要认识这些差异。4生交流，我们 畅销书《你就是不明白》中指出：虽翻译二:Deborah Tannen
在她的然美国男孩和女孩经常在一起玩，但大多数时间他们都是在各自的同性别小组里玩耍。她还指出：虽然男孩和女孩确实在一起玩某些游戏，但他们最喜欢的游戏常常是不一样的。Tarnien和其他这方面的研究人员发
现，男孩（比如欢在室外而不是室内玩耍，而且他们8至12岁的男孩)喜是在有等级结构的大组中玩耍。这帮男孩子中通常会有一个孩子头，他告诉别的男孩做什么、怎么做。正是通过发号施令和让其他男孩按规则游戏，男孩子们在他们的玩伴那里获得更高或更重要的地位。
Don’tIn her best-selling book You Just points Understand.Deborah Tannen boys and girls often play together, they out that, although American spend same-sex most that boys and girls do play some games groups.of their She time also playing points out in together, very but their favorite other often quite different.Tannen games and are found researchers through that young on boys, this say topic have house rather than in the house, and they 12.tend to play outside ages the 8 play hierarchically in large boys structured.groups that are the do it.It is by giving orders and making other generally boys what has a to leader A group do and who of how tells to the boys other boys play by the rules that status in their play group.achieve higher or more dominant U5
翻译一communications, :In this age to and hide it has of become instantaneous harder by private businesspeople wrongdoings: corrupt officials leaks, whistleblowers, government are now exposed investigative aggrieved important reporters.competitors, Publicity is and an can year terminate deterrent careers.because During corruption the down the prime minister of the Ukraine, alone, scandals have brought past the the deputy Kenyan leader of president Brazil's of ruling South party, Africa, majority government Representatives.leader of the ministers, U.S.House and key the of changes corruption are necessary But to ensure systematic that themselves scan¬dals stop repeating reruns.like prurient TV showor are about to occur in key entities: theLeadership changes have occurred World Transparency Bank, International International, the OECD, the UN, The resulting set of new leaders should Chamber of Commerce.and the get from together export-credit other key with organizations, NGOs and such leaders law-enforcement agenciesentities and international as broad develop a consensus for near-term and anticorruption strategy，to map out a and middle-term action.代，要想掩盖恶行越来越难，因为眼当前是一个信息即时交流的时下私人密探、走漏政府内部消息的人、愤愤不平的竞争对手以及那些刨根问底的记者们都会把那些贪污腐败的官员和奸商暴露出来。由于腐化堕落会断送事业前程，所以曝光是一种重要的威慑力量。仅去年一年，被丑闻拉下台的就有乌克兰总理、南非副总统、巴西执政党领袖、肯尼亚政府的几名地位显赫的部长以及美国众议院多数党领袖。但是要确保腐败丑闻不会像色情电视剧那样重复上演，就必须进行系统的变革。经济合作与发展组织、联合国、透明领导层的变革在诸如世界银行、国际以及国际商会等重点机构已经展开或者即将展开。改革后的新领导班子应该与非政府组织以及其他重要机构（如出口信贷机构、国际执法部门等）领导人携手合作，以便制订全面的反腐战略，就近期和中期行动达成共识。
第三篇：英语课后翻译
1）1）我们的计算机系统出了毛病，但我觉得问题比较小。(minor)a)
We have a problem with the computer system, but I think it's fairly minor
2）父亲去世时我还小，不能独立生活。就在那时，家乡的父老接过了养育我（my upbringing）的责任。
a)(at that point)My father died when I was too young to live on my own.The people of my hometown took over(responsibility for)my upbringing at that point.3）这些玩具必得在达到严格的安全要求后才可出售给儿童。(requirement)
a)The toys have to meet strict/tough safety requirements before they can be sold to children.4）作为新闻和舆论的载体（carrier），广播和电视补充了而不是替代了报纸。(supplement, rather than)
a)Radio and television have supplemented rather than replaced the newspaper as carriers of news and opinion.5）至于这本杂志，它刊载世界各地许多报章杂志上文章的摘要。(digest When it comes to this magazine, it is/carries a digest of articles from many newspapers and magazines around the world
1）虽然受到全球金融危机后果的巨大影响，但是我们仍然相信我们能够面对挑战，克服危机。(confident)
a)Though greatly affected by the consequences of the global financial crisis, we are still confident that we can face up to the challenge and overcome the crisis
2）在持续不断的沙尘暴的威胁下，我们被迫离开我们喜爱的村庄，搬迁到新的地方。(threat, compel, settlement a)Under threat of constant sand storms, we were compelled to leave our cherished village and move to the new settlement
3）根据最近的网上调查，许多消费者说他们也许会有兴趣考虑购买电视广告中播放的产品。(motivate)
a)According to a recent online survey, a lot of consumers say they may be motivated to consider buying products shown in TV commercials
4）看到卡车司机把受污染的废弃物（contaminated waste）倒在河边，老人马上向警方报告。(spot, alongside)
a)Having spotted a truck driver dumping contaminated waste alongside the river, the old man reported to the police at once.5）一些科学家坚信人们总有一天会喜欢转基因农作物（genetically modified crops）的，因为它们能够提高产量，帮助发展中国家战胜饥荒和疾病。(conviction, come to...)
a)Some scientists hold to the firm conviction that people will come to like genetically modified crops someday since they can increase yields and help combat hunger and disease in the developing world
6）无论是在城市还是在农村，因特网正在改变人们的生活方式。(urban, rural)
a)The Internet is changing the way people live, no matter whether they are in urban or rural areas
7）和大公司相比，中小公司更容易受到全球经济危机的威胁。(medium, vulnerable)
Medium-sized and small companies are more vulnerable to the threat of the global economic crisis than large ones
8）关于期末论文，教授要求我们先分析失业图表，然后对国家的经济发展提供批评性的见解。(analyze, chart, reflection)
a)With regard to our term papers, the professor asked us to analyze the chart of unemployment first, and then provide critical reflections on the nation's economic development.9）他从来也没有想到他们队会以大比分赢得那场篮球赛。(by a large margin, it occurs to...)a)It never occurred to him that their team would win the basketball match by a large margin.10）回顾二十年的中学教学，我把我的成功归结为耐心、才能、和对知识的不断追求。(look back on)
a)Looking back on my twenty years' teaching in high school, I attributed my success to patience, talent, and the constant pursuit of knowledge
11）红十字会派遣的志愿人员非常小心地对村里的饮用水进行消毒(disinfect)，以避免爆发瘟疫。(outbreak, caution)
a)The volunteers sent / assigned by the Red Cross disinfected, with great caution, the drinking water in the village so as to avoid an outbreak of plague
12）爱因斯坦用了多年时间试图把电磁学理论和引力理论结合起来，但没有成功。(unify
a)Einstein spent many years trying to unify the theories of electromagnetism and gravity but failed
13）因其在激发学生创造性想象力方面的出色表现，王教授获得了校长奖。(stimulate, imagination
a)Professor Wang received / won the Presidential Award for his excellence in stimulating students' creative imagination.14）因存在一些设计上的（design）重大缺陷，董事会没有同意那个经济刺激计划（stimulus package）。(approve of, flaw)
a)As there were some major design flaws, the board of directors didn't approve of the economic stimulus package.15）乔丹（Jordan）意识到没人能给他帮助，终于得出结论他必须面对现实，独自接受挑战。(come
a)Having realized that nobody could help him, Jordan finally came to the conclusion that he had to face reality and take up / meet the challenge by himself 16）奶奶想当然地认为粮价要涨，所以买了许多大米。(take sth.for granted
Grandma took it for granted that food prices would soar, so she bought a lot of rice.17）我可以给你引用几个例子来说明她献身科学的精神。(quote, instance I
a)
can quote you several instances of her dedication to science 18）20世纪80年代中国一些经济特区（zone）开始迅速发展起来。(see, swift)
a)The 1980s saw the start of the swift development of some special economic zones in China.19）两国关系的紧张部分是由最近的间谍事件（spy affair）引起的。(in part
a)Tension between the two countries stemmed in part from the latest spy affair
20）彼得已在一家律师事务所（law firm）当了多年律师。你可考虑请他做你的律师，当你需要法律援助时，由他代你行事。(on sb.'s behalf）
a)Peter has worked in a law firm for many years.You can consider having him as your lawyer to act on your behalf when you need legal help.21）这座红房子在参天古树的映衬下十分夺目。（stand out）
a)The red house stands out against the old trees that reach high up to the sky.22）我的新工作薪酬很高，但是其他方面我并不满意。（a)The salary in / for my new job is great, but for the rest, I'm not satisfied 23）两条溪流的水在我们村子附近汇合了。（mingle
a)The waters of the two streams mingle near our village.我们不应该嘲笑别人的宗教信仰。（mock 24）
a)We should not mock at other people's religious beliefs.25）这间房间的窗帘同家具的风格不太协调。（in tune
a)The curtains of the room are not quite in tune with the style of the furniture
第四篇：英语课后翻译
English is known as a world language, regularly used by many nations whose English is not their first language.Like other languages, English has changed greatly.The history of the English language can be divided into three main periods : Old English, Middle English and Modern English.The English language started with the invasion of Britain by three Germanic tribes during the 5th century AD, and they contributed greatly to the formation of the English language.During the medieval and early modern periods, the influence of English spread throughout the British Isles, and from the early 17th century its influence began to be felt throughout the world.The processes of European exploration and colonization for several centuries led to significant change in English.Today, American English is particularly influential, due to the popularity of American cinema, television, music, trade and technology, including the Internet.人们普遍认为英语是一种世界语言，经常被许多不以英语为第一语言的国家使用。与其他语言一样，英语也发生了很大的变化。英语的历史可以分为三个主要阶段：古英语，中古英语和现代英语。英语起源于公元5世纪，当时三个日耳曼部落入侵英国，他们对英语语言的形成起了很大的作用。在中世纪和现代社会初期，英语的影响遍及不列颠群岛。从17世纪初，它的影响力开始在世界各地显现。欧洲几百年的探险和殖民过程导致了英语的重大变化。今天，由于美国电影、电视、贸易和技术、包括互联网的大受欢迎，美国英语的影响力尤其显。
中国书法(calligraphy)是一门独特的艺术、是世界上独一无二的艺术瑰宝。中国书法艺术的形成，发展与汉文字的产生与演进存在着密不可分的关系。汉字在漫长的演变发展过程中，一方面起着交流思想、继承文化的重要作用，另一方面它本身又形成了一种独特的艺术。书法能够通过作品把书法家个人的生活感受、学识、修养、个性等折射出来，所以，通常有“字如其人”的说法。中国书法不仅是中华民族的文化瑰宝，而且在世界文化艺术宝库中独放异彩。
Chinese calligraphy is a unique art and the unique art treasure in the world.The formation and development of the Chinese calligraphy is closely related to the emergence and evolution of Chinese characters.In this long evolutionary process, Chinese characters have not only played an important role in exchanging ideas and transmitting culture but also developed into a unique art form.Calligraphic works well reflect calligraphers' personal feelings, knowledge, self-cultivation,personality, and so forth, thus there is an expression that “seeing the calligrapher's handwriting is like seeing the person”.As one of the treasures o Chinese culture, Chinese calligraphy shines splendidly in the world's treasure house of culture and art.A M00C(massive open online course)is an online course aimed at unlimited participation and open access via the web.M00Cs are a recent development in distance education and have now become a surging trend in higher education.These classes are aimed at expanding a university's reach from thousands of tuition-paying students who live in town, to millions of students around the world.In addition to traditional course materials, M00Cs provide interactive user forums to support interactions between students and professors.M00Cs can encourage communication among participants who bring a variety of viewpoints, knowledge, and skills to the course;inspire people to “try on” subjects that they wouldn't otherwise pursue or even try on education itself;provide multiple ways to engage with course material, encouraging multimodal(多模式的)learning that can address the needs of learners with a variety of learning styles;and inspire better teaching and use of technologies for face-to-face courses.慕课是一种网络课程，它旨在通过网络实现广泛参与和开放接入。慕课是远程教育迈出的最新一步，现已在高等教育领域迅速引领潮流。通过这些课程，大学可以扩大影响的范围，从影响成千上万住在城里付学费的学生，扩展到惠及全球上百万的学生。除了拥有传统的课程资料，慕课还给使用者提供互动论坛，支持学生和讲师之间的交流。慕课能够促进参与者之间的交流，使得多种观点、知识和技能涌现到课堂上来；它鼓励人们尝试之前不可能尝试的课程，至是尝试新的教育方式；它提供多种学习课程资料的方式，鼓励多模式学习，以各种
学习风格满足学习者的需求；另外，慕课促进教学的改善，使技术在面对面授课中得以更好地应用。近年来，随着互联网技术的发展，我国的数字化教育资源建设取得了巨大的成就。很多高校建立了自己的数字化学习的平台，数字化教学在教育中发挥着越来越大的作用。和传统教学方式相比，数字化教学方式有很大的优势。一方面，数字化教学使教学资源得以全球共享；另一方面，它拓展了学习者的学习时间和空间，人们可以随时随地通过互联网进入数字化的虚拟学校学习。这使得人类从接受一次性教育走向终身学习成为可能。
In recent years, with the development of Internet technology, the construction of digital education resources of our country has made great achievements.Many universities have set up their own digital learning platforms, and digital teaching is playing an increasingly important role in education.Compared with the traditional way of teaching, the digital way has a lot of advantages.On one hand, digital teaching makes global sharing of teaching resources possible;on the other hand, it expands the learner's study time and space to learn, allowing people to get access to the digital virtual schools through the Internet anytime and anywhere.These advantages make it possible for people to shift from one-time learning to lifelong learning.As an important part of the American culture value system, “individualism” is admired by most American people.Americans view the family as a group whose primary purpose is to advance the happiness of individual members.In contrast to many other cultures, the primary responsibility of the American family member is not to advance the family as a group, either socially or economically.What would be best for the family is not usually considered to be as important as what would be best for the individual.With freedom comes the responsibility to care for oneself, for it is the freedom of choice that carries with it the responsibility: to accept the consequences of the choices.Many Americans give their children a lot of freedom because they want them to be independent and self-reliant.Along with the American emphasis on individual freedom, the belief in equality between parents and children also has had a strong effect on the family.作为美国文化价值体系的一个重要组成部分，“个人主义”受到大多数美国人的推崇。美国人认为家庭作为一个群体，其主要目的是促进家庭各成员的幸福。与许多其他文化相比，美国家庭成员的主要职责，不是在社会上或经济上提高整个家庭的地位。人们通常认为，什么是对个人最好的要比什么是对家庭最好的更为重要。与自由相伴而来的是照顾自己的责任，因为所选择的自由承载了责任，即必须接受自己的选择所带来的后果。许多美国人给他们的孩子很多的自由，因为他们希望孩子们能够独立和自力更生。在美国人强调个人自由的同时，父母与孩子间平等的信念也对美国家庭产生了巨大的影响。
孝道（filial piety）是中国古代社会的基本道德规范（code of ethics）。中国人把孝视为人格之本、家庭和睦之本、国家安康之本。由于孝道是儒家伦理思想的核心，它成了中国社会千百年来维系家庭关系的道德准则。它毫无疑问是中华民族的一种传统美德。孝道文化是一个复合概念，内容丰富，涉及面广。它既有文化理念，又有制度礼仪（institutional etiquette）。一般来说，它指社会要求子女对父母应尽的义务，包括尊敬、关爱、赡养老人等等。孝道是古老的“东方文明”之根本。
Filial piety is the basic code of ethics in ancient Chinese society.Chinese people consider filial piety as the essence of a person's integrity, family harmony, and the nation's well-being.With filial piety being the core of Confucian ethics, it has been the moral standard for the Chinese society to maintain the family relationship for thousands of years.It's undoubtedly a traditional Chinese virtue.The culture of filial piety is a complex concept, rich in content and wide in range.It includes not only cultural ideas but also institutional etiquettes.Generally speaking, it refers to the obligation of children to their parents required by the society, including respect, care, support for the elderly and so forth.Filial piety is fundamental to the ancient “Oriental civilization”.Valentine's Day on February 14 is celebrated in various American and European countries.It is a holiday of love and romance usually by exchanging valentines or love tokens between lovers.There are different origins regarding the festival.One legend goes that the Romans put a priest named Saint Valentine into prison for refusing to believe in the Roman gods.On February 14, Valentine was put to death not only because he was Christian, but also because he had cured the jailer's daughter of blindness.The night before he was executed he wrote her a farewell letter signed “From your Valentine”.Later, February 14 became a holiday for people to show affection for their loved ones.Today, people celebrate Valentine's Day in different ways, sending greeting cards and flowers, giving chocolate or other gifts, or joining in romantic dinners.The holiday has now become popular all over the world.In China the festival is also becoming increasingly popular with young people.美洲和欧洲各国都会庆祝2月14日的情人节。这是一个充满爱情和浪漫的节日，恋人之间通常都会交换情人卡和爱情信物。关于这个节日的起源有着不同的说法。一个传说是罗马人把一个叫圣瓦伦丁的神父关进了监狱，因为他拒绝相信罗马神。2月14日那天，瓦伦丁被处死，不仅因为他是基督徒，而且因为他曾治愈了一位监狱看守双目失明的女儿。他在被处死的前一天晚上给她写了一封署名“你的瓦伦丁”的告别信。后来，2月14日就成了一个人们可以为他们的情人展示感情的节日。现在，人们以不同的方式庆祝情人节，他们发送贺卡、鲜花，赠送巧克力或其他礼品，或共进浪漫的晚餐。现在这个节日已流行世界各地。在中国，这个节日也正越来越受年轻人的欢迎。
农历七月初七是中国的七夕节(Qixi Festival)，是中国传统节日中最具浪漫色彩的一个节日。一些大的商家每年都举办不同的活动，年轻人也送礼物给他们的情人。因此，七夕节被认为是中国的“情人节”(Valentine's Day)。七夕节来自牛郎与织女（Cowherd and Weaving Maid）的传说。相传，每年的这个夜晚，天上的织女都会与牛郎相会。所以，在七夕的夜晚，人们可以看到牛郎织女在银河（the Milky Way）相会。姑娘们也会在这一天晚上向天上的织女乞求智慧，以获得美满姻缘。但随着时代的变迁，这些活动正在消失，唯有标志着忠贞爱情的牛郎织女的传说一直流传民间。
July 7th on the Chinese calendar is Chinese Qixi Festival, the most romantic of all the traditional Chinese holidays.Every year, some big businesses organize various activities, and young people send gifts to their lovers.As a result, the Qixi Festival is considered to be Chinese “Valentine's Day”.The Qixi Festival is derived from the legend of Cowherd and Weaving Maid.The legend holds that on this particular night every year the Weaving Maid in heaven meets with Cowherd.So, people can see Cowherd and Weaving Maid meeting in the Milky Way on the night of Qixi.On this night, girls would also beg Weaving Maid for some wisdom for a happy marriage.But, with the changing of times, these activities are diminishing.All that remains is the legend of Cowherd and Weaving Maid, a sign of faithful love, continuously circulated among the folk.
第五篇：英语课后翻译答案
UNIT1 政府采取的一系列措施不但没有化解矛盾，反倒激起更多的暴力冲突。反对党联合工会发动了一次
大罢工，最终导致政府的垮台。(give rise to;form an alliance with;launch;bring about)Instead of resolving contradictions, the series of measures taken by the government gave rise to more violent clashes.The Opposition formed an alliance with the trade unions and launched a general strike, which ultimately brought about the downfall of the government.2 如今，大学与现实世界的距离越来越小，学生也变得越来越实际。从前，大学是一个象牙塔，学者追求的是学问本身而不是把学问作为达到目的的手段，但这样的时代已经一去不复返了。(shrink;gone are the days;a means to an end)
Nowadays, the gap between the university and the real world is shrinking and students are becoming more and more practical.Gone are the days when the university was an ivory tower in which scholars pursued knowledge as an end rather than a means to an end.3 我从未指望靠上课来学好这门课。但我确实去听课，因为在课上我能了解这门课的重点，学会如何组织材料、如何推理。(hope;the place where)
I never hoped to learn the subject well by attending those lectures.But I did go to lectures, for it was the place where I could get the important points of the course and learn how to organize materials and how to reason.4 我一直想方设法解决这个难题，但就是找不到满意的答案。可是当我去厨房喝饮料的时候，我突然间灵机一动，意识到解决问题的方法实际上可能很简单。(work out;click)
Although I have been trying every means to solve the problem, I cannot work out a satisfactory solution.But when I went to the kitchen to get a drink, something clicked and made me realize that the solution might be quite simple..UNIT2 1 一看见抽屉里的那些老照片，我的眼泪就涌了出来。它们让我想起了我跟爷爷奶奶、爸爸妈妈、兄弟姐妹一起生活的美好时光。(the moment;well up)
The moment I saw those old photos in the drawer, tears welled up in my eyes, for my memory went back to the days when I lived happily with my grandparents, my parents and my brothers and sisters.2 有个学生踩到地上的一滩水滑倒了。周围的人反应各异，有的关心地走上前去看他是否受伤了、能为他做点什么；有的则站在一边不知所措；有的干脆就不理。(diverge from;approach;confuse over;tune out)When a student slipped on a pool of water and fell over, people’s reaction diverged from one another.Some approached caringly to see if he was hurt and if they could help;some just stood there confusing over what to do about it;while others just tuned out.3 上星期六上午，我像往常一样去超市购物。我刚要打开车门，却发现没带钱包。我只好回家去找，可是哪儿也找不到。(do the usual;do nothing but;fail to do)
Last Saturday morning, I did the usual and went shopping in the supermarket.When I was about to open the door of my car, I found that I did not have my wallet on me.I could do nothing but go back home in search of it, but I failed to find it anywhere.4 我上小学二年级的时候，我们班有个同学得到的生日礼物是一辆红色的遥控车。我们大家只有羡慕的份，却不能也去买一辆，因为那种遥控车很贵，而且还是在香港买的，那时候在我们看来香港和纽约一样遥不可及。(could only;as far as)When I was a second grader, one of my classmates got a red radio-controlled toy car as a birthday gift.The rest of us could only admire, but could not imitate, because the car was expensive and was bought in Hong Kong, a place which seemed to us as far away as New York at that time.UNIT3 1 这些文件很重要，内容要绝对保密。如果要处理掉的话，应先把它们切碎或斯掉，而不是直接当垃 圾扔掉。(content of which;tear up;instead of)These are important documents, the content of which should be kept strictly confidential.If you need to dispose of them, you must shred them or tear them up instead of throwing them out with the trash.2 现在，伪造支票、身份证和信用卡之类的白领犯罪已变得相当普遍。尽管我们学会了许多防止被骗的招数，可是看起来我们随时都可能被骗。(forge;prevent...from)
Nowadays, white-collar crimes such as forging checks, ID cards and credit cards have become very common.Though we have learnt much about how to prevent ourselves from being cheated, it seems that we could be its victims at any time.3 地震已过去了好几个月，生活恢复了正常。人们与平时一样忙着各自的事情。但一个无法回避的事实是，地震给人们带来的精神创伤也许永进无法抹去。(go about;there is no escaping the fact that...;mental trauma;wipe out)
It has been several months since the earthquake.Life has returned to normal, and people are busy going about their business.But there is no escaping the fact that the mental trauma the earthquake brought to people will never be wiped out.4 为什么说一个图书馆拥有大量可供随时阅览的新书及电子图书资源很重要呢？因为那样的话，学者们就可以了解自己学科领域里的最新迚展，知道自己的研究是否有价值。(matter;readily available to;if so)
Why does it matter that a library has many new books and electronic resources readily available to the readers? This is because if so, the scholars know the latest development in their own fields and know whether their research is valuable.UNIT4 1 这个消息来得如此突然、如此令人震惊，我在沙发上呆呆地坐了几分钟。我的第一本能反应就是赶紧打电话把这件事告诉领导，看看我们能为那些在这起交通事敀中死伤的同事做些什么。(so...that;first instinct)
So sudden, so striking was the news that I sat motionless on sofa for a few minutes.My first instinct was to call our leaders to tell them what had happened and see what we could do for those colleagues who died or got injured in this traffic accident.2 纸版的儿童图书与电子书相比有很大的优势。对孩子们来说，一本印刷精美的纸版书不仅是一本书也是一个玩具。读纸版书的感觉与在屏幕上读书的感觉是很不同的。(have advantage over;be different from)
Paper books for children have an enormous advantage over e-books.For children, a beautifully printed paper book is not only a book but also a toy they can play with.Reading a paper book is rather different from reading a book on the screen.3近年来，传统媒体呈现出衰退的趋势，新媒体迅速发展。尽管如此，这幵不一定意味着传统媒体已失去市场。若谈到阅读新闻之类，人们还是习惯于像报纸这样的传统媒体。(in the tendency of;not necessarily;when it comes to...)
In recent years, traditional media are in the tendency of decline and new media are developing rapidly.However, this does not necessarily mean that traditional media have lost the market.When it comes to reading things like news, people are still used to such traditional media as newspaper.4 随着金融危机的爆发，许多企业陷入了困境。对于那些因缺乏流动资金无法迚行再生产又不想让恶性循环继续下去的企业，他们唯一能做的事情就是向政府求助。(find oneself in difficulty;turn to)
With the explosion of the financial crisis, many enterprises find themselves in difficulties.For those who have no circulating fund to invest in new production and would not let the vicious circle continue, the only thing they can do is to turn to government for help.UNIT5 1 虽然遇到了很多困难，但在他的带领下，公司产品打开了销路，总体形式也有了好转。为了表彰他的突出贡献，公司决定奖励他一套住房。(come across;for the better;in recognition of)Though they came across many difficulties, under his leadership they successfully found a market for their products, and the overall situation was changing for the better.In recognition of his outstanding contributions, the company decided to give him a flat as an award.2 当约翰向他挑战，要跟他比击剑的时候，他感到非常尴尬，因为他自知剑术不高，不是约翰的对手。如果他接受挑战，他肯定会输；可如果不接受呢，他就是个懦夫。(challenge...to)When John challenged him to fencing, he was very embarrassed because he knew that he was no match for John at it.If he took the challenge, he would surely lose;but if he didn’t, he would be a coward.3 他昨天感冒了。我们本以为他好好睡一晚就会好起来，所以今天早上就送他去上学了。但是下午放学回家时他发起烧来，不得不卧床休息。(assume;confine to)
He caught a cold yesterday.Assuming that he would get better after a good night’s sleep, we sent him to school this morning.But later in the afternoon, he got back home with a fever and was confined to bed.4 在过去的几年里，我得了几次重病，一直在贫困状态中生活，但是我没有放弃我的梦想。无论发生什么事，我总是坚守我的梦想，而梦想对我来说也变成了极大的支持和安慰。(abandon;in spite of;cling to)
In the past few years, I have had several severe illnesses and lived in a state of poverty, but I have never abandoned my dreams.In spite of everything I clung to my dreams, which have turned out to be a great support and comfort to me.UNIT6 1 当他知道自己未能入选校队时，他哭得很伤心，毕竟他经历了几个月的艰苦训练和激烈竞争，也学会了如何熟练地准确投篮。(cry one’s heart out;go through)
He cried his heart out when he heard that he was not in the list of the school team.After all, he had gone through months of hard training and gruelling competition, and had learned how to shoot with great skill and accuracy.2 那位以严格闻名的教练从一开始就要求队员抛弃一切杂念，超越他们的极限，以确保他们能在第29届北京奥林匹兊运动会上摘得一枚奖牉。(mean for sb to do sth;from the start;push … beyond limits)The coach, who was known for his strictness, had meant from the very start for all the players to shut out all the distracting thoughts and push themselves beyond their limits to ensure that they win a medal at the 29th Olympic Games held in Beijing.3 新教练接管了球队后，时时牢记自己的使命，幵最终带领球队取得了联赛冠军。在接受采访时，教练激动得说不出话来。(take over;bear in mind;make it;at a loss for words)
Since after he took over the team, the new coach has always borne in mind his mission and finally made it to the championship of the league matches.When interviewed, the coach was at a loss for words because of excitement.4 足球是一项很奇妙的运动。虽然最后的比赛结果往往是0-0,1-0或2-1，但这丝毫不影响人们去观看比赛。对我来说，足球的魅力到底在哪里一直是个谜。(flock;remain)
Football is an amazing sport.Despite the fact that most finals are 0–0, 1–0 or 2–1, people keep flocking to see football games.For me, it remains a mystery what is so attracting about football.
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