第一篇:PETS 3 教材译文
PETS 3 教材譯文
Lesson 1 克普·凯诺
克普乔格·凯诺是一个很谦虚的人,要使这位伟大的的肯尼亚长跑运动员回想起他在1968年10月20日那一天的感受不是一件很容易的事——(当天地)在墨西哥城参加1,500米长跑比赛时赢得了一生中的第一枚金牌.那天天未亮,凯诺忍受着剧烈的胃痛,后来证实他患了严重的胆囊炎.鉴于这种特殊情况,他的保健医生们都反对他参加长跑,然而他却不予理会.在赛跑中,凯诺集中精力,全力以赴与美国长跑能手木姆·润恩竞赛,后来他回忆说,“如果没有看实况录象,我都不知道比赛的最后时刻发生了什么事情.”但他确实记得下面的事情,“为了庆祝胜利并恢复体力,我光荣地跑了一圈,兴奋得筋疲力竭.”那天,这不是惟一值得他纪念的事情,回到家,妻子菲利斯生了个女儿,为了纪念他的胜利就给她取名为米尔卡·奥林匹克·克拉哥特.接着,凯诺在墨西哥城举行的5,000米长跑比赛中赢得一枚银牌,而四年后在慕尼黑的比赛中又赢得一枚金牌和一枚银牌.1976到1986年,他成为肯尼亚奥运长跑教练,使得肯尼亚继续在长跑比赛中保持绝对的优势地位.自1964年以来,肯尼亚长跑运动员已经获得32枚奥运田径奖牌,而且在波士顿马拉松比赛中赢得了六连冠.今年夏天,凯诺将以120名肯尼亚运动员代表团团长的身份去亚特兰大,代表团中包括他的儿子马丁.马丁,23岁,亚利桑那州大学的全美大学生运动会5,000米前冠军,有希望在1,500米长跑比赛中获胜.但是,凯诺的运动成就不是他成为肯尼亚西北方埃尔多雷特市镇英雄的惟一理由.30年前,凯诺和他的妻子开始收养孤儿,现在她已是七个孩子的母亲.他们的房子变得如此拥挤,以致他们在凯诺自已的农场附近集资建造了宿舍和餐厅.维持这些设施的经费来自他的农场、体育用品商店以及多年从肯尼亚政府获得的酬金.今天,仍有2到22岁不同年龄段的73个孩子和年轻的成年人继续生活在农场.“我是我是幸运的”,凯诺这样说道,“现在重要的是如何用我所拥有的去帮助其他人”
Lesson 2 第一个男孩生下来了,就是罗伯特·贾里德,重三磅十四盎司.继罗伯特·贾里德之后,他的三个妹妹也相继出生了:布莉娜·拉尔,重三磅一盎司;布琳斯雷·菲尔,重三磅十三盎司;还有布克雷·勒奈,重四磅两盎司.尽管他们个个都很小,可是他们既健康又强壮.当四胞胎从早产儿保育室里一个接一个被推出来的时候,手术室处门厅里焦急等待着的朋友和亲戚们都高兴地哭了
这些婴儿在医院住了大约一个月.为了再次接受化疗,凯斯也去了医院,护士们一次抱着一个或两个孩子到他房里去探望他,那似乎比药物治疗更有效.然后,奇迹出现了.当我们准备回家时,获悉医疗基金会为我们提供了一辆崭新的面包车,车上装备有四个婴儿车座.凯斯正在家里等着我们,由于持续的疼痛,他的身体现在更加虚弱,但是非常高兴.整个斯温斯伯勒社区和附近的材镇联合起来尽力帮助我们,无数的女士提供临时的保姆服务.凯斯的中学同学们一周两次为我们准备宴会.人们组织了各种集资活动.在(南美)大草原附近的威尔明藤岛上,有一家克罗格商店捐赠了可以用一年的婴儿尿布和其他婴孩用品.这些东西帮了大忙,因为四个孩子每天需要40到50块尿布!为了安装中央空调,一个名叫里基·斯蒂文斯的男士来测量我们农舍,但是考虑到住六个人屋子太小,他就走了.那天晚上,他睡不好,就与一位房地产商朋友肯·沃诺克商议,之后这两个人就邀请斯温斯伯勒的一些商人其进午餐.到午餐结束的时候,他们已有了足够的资金保证来建一所房子了.在我们的土地上,有一块地方可以俯瞰牧场,也可以放牧.我们的新家将建在那里,是有五间卧室的宽敞屋子,一间是主人卧室,另外四间每个孩子各一间.随着格鲁吉亚洲春天的来临,凯斯的健康状况每况愈下.尽管如此,他仍然非常喜爱四个孩子.每天早上,他都抱着他们,和他们一起玩耍,并且帮着喂他们.他渐渐熟练地一次操作两个奶瓶.在我们离开家去化疗或去看医生之前,凯斯都要和每一个孩子在一起玩一会.春末夏初,由于不得不进行的另一个手术,凯斯患了并发症.他说话和呼吸变得越来越困难,最后失去了知觉.他对我说的最后一句话就是“我爱你."医生给凯斯戴上呼吸器,但是他们说,他只能维持几个小时.我就坐在他身边,抓着他的手,并轻声说,"安静一点,安息吧."最后,在6月11日,平静真的到来了.他年仅32岁
岁月依旧.在12月的一天,蓝蓝的天空洒下金色的阳光,新房子的地基也破土动工了.四个孩子每个都能站立了.为了纪念这个特殊的日子,每个孩子都得到了一把小小的镀金铲.那天,许多朋友和邻居都在那里,而且斯温斯伯勒的市长也发表了演说,同样表达了我们的心声,他说,"我们衷心希望,当这些孩子长大后,看到这座房子时能够感受到每个熟悉他们父亲的人是多么地敬重和钦佩他们的父亲."
我又重新开始老师生涯.每当我外出的时候,都有许多热心的朋友和亲戚,以及友善的帮忙者来照看这四个孩子.如果不是凯斯的病,我们很难有机会认识到人们内心的善良.人们对我们的爱、同情和关怀之情简直难以让人相信.虽然老天从我身边夺走了一个人的生命,但是却给了我另外四个活生生的生命,这给了我莫大的支持和安慰.和凯斯一起面对死亡,使我认识到生命是多么的珍贵,我每天都会珍惜 和感激生命.Lesson 3 厄尔尼诺现象的起因
厄尔尼诺来源于西班牙语"圣婴",这种现象之所以这么命名是因为穿越太平洋的暖流总是在圣诞节前后到达南美.科学家现在用"厄尔尼诺"这个术语命名在大片南美沿海区域和沿赤道、国际日期变更线以西的主要暖流.科学家指出厄尔尼诺回车需要4~5年的时间,并持续12~18个月.在20世纪60年代后期,海面温度的年度变化和厄尔尼诺现象的持续、南部振动现象有很密切的联系这一点是显而易见的.太平洋东南部和印度洋大气压力之间存在关系,当太平洋的气压高时非洲到大洋洲的印度洋气压就胝.这种情况和这两个地方的低温有关,降雨量和气压以相反方向变化.因此,厄尔尼诺与南部振动现象的结合是大气和海洋现象之间的连接,也牵涉到大气和穿越太平洋盆地的大洋环境的变化.本世纪最强的厄尔尼诺现象发生在1982~1983年间,导致印度尼西亚和澳大利亚的干旱和森林大火,造成至少800万美元的损失.从1997年3月起,穿越东部和中部热带的太平洋海水开始变暖,这就是众所周知的厄尔尼诺现象.厄尔尼诺在4月到5月快速发展,6月达到顶峰,这在数量和广度上可以和1982~1983年间的厄尔尼诺现象相比.Lesson 4 变化中的饮食
大多数的美国人和加拿大人经常吃什么呢?许多人认为典型的北美饮食包括汉堡包、热狗、炸薯条、比萨饼、炸鸡等.他们认为美国人和加拿大人也吃很多方便食品,通常是冰冻食品、罐装食品和垃圾食品——糖果、饼干、薯片和其他没有太多营养价值的东西.不幸的是,这些描述并非完全正确.美国人的饮食通常是高糖粉、高盐、高脂肪和高胆固醇,这些物质都会导致健康隐患.但是有些人的饮食习惯正在发生变化.他们对健康更为关注,而且认为营养是健康的重要组成部分.北美人现在很少吃肥肉和鸡蛋,更多地吃鸡和鱼.鸡和鱼含的脂肪比肥肉和鸡蛋的要少.许多人也购买更新鲜的蔬菜,生吃或放在一点水里烹饪很短的时间,以避免维持生活素的流失.餐馆菜单为反映人们对营养的日益关注也在发生变化.现在"典型"的北美人的饮食包括来自不同国家的食物.越来越多的民族餐馆在美国和加拿大的大城市里开业.来自中国、日本、韩国、台湾、印度和中东的食物非常流行.甚至连快餐店也提供低脂肪汉堡、烧烤鸡(代替炸鸡)和有大量新鲜水果和蔬菜的沙拉.将来我们应如何安排饮食?因为已了解到营养的重要性,我们将会继续食用更多的鱼、蔬菜和更少的肉.我们仍会在超市中购买方便食品,但冰冻食品将会更有营养,罐装食品将会含有更少的盐和糖.垃圾食品将不再是垃圾,因为我们将用富含维持生活素和蛋白质的"营养棒"代替"糖果棒".将来我们的饮食可能比现在更为丰富和健康.在美国和加拿大,食物是一个非常普遍的谈话主题,人们经常谈论新菜式、餐馆、饮食计划和营养观.关于最佳的食品的争论将会继续:蔬菜比烹饪食品好吗?喝一点酒有益于放松,还有所有的酒精都是有害的?喝咖啡有益于提神,还是咖啡总是有害的?黄色蔬菜真的能够预防癌症?吃大蒜对预防心脏病会有帮助吗?但有一点是确定的:平衡膳食是营养的关键.如何达到平衡呢?我们可以选择不同的食品,控制我们的饮食量,限制脂肪的摄入量,并且经常进行锻链.课文中部分句子讲解: 1.Many people think that the typical North American diet consists of fast food hamburgers,hot dogs,French fries,pizza,fried chicken,and so on.许多人认为典型的北美饮食包括汉堡包、热狗、炸薯条、比萨饼、炸鸡等.That引导的是宾语从句,是许多人认为的内容.consist of由……组成、由……构成,没有被动结构.consist of与be composed of同义,但:前者为主动结构,后者为被动结构.and so on等等,与and so forth同义,表列举.2.However,some people's eating habits are changing.但是一些人的饮食习惯正在发生变化.However可以放在句首、句中和句末,要用逗号隔开.此句也可以说成:Some people's eating habits are changing,however.3.They are becoming more interested in good health,and nutrition is an important part of health.他们对健康更感兴趣,同时营养也成为健康的重要组成部分.be interested in对……感兴趣;have no interest for对……没兴趣.be important=be of importance,即be+形容词=be of+该形容词的名词形式,如:This book is very important.也可以说成This book is of great importance 4.Many people are also buying more fresh vegetables and eating them raw or cooked quickly in very little water in order to keep the vitamins.许多人也购买更新鲜的蔬菜,生吃或放在水里很快地烹饪,以避免维持生活素的流失.In order to为了……,表目的,与so as to同义.in order that 与so that同义,后接句子.如:I study hard in order to get good marks也可以说:I study hard in order that I can get good marks 5.Because we now know about the importance of nutrition,we will probably continue to eat more fish and vegetables and less meat.因为已了解营养的重要性,我们将可能继续食用更多的鱼、蔬菜和更少的肉.continue to do sth.继续做某事.continue指"持续而无终止",通常强调"不间断",如:continue one's work继续工作.last指持久、延续",如:The rain will not last long.endure指"持久、持续,如:He fame will endure for ever.persist指"持续存在下去"如:The snow is likely to persist in most areas.Lesson 5 我可以做到
“我可以做到."这是星期日晚上刚刚夺得第25届奥运会体操冠军的李小双在胜利之后最想说的话.李小双成功地完成团身空翻,取得了9.925的高分,成为第一位在决赛的自选项目中运用这个动作的男体操运动员.这个动作难度很大,如果他的头碰到垫子则会导致失败.前苏联选手瓦儿瑞·刘肯在团体比赛中已经做过这个动作了.李小双说: “在我之前所有的体操运动员都得到了很高的分数,这是我惟一的出路,要么第一,要么倒数第一."李小双还在吊环比赛中以9.862分赢得一枚铜牌.联队的格林格·密丁和日本的池谷幸雄以9.875分并列第二.李小双一落地,就冲到他的教练黄玉斌面前,黄玉斌是前世界双杠冠军.当最后一名独联体选手卫塔里·司且保没有超过李小双时,李小双和他的教练相拥而泣.自1984年李宁夺得洛杉矶奥运会冠军后,这是中国在自由体操中取得的又一枚金牌.1987年在阿姆斯特丹举行的世界锦标赛上,楼云赢得了自由体操冠军.在此之前,自由体操的奖项一直都是被前苏联选手独揽.“虽然自由体操是李小双的强项,但他仍是超常发挥了,"黄教练这么说.黄教练没有参加颁奖仪式,而是在体育馆后面看电视.“这不是一件容易的事,"李小双说.“这是我艰苦训练的结果,我是第一次成功地完成那三个后空翻".“我要感谢我的父母,尤其要感谢黄教练,我的成功离不开他."
李小双是在1989年底参加国家队的,他的国际比赛最好成绩就是在北京亚运会上夺得了冠军.在去年的印第安那波里世界冠军赛上,虽然在任何一个项目中都没有突破9.75分,但他在全能比赛中排名第四,是除前苏联体操选手之外的运动员中成绩最好的,但在自由体操中只得了第六.虽然是奥运冠军,他的名气仍然很小.计算机统计时竟把他错误地列为在高低杠、平衡木这两项女子项目中表现很差的选手.李小双说,在巴塞罗那无论是体操还是做人方面他都学到了很多.他在团体赛和全能赛中都得了低分,在难度和常规上没有赢到应得的分数,但是他把自已的痛苦都咽了下去.在自由体操决赛中,他的动作如此完美,没有一个人怀疑他拿冠军的资格.来自湖北省18岁的李小双说,他的训练不但重视技术而且还强调心理.他默念三遍“开始、跳跃、加速、着地",他说这是他成功的关键.李小双也参加了1990年西雅图友好运动会,而且在自由体操项目中夺得银牌.星期天晚上,李宁在鞍马和单杠项目失利后,这块银牌就成为中国代表队全能赛中的最好成绩.课文中部分句子讲解: 1.All the gymnasts before me had pretty high scores and this was the only way out for me 我之前所有的体操运动员都得到了很高的分数,(我必须拿到好成绩)这是我惟一的出路.2.way out摆脱因境的办法.如:If we can not find the way out,we will die.I knew I could end up either first or last.我知道我要么第一,要么倒数第一.end up的用法:1)竖起,直立.如:The dog can end up.2)结束,各终.如:He end up the head of the company.3)死.如:The old man ended up after he said his last words.3.end with以……结束.如:The concert ended with the sweet music.音乐会在悦耳的音乐中结束.Grigori Misutin of the Unified Team scored 9.875 points to share secod place with Yukio Iketani.独联体的格林格·密丁和日本队的池谷幸雄以9.875分并列第二
share+名词+with(among,between)+名词意为"分享,共有".如:The boy shared his toy with other children.4.share+in+名词意为分担,共享.如:We have shared in our sorrows as well as joys.He was still so little-known that even with his World Championship achievement here at the Olympics,computer statistics erroneously listed him as having done badly competing in two women's events,the uneven bars and the balance beam.即使是奥运会的冠军,他的名气仍然很小.计算机错误地把他列为在高低杠、平衡木这两项女子项目中表现很差的选手.so……that……的句型用法: 1)太……以至于……,……达到……程度.口语中that可以省略.如:It is so cold that the pond has frozen.2)如……般,如:This book is so rewritten that children can enjoy it.so that的句型用法:1)为了……,以便……We left early so that we could catch the first train.3)因此,所以,如:I was caught in a shower,so that all my clothes got wet.5.The 18-year-old from Hubei Province said that his regular training was not only technical but also mental.来自湖北省18岁的李小双说他平时的训练不但重视技术而且还重视心理方面的锻練.that his regular training was not only technical but also mental为宾语从句.not only……but also……引导的并列成分作表语 not only……but also……,不但……而且……,有时also可以省略,如:She can not only sing well,but(also)dance perfectly.Lesson 6 我们变化的生活方式:潮流和时尚
如今都市的生活方式变化非常快,不仅是服装和发型,甚至包括整个生活方式都在变.往往是今年流行,明年就过时了.有一年流行将太阳镜戴在头上,穿牛仔裤和长靴;喝白酒、在日本餐厅吃寿司;每天慢跑好几公里以锻链身体.然而第二年又变了:女人穿长裙;人们喝昂贵的法国进口的水,在意大利餐厅吃面食;几乎每个人都在健身房锻链.然后,突然又变了.人们开始穿纯天然织物(环保);喝咖啡并且吃泰国风味;去滑旱冰作为消遣和锻链的方式.现代生活中几乎没有什么不受时尚的影响:食物、音乐、运动、书、俚语、电影、家具和游览圣地,甚至名字都在追风.有一段时间,似乎年青的父母都给他们的宝宝取名叫希斯,道恩,艾力克或是亚当,因为这些名字很“时髦".然后这些名字又突然“过时了",而泰芬尼和杰森“流行"起来.几乎不可能写出特定的时尚,因为它变的非常快.在美国,甚至“人"都能“流行"或“过时".就像其它国家的人一样,美国人喜欢追随名人的生活方式:影星、体育明星、着名艺术家、政治家等等.但美国人也非常关注那些没有特殊本领和特殊作为的人们.比如:1981年,一个毫无名气的老太太出现在影视里,她看着一个非常小的汉堡大声地抱怨说, “哪儿有牛肉"?因为这句话她出名了.她突然在杂志、报纸和电视上出现,并很快名噪一时.1987年,达拉斯(德州)的一个即将破产的人很想为他的小生意拉到较多的客户.他需要更多的人们请他帮忙清除家里的昆虫和老鼠,从中赚钱.他在达拉斯(德州)报纸上登了一个不寻常的广告:对可以找最大蟑螂的人,他将支付1000美元.这个奇特的悬赏使他突然出了名,从纽约到加州,全国都在传扬他的事情,他“出名"了.然而,这种出名都不持久.这样的人也只是在一段时间内扬名.不会持续太久,这就是时尚的本质、中心和性质.有些时尚我们还没有听说就已经销声匿迹了.有多少人记得绿色和平泳衣呢?人们改变颜色以示污染.后来又有“贝多芬面包",这种面包1994年在日本流行,贵到20美元一片,是在放着古典的厨房中做的.发明这种面包的女士强调说“面包是不喜欢摇滚乐的".喜欢时髦的人应记住,时尚来得快去得也快,而且常会在“过时"10年到15年后又重新流行起来.不要把所有不流行的东西都扔掉是明智的.米老鼠手表和尼赫鲁夹克可能会很快流行的
课文中部分句子讲解: It seems that all new parents are naming their babies Heather,Dawn,Eric,or Adam.似乎刚做父母的人都给他们的宝宝取名叫希斯、道恩、艾力克或是亚当.it seems+(to+名词)+(that……)(在某人看来)好像……,仿佛…….seem在这里是联系动词,that引导一个表语从句.如:It seems(that)he is lying.=He seems to be lying.1.It seems to him(that)he would never be able to work out the question for good.Americans enjoy following the lives of celebrities:movie stars,sport heroes,famous artists,politicians,and the like.美国人喜欢追踪名人的生活:影星、体育明星、艺术家、政治家等等.2.Enjoy+v.-ing,意思是:喜欢……,如:I enjoy going shopping But Americans also pay a lot of attention to people who have no special ability and have done nothing very special.但美国人也非常关注那些没有特殊能力和特殊作为的人们
who引导的定语从句,people是先行词,关系代词who在定语从句中作主语.定语从句是用来修饰某一事物的从句,被修饰的词叫先行词,引导定语从句的词叫关系代词.常用的关系代词有:that,who,whose,where,when,which等.其中that,which,who在定语从句中可以作主语,也可以作宾语,但who用来指人,that和which用来指物;whose在定语从句中作定语.where,when在定语从句中分别作地点状语和时间状语.如: The young man who wears glasses is the president of this university.That's her whose brother was selected as the director.We are climbing the will where we will have a picnic.Lesson 7 有购物癖的人
你是一个有购物避还是极为节检的人呢?你是否是一个到处寻找便宜货的人?你是否更愿意使用信用卡而不付现金?对这些问题的回答将会反映出你的个性.据心理家所言,个人的花钱习惯不仅反映了我们的信念和价值观,而且是由于过去的经历所引起的.心理学专家认为,对很多人来说,钱是力量和权势的一种重要象征.那些抱怨妻子消费习惯的丈夫们,可能是惧怕他们正在失去在婚姻中所掌握的大权.而另一方面,妻子们则可能因为她们正在生丈夫的气而大把地花钱.另外,许多人把钱当作爱的象征,他们通过在家人和朋友身上花钱来表达爱;或者给自已买贵重的礼物,因为他们需要爱.人们会沉溺于不同的事物,如酒精、毒品、某些食物甚至电视.他们在这些事物面前难以自制,也就是说,他们必须满足对这些东西的需求以获得平衡.同样,根据心理学家所言,有购物癖的人必须花更多的钱.此外,对那些信用卡消费的人而言,信用卡比钱本身更让他们感到刺激.换句话说,这些人觉得在巨额钱财上获得的乐趣,实际上比从所购买的商品上获得的乐趣要大得多.甚至有一种到处寻找便宜货的特殊心态存在.当然,为了省钱,大多数人在寻找展销会、低价和打折商品.然而有不少到处寻找便宜货的购物癖者,他们常常会买那些他们不需要的东西,仅仅因为它们便宜.他们宁愿相信,他们正在节省开支,但事实上,他们正在玩一种充满刺激的游戏.当他们以比其他人更低的价格买到某物时,他们胜利了.当然,不仅是科学家们了解消费者的心态,商人们也了解.商店、公司和广告商都利用心理学来增加他们的销售额.他们在广告和销售方式中考虑到了人们对感情、权势的需求,以及他们的价值观、信念和意见
心理学家经常使用一种“行为疗法"来帮助人们解决他们的个性问题.同样,他们可以帮助那些觉得自已碰到了金钱问题的人.他们布置了”作业",如:如果一个人在他所进入的每一个商店都买了东西,一个治疗学家可能会教他以这种方式进行自我约束.在疗程的一开始,他必须进入一家商店,等上5分钟,然后离开.第二天,他必须在商店等上10分钟,并且试用某些物品.第三天他要等上15分钟,问销售员一个问题,但不买任何东西.很快,他将会学到:即使他不买任何东西,也不会发生任何坏事.然后,他就可以改掉购买癖这种习性.1.课文中部分句子讲解: Would you rather use charge accounts than pay cash? 你更愿意记帐而不付现金吗? Would rather do…than do…更愿意做…..胜于做…….2.rather than 宁可,宁愿.如:I'd rather play tennis than swim.ccording to psychologists,our individual money habits not only show our beliefs and values,but can also develop form past problems.据心理学家所言,个人的金钱观不仅反映了我们的信念和价值观,也可能是因过去所遇到的问题发展而来的.According to根据,与on the basis of 同义.not only…but also…不但……而且…….当not only放在句首时,句子前半句要倒装,后半句不需要倒装.如此句可以改为:Not only will our individual money habits show our beliefs and values,but also it can develop from past problems.3.belief的复数形式为直接加s ,是特殊用法,这样的名词还有handkerchief,proof等.Husbands who complain about their wives' spending habits may be afraid that they are loosing power in their marriage.那些抱怨妻子消费习惯的丈夫们,可能是惧怕失去他们在婚姻中所掌握的大权.who引导的是定语从句complain about their wives' spending habits,修饰husband.that引导宾语从句,是afraid的内容.complain about抱怨.如:She is always complaining about something.她总是怨天尤人.4.complain of sth.诉说(病痛等).如:The boy complained of a pain in his stomach.Wives,on the other hand,may waste huge amounts of money because they are angry with their husbands.另一方面,妻子们则可能因为她们正在生丈夫的气而浪费大量的金钱.on the other hand常常用于on the one hand…on the other hand…中,意为“一方面……,另一方面……".如:I want to go to the party,but on the other hand I ought to be studying.5.Be angry with sb.生某人的气;get angry at sb.for……因……生某人的气.In addition,many people consider money as a symbol of love 此外,许多人把金钱视为爱的象徵.In addition另外;in addition to加上,除……外,又;with the addition of 外加.consider……as……中的as可以省略,意为"把(某人、某事)看作……,认为(某人、某事)如何(as…,of…,to be…)".如:We consider that it is true.我们认为这是真的.consider侧重"经过考虑而认为",表示"一种比较客观的看法.",如:I consider what he said(as)reasonable.我认为他说的有道理.regard指"把……看作",表示"以外部形象得出认识或个人的主观认识",如:He was regarded as the foremost authority on chemistry.他被认为是化学界的权威.6.treat表示在"某种认识的基础上看待工对待",重在行动,如:They will not be treated as enemies.他们不会被当作敌人看待.For those who buy on credit,further more,charge accounts are even more exciting than money:in other words,these people feel that with credit they can do anything.此外,对那些用信用卡消费的人而言,使用信用卡比用现金本身更使他们感到刺激.换句话说,这些人觉得有了信用卡,他们什么都能做.7.for就……而言.如:He is tall for his age.who引导的是定语从句,修饰those,指"那些用信用卡购物的人".further more是插入语,表示进一步的陈述.in other words换句话说
Their pleasures at spending enormous amounts are actually greater than the pleasures they get from the things they buy.他们从花费巨额钱财上得到的乐趣,实际上比从所购买的物品上得到的乐趣要大得多.than the pleasures they get from the things they buy.这句中有两个定语从句:一个是they get from the things省略了引导词that,修饰the pleasures;另一个是they buy,也省略了引导词that,修饰the things.Lesson 8 圣诞节的故事
在许多国家,12月25日圣诞节的庆祝活动是一年中的顶峰时期.从11月份开始,人们便期盼着圣诞节的到来.许多城镇的购物中心和商店都用彩灯装点着,同时,闪亮的装饰物和人工造雪被喷在商店的窗户上.在街上和商店里,圣诞树(真树或塑料的常青针叶树)也被灯和圣诞装饰物点缀着.12月将要来临时,购物中心更繁忙,经常开到很晚.12月中旬,许多家庭的房间里被圣诞树、彩灯、纸和塑料饰物装点着.这段时期,很多人用彩色的电子灯装饰花园的树木或房子的墙壁,这是一个习俗,在美国非常流行.在许多国家,大部分人寄圣诞贺卡给他们的朋友和家人,这些卡片被挂在家里的墙壁上.在英国,1840年当最初的邮递业务开始时,寄圣诞贺卡的习俗开始.(得益于新的铁路系统,公共邮递业务是19世纪通讯的革命,正如今天的电子邮件对于我们的意义).随着印刷术的提高,圣诞贺卡大约从1860年开始就被大量生产.今天,贺卡上的图案多是幽默、冬景、圣诞老人或旧时代的浪漫情调.圣诞老人已经成为圣诞节的象徵.一个留着长长的白胡子,穿着红色衣服和背着一袋玩具的老人的图画随处可见.孩子们都知道这样一个事实:圣诞老人在圣诞的前夜会带给他们礼物,而且,许多7到8岁的孩子相信那是真的.在许多国家,据说圣诞老人住在北极附近,而且,坐在一个由驯鹿拉着的雪橇中从天空降临人间.在午夜,他通过烟囱进入人们的家中,把给孩子的礼物放在他们的床边或圣诞树上的袜子或袋子里.在商店或孩子们的聚会上,有些人会打扮成圣诞老人,给孩子们礼物,或问他们圣诞节想要什么礼物.圣诞节充满神秘和梦幻色彩,对孩子们而言,也是一段令人兴奋的时间.圣诞老人源于一个真实的人物 圣·尼可拉斯,这也解释了圣诞老人的另一个名字“Santa Claus"来源于荷兰语中的一个单词“Sinterklaas".尼可拉斯是公元4世纪一个来自马亚(现今的土耳其)的基督教的领袖.他非常害羞,想捐钱给贫苦的人们,但不让他们知道.据说,有一天,他爬上了一间屋子的房顶,把一小袋的钱从烟囱中扔进屋子去,钱碰巧落在一个女孩刚放在火旁想烘乾的长筒袜里.这也解释了圣诞老人从烟囱爬进来并把礼物放在孩子们的长筒袜中的原因.在说英语的国家,圣诞节的第二天被称为“节礼日".这个词来源于大约800年前中世纪的一个习俗:在圣诞节的第二天,教堂会打开他的的布施箱(箱子里装着人们放的值钱礼物),并且将里面的东西分给附近的穷人,这个传统一直延续到今天.圣诞节即将来临,预祝大家圣诞快乐!也希望这篇译文解说的圣诞节更能给你们的节日增添一份快乐!
Lesson 9 美国总统宫邸,白宫,位于华盛顿市的宾夕法尼亚大街的一座小山上,俯瞰波托尼克河.1792年动工,1800年初竣工.自从第二任美国 总统约翰·亚当搬进白宫后,历届美国总统都在那里居住和工作.然而,1814年,英国人与美国开战的时候,白宫被英军付之一炬,只残留了外围墙壁,并留下了斑斑烧痕.美国人花了3年时间翻修,白宫才重新可以使用.为了掩盖外围墙壁,焚烧过的残壁被白色的油漆涂了许多层,因此人们叫它白宫.1902年,泰德·罗斯福总统正式将它命名为白宫.白宫占地18英亩,然而大部分地方是草坪、花园、网球场、室外游泳池、保龄球场、活动室、电影院、溜马场和其他一些辅助设施组成.26米高的3层主楼有132个房间,占地并不大.西部是富丽堂皇的餐厅,东部宽敞明亮的房间是专为艺术表演用的.其他三个较小的房间装饰得很辉煌,每个房间都有自已的特色,而且都有和它内部的墙壁、天花板、地毯等等颜色相称的名字.中央的蓝厅是椭圆形办公室,用来接待外国元首和外交官.西部的红厅具有19世纪初美国西部特色,是家庭客厅.绿厅为玩牌、下象棋和闲谈的多功能厅.二楼是总统家人生活区.三楼是总统的秘书办公室和服务中心.总统的办公区位于西侧,西侧还有内客会议室、外交官会晤厅、缔约室等等.最重要的椭圆形办公室是总统制定政策的中心.椭圆形办公室外面就是迷人的玫瑰圆,种植了各种花草植物,州晚餐和仪式有时在这里举行.东侧是第一夫人和工作人员的办公室.办公室外面的肯尼迪花园经常召开记者招待会和茶会.众所周知的南草坪经常用来举办办外国元首的欢迎仪式.1.课文中部分句子讲解: It took three years to have the White House renovated and be available for use.花了三年时间翻修,白宫才可以使用.2.it takes(took)(sb.)some time to do sth.花(某人)多长时间做某事.The White House is an 18-acre-estate,yet the major part of the ground is filled with lawns,gardens,tennis courts,outdoor swimming pools,bowling alleys,game rooms,movie theaters,horseshoe pits and other subsidiary facilities.白宫占地18英亩,然而大部分地方是草坪、花园、网球场、室外游泳池、保龄球场、活动室、电影院、溜马场和其他一些辅助设施
fill的含义:1)(常与with连用)注满,装潢.如:He filled the bucket with water.2)填空,补缺,任职:如,George's the best person to fill this vacancy.3)补(牙),满足需要.to fill a prescription按药主抓药.3.The 26-meter high 3-floored main section consisting of 132 rooms is not quite spacious.26米高的3层主楼由132个房间构成,占地并不大.consist的含义:1)(与of连用)组成,构成,包括,由……组成.2)(与in连用)在于.如:The beauty of the plan consists in its simplicity.3)(与with连用)一致,符合.如:Theory should consist with practice.Lesson 10 巴黎,法国
不久以后,飞机开始减速并侧飞.迷人的绿色的英格兰映入眼帘,但是片刻之后就把英国甩在了身后.在飞掠过英吉利海峡后,法国的国土出现了,她的土地呈现出一块块绿色和咖啡色.巴黎,迷人、绿色而浪漫的巴黎,一座拥有独特气息的都市——我象许多到巴黎的人一样,迷上了这座城市.宏伟的现代建筑随处可见,但年代久远的店铺和公寓也夹杂其间.我一生都不会忘记来到巴黎后的第一个夜晚,我站在这座城市的最高点蒙马特高地上,秋日的凉风穿过树丛沙沙作响,全城的灯火交织成一片,尽收眼底.我简直不敢相信我那时的存在!第二天早晨,我们开始了巴黎之旅,这里从早到晚都美极了.树木成行的街道一尘不染,这是因为每天早上塞纳河的河水都会从地下水道流上路面,路边的店主们则会用长长的芦苇扫帚将路面打扫乾净.我们驾车驶过了许多着名的餐厅、商店和寓所.金色的凯旋门耸立在巴黎最负盛名的香榭丽舍大街的一端.第二次世界大战中,盟军将德军赶出巴黎后,曾列队穿过凯旋门.当我们穿过巴黎圣母院旁的广场时,我向上凝望雄伟的哥特式塔楼,它们的轮廓就仿佛是巨大的直冲灰色天空的哨兵.在大教堂高墙的顶端,每隔十二英尺就会有一个出水槽向外突出,每一处突出都被做成一种动物头像,雨水就顺着它的嘴流出.教堂里边,精巧别致的圆花玻璃在破云而出的阳光照耀下闪闪发光,好像天空早已为我们裂开缝隙照亮了它们.其中有一扇窗户在二战中被严重损坏,重新安置的玻璃上所有的颜色都与原有的玻璃上的颜色完全一致,只有蓝色除外.这种蓝色的配方已经遗失,无论艺术家们怎么费尽心思也无法将其复制出来.而我未经艺术熏陶的双眼是无法察觉其中的细微差异的.艾菲尔铁塔是一座由钢铁大梁交织构建而成的宏伟建筑,它高耸入云,在阳光下金光四射.艾菲尔铁塔,一座结构支持的铁塔,高达934英尺,是1889年在巴黎举行的世界博览会的特色建筑.它的底部由四个拱形的圆柱构成,每一个底基的面积为330平方英尺,这些圆柱互相弯曲靠拢直到离地面620英尺处合成为一个圆柱.望平台分别分布在离地面189英尺、380英尺和906英尺处,第一层望平台是一个饭店.每一个望平台都有自已的观测台.艾菲尔铁塔在科学研究上发挥着重要的作用,首先是被作为广播电台之用.在接近塔顶处安装 着探照灯,就像一个气象站和物理生物实验室.承载着我们的电梯到达了艾菲尔铁塔的最高点,接着我们攀登着窄窄的铁台阶走完了剩下的路程,到达了高入云天的平台.从这里我们能俯瞰整个巴黎——那让人心旷神怡的美景.课文中部分句子讲解
1.After watching the English Channel slip by,France appeared,the land carved into squares of green and brown.在飞掠过英吉利海峡后,法国的国土出现了,她的土地呈现出一块块绿色和咖啡色.the land carved into squares of green and brown为独立主格结构作状语表伴随状态.有时作状语的分词的动作并不是主语所做的或承受的,而是另外一个人或一件事所做或承受的,这时需要有独立的逻辑主语来表示这层意思,这种独立的逻辑主谓关系就被称为“独立主格结构".独立主格结构作状语,表时间、原因、条件、让步、伴随状况.如: The tornado continuing,our city seems unable to survive.龙卷风还在肆虐,看样子我们这个城市保不住了.独立主格结构前面一般不能再加介词或连词,但常可由介词with或without引起一个独立主格结构,做句子的伴随状语.独立主格结构一般多用在书面语中,口语中往往直接用各种状语从句.2.At the end of the most famous street in Paris,the Champs Elysee,stood the golden Arch of Triumph though which the Allies in World War Ⅱ marched after driving defeated Germans from the city.金色的凯旋门耸立在巴黎最负盛名的香榭丽舍大街的一端.第二次世界大战中,盟军将德军赶出巴黎后,曾列队穿过凯旋门.这句话中典型的语法现象是状语前置引起的倒装.当位于句首的状语是一些表示地点的介词短语或名词短语时,句子的倒装形式为全部倒装(即谓语动词全部位于主语之前).另外,表示运动方向的副词(如,away,back,down,in,off,out,up)位于句首时,句子也是全部倒装,如:Off flew the birds.鸟儿飞走了.但是,如果主语为人称代词,只能用自然语序,如:Out they rushed.他们冲了出去.另外,以here,there或now开头的句子也常常为全部倒装,如:Now comes your turn.轮到你了.但是,如果主语为人称代词时,只能用自然语序.如:Here he comes.他来了.以下两种情况下状语必须倒闭:1)主语平衡倒装:当一个句子中的主语(包括其修饰语)较长,又没有宾语时,为了避免头重脚轻,常将状语放在句首(表语也可以这样做),以保持句子的平衡,此时,句子要进行全部倒装.如:In table 1 are listed the data obtained.表1中列出了已得到的数据.2)状语的强调倒装(为了对句子中状语所表达的意思进行强调,可以将状语放在句首).如:Here in China we won't allow any form of discrimination against women.在中国我们不允许对妇女有任何形式的歧视.3.I gazed above me at imposing Gothic towers silhouetted like giant sentinels against the gray sky.我向上凝望雄伟的哥特式塔楼,它们的轮廓就仿佛是巨大的直冲灰色天空的哨兵.against的用法如下:1)反对,反抗.常和表示动作的动词、名词连用.against还可以做表语,意为“反对,不利于".against在做“反对,反抗"解时,常和下列动词连用:fight,speak,act,vote,contend,protest,argue,testify,sin,offend,cry out,rage,exclaim.2)靠在……(墙)上,紧靠.此时,against经常和push,press,lean,hang,stand等表示“紧靠、压迫"的动词连用.如:He stands an umbrella against the door.3)和……对照;与……对比;以……为背景.在文中,against就是“以……为背景"的意思.4)防备,预期.如:against a rainy day未雨绸缪,against的这种用法,也可用for代替.另外,protect,defend,secure,shelter和against连用,表示“抵抗危险;使……不受损害".5)over against意为“在……对面".如:His house is over against the People's Hospital.4.The formula for this shade of blue had been lost and could not be duplicated no matter how hard the artists tried.教堂里边,精巧别致的圆花玻璃在破云而出的阳光照耀下闪闪发光,好像天空早已为我们裂开缝隙照亮了它们.As though意为“好像……似的,仿佛……似的",为常用连词.由as thouhg引导的从句所表达的情况往往不是事实,而是主观想象,或夸大比喻,因而从句中的谓语动词通常用虚拟语气,如本句的从句就用了“had opened"的过去完成式表虚拟.但有时由as though引导的从句所表示的也可能是事实,特别是在少数动词后面,如look,smell,sound,seem等.这时从句的谓语动词仍需用陈述语气.此外,as though还可以表达惊讶,不满,气愤等语气.如:I felt as though my heart were bursting with enthusiasm.我感觉满腔的热情几乎都要迸发出来了.5.The formula for this shade of blue had been lost and could not be duplicated no matter how hard the artists tried.这种蓝色的配方已经遗失,无论艺术家们怎么费尽心思也无法将其复制出来.no matter how/where/who/when/what…这种结构引导的是一个让步状语从句,意思是“无论怎样,哪里,谁,什么时候,什么…",此结构不能用来引导名词从句.引导名词性从句就该用how,where,who,when/what这些引导词.如:No matter what he says,I won't believe him.Lesson 11 药品会以食物的形式出现 如果西方人以健康饮食者自居的话,那么他们必须重新考虑这是否符合事实.不含胆固醇、低脂肪、高纤维、高钙、低糖;不含防腐剂、添加剂、色素和含大量维持生活素的饮食似乎已成了过去的时尚.食品工业为新的“流行"词汇是营养药品——既可提供传统的营养又有医疗效用的食物.“设想一下超级市场里的每种食品可以细细分类,有些是专门为背疼的顾客准备的,有些是专门为患心血管疾病、肥胖症、关节炎和其他疾病的顾客准备的."美国欧米加科技食品公司总裁马克·布莱门说道, “设想一下美味的食物能够保护人体免遭疾病和环境的损害." 这种设想正在变成事实.去年在英国,洛希化学公司就已投资生产了“Startup"这种果汁,它含有两倍于牛奶的维生素.跨国饮食业巨人雀巢公司正在销售一种使人体免受细菌侵害的添加了营养成分的酸奶酪.在新千年里,天然食物的竞争力将落后于通过生物工程加工的食物和其他人工食物.蕃茄红素的发明就是一个好例子.人造西红柿比天然西红柿多含一种使人体易于吸收的油质.通常的看法是,如果你能食用充足的水果和蔬菜,拥有一个十分均衡的膳食结构,你就能得到一个健康身体所需要的所有维持生活素、矿物质和营养物质.补药、营养品通常被认为是浪费钱的东西.根据美国奥林匹克委员会营养顾问谢尔登·索尔·海恩德勒医生的看法,一个健康的个体只食用一般的食品会缺失维持生活素和矿物质.在《医师维持生活素和矿物质百科全书》中他写道: “越来越多的证据表明,我们的“平衡"膳食中的成分会导致癌症和其他质变性疾病的发生.为了防止很多像这样质变性疾病,甚至对于健康的个体而言都就推荐他们进行维持生活素和矿物质的补充."
决窍就是要知道哪些维持生活素和矿物质是你所需要的.有一些臆想可能通过加入更多的维他命和富含矿物质的事物而实现.澳大利亚的科学家们想在啤酒中添加维持生活素B,以减少沃涅克——科萨科夫综合症,这是一种经常发生在酗酒的人们中的可能致命的脑部疾病.然而,维持生活素和富含矿物质的食物也会因为过量和相互作用而产生一些问题.许多种维持生活素和矿物质的最佳剂量还是未知的,剂量过大还会有毒.举个例子,如果你发现自已无故大笑,你可能是摄取了过多的锰元素.锰引发的疯狂被认为是一种病症,它可能引发狂躁,继而发展成极度沮丧的状态.随着营养品和功效性食物开始充斥于超市的物架上,准确地计算出我们摄取的维持生活素和矿物质的剂量以及它们产生的功效变得更加困难..食品和药物之间的界限将变得日益模糊.健康需要更多的想像.大多数食品公司不愿把它们的产品归于药品,因为那将而要昂贵的研究费用和很长时间的临床试验.在美国和欧洲,营养药品处于受控制的边缘.尽管存在一些问题,食品业的新革命还是能够产生一些有用的生活产品.课文中部分句子讲解: 1.The no cholesterol,low-fat,high-fiber,calcium-enriched,sugar-less,preservative-additive-color-free-with-added-vitamins diet is about to become a passing fashion.不含胆固醇、低脂肪、高纤维、高钙、低糖;不含防腐剂、添加剂、色素和含大量维持生活素的饮食似乎已成了过去的时尚.这句话中cholesterol,low-fat,high-fiber,calcium-enriched,sugar-less,preservative-additive-color-free-with-added-vitamins做定语修饰diet,谓语部分为is about to become.就注意区分no与not表示否定时用法的不同,“no+名词"等于“not(…)+a(an)/any+名词."如:I have no difficulties.=I have not any difficulties.但是no修饰句子的表语时,否定语气更重,意为“一点不(not at all)",和not不同.我们可以比较一下:John is no singer.约翰绝不是位歌唱家.(意为:约翰不够歌唱家的资格)John is not a singer.约翰不是歌唱家.(意为:约翰可能是做别的什么工作).句中还出现了be about to, “be about to+动词原形"表示立刻要做的事情,近在眼前的将来.它和“be to+动词原形"有区别,后者更着重于按计划、安排、命令预定要做的事情.如:We are to be back by 10 o'clock.2.The new “buzz word"in the food industry is nutraceuticals-foods that provide medical benefits as well as traditional nutrients.食品行业中新的“流行词汇"是营养药品 像提供传统的营养一样有医疗效用的食物.Food是nutraceuticals的同位语, that provide medical benefits as well as traditional nutrients.为定语从句修饰foods.as well as 相当于连词,意为“和……一样;除……之外;也;又;还"它一般用于下列结构“名词/代词+as well as+名词/代词"中,在文中即为此种用法.as well as一般连接两个平行结构,如连接两个主语、宾语或表语,但与动词连用时,通常要接动名词.如:The girl plays the piano as well as singing.此外,as well as还可当介词,意为“除……之外,既……又".如:As well as the main cargo,there were other small finds..as well as与as well不同,as well是副词短语,意为“也;又,还".如:The books tells about LuXun's writings and about his life as well.3.Last year in Britain,the chemical company Roche launched Startup,a fruit juice that contains twice as many vitamins as milk.去年在英国,洛希化学公司就已投资生产了“Startup"这种果汁,它含有两倍于牛奶的维生素.这句话的主语是the chemical company Roche,launched为谓语,Startup是产品名,作launched的宾语,a fruit juice是Starup的同位语,the contains twice as many vitamins as milk是定语从句,它的一般形式是:A+v.+倍数+as+形容词/副词+asB.意为1)“A是B的X倍(或净增加X-1倍)".如:This substance reacts three times as fast as that one.这种物质(化学)反应速度是那种物质的三倍.(=这种物 质的发应速度比那种物质快两倍).2)“减少X-1倍".如:This box is four times as light as that box.这个盒子比那个盒子轻三倍.类似的结构还有:Ⅰ.“X times+more than".如:A is three times longer than B.A比B长三倍(=A是B的四倍).Ⅱ.“X times+the width(length/level/sive/value/breadth)等名词+of名词.如:The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球的体积是月球的四十九倍.两倍常用:twice,double,duple,twofold,as…again as.意为“翻一翻",或“为……的两倍".如:He demanded double the ususl fare.4.There is growing evidence that substance in our“well-balanced" diets contribute to cancer and other degenerative diseased.越来越多的证据表明,我们的“平衡"膳食中的成分会导致癌症和其他质变性疾病的发生.这个是there be句型,growing evidence是真正的主语.that引导的是一个同位语从句,做evidence的同位语.同位语从句用于对名词作进一步的解释,说明名词的具体内容.同位语从句往往放在与它同位的名词后面一般由that引导,连接词that在从句中不做任何成分,一般不能省略.同位语从句也可以用关系代词(what,which,who)、关系副词(when,where,why,how)或whether/if引导.如:I have no idea what has happened to him.我不知道他发生了什么事情.同位语从句与定语从句不同:1)定语从句中的that既代替先行词,又在从句中作某个成分(如主语或宾语);而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句和从句的作用,不充当任何成分.如:The proposal that he put forward is to be discussed at the meeting.(定语从句,that在句中作宾语).2)定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词并加以限定,描述它的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词作补充说明.如:The proposal that we should import more equipment from abroad is to be discussed at the meeting.我们就当从国外进口更多设备这个建议将在会上讨论.(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分)5.As nutraceuticals of functional foods start to fill the supermarket shelves,it become harder to work out exactly what dosage of vitamins and minerals we are ingesting or what effect it is having on us.随着营养品和功效性食物开始充斥于超市的货架上,准确计算出我们获取的维持生活素和矿物质的剂量以及它们产生的功效变得更加困难.这是个主从复合句,由as引导了一个时间状语从句,as引导时间状语从句意为“当……,在……时候".可以表示:1)当某事发生时,另一件事也立刻发生.如:As I left the house I remembered the key.2)在一事发生的过程中另一事发生.如:As he slept the dreamed a dream.3)两个动作同时发生.如:As she sang the tears ran down her cheeks.as在引导时是状语从句时,经常可以与when和while互换.不过,as引导的从句中的动词既可以是持续性的又可以是非持续性的,但是while不能表示非持续性的动作,即此时不能用while替换as.主句中有两个what引导的宾语从句,做介词out的宾语.“what+名词"可以相当于all…that…(所有的…都…),as much/many as,或any…that(任何…).如:I have done what work I have to do today.what后不加名词引导宾语从句时有两个意思:1)what在从句中保留疑问代词的询问意义,即“什么".如:I don't know what he wants.2)what表示“所……的(东西,事情)"如:That is what he wants.当what作关系代词时,其本身兼有先行词的作用,因此what之前不可有先行词,这就是说what不可以引导定语从句.Lesson 12 回头客
为了吸引和服务于一个新客户,需要在促销、产品设计、运营和其他方面花费很多的投资.接着,当你吸引来一个新客户时,你还得让他或她了解你的产品、销售和营销策略.你可能还要做信用券,为新的客户建立一个新的说明,而且要收集许多有关这个新顾客的信息,以便提供他们需要的服务.所有的努力加起来,你就能看到要争取一个新客户需要很多的时间、金钱和精力.研究这类事情的行业专家指出,服务一个新顾客要比一个老顾客多花5倍的成本.关于为什么用高质量服务吸引一个老顾客是非常值得的这个问题,有两个重要依据: 1.回头客=低费用
许多企业花大量的时间和精力招揽新顾客.他们做广告,当然一个企业可以靠增加新顾客来扩大业务.但是费功夫促使现有的顾客不断消费企业的产品,也许会带来更多利润.为什么会这样呢?现有的客户已经知道你的公司,他们对你的公司已经有所了解,他们用个别的产品来评价商品的总体质量.因此应该花费较少,甚至不需要任何花费,就可以让满意的顾客一次次回头来买(你确实使他们满意)你公司的产品.吸引大批对你的公司不了解的顾客需要更多的投资.他们不知道你的公司,所以当然不会注意你的产品了.因此,为了吸引他们的注意,且鼓励他们去尝试新产品,你经常需要做广告,还有数不尽的邮寄、大幅度的优惠以及增加售后服务等.你愿意花10美元来做广告、邮寄、特别优惠等以吸引一个新客户购买50美元的商品,还是愿意花50便士给你的老顾客邮寄一份商品推荐信,只需用一些发自肺腑的鼓励和感激的话就可能让他们花两倍或三倍于50美元的钱,哪种更划算呢? 2.回头客=收入
假设一个顾客每天早上都去同一家便利店花一美元喝一大杯咖啡.在任何一个早上店员都会完成这样一笔交易,这就是一个一美元 的客户.但是这具顾客习惯于中午来这家店,买一个三明治、一杯饮料和一份快餐,这是美元的交易.有时他带他的朋友来,每人也为午餐花一点钱.接着,晚上在回家途中,他又常到店里来买一杯咖啡,且加半加仑牛奶
这样平均一星期,这个“一美元的咖啡客"实际上在这个便利店花费了约30到50美元,还不算他伙伴的午餐费.这个一美元的交易的家伙实际上一天要去商店两次或三次,一星期大约四天,每年要花1,500美元!如果这个客户还居住在这个区域(比如15、20年或更长),他就会继续日复一日地光临.他可能会在那间商店花20,000美元.如果你是店主的话,难道你不想要你的职员明白消费一美元的顾客意味着潜在的巨大收入吗?难道你不想确定一下,对你来说意味着潜在的20,000美元的一美元消费的顾客,可能曾经因为一杯发酸的咖啡或是一个不称职的雇员而永远不再光临你的店了吗? 当你的生意中产品繁多,而顾客数量有限时,吸引回头客难道不是一具非常重要的准则吗? 课文中部分句子讲解: 1.You may have to do a credit check,set up a new account for the new customer,create a new file with a new label just for that new customer,and gather lots of information about that customer in order to provide them with the service they expect.你可能还要做信用券,为新的客户建立一个新的说明,而且要收集许多有关这个新顾客的信息,以便提供他们需要的服务.in order to为了……起见,以便.to是不定式,后跟动词原形,表示目的,如:In order to catch the train,she hurried through her work.in order that可以引导一个目的状语从句,如:She hurried through her work in order that she could catch the train.have to不得不,必须.“You'll have to get off here,"the conductor said.have to=have got to,如:Children do not have got to cross busy streets to go to school.set up建立(事业),成立(组织).如:We should set up an organization to control the price of the market.2.Business experts who study this kind of thing figure that it costs something like five times more to serve a new customer than a repeat customer.研究这类事情的商业专家指出,服务一个新顾客要比一个老顾客多花费5倍.这个句子的主语是Business experts,who引导一个定语从句,修饰Business experts,who在定语从句中作主语.figure是谓语,后面的that引导一个宾语从句,that在从句中不作任何成分,只是充当引导词的作用,也可以省略.that引导的宾语从句里又有一个比较状语从句.more…than.3.Here are two very important truths about why creating repeat customers through outstanding service is worth the trouble.关于为什么用高质量服务吸引回头客是非常值得注意的一个问题,有两个重要的依据.这是个倒装句.主语是two very important truths about why creating repeat customers through outstanding service is worth the trouble,主语中还有一个由why引导的定语从句,修饰truths.are是谓语,here是副词作表语.由于主语太长了,所以后置.如:Here is my garden with all kinds of flowers.Lesson 13 给穷人贷款
对许多人来说,贫穷似乎无法逃避,换句话说,他们是是穷人,并且不指望这种情况会有所改变.除此之外,他们也面临着贫困带来的社会问题.想像一下这样的情况:一位贫穷的妇女打算通过做一些小生意来使她和她的家庭摆脱贫困,她需要一小笔钱来开始这桩生意.于是,她去银行借钱,银行家接待了她.和大多数银行一样,在这间银行,借款者必须符合三个条件:品格、能力、担保物.也就是说,如果这名妇女想从银行借钱,她必须证明她很诚实(品格好),能够经营她的生意(有能力),以及拥有一所房子、一小块地或是别的什么值钱的东西(担保物),以便于当她无法偿还这笔钱时,银行可以接收这些东西.接下来,这名妇女将会经历什么?银行不会借钱给她,因为她没有任何担保物.现在一种可能的解决方式是小额贷款,这是一个由特殊银行和特殊计划组成的系统.这些特殊的银行和谋划正向处于“借贷群体"中的人们提供贷款.例如:一个称为“良好信用"的国际组织将小额的钱借给那些想做生意的人们.每个人需要做两件事才能借到钱:学习有关的商业课程和加入一个借贷团体.这是一个由小创业者,即拥有并且经营自已小生意的人们组成的群体.给团体其他成员的贷款,必须得到这个团体中每个成员的批准,否则“良好信用"组织拒绝借款.要想得到“良好信用"组织的贷款,人们仍然需要良好的品德.他们也可以在商业课程中培养相应的能力,但是不再要求提供担保了,取而代之的是同伴的压力,即团体成员确保每个人偿还他或她的贷款.他们需要保证自已的“好名声",以便维持良好信誉,继续经营自已的生意.良好信用组织有许多成功的范例,失败的只是少数.在美国阿肯色州的小镇布拉夫,人们可以开一间发廊,也可以经营一家植物商店或是做汽车装饰的生意,所有这些贷款都来自良好信用组织.在孟加拉这样的发展中国家,一个人只要拥有10-15美元就可以开始经营一桩小生意.由于良好信用组织提供了大量的小额贷款,孟加拉现在有160万新经营者.当然,也不是所有这种贷款都是成功的,刚开始的时候,良好信用组织把一半钱贷给男人,一半贷给妇女.糟糕的是,大部分的孟加拉男子都把钱花在自已身上,而不是用来经营生意.现在良好信用组 织主要与该国妇女借贷团体打交道.在任何一个国家,妇女都是贫困中最贫困的群体.她们生产出占世界产量一半以上的食物,但是仅仅拥有世界1%的土地.她们的人口数占世界的51%,但是计划用于扶持她们的钱极少极少.在20世纪80年代末,Anne Firth Murray先行一步,创立了全球妇女基金,这项基金现已超过了300万美元,已经为94个国家的400多个妇女团体提供了资金.与旨在帮助人们经营生意的良好信用组织不同,全球妇女基金有助于解决社会问题,如暴力他教育匮乏.如:这项基金帮助了一个由巴莱斯坦和犹太妇女组成的,致力于制止对妇女的暴力侵害的团体.同时这项基金也为印度南部乡村的一名女性提供资助,开始了一项旨在教会贫困妇女认字的扫盲计划.良好信用组织和全球妇女基金给遍布世界的银行一个教训:借款给穷人是一个“安全赌注".经过精心的策划、教育和合作,大部分人都能很好地使用资金,并且通过辛勤劳动将金钱和知识反馈于他们的团体.他们有希望为自已、为他们的家庭和社会打破贫困的恶性循环.课文中部分句子讲解: 1.For many people,there seems to be no escape from poverty;in other words,they are poor,and they have no hope that this will ever change.对许多人来说,贫穷似乎无法逃避,换句话说,他们是是穷人,并且不指望这种情况会有所改变.They have no hope that this will ever change.这是一个同位语从句.主语是they,谓语是have no hope,同时由that引导的从句只是进一步说明hope的内容,即充当hope的同位语.同位语从句一般用that引导,且没有实在的意义,不在句中充当任何实际成分,主要用来对前面的名词作具体的解释.与have no hope that+clause(同位语从句)这种结构相似,sign,trend等都适用这样的搭配.如:There has no sign hat sales will increase.2.That is,if this woman wants to borrow money from the band,she must show that she is honest(has a character),is able to run her business(has capacity),and owns a house,land,or something valuable(collateral)for the bank to take if she cannot pay back the money.也就是说,如果这名妇女想从银行借钱,她必须证明她很诚实(有品格),能够经营她的生意(有能力),并且拥有一座房子、一小块地或是别的什么值钱的东西(担保品),以盒饭她无法偿还这笔钱时,银行可以接收这些东西.这个句子含有一个条件状语从句,条件状语从句通常由if引导,表示一种假设的条件和状况.主句部分主语为she,谓语为show,宾语比较复杂.that 引导的宾语从句可以拆分成三个句子:两个简单句:She is honest.She is able to run her business.以及一个条件状语从句She owns a house,land,or something valuable(collateral)for the band to take if she cannot pay back the money.因为三个句子的主语都是she,所以可以共用一个,省略后两句的主语.将形容词置于不定代词something之后,表示“……的东西",是固定用法.如:something strange一些奇怪的东西;something interesting有意思的东西,这一点与副词enough的用法不一样.表示“足够"时,形容词一般放在enough的前面,如:good enough足够好.something还有一些用法or something诸如此类的东西.如:She is writing a dictionary or something.Something like 类似某人/某事物.如:The tune goes smething like it.3.This is a system of special banks and programs that are loaning money to people in “borrowing groups."
这是一个由特殊银行和特别计划组成的系统.这些特殊的银行和计划正向处于“借贷群体"中的人们提供贷款.在这个句子中,关系代词that引导的从句…are loaning money to people in “borrowing groups"作定语从句,修饰先行词special bands and programs,that在从句中充当主语.整个句子的核心成分为this is a system,of与它后面带从句的名词性结构,构成一个介词短语,作为system的状语.4.Instead of collateral,there is peer pressure;i.e.,group members make sure that each person pays back his of her loan.不再要求提供担保了,取而代之的是同伴的压力,即团体成员确保每个人偿还他或她的贷款
Instead of 后面可以接动词不定式和名词,表示“替换某事或某人".如:Let's play card instead of watching television 这个句子由i.e.连接两个并列的句子构成,i.e是一个副词,意思是“那就是".可以看出group members make sure that each person pays back his or her loan是对peer pressure的进一步解释说明.在后面的这个句子中,主语是group members,谓语是make sure,由that引导的从句作宾语.make sure that意为“设法确保出现某状况",如:arrangements to make sure that the visit goes well为使参观得以顺利进行而做的安排;要注意的是that后面的从句应该用一般现在时.make sure还可以表示“把某事物弄清楚".如:I think the door's locked,but I'd better go and make sure(it is).Lesson 14 我的第一份工作----女仆
那时,我正在达拉斯的南卫理公会大学学习戏剧.对于未来,我感到焦虑和迷茫,我有能力养活自已吗?对这一点我很怀疑.那个夏天我 决定,如果可以的话,要靠自已的力量闯出一片天地.我和两个女朋友挤进一辆汽车,向科洛勒多州的亚苏彭进发了.在那里找到了一份工作,在一家度假胜地饭店当女仆.我已经不记得挣了多少钱,但是赚得非常少,以致于整日靠着意大利面、糙米和一种叫Kool-Aid的食物为生.我每天早上六点在饭店帮着准备欧式早餐,早餐结束后,必须清扫吃早餐的房间,然后是会议室和休息室.在那以前,我从未在男人的房间晨呆过.当我跪着擦洗地板和卫生间的时候,总是害怕有人会突然走进来.我来自一个中产阶级的家庭,父母的朋友都对我很友好.但是现在我是一个佣人,发现许多与我有着相同背景的客人并不那么美好,我的确令人惊愕.用欧式早餐的时候,人们原本应该自已照料自已;我的职责只是在房间里四处走动,给客人添加咖啡和果汁.但是某些人要我替他们干一切事情.我记得一位先生不断地命令我帮他拿食物,而且要求一些我们根本不供应的东西,他还特别吹毛求疵.虽然我想说:“走开,你自已拿".但是我明白,保持安静并且以优雅的方式做好顾客要求的任何事是我的工作.于是,我会深深地吸口气,不知怎么还是帮他拿了他要的东西.但是,我依然不能忘却遭受无理对待时的那种感受.现在,每当坐在出租车里或是接受别人服务的时候,我总是尽可能地体谅别人.服务行业的工作实在不容易,而当人们视他们低贱如泥的时候,就更为不易了.我的第一份工作也帮我获得了更大的自信.那个夏天之后,我意识到,在戏剧表演方面我曾害怕的是失败.现在我懂得,最糟的事莫过于没有经过真正的努力而以失败告终.我决心为戏剧付出我所有的力量.假如失败了,至少,我会永远知道我已经尽力了.课文中部分句子讲解: 1.I don't remember what I earned,but it was so little that I lived on spaghetti,brown rice and Kool-Aid.我已经不记得挣了多少钱,但是赚得非常少,以致于整日靠着意大利面、糙米和一种叫Kool-Aid的食物为生.What I earned是一个what引导的宾语从句,在句中充当remember的宾语.宾语从句中,谓语动词不能用倒装语序,但是连接词要放在宾语从句的主语之前.如:He is the man who teaches me.so+adj./adv.+that…句型,表示“如此……以致于",用来形容某种结果的程度.如:He was so ill that we had to send for a doctor.形式上与此句型略有区别的固定短语so that表示“为的是、以便",用以表明目的,如:She worked hard so that everything would be ready by 6 o'clock.live on sth.靠……为生.live on one's salary.靠工资生活.2.I had never been in a men's room before,and I was always terrified of someone walking in while I was on my knees scrubbing the floors and toilets.在那以前,我从未在男人的房间里呆过.当我跪着擦洗地板和卫生间的时候,总是害怕有人会突然走进来.had been为过去完成时,表示过去某时或某动作之前已完成的动作或情况,即表示“过去的过去".这种时态结构为:had+动词过去分词,如:The plane had already taken off when we arrived at the airport.be terrified of sb./sth.对某人或某事感到恐惧、害怕.如:I am terrified of being alone in the house.while表示“当……的时候",引导的是一个时间状语从句,常用来引导两具同时进行的持续时间较长的动作,表示一行为发生的同时另一行为也正在发生.如:While the teacher explained the text,the students listened attentively and took notes.scrubbing为分词短语作状语,表示I was on my knees的伴随动作,这类短语还可表示时间、原因、方式、结果等,其逻辑主语应与句子的主语相一致.3.People were supposed to serve themselves at the continental breakfast;it was my job to circulate through the room and replenish coffee and juice.用欧式早餐的时候,人们应该自已照料自已;我的职责只是在房间里四处走动,给客人添加一些咖啡和果汁.be supposed to do sth.表示“被期望或被要求(按规则、惯例等)做某事".如:Am I supposed to clean all the rooms or just this one? circulate through the room and replenish coffee and juice.句子原来的语序应为:To circulate through the room and replenish coffee and juice was my job.英语中往往因为主语太长,放在句首略显笨重,而用没有实际意义的it作形式主语来达到句子的平衡.在这个句子里,形式主语it还起到强调my job的作用.5.Today,whenever I am in a cab or being waited on,I always try to be as considerate as possible.现在每当我坐在出租车或是接受别人服务的时候,我总是尽可能地体谅他人.连词whenever引导一个时间状语从句,表示“每当,每次".如:Whenever she comes,she brings a friend.whenever还表示“在任何时候,无论何时".wait on为固定词组,表示“照料或伺候某人".它还有“探望某人"的意思.如:I waited on my teacher yesterday afternoon.as+adj./adv.+as possible的意思是“尽可能……",如:Run as fast as possible.6.If I failed,at least I would always know that I had done my best.假如失败了,至少我会永远知道自已已经尽全力了.由that引导的宾语从句I had done my best充当谓语动词know的宾语.do one's test尽某人最大的努力.If…+动词过去式,…would/should+动词原形,表示“要是(如果)……,就……",是一种假设和虚拟的状态.if条件句中的虚拟语气有三种形式:第一,与现在事实相反,其条件从句谓语动词为过去时,主句谓语动词形式为should(would,could,might)+动词原形.如:If you learned to type you would easily find a job.第二,与过去事实相反,其条件从句谓语动词形式为had+过去分词,主句谓语动词形式为should(would,could,might)+have+过去分词.如:If I had enough money,I would have bought a tape radio.第三,与将来事实可能相反,其条件从句谓语动词形式为动词过去时(should+动词原形,were to+动词原形),主句谓语动词形式为should(would,could,might)+动词原形.如:If they should be here tomorrow,they would witness the exciting spectacle.Lesson 15 新塔建成庆祝澳门回归
一座巨大的新塔将在澳门港口附近落成,以便能赶上参加1999年12月澳门回归中国的庆典.这座塔得以迅速落成得益于电脑辅助设计的使用,以及能在6天之内建4米的建筑技术
这项技术让建筑工人搭搭建一个成为“跳板"的双层平台.当上面一层建造的时候,可以在底层一个阳台的位置上继续对工作加以改进.这英技术曾经使新西兰奥克兰的天塔建筑提前完成,那些建筑新西兰塔的建筑师和工程师将自已的技术带到澳门.新西兰建筑师高顿·摩勒所拥有的克来阁·摩勒公司以及奥克兰谘询工程贝克集团作为被澳门政府首先批准的建设单位共同成立了一个合资企业CCMBeca.澳门塔高338米,比奥克兰的天塔还高10米.338米的高度是特意定下来的,建筑师高顿·摩勒说3和8这两个数字会给澳门带来好风水.该塔一次可容纳1000人,相比之下,奥克兰的天塔只能容纳840人.这座塔将会成为澳门的标志性建筑,因为它濒临珠江,位于南湾湖之间一块隆起的土地上.澳门塔将要坐落的浮台在1998年5月开始动工,主建筑的动工则在7月开始动工,外部建造工作将于1999年12月20日以前完成,以便赶上澳门回归中国,全部工程将会在2000千禧年庆典之前竣工.澳门塔是斯坦利·霍用来对中国大陆表示欢迎的标志性建筑.斯坦利·霍今年76岁,控制着澳门所有的娱乐场所,并且拥有可以在一小时之内往返香港的直升飞机.霍先生的司机-----澳门旅游娱乐有限公司------是新西兰建筑工程界的客户,他们修建的澳门塔将耗资85,000,000美元(合人民币380,000,000).一个当地的建筑商正在建澳门塔的第一层,而所有的设计工作都由新西兰合资公司完成.这些设计必须考虑风对高层建筑的影响.从澳大利亚莫那什大学来的由设计专家和风力专家组成的小组将会是专门小组的一部分,他们将各种因素对这样一个高大建筑的影响进行探讨.“这是一座雕刻出来的塔,我们已经创建了一个融金融会议中心、娱乐中心为一体的常年开放的广场."莫勒先生说.在建塔过程中,工程图仍然在设计之中,澳门塔的桩要深入地下50米,以便加固大理石地基.课文中部分句子讲解: 1.A giant tower will be built on the waterfront at Macao at a very fast pace in time for the December 1999 celebrations marking the Portuguese enclave's handover to China.一座巨大的新塔将在澳门港口附近落成,以便能赶上参加1999年12月澳门回归中国的庆典.这句话的主干是“A gian tower will be built", 而“on the waterfront at Macao", “at a very fast pace", “in time for the December 1999 celebration marking the Portuguese enclave's handover to China"都是状语,补充说明新塔的建设地点、建设速度、建设目的等.句中的“marking the Portuguese enclave's handover to China"是用来修饰celebration的,用动名词修饰名词的时候,动名词一般要放在这个名词的后面.3.New Zealand architect Gordon Moller,his firm,Craig Moller,and Aukland consulting engineers Beca Group,have formed a joint venture,CCMBeca,for the Macao project,which has been given the go-ahead by the Macao government.新西兰建筑师高顿·摩勒公司以及奥克兰谘询工程贝克集团被澳门政府首项批准成立了一个合资企业CCMBeca.这句话的主语是“Gordon Moller", “his firm", “Aukland consulting engineers BecaGroup",谓语是have formed,宾语则是a joint venture.在这个句子中出现了很多同位语,比如:…his firm,Graig Moller….英语中一个单一名词作为同位语时,通常跟前面的名 词用逗号隔开.当同位语是一个句子的时候,经常用that引导,有时也可由连接代词what或连接副词how,when,where及whether等引导.使用同位语从句时,一定要注意句子的平衡,不要头重脚轻.后面的“for the Macao project,which has been given the go-ahead by the Macao government"是该句的目的状语.在这个目的状语里,又有一个由which引导的非限制性定语从句修饰Macao project.3.The height of 338m was a deliberate choice,architect Gordon Molar says,to give the tower good feng shui through the numbers 3 and 8.338米的高度是特意定下来的,建筑师高顿·摩勒说“3"和“8"这两个数字会给澳门塔带来好的风水.这句话中, “architect Gordon Molar says"是一个插入语,去掉插入语后,句子仍然是一个完整的句子, “to give the…"是该句的目的状语,由不定式短语充当.常见的插入语还有:strange to say说也奇怪;needless to say不用说;in a few words(或in sum,in short)简而言之;in a sence在某种意义上;in general一般说来;in my view在我看来;in his opinion(judgment)按照他的意见(判断);in conclusion总之;in summary概括地说;in fact事实上;in the first place首先;in addition此外;to our knowledge据我们所知
Lesson 16 赖以生存的两个道理
人生的艺术就是要知道何时该紧紧把握以及何时该放弃.因为人生就是一对矛盾,它既让我们抓住人生的多种赐予,同时又要我们到头来把这些赐予放弃.老一辈犹太学者是这样说的: “一个人紧握拳头来到这个世界,但他却松开手掌离开这世界."
当然我们应该紧紧把握人生,因为它是充满神奇色彩的,而且充满了通向上帝之国的美景,我们都知道这一点.可是我们却常常在回首往事时才明白这个道理,并且突然意识到过去的日子已经一去不复返了
我们记得那已褪色的美景、凋零的爱.但是更让我们难以忘怀的是鲜花绽放时没有投之以一瞥,爱情到来时没有给予对方反应.在得失之间能自如地把握是不容易做到的.尤其是当我们年轻时,认为世界是由我们控制的,只要我们满腔热情、全力以赴地去渴求,我们想要的东西就能够----不,一定会得到.但是生活需要我们去面对现实,慢慢地也是必然地这第二个事实接踵而来.在人生的每个阶段,我们维持失去----获得的过程.当我们从子宫出生而失去保护的庇护所的时候,我们开始了独立生活.我们进入学校;然后我们离开父母和孩童时期的家.我们结婚并且有了孩子,然后必须让他们自已去生活;我们面对我们父母和我们配偶的死亡.我们面对那逐渐的或许并不那么快地衰老.最终正如松手与握拳的比喻那样:我们自已也得走向不可抗拒的死亡,失去原有的自我,失去我们以往的或梦想过的一切.生命绝不只是一个静止的存在.它是一个变化的、延续的过程.我们的父母依赖我们生活,而我们将会依赖我们的孩子生活.我们建立起了一套规章方式并不得不遵照它进行.我们参与形成的美景不会因为死亡而暗淡.我们的肉体会消亡,我们的双手也会枯萎.但是,它们在真善美中所创造的一切将永远存在
不要把时间花在那些终究将会废弃成为灰烬的事物上.与其追求物质不如追求理想,因为只有理想才能赋予生命意义,才有永存的价值.一栋房子有了爱,那就有了一个家.一座城市有了正义,那就是一个社区.一堆红色的砖块拥有了真理,那就是一所学校.一座粗陋的大厦有了信仰,那就是一个庇护所.传播正义于世人,那就有了文明.做到所有的这一切,使之升华,超越现在的不完美.以被拯救的人类的目光看待这一切,那么你将有一个闪耀着希望的绚丽光彩的未来.Lesson 17 我们应该克隆人吗? 科幻小说中一个永久的噩梦是:有一天我们仅用人的细胞来克隆生命,即无性系殖人类.幸运的是,科学预测普遍认为这还是相当遥远的事
罗林斯实验室的科学家宣布:他们用来繁殖绵羊多莉的细胞移植技术理论上也能应用于人类.但是否有人愿意一试以及最终结果能否奏效则是另一个问题.我们现在必须比以往更严肃地追问“如果能复制人,我们该怎么办?"这个问题.罗林斯实验室的两个发现给生物技术指明了方向.一是成人的身体组织被用来产生生物,这改写了生物法则.至今人们设想一旦动物细胞能通过神秘的分离过程变成一个特殊种类的细胞,那他们就不能回车无差别的状态了.第二是你从同种类的成人身上获取的细胞能克隆一个大的哺乳动物.这已经引发了公众的想象,因为很明显,它提出了这样一个问题:能否能够实现科幻杂志克隆人的梦想.面对这样一个丰富的前景,人们骚动不安起来,而且媒体也提出了许多古怪离奇的想法,如一家杂志声称他们可能复制人类,以选出有缺陷的基因或优良的基因.科学地讲,从克隆绵羊到克隆人还有很长的路要走.现在讨论这个问题时好像克隆人必定要发生似的,其实这还不成熟.但这个发现意味着我们至少要问这样一个问题: “如果能复制人,我们该怎么办?" 克隆人在伦理上是不被接受的.参与此项工作的罗林斯实验室的威马特博士和其他同事明确表示:他们认为复制人是不道德的.原则上讲,通过技术复制人是损害人类独一无二性这一基本尊严的.一些人推测是否可能在此实验基础上不复制完整的人,只是复制活的人体器官.这也许可以用来治疗有病的器官或残障的身体.还有很多实际问题需要回答,但也许仅仅是个道德问题.一个道德的观点是复制应仅在适当地被告知同意的情况下,为了相关个人的利益,或由亲密的亲戚而进行.也许最大的道德问题是“渐进主义",能过许多渐渐的小步骤,最终在任何情况下你都会提出需要复制完整的人的要求.这引发了一个更深刻的问题:如何决定和控制科学研究的方向.课文中部分句子讲解:
1.Luckily,scientific assessments have generally regarded this as something pretty remote.幸运的是,科学预测普遍认为这是相当遥远的事
Luckily提前作状语,修饰整个句子.regard在这句话里的意思是“以某种特殊的方式看待或思考",它经常与as搭配,表示“把……看作".如:I regard him as a fool.Titanic is regarded as his best film so far.《泰坦尼克号》被认为是到目前为止他所拍得最好的影片.可以表达同一含义的词组还有take…as…,has…as…如:I have him as my close friend.3、Roslin's scientists have announced that the nuclear transfer technique they have applied to produce Dolly could be in theory applied to humans.罗林斯实验室的科学家们宣布:他们用来产生绵羊多利的细胞移植技术理论上也能应用于人类.本句宾语是由that引导的宾语从句.从句里又有省略that的定语从句,先行词是technique.apply的意思是“应用;把……应用于或应用于一项特定用途",经常与to搭配.如:Mary applies all her money to her mortgage.除“应用"外,还有“专心于,使(自已或自已的努力)致力于某物"之意.4.One ethical point would be that it would only be done for the benefit of the individual involved,or with appropriate informed consent,a close relative.一个道德的观点是:复制应仅在适当地被告知同意的情况下为了相关个人的利益,或由亲密的亲戚而进行.这是一个同位语从句,that指代后面的整个句子,从句要跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容.可使用同位语的名词主要有fact,news,idea,truth等.同位语从句的连接词要用that,而不能有which.如:The news that our tram has won the match is true
Lesson 18 偷袭珍珠港
命运的天平似乎倾向日本.12月7日上午6点30分,一艘小型日本舰艇闯入瓦胡岛禁区,被美军驱逐舰和飞机击沉.海军侦察官得到了通知,后来他又报告给珍珠港的总司令,但由于某种原因,美军并没有发出任何普通警报.更反常的是,当日上午7点,美军设在太平洋的临时观察站的操作员报告说,一群大型飞机出现在瓦胡岛东北方向约210公里处.一名美国海军上尉断定这些飞机肯定是非敌对的,于是没有采取任何行动.很少见的阴沉天气也给日本带来了好运,清晨美国空军例行巡逻,飞过瓦胡岛,也未报告任何异常情况.那个星期天的上午7点50分,正在逼近的日军飞机袭击了港口和海军基地的船只,高空炸弹轰炸了美军机场,也轰炸了大约11公里处的火奴鲁鲁港.日军过攻之后,战斗机接着开启了装有燃烧子弹的机关枪,专门射击机场上的飞机;同时一些袖珍潜艇也袭击了珍珠港.正国为美军空军和海军没有进行充分的巡逻,所以珍珠港内没有采取任何防御进攻的措施.战舰一艘接一艘紧密地停泊在一起,而且大部分海军官兵正在休假,许多人在海滩上睡觉.比邻珍珠港的黑克汉姆军事基地和海滩上的其他机场也同样笼罩着相似的“和平"气氛.在上午9点的最后进攻遭到了美军重型高射兵器和海军炮火的袭击之前,日军几乎在没有受到阻力的情况下轰击了美军目标,飞机甚至能够回车航空母舰加油后再回来攻击.8艘美军战舰中,阿瑞兹那号、加利福尼亚号和主力舰尤台号被彻底击沉;奥可拉荷马号被轰炸后不久也沉没了;尼瓦达号失火,数月内失去了战斗力;其他3艘战舰也或多或少地遭到了重创.船只也受到了其他重大损害:1艘布雷艇沉没,3艘巡洋舰受损,2艘驱逐舰受损,其他船只也受到损毁.约2300名官兵死亡,近2000名伤者中有数百人在不久后死去.日方说他们损失了60架飞机,而美方则有173架飞机被摧毁,100余架飞机受损.课文中部分句子讲解:
1.It seems that fate was on the side of the Japanese.it seems that…是一个固定句型,seem后加to意为“在某人看来".如:It seems to me that there is something funny about the case.这种句型也可以用被动的形式来表示,这时主语应为人和物,而不是it.如:When his wife's pet cat died,Alan didn't seem to care at all.Alan似乎一点也不关心他妻子的宠物猫.seem,look,appear这三个词一般都用作系动词,意为“似乎,看上去".seem所表示的“似乎"或“看来"是以客观的迹象为依据的,如:A pilot noticed a balloon which seemed to be making for a Royal Air Force Station nearby.而look所表示的“看来"是以视觉 所接受的印象为依据的.如:He looked pale and his clothes were in a frightful state.appear与上面两个词的含义似乎没有多大差异,但是如果要表达“某种判断是由被歪曲了的印象而得出的"之意时,最好用appear,如:Babies of two months old do not appear to be reluctant to enter the water.2.The naval watch-officer was informed and ,in his trun,informed the Chiefs-of-Staff at Pearl Harbor;but for some reason no general alert was given.海军侦察官得到了通知,后来侦察官也报告了珍珠港的总司令,但由于某种原因,没有发出任何普通警报.In his turn为插入语.and后为省略句,主语是The naval watch-officer.in one's turn的意思是“(依次)轮流",本句指侦察官先得到了通知,然后他又汇报给了总司令.turn in的意思是“上交(如作业、物品等)".如:All classmates should trun in their homework.4.“Before the last attack,which was made at 9:00 a.m,and which met with heavy anti-aircraft and naval gun-fire…"
在上午9点的最后进攻遭到美军重型高射击兵器和海军炮火的袭击之前……
这句话是一个并列结构的定语从句,并列的成分是两个which引导的从句,先行词是the last attack.当从句和先行词之间有逗号隔开时,表明这是一个非限制性定语从句.meet with意思是“遭遇、遇到",一般指不好的事情,而且强调“无意中碰见、偶然间发现".如:The plan met with approval.
第二篇:PETS3作文一投诉信
一、pets三级作文概述(含a、b两节)
三级写作由a、b两节组成,考查考生的书面表达能力。
a节:考生根据所给情景(英/中文)写出约100词(不计算标点符号)的简单信件、便笺等。考查写作信件、通告、便条等简单应用文的能力,包括应用文的固定格式、如信件的称呼、署名、结尾套语等。分值为10分。
b节:考生根据所给情景,写出一篇不少于120词(不计算标点符号)的文章。提供情景的形式有图画、图表、文字等。考查写说明性或议论性文章的能力。分值为20分。2006年3月全国英语等级考试三级写作真题
小作文:新搬来的邻居日日夜夜装修,写一封投诉信。
大作文:妈妈1说:快把梨吃掉,别给奶奶看到,妈妈2说:快挑个大的梨给奶奶送去。请你分析一下这个情况。2006年9月
小作文:你的朋友获得了博士学位,写信祝贺他,并告诉他你下周要去纽约出差,到时可以去看他。
大作文:小学生参加军训,谈谈你的观点。
2007年3月全国英语等级考试三级写作真题
小作文:写信给公司各部门,通知下周举行圣诞晚会,请同事准时到场。
大作文:图表:在美国,超重的孩子逐年上升,分析原因和后果。
2007年9月全国英语等级考试三级写作真题
小作文:你在旅游途中感冒了,幸亏导游照顾你,你写信给旅行社领导表示感谢。
大作文:国庆假期,很多人去风景点游玩,造成过分拥挤的情况,请你分析并给出解决方案。
2008年3月全国英语等级考试三级写作真题
小作文:求职信 酒店招聘临时接待员,你写信去应征。
大作文:一个男孩子骑车跟着一辆大卡车,并用伞柄钩着卡车,结果受伤了被送进了医院。
2008年9月全国英语等级考试三级写作真题
小作文:你买的电视机,只用了几天就坏了,写投诉信,要求退货。
大作文:很多小鱼缸里的鱼都拼命想游到大鱼缸里,请根据这个分析小城市到大城市的移民问题。
二、应用文写作
三级a节主要考查考生应用文写作的能力。在应用文中又主要考查书信、通知和便条三种,下面分别介绍这三种文体的写作。
(一)书信
英语等级考试三级考试常考的信件有:邀请信,应征信,求职信,感谢信,致歉信,道贺信,投诉信,询问信,推荐信
(一)英文书信的组成英文书信通常有包括以下几部分:
1.信头(Heading): 指写信人的地址和写信日期
信头的目的是使收信人知道书信来自何处,何时发出。信头一般位于信函的右上角,包括发信人的地址和写信日期。
信头的地址的写法要注意英文和中文的不同,英文应遵循“先小后大”的原则,第一行写门牌号和街道的名称,第二行写区、市名、省名、国家名。国家名之前加上邮政编码。门牌名与街道名之间不用逗号隔开。最后一行写上发信日期。日期一般有以下几种写法:
12th Sept, 2006 12 Sept, 2006 Sept.12th, 2006
如,Mr.Zhang Peng
Department of Foreign Language
Jiangxi Teachers' College
Nanchang, Jiangxi Prov., 330241
P.R.C.Sept.12, 2006
2.信内地址(Inside Name & Address): 指收信人的姓名和地址
信内地址一般位于信函的左上角,位于信纸的左边顶格,低于信头一两行写起。
3.称呼(Salutation): 对收信人的称呼用语
称呼是写信人对收信人表示尊敬的敬称。称呼从信纸的左端顶格写起,比信内姓名和地址低一行,.称呼有多种,视写信人和收信人的关系而定。每个开头字母用大写,结尾用逗号不用冒号。
对男士的称呼,多用Mr., 对女士的称呼,多用Mrs., Madam, Miss或Ms.,但是需要注意的是,这些称呼用在姓氏前或姓氏和名字前,但是不能使用在名字的前面。
4.正文(Body): 正文内容一般包括下面几点:写信人身份,写信事由,写信的理由,写信的目的。考场书信一般讲究简单准确,不需辞藻华丽。
5.结束语(Complementary Close): 写信人对收信人的谦称。第一个单词的第一个字母要大写,最后以逗号结尾。
结束语从信纸的中间或稍右的地方写起,位于正文下面空两三行处。不同关系使用不同的结束语。
对于不熟悉的人或团体:Yours truly, Truly yours, Yours faithfully, Faithfully yours
对于上级和长者:Yours respectfully, Respectfully yours, Yours gratefully, Gratefully yours
对于朋友和亲属:Yours, Your loving daughter, Your devoted friend
6.签名(Signature):
7.附件(Enclosure):
书信写作是pets三级应用文写作的重中之重,考试机率很大。下面再从往年考生暴露出来的问题谈谈书信写作应注意的几个方面:
1.明确试题要求
一般来讲,应用作文试题会在字数、话题、情景和作者身份等方面提出要求。考生应认真读,积极构思,确定文章所要表现的主题。
2.确定读者
应用文写作要求在写作之前明确读者身份,根据情景,根据自己与虚拟读者的关系确定文章的语气和措辞。
3.注意格式
pets三级的应用文写作多以信函为主。因此应熟悉信函的格式。主要是信头、称呼、结尾。
4.用词得当、语法准确、标点拼写无误
写作完毕要认真检查,避免有关语法、拼写和标点的错误。
(二)信件开头结尾常用语:
1.信件开头常用语
I am writing to you to ask about the meeting to be held next month.I have received your letter on Feb.2nd 1998.Thank you very much for the position you are offering.It's a long time that we haven't seen each other.I'm writing to introduce to you one of my good friends, Mr.Smith.2.信件文中常用语
Your presence on this occasion would be our greatest honour.3.信件结尾常用语
With many thanks.Wish you the best of health and success.Your early reply will be highly appreciated.Thanks once more.Many thanks for your kindness.Thanks a lot and best wishes for you.We sincerely hope that you'll accept our apology and keep in contact with us.We look forward to receiving your confirmation by letter or e-mail.How to Write a Letter of Complaint(如何写投诉信)
1.当对商品或服务不满时,我们有权投诉;
2.写投诉信时应注意的几点。
[写作导航]产品和服务不令人满意是常有的事,如果遇到,应投诉,以实现退换或索赔。投诉信可促使商家做到这点;写投诉信时要很客气,但语气要坚定;另外要证明责任确实在商家;最后要明确问题出在哪儿及你的具体要求,还可加上由此而给你来的不便或伤害,以加强投诉信的分量。
Letter of Complaint-一封投诉信
Nov.10,2003
Dear Manager:
Much to my regret, I write this to place a complaint against your had delivery service in your company.The Samsung tape recorder model number JB/4073 which I ordered from your company on Nov.1, arrived yesterday.The serial number of the machine is 4703——0461.I am sorry to report that the recorder has been hadly damaged.There was no unusual damage to the packing case, but when I opened it, I found that the lld of the recorder had been cracked and that the front surface of the machine had been scratched.Since there was such damage to the goods, I decided to file a complaint against the delivery service.Would you please let me know whether I should return the recorder to you for a replacement or if you have an authorized service representative here to which I should take it? I will hold onto this recorder until I hear from you.Sincerely yours,Jonathan Edwards
学校受污染
【内容提示】
假如你是市一中的学生,名叫王红。你要向本市一家报刊编辑(editor)写封信,反映你校受污染的问题,呼吁有关部门采取措施,保护环境,防止污染。请你用下面的素材写100词左右的一封信。
你校位于山脚下,一条小河从旁边流过,院内树木四季常青,鲜花争艳,景色美似花园。但两年前,附近建起一家化工厂,排出大量污水、废气,造成校园污染,严重影响了师生健康。请有关部门出面解决这一问题。
【作文示范】
School Polluted
No.1 Middle School
March 5, 1997
Dear Editor,Our school lies at the foot of a mountain with a small river passing by.It used to look like a beautiful garden.There used to be green trees and all kinds of flowers in our school yard all year round.But great changes have taken place since a chemical works was built near our school two years ago.It produces poisonous gases and pours a large amount of waste water into the river.The terrible pollution has done great harm to us students and teachers as well as to the surroundings.It's time for us to take steps to protect our surroundings and prevent them from being polluted.Yours ever,Wang Hong
【写法指要】
投诉信(letters of complaint)通常是写给厂家、商店、消费者协会、报界或厂家、商店的上级主管部门,揭发产品质量的低劣、服务态度的糟糕,抱怨不应出现的情况或问题等,以求得解决的信件。写投诉信要实事求是地把问题讲清楚,态度要冷静,做到有礼貌,不能恶言伤人。
这封信的作者用的是对比法,先写学校的地理位置和原先学校的优美环境,后写化工厂建起后对学校造成的污染,最后提请报界呼吁保护环境的问题。写得有理有据,令人信服。
第三篇:pets3作文(二)求职信
求职申请(Letter of Application for Employment)
1.考生要注意审题
1)首先仔细阅读该广告;
2)弄清楚招聘单位对应聘者的要求;
3)假设自己就是应聘者,对照自身情况,看是否符合要求。
技能(Skills)、专长(Speciality)、所受过的职业训练(Training)、工作经验(Experience)和教育背景(Educational Background)
2.写求职信时应注意的事项
1)写明你的详细地址及电话号码,以便对方与你联系;
2)称呼得当。
如果广告上没有写联系人是谁,则在求职信的开头可用:Dear Sir或Dear sirs。保险一点,可写 Dear sir/Dear madam。如果广告上已写明联系人,在写求职信时,你就应写其姓名:Dear Mr.Smith, 或Dear Ms.Shirley Green等。
3)求职信应简短,引人注意。
3.求职申请信的格式
1)开场白(Opener)
最好开门见山,直接写明你写此信的目的,避免不必要的客套。
⑴ I'm writing to apply for the position of......advertised in today's Shanghai Daily.⑵ In replying to your advertisement in today's Shanghai Daily, I am applying for the position of......⑶ In /Through today's newspaper I noticed your advertisement for.../I have learned that you are hiring...⑷ I would like to apply for /to be considered as a candidate for the job/ post/ position advertised in.../ I saw advertised in / I have just seen in the...2)正文(Body)
写求职信就像推销产品,言辞必须具有说服力,能打动对方。因此在正文中,你必须着重强调你的优点、长处,如学历、工作经历等,来证明你就是对方希望招聘的人员。但切忌过分夸张。
⑴ My working experience includes two months part-time receptionist with a CNR Co.and one year part-time assistant office manager for Haper's Stationery.⑵ I feel I am well qualified to...for the following reasons...⑶ I have experience of..., therefore I may have the ability you are looking for.3)结尾(Close)
最后,你可写一些希望参加面试并请求对方尽快给你答复等客套话。
⑴If my application is successful, I should /would like to...⑵I am available for a personal interview if you are interested in my application.⑶I would appreciate an interview at your convenience.⑷If these meet your requirements, please grant me an interview.I look forward to your early reply.⑸May I discuss my qualifications more fully with you at some time you find convenient? Please call(021)632-8976 at any time.2008.3 真题
Hotel Receptionist
Pleasant mediate-sized hotel at the heart of Cambridge seeks a young person with pleasant personality to assist the reception office.Previous experience an advantage but not essential.Acknowledge of at least one foreign language.The name of the hotel
Write an application letter to the hotel manager to apply the position.The letter must include the
following two points:
The reason that you apply
Ask for the interview
At the end of the letter don’t writer your own name and use “LiLi” instead
开头
1.In reply to your ad.In today’s China Daily, I respectfully offer my services for the
situation.2.Replying to your ad.In Today’s Washington Post.I wish to apply for the position.3.With reference to your ad.In this morning’s New York Post for a temporary hotel
receptionist, I offer myself for the post.4.Having noticed the enclosed ad.In this morning’s 21 Century, I wish to apply for the
position referred to.5.In answer to your ad.In this morning’sfor a temporary hotel receptionist, I wish to
tender my services.6.Your ad.For a temporary hotel receptionist in the newspaper of March 18 has interested
me.I feel that I have the qualifications necessary to effectively handle the responsibilities of a hotel receptionist.主体:
1)As my resume indicates, I haveyears experience in.My day-to-day output reflects a high level of motivation, efficiency, and ability to meet any objective, I have a proven ability to troubleshoot, perform undera minimum amount of supervision, and demonstrate a high degree of initiative and good judgment.2)As you will note on the enclosed resume, the breadth of my expertise covers a wide area of responsibilities ,I am a hard working ,ambitions leader and motivator of people, recognized for flexibility, adaptability ,and for a high degree of expertise in thefield.3)As a recent graduate ,my professional job experience is necessarily limited.However, I believe that you will find ,and previous employs will verify, that I exhihit intelligence, common sense, initiative, maturity, and that I am eager to make a positive contribution to your hotel.I have not only acquired a lot of knowledge of international commercial law, but learned two foreign two languages as well—English and French.4)I am currently finishing my studies to obtain a degree inat.Having established competence in,I have innovative ideas and the courage to use them.The enclosed resume will provide you with further particular on contributions that I have made to my employer.5)I have outlined some background information about myself below and attached a copy of my resume for you consideration.As a/an,I was responsible for.This experience has enhanced my ability to think and work productively under pressure.I possess a hard-working ethic in pursuit of excellence, superior organizational and managerial skill, and team building talents.Detailed on my resume, you will find a solid background in.I believe you require, I would welcome the opportunity to speak with you in person about my career possibilities.6)As a/anwith experience in,I feel my background may be of interest to you.My qualifications include:.I have always had an interest in, and believe that this
enthusiasm shows in my work.I respond well to a challenge and enjoy the opportunity to enjoy the rewards oh hard work and dedication.I an enclosing a resume, copies of my published paper, and Professor Zhang’s letter of recommendation.7)I am a/anwith an excellent documentable record of accomplishment and success in my field.Highlights of my background include,and.I believe that my qualifications, along with my drive and determination, would make me an excellent candidate for the position.Withyears solidexperience with emphasis on,I an a recognized problem-solver.I also have a solid reputation for realizing corporate goals and objectives and enjoy working independently as in a group.3结尾
求职信的结尾可以提醒用人单位希望得到他的回电或回信,如有面试的机会,并写上电话号码,表示感谢。
1)I would appreciate the privilege of an interview.I may be reached at the address given above, r by telephone at 1234567.2)I would be glad to have a personal interview, and can provide references if needed.3)I am available for a personal interview if you are interested in my application.4)I would appreciate an interview at you convenience.5)If these meet your requirements ,please grant me an interview.I look forward to your early reply.6)I welcome the opportunity to meet with you to further discuss my qualifications and your needs.Thank you for your time and consideration.
第四篇:PETS3考试写作优秀精选
PETS3考试写作优秀范文精选(1)公共英语考试网 更新:2010-12-13 编辑:梓淇
Writing
A company is recruiting new employees.Write a letter applying for a position as an assistant accountant.In your letter, please include the following information:
1.the position you apply for;
2.your work experience;
3.the reason for your leaving the present company;
4.the treatment you expect to get from the new company.You should write no less than 120 words.Do not sign your name at the end of your letter.Use “Wang Lin” instead.You do not need to write the address.「参考范文」
Dear sir:
I wish to apply for a position with your company as an assistant accountant.I am twenty-six years old and at present employed by the Island Company, where I have been for the past two years.Formerly I was employed by Global Export Co., where it was nearly three years.My only reason for leaving either of these positions would be to better myself and I feel there is no future opportunity in my present position.I wish to serve in a large company like yours, to provide me with ample opportunities to learn new things.I can give you references from both these firms as to my character and ability as an accountant.My present salary is $2,600 a month and I would not care to accept less in another position, but I am willing to start at the same salary, provided there is an opportunity for advancement.Yours faithfully,Wang Lin
PETS3考试写作优秀范文精选(2)公共英语考试网 更新:2010-12-13 编辑:梓淇
Writing
A survey conducted in Tianjin found that 98% of high school students and 92% of elementary school students have to spend most of their weekends doing homework.Write an essay of about 120 words.You may include the following points:
1.Discuss the negative effects of too much homework on children.2.Discuss the disadvantages of the present exam-oriented education system.3.Call for efforts to ease students' burden and help them lead a colorful and enjoyable life.「参考范文」
Too much homework has become a common complaint in high schools and elementary schools.Students have to spend most of their time doing homework, even on weekends.As a result, they have no time for their hobbies, or for their parents or friends.All they do is what they have to do, not what they like to do.The underlying cause for this phenomenon lies in the present
exam-oriented education system.National College Entrance Examination has become the sole focus of teachers, parents, and students themselves.High score becomes the ultimate goal, to the neglect of practical abilities, personality development, and all that.It is urgent that we deepen our educational reform.We must allow for students' overall development, not just evaluate their test scores.PETS3考试写作优秀范文精选(3)公共英语考试网 更新:2010-12-13 编辑:梓淇
Writing
According to some surveys done by the Ministry of Education, there are about 153 million illiterates and semi-illiterates in China.Its illiteracy rate in the western region is much higher than the country's average level and it is as high as 40 percent.The rate for the country's whole population stands at 14 percent.Write an essay of about 120 words, stating your opinion about this issue now confronting China.「参考范文」
The task of educating a huge population can be challenging to any country.Though China has shown great concern and done much in education, and in eliminating illiteracy, it still has 153 million illiterate and semi-illiterate citizens, according to some statistics issued by the Ministry of Education.So, in my opinion, raising China's education level, to a large extent, depends on greater educational achievement in its vast western region and some other backward areas.In the past decade, China has moved to combat illiteracy and promote nine years of compulsory schooling, especially in poor areas and areas inhabited by minorities, and has achieved a great success, but it seems a difficult task in regions where educational opportunities are limited.However, we should set a target that, by 2010, nine-year compulsory schooling should be realized and the illiteracy rate among young and middle-aged adults should be reduced to the minimum.Only in this way can China raise its national educational level.PETS3考试写作优秀范文精选(4)公共英语考试网 更新:2010-12-13 编辑:梓淇
Writing
An article in a newspaper once said: “As China strives to develop its western area, some effective measures should be taken to improve forestry in the region.” Write an essay of about 120 words, stating what effective measures should be adopted to improve forestry in the western area.「参考范文」
Over the past 10 years, China has made much headway in its afforestation and soil conservation.For instance, the national forest acreage has increased by 13.7 million hectares since the fourth national survey on forest resources in 1990.Despite these great achievements, some serious problems still remain to be solved such as how to improve forestry in the western area in the course of its economic development.Forestry build-up in the west is a long-term task.In order to have this goal materialized, I think some concrete and effective measures should be taken immediately.For example, to protect the natural environment of the west, some previously cultivated areas should be returned to forest and grassland.In the course of improving forestry, some strict laws should made and their enforcement must be guaranteed.Those who violate forest protection laws must be severely punished.Only by taking these effective measures can forestry in the western area be improved.PETS3考试写作优秀范文精选(5)公共英语考试网 更新:2010-12-13 编辑:梓淇
Writing
As is known to all, computers are becoming more and more popular in our daily life nowadays, especially in education.Write a short essay of about 120 words, describing how important computers are in education.「参考范文」
It has turned out that computers have become quite indispensable to education.With computers, students can do their homework more quickly and more efficiently;with computers, teachers can reduce their work load and improve their teaching.For instance, computers can free teachers from certain kinds of time-consuming bookkeeping;help teachers “bank” test items, thus greatly reducing the time required to produce a new test, and mark test papers.More importantly, they can analyze test results, indicating to the teacher which points may need further treatment in class.They can also make it possible for a teacher in the classroom to give individual attention to students who are having
trouble in their studies.While the rest of a class is working on an educational program, the teacher can take the time to work directly with a student who is falling behind.So it goes without saying that computers are extremely important in education at all levels.PETS3考试写作优秀范文精选(6)公共英语考试网 更新:2010-12-13 编辑:梓淇
Writing
Below is a chart showing the global water supply.Write an essay of about 120 words making references to the following points:
1)describe the percentage of different kinds of water supply of the world;
2)analyze the current situation of fresh water on earth;
3)give the possible reasons for this situation.「参考范文」
Water is a precious resource.Although we are surrounded by it in oceans, lakes, rivers and streams, our supply is limited.The chart given shows that most of the water on earth — 97.4 percent — is salt water stored in oceans.Only 2.6 percent of the earth's water is fresh water, and 2 percent is locked up in ice caps and glaciers.Thus the fresh water left for us to use is only 0.6 percent of the total water supply.There will never be any more fresh water than there is now.In fact, the earth is short of fresh water.Besides, the increasing growth of the world
population, the growing demand of industry for water, the serious pollution of our environment — all this makes the world in danger of running out of fresh water.In some large cities such as Tianjin, fresh water cannot meet the daily needs.Since water is essential to all life and the supply limited, we must manage it intelligently and carefully
PETS3考试写作优秀范文精选(7)Writing
A certain college lacks some qualified teachers of English.Write a letter of recommendation of Mr.Zhong Yong, a teacher of English at a middle school.Your letter should refer to the following points:
1.Personal data
2.His work experience
3.His qualifications
You should write approximately 100 words.Do not sign your own name at
the end of your letter.Use “Zhang Ping” instead.You do not need to write the address.「参考范文」
Name of Applicant: Zhong Yong
Mailing Address: Flat 602, Building 98
Sibei Rd., Xiamen, Fujian Province, China
Email Address: zhyggu@dimk.com
Present Occupation: Teaching
Employer: the Education Bureau of Xiamen City
Programme of Study: English
Area of Specialization: Applied Linguistics
Degree: M.A.Name of Reference: Lin Long
Mr.Zhong Yong graduated from the English Department of the Zhangzhou Teachers' College in 1998.During his college years, he achieved excellent results in study.He has some capacity to do research work and shows much promise as a college teacher.Mr.Zhong Yong has a fairly good ability to read and speak English.He is, however, a bit weak in writing and must work harder to improve himself in this respect.I recommend Mr.Zhong Yong and hope that he will be chosen as a college teacher.Yours very truly,Zhang Ping,PETS3考试写作优秀范文精选(8)Writing
Below are two graphs showing the changing of the working hours per week in China from 1980 to 2001 and the changing of working days per week from 1994 until now.Look at the graph and write an essay of about 120 works making reference to the following points:
1.the changing of the working hours per week in China from 1980 to 2001
2.the changing of working days per week from 1994 until now
3.the way the Chinese people use their leisure time
Hours worked 1980~2001Weekdays worked 1949~2001
「参考范文」
Leisure Time in China
From the graphs we can see that Chinese people now have freer time and holidays than they did before.The average working hours per week decreased from 50 hours in 1980 to 40 hours in 2000, and non-manual workers tend to have a rather shorter week, averaging about 37 hours.In addition, full-time workers now have totally about 120 holidays a year, about one third of the days of the year.Since the reform and open policy was carried out, Chinese people have had more time to spend on various kinds of leisure activities.A lot of people love both to play and to watch team sports like basketball or football.Many people stay at home having a rest, reading books, watching TV, and so on.In recent years, more and more people love to travel during longer holidays.They go to visit some scenic and historical sites, and some people even make a tour abroad to see the world.PETS3考试写作优秀范文精选(9)Writing
Below is a bar graph showing the causes of fire in a city.Look at the graph and write an essay of about 120 words making reference to the following points.1.bad results caused by fire
2.the causes of fire
3.How to prevent fire?
「参考范文」
Fires and Causes
From the table, it is clear, fires bring great disasters to us.More and more people are killed and houses including many valuable things are burnt out.Fires are threatening to our lives and wealth.Look at the bar graphs we can see there are mainly three causes of fires.40% are caused by cigarette ends which people carelessly throw away, while 25% are started by the leakage of gas pots and 15% results from the children who play with matches.Fires can be prevented if we take necessary measures.The key measure is to educate people to be careful to make fires, warn the children of the danger of playing with matches.Though we cannot avoid fires completely, we can reduce the fire disasters
PETS3考试写作优秀范文精选(10)Writing
Below is a chart showing the lifetime earnings of people with different education and at different ages.Look at the chart and write a composition of about 120 words making reference to the following points:
1.the earnings of different ages;
2.the earnings of different education;
3.your own conclusion.「参考范文」
This chart shows that one's lifetime earnings are closely linked with one's
physical institution and education.As a rule, the young make more money than the old.People at the age of 20 to 30 are in their prime of life.When they are strong and energetic, they can work more and, as a result, earn more.People at the age of 40 to 50 earn less than those in their twenties and thirties.People in their sixties earn the least of all.It is also illustrated in the chart that the better one is educated, the more his lifetime earnings are.A high school graduate earns more than the one who has less than a high school education, but less than a college graduate.So one's lifetime earnings are in proportion to one's education.In my opinion, in this highly competitive society, I'd rather get good education before I work.If people on the average are satisfied with a master degree, I'd like to be a doctor degree.Accordingly, if many people have a doctor degree, I'd like to be a post doctorate.Then I'll be a cut above others in income and in knowledge.
第五篇:苏教版高中语文必修教材文言译文全套
苏教版高中语文必修教材文言译文全套
必修一·文言文译文全集 劝学(节选)/荀子 师说/韩愈 赤壁赋/苏轼
始得西山宴游记/柳宗元
必修二·文言文译文全集 六国论/苏洵 阿房宫赋/杜牧 念奴娇·赤壁怀古/苏轼
永遇乐·京口北固亭怀古/辛弃疾
必修三·文言文译文全集 离骚(节选)/屈原 《指南录》后序 五人墓碑记/张溥 烛之武退秦师/《左传》 谏太宗十思疏/魏徵
廉颇蔺相如列传/司马迁 鸿门宴/司马迁
秋水(节选)/庄子
非攻(节选)/墨子 上篇 下篇 察今(节选)/《吕氏春秋》
必修四·文言文译文全集 季氏将伐颛臾/《论语》 寡人之于国也/孟子
《黄花岗烈士事略》序/孙文 蜀道难/李白 登高/杜甫
琵琶行(并序)/白居易 锦瑟/李商隐 虞美人/李煜 蝶恋花/晏殊 雨霖铃/柳永 声声慢/李清照
滕王阁序(并诗)/王勃 秋声赋/欧阳修
第五册·文言文译文全集 陈情表 项脊轩志 报任安书(节选)渔父
逍遥游(节选)兰亭集序
初中语文北师版 山行/杜 牧
天净沙 秋思/马致远
秋 词/刘禹锡
采桑子.重阳/毛泽东
登 高/杜 甫
诗歌三首 当我死时/余光中
春/朱自清
诗词九首 江南春绝句/杜 牧
游园不值/叶绍翁
玉楼春宋 祁
鹧鸪天 代人赋/辛弃疾
春夜喜雨/杜 甫
早春呈水部张十八员外/韩 愈
钱塘湖春行/白居易
春/艾 青
初春/王宜振
过零丁洋/ 文天祥
示儿/陆 游
诗三首 自嘲/鲁 迅
有的人……臧克家
啊,船长,我的船长/惠特曼 毛泽东词二首 卜算子.咏梅 沁园春.雪
愚公移山/列子》
生于忧患 死于安乐/《孟子》 小石潭记/柳宗元
敕勒歌/北朝民歌
边塞诗歌四首 凉州词/王之涣
从军行(其四)/王昌龄
使至塞上…王 维
白雪歌送武判官归京/岑 参
诗词五首 夜雨寄北/李商隐
六月二十七日望湖楼醉书/苏 轼
如梦令/李清照
声声慢/李清照
浪淘沙.北戴河/毛泽东 革命烈士诗三首
囚歌/叶 挺
就义诗/吉鸿昌
我的自白书/陈 然
三峡/郦道元
诗词十一首
饮酒/陶渊明
归园田居/陶渊明
过故人庄/孟浩然
田园乐/王维
独坐敬亭山/李白
望岳/杜甫
逢雪宿芙蓉山主人/刘长卿
滁州西涧/韦应物
江雪/柳宗元
题李凝幽居/贾岛
西江月.遣兴/辛弃疾
爱莲说/周敦颐
诗词三首
采莲曲/王昌龄
晓出净慈寺送林子方/杨万里
苏幕遮/周邦彦
荔枝图序/白居易
水龙吟.次韵章质夫杨花词/苏轼
竹/郑夑
邹忌讽齐王纳谏/《战国策》
曹刿论战/左传
假如生活欺骗了你/普希金
口技/林嗣环
岳阳楼记/范仲淹
登岳阳楼/杜甫
陪侍郎叔游洞庭醉后三首(其三)/李白
望洞庭湖赠张丞相/孟浩然
游岳阳楼记/袁中道
醉翁亭记/欧阳修
咏月诗四首 把酒问月/李 白
月下独酌/李 白
关山月/李 白
望月/杜 甫
苏轼咏月诗文 记承天寺夜游
水调歌头.中秋
月诗两首 夜上受降城闻笛/李 益
鸟鸣涧/王 维
乡愁诗三首 逢入京使/岑 参 渡汉江/宋之问
乡愁/余光中
送别诗三首 送杜少府之任蜀川/王勃
送元二使安西/王维
别董大/高适
陋室铭/刘禹锡
桃花源记/陶渊明
渔歌三首 渔翁/柳宗元
渔歌子/张志和
渔舟唱晚/姜耕