第一篇:英语中动词的分类
英语中动词的分类
1)表示动作中状态的词叫做动词。
2)根据其在句中的功能,动词可分为四类,分别是:实义动词(Notional Verb)、系动词(Link Verb)、助动词(Auxiliary Verb)、情态动词(Modal Verb)。
说明:有些情况下,有些动词是兼类词,例如:
We are having a meeting.我们正在开会。(having是实义动词。)
He has gone to New York.他已去纽约。
(has是助动词。)
3)动词根据其后是否带有宾语,可分为两类,分别是:及物动词(Transitive Verb)、不及物动词(Intransitive Verb),缩写形式分别为vt.和vi.。
** 英语动词是句子的核心。它既决定着句子意思的表达同时又决定着句子的语法结构。难怪有人说,英语是动词和介词的语言。可见研究动词的用法在英语学习中是十分重要的。
(一、)分清及物不及物: 分清动词的及物不及物是在英语学习中必须解决的首要问题。动词及物与不及物通常有以下
几种情况:
a.主要用作及物动词。及物动词后面必须跟宾语。可以用于:“主+谓+宾”;“主+谓+双
宾”;“主+谓+宾+宾补”结构。如: He reached Paris the day before yesterday.Please hand me the book over there.They asked me to go fishing with them.类似的还有:buy, catch, invent, found, like, observe, offer, prevent, promise, raise, find, forget, receive, regard, see, say, seat, supply, select, suppose, show, make, take, tell....b.主要用作不及物的动词。不及物动词后面不跟宾语。只能用与:“主+谓”结构。
This is the room where I once lived.类似的还有:agree, go, work, listen, look, come, die, belong, fall, exist, rise, arrive, sit, sail, hurry,fail, succeed....c.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义不变。如begin 都是作“开始”讲。everybody , our game begins.let us begin our game.类似的还有:start, answer, sing, close, consider, insist, read, learn, prepare, pay, hurt, improve....d.既可以用作及物又可以用作不及物的动词,其意义完全不同。
这类动词作不及物动词是一个意义;而作及物动词时却是另一个意义。如lift作不及物动词时是指烟雾的“消散”。we saw the mountain when the clouds lifted.作及物动词时是“升高;举
起”。
He lifted his glass and drank.类似的还有:beat
vi.跳动vt.敲、打;
grow vi.生长vt.种植
play vi.玩耍vt.打(牌、球),演奏 smell vi.发出(气味)vt.嗅
ring
vi.(电话、铃)响vt.打电话
speak vi.讲话 vt.说(语言)
hang
vi.悬挂vt.绞死
operate vi.动手术 vt.操作
(二、)辨别表动作与表结果的动词
表动作的动词强调动作的发生,不涉及该动词的结果。如:
He looked at the picture.He saw a picture.前一句中的动词强调“看”这一动作;而后一句中的动词表示“看到”这一结果。类似的还有:tear at;tear, look for;find, try to do sth.;manage to do sth., prepare for;be prepared for, advise;
persuade 等。
(三、)记住瞬间动词
英语中不少动词所表示的动作在瞬间就可以完成.如:
He arrived in paris yesterday.而另一些动词所表示的动作则可以延续.如:
They worked until 12 o'clock last night.特别是在现在完成时态的句子中,瞬间动词的完成时态不能跟表示一段时间的时间状语连用。瞬间动词有:arrive, borrow, buy, close, fall, finish, go, join, kill, hit, leave, lend, die, marry, open,reach, return, start, stop, recognize....等。
(四、)掌握好表状态的连系动词与表变化的连系动词
英语中的连系动词主要分为两大类: 英语动词
a.表状态的连系动词。如:he is a good worker.除了be 而外,还有:stand(位于),lie(位于),stay, have, consist of, belong to, exist, weigh, own....等。
b.另一类连系动词表示动作或变化,是由行为动词转化而来的。一般在这些连系动词后跟形容词作表语如:his hair grows grey.这类连系动词还有: turn, become, taste, smell, sound,look, feel, get...等。
(五、)注意词义相近,用法不同的动词
a.表主观与客观的动词
I received his invitation last night, but i didn't want to accept it.该句中,动词receive, accept 都表示“接受”但前者表示客观地接收到什么东西;后者表示 “I” 的主观意愿。类似用法的动词还有:listen to;hear, look at;see, must;have to等。
b.表直接与间接的动词
He heard that the scientist would come to our school.He heard of the news that the scientist would come to our school.前句中hear的表示直接听说的,而后一句中hear of 的表示间接听说的。类似用法的动词还有:know;know of, speak;speak of, talk;talk of等。
(六、)重视多字动词的用法
所谓多字动词是指动词与某些副词、介词构成的动词词组。一般有四种形式:
a.“动词+介词”结构。该结构中的动词是不及物动词,当和一些介词搭配后,则把它看成一
个整体,即把它看成一个及物动词。如:
We never thought of such success when we first started.类似用法的还有:agree to, ask for, attention to, break into, call upon, deal with, laugh at, dream of, listen to, look at, operate on, talk about, rely on, refer to...b.“动词+副词”结构。该结构中的动词是及物动词的,该结构及物;是不及物的,则不及物。
如:
We put off the sports meet.After he grew up, he went to london to work for a company.类似用法的还有: bring about, bring up, call up, carry out, find out, give up, hand in, help out, look up, make out, pass on, point out, put away, put down, put away, put down, put off, put on, ring up, set up, take up, think over, turn down, use up, work out..., wake up, shut up, come about, break out, carry on, come up, fall over, get away, get back, look out, go up, go out, stay up....在这类结构中,必须注意有的多字动词即及物又可不及物。有的甚至汉语意义也完全不相同。
如:
He looked up and saw his teacher in front of him.(vi.抬起头看)He looked up the word in the dictionary.(vt.查找)类似的有break down vi.(车等)坏了vt.分解,分为;go over vi.走过去vt.复习,仔细查看等。
c.“动词+副词+介词”结构。如: We should do away with that sort of thing.类似的有:give in to, catch up with, look down upon, make up for, put up with....d.“动词+名词+介词”结构。该结构是最多,最常见的多字动词。如:
We will take care of them.类似的有:catch sight of, keep an eye on, make use of, make a fool of, make fun of, make room for, make sure of, knock out of, have a word with, pay attention to, put an end to, set fire to, take advantage of, take hold of, take note of, take notice of, take part in, take pride in, take possession
of, play a trick on, play a part in....****
说明:同一动词有时可用作及物动词,有时可用作不及物动词。例如:
She can dance and sing.她能唱歌又能跳舞。(sing在此用作不及物动词。)
She can sing many English songs.她能唱好多首英文歌曲。(sing用作及物动词。)英语动词
4)根据是否受主语的人称和数的限制,可分两类,分别是:限定动词(Finite Verb)、非限
定动词(Non-finite Verb)例如:
She sings very well.她唱得很好。(sing受主语she的限制,故用第三人称单数形式sings。)
She wants to learn English well.她想学好英语。(to learn不受主语she的限制,没有词形变化,是非限定动词。
说明:英语中共有三种非限定动词,分别是:动词不定式(Infinitive)、动名词(Gerund)、分词(Participle)。
5)根据动词的组成形式,可分为三类,分别是:单字词(One-Word Verb)、短语动词(Phrasal
Verb)、动词短语(Verbal Phrase)例如:
The English language contains many phrasal verbs and verbal phrases.英语里有许多短语动词和动词短语。(contains是单字动词。)
Students should learn to look up new words in dictionaries.学生们学会查字典。(look up是短语动词。)
The young ought to take care of the old.年轻人应照料老人。(take care of是动词短语。)
6)动词有五种形态,分别是:原形(Original Form)、第三人称单数形式(Singular From in Third Personal)、过去式(Past Form)、过去分词(Past Participle)、现在分词(Present Participle)。
7)及物动词不需要介词
在英语错误中,“及物动词+介词+宾语”(transitive verb+preposition+object),是常见的一种。所谓及物动词,就是谓语动词(predicative verb),不必通过介词引荐宾语。相反的,不及物动词(intransitive verb)是不带宾语的。有许多动词,虽然性质是及物的,但不一定要有宾语,如下列的①a和②a便是这种情形:
①a.We study every day.b.Do you study English every day.②a.Please write clearly next time.b.Can you write your composition now?
如果本质上就是不及物动词,就不会有宾语;若要宾语,就要借介词之助,一起连用才
行,如③b和④b;③a和④a是错的;
*③a.The children are listening the music.b.The children are listening to the music.*④a.She is laughing the crippled man.b.She is laughing at the crippled man.反之,及物动词不必靠介词,就可以带宾语,如上述的①b和②b,又如⑤和
⑥:
⑤ John is giving a book to me.⑥ Who will answer this question?
如果无意中把介词加上,就错了,如:
*⑦ Who will answer to this question?
下列这句从房地产广告中看到的句子,也犯了同样的错:
“We have many buyers awaiting for available units here.”
“Awaiting”是个及物动词,后面的介词“for”是多余的,要去掉;不然把“awaiting”改为
“waiting for”也行。
许多人习惯上喜欢把介词加到及物动词后面,然后才带出宾语。最常见的是“emphasize/stress on/upon”和“discuss about”,如:
⑧ Singaporeans seem to have emphasized on material gains.⑨ In our education system, we stress upon examination results.⑩ World leaders spent a lot of time discussing about worsening economic problems.显然的,这三句里的介词“on/upon”和“about”是多余的,不必要的。
下面是些类似的错误:
● The young must obey to their elders.● Do not approach to that odd-looking man.● The audience attacked on the rude speaker.● Nothing can escape from his parents' eyes.● Do you hope to serve for your nation? ● When did Susan marry with Paul?
介词“to, on, from, for, with”都要去掉才对。
为什么会有这些错误呢?主因是分不清楚及物动词和不及物动词的性质。其次,就是对同一个动词及其名词的句型有些混淆。解决之道有二。第一,要把“及物动词+宾语”和“不
及物动词+介词+宾语”划分清楚,如:
I did not answer him./ I did not reply to him. He reached Londan yesterday./ He arrived in London yesterday.第二,把及物动词转化为名词,然后加上适当的介词和宾语,如:
Don't approach such a person. Is oral practice a good approach to language teaching
第二篇:英语动词
第十二讲 英语动词 [1]
[新E英语 沈章柱
2007-10-18]
一、动词的概念
顾名思义,动词就是表示动作的词。所谓动作,绝大多数是可以感知到的,比如汽车在开,人在看电视,太阳升起降落,等等。也有些动作不是直接能看到听到的,例如思考问题,制定方案,经济发展,等等。不管怎么说,这些动作都比较明显,直接或间接地被我们觉察出来。但是,英语动词还有一类是表示“状态”的。这些动词并没有直观的动作,它只是表示事物存在的一种状态。例如:我是一个学生。其中的“是”,在英语中就是动词;再例如:我们有一个篮球。其中的“有”也是动词;等等。这类表示状态的动词,对于初学者来说要多加留意,它们也必须按照动词的规律来使用。
二、动词的分类
1、根据动词的意义分类
(1)实义动词和非实义动词(助动词)动词属于“实词”的一种。所谓实词,就是有明确具体的含义,像名词的桌子、猫狗德行,形容词的红黄蓝绿等等,动词的哭笑、走路等等。而英语中其它的一些词类如冠词、介词等等,意义比较地空虚,所以叫做虚词。根据动词是不是有明确具体的意思,动词本身也分成所谓的实义动词和非实义动词。实义动词就是动作比较明显具体,像上面讲到的汽车在开,人在看电视,太阳升起,思考问题,制定方案,经济发展,等等。非实义动词通称为助动词,如can, may, will, shall 等等。注意:有少数动词既可以算作实义动词,也是助动词。也就是说,这些动词既可以作实义动词,在另外情况下它又是助动词,如:be, have, look, seem 等。请看例句: 例1:I have my supper at about 6:30 every day.我每在6:30 左右吃晚饭。(这儿,have 是实义动词。)例2:The students have planted many trees.学生们种了许多树。(这儿,have planted 中的have 是完成时态的助动词。)
(2)短时动词和持续动词
短时动词也称瞬时动词,是说这些动作在很短时间内就完成了,它不太可能持续很长的时间,例如:leave(离开)borrow(借), buy(买),等等。相反,持续动词表示的是,这些动作是一种持续性的动作,它可以连续不断地发生,例如:write(写), walk(走路), sleep(睡觉)等等。
一个动作是短时动词还是持续动词,也就是动作持续时间的长或短,在英语中对于正确使用动词的时态非常有用。而有些动词,短时与长时所用的动词是不一样的。这一点在中文里是没有的,也是初学者经常遇到的问题之一。请看例句: 例1:当 Tom 到达的时候,他得知 Mary 已经离开将近三个小时了。
[错] When Tom arrived he learned Mary had left for almost three hours.因为过去完成时 had left 和 for 连用,有不停地离开的意思,英语中算作错误。
[对] When Tom arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost three hours.要表示持续的状态,可以改用系表结构 had been away。例2:她那天穿着一件新裙子。
[错] She put on a new dress that day.put on 表示“穿上”的短时动作。显然,她不可能一天总是在那儿穿来穿去。
[对] She wore a new dress that day.wear 表示“穿着”的状态,是持续动词。
例3:他丢了包有三天了。
[错] He has lost his bag for three days.丢东西是很短时间发生的事,不可能连续三天才把包丢掉。for 表示持续的一段时间。
[对] He lost his bag three days ago./ It is three days since he lost his bag.1、及物动词
及物动词的意思是,谓语动词后必须接一个宾语,表明谓语动词所影响到的对像或者目标。这样,句子的意思才比较完整。例如上例中,discuss 后接了一个 the usage of verb,指出了我们讨论的对象(或目标),整句话连起来就是:weusage(我们讨论用法),基本上表达出了句子的主要意思。再例如:The boy see a picture on the wall.如果只说 see,听者可能就会问 see 了什么?这里候必须接一个具体的内容 a picture,这样意思就比较完整了。
及物动词在英语里用缩写 v.t.表示。
2、不及物动词
不及物动词,意思就是它不需要后面接宾语,句子意思本身就清楚了。
例如:A car is running along the bridge.run 是谓语,说汽车在开。我们听到了 carFreanch)我能看懂法文,但不会说。
We read about the storm in the paper today.(read 用作不及物:read-about)从今天的报纸上我们得知今天有风暴
(2)有的词只用作不及物动词,如果要接宾语,必须后接介词。这些加了介词的不及物动词,很多有固定的意思,因而也被称作“动词短语”。例如:
He turned on the torch to look for his keys.他打开了手电筒,寻找钥匙。(turn on 与 look for)The children always lag(缓缓而行)behind when we go for a walk.(go for)我们出去散步时,孩子们总是落在后面。
2、实义动词(及物、不及物)与助动词
及物与不及物动词都是实义动词,有着明确具体的含义。相对来说,助动词的意义就比较虚了。助动词的用法在讲时态的时候还会专门讲述。这里要说的是,英语有些动词既可以做实义动词,也可以用作助动词。这一点请初学者要搞清楚。例如:
I am a student of Class Two.[ 这里am 是实义动词] 我是一个二班的学生。
I am playing basketball.[这里am 是助动词] 我在打篮球。
We have a clean and tidy classroom.[ have 是实义动词] 我们有一间干净整齐的教室。
We have learned 1000 words this term.[ have 是助动词] 这学期我们学了1000个单词。
3、谓语动词的变化
英语中,谓语动词的变化非常复杂。这是由英语表达的特点决定的。简单地说,英语在表示一个动作的时态,特别注意两个问题:一是动作发生的时间,是过去、现在还是将来等等;二是动作持续的状态,是做完了、正在进行、一直持续等等。同一个动作,在不同的时间、不同的状态的时候,要用动词的不同形式来表达,这就是所谓动词的过去式、一般现在时、正在进行时等等的原因。关于这方面的问题,这里只提示一下,以后讲时态的时候将专门进行讲解。例如:
He does his exercise every day.[ does 表示一般现在时,does 是单数第三人称。] 他每天都做锻炼。He is doing his exercise now.[ is doing 表示现在进行时, doing 叫现在分词。] 他正在锻炼。
He has done his exercise and for two months.[ has done 现在完成时,done 叫过去分词。] 他锻炼有两个月了。
1、限定性动词和非限定性的动词
限定与非限定动词,是从主语与谓语的搭配关系来说的。限定动词是指动词变与不变受主语的人称(第一、第二、第三人称)和是单数还是复数的限制。它主要出现在一般现在时及少数的时态中。
例如,在一般现在时中,I, you, we 和复数名词形式时谓语动词不需要进行变化;如果是单数第三人称,动词则要进行变化。(这种情况也叫“主语、谓语的一致”。)请看例句: We go to school on weekdays.我们天天上学。(we 是复数,go 不需要变化。)He goes to school on weekdays.他天天上学。(he 是第三人称单数,go 需要变成 goes。)I shall play football on Saturday.我星期六将踢足球。(I 后要用 shall 表示将来。)The boys will play football on Saturday.男生们星期六将踢足球。(boys 是第三人称,要用 will 表示将来。)与此相反,有些动词则不受主语的人称和单数、复数的影响,此是就叫非限定动词。非限定动词主要出现在各类非谓语动词中,因为它们都是非谓语动词,所以一般不受主语的限制。
2、规则动词和不规则动词
上面说了,动词有各种变化形式。英语动词的变化,有些是有规则的,就叫规则动词;如果没有规律,就叫不规则动词。规则与不规则动词主要出现在动词的时态中。
例如,在一般现在时中,I, you, we 和复数名词形式时谓语动词不需要进行变化;如果是单数第三人称,动词的变化则有以下的规则:
一般情况下,直接在动词后加 s,此时就叫“规则动词”。例如:
He likes watching TV.他喜欢看电视。(like 变成了 likes)It looks like a cat.它看起来像只猫。(look变成了looks)其它如:help(帮助)-helps ;come(来)teaches ;wash(洗)goes;kiss(吻)-kisses ;fix(安装)-fixes 但是有少数动词,它们的变化是没有规律的,此时就称它们为“ 不规则动词”,例如:
have(有)am / is / are 等。
在动词的过去式、过去分词的变化中,同样存在着规则变化与不规则变化。
例如:过去式 规则变化:
work(原形)worked(过去分词);play(原形)played(过去分词)不规则变化:
sing(原形)sang(过去式)sung(过去分词);grow(原形)grew(过去式)grown(过去分词)
3、系动词、情态动词、感官动词等
系动词:它们一般是表示事物某种状态(或缓慢变化)的动词,如:be, keep, get, remain 等等。
情态动词:是表示“能、可以、必须”等的词,如:can, may, must 等。感官动词:专门表示人的感官动作的动词,如:feel, smell, sound, taste 等等
第三篇:动词的分类
动词的分类
实义动词
实意动词是可以独立做谓语的动词,按照他的句法可以分为及物动词(vt)和不及物动词(vi)
按照它的持续性可以分为延续性动词和非延续性动词
及物动词(ct):及物动词本身意义不完整,需要接宾语才能构成一个完整句子。
1.动词+宾语
Eg:I like this book very much我非常喜欢这本书
2.动词+宾语+宾语补足语
Eg:We call that bird Polly我们叫那只鸟波利
I saw the children play in the park yesterday昨天我看见孩子们在公园里玩 注意:带省略to 的不定式或现在分词作宾语补足语的动词有
makeofferpassteachtellwritereadreturn
3.动词+间接宾语+直接宾语
Eg:Please pass me the salt请把盐递给我注意:常见带双宾语的动词有:givebringbuygetleavelendmakeoffer passteachtellwritereadreturn
不及物动词
不及物动词本身意思完整,不需要接宾语。
Eg:Horses run fast 跑
They work in a factory(工厂)工作
1.有些动词可以做及物动词又可以做不及物动词。
We study English及物
We study hard不及物
2.有些不及物动词与一些别的词搭配在一起构成短语动词,它的作用相当于一个及物动词,要注意积累。
动词+介词
动词+副词
动词+副词+介词
第四篇:动词分类讲解范文
动词:
1.(可以做谓语)谓语动词——实义动词
1)行为动词(动作)
⑴不及物动词(vi)
⑵及物动词(vt)
①单宾动词
②双宾动词
③宾补动词
2)系动词LV(状态、特征)
①be
②半系动词
2.(不可以做谓语)——助动词
助谁?
干什么?
时态、语态、否定、语气
Be 时态、语态
Do 否定、强调语气
Have 时态、否定
MV 语气
主语谓语
宾语
()定语
<> 补语
[] 状语
We should stop the river ____.A.pollutingB.pollutedC.being polluted D.pollute
A be made ofmake A of ….A be made from
A be made in
A be made into
My mother made me(to)do
It happens that……
Sb sth happen to
It turns out that…
Sb sth turn out to do
It seemsed that
Sbsth seem to
It is said that he will study is studying studied in America.Sb sth be said to do to be doing to have done
To be done to have been done
It is said that the bank was robbed last night.The bank is said to have been robbed last nigh.Steal sth(from sb sp)
Rob sb sp(of sth)
Robberrobbery
Thieftheft
Lose oneself one’s way
Be get lost, I had to ask police for help.(Because)(lose →losing 主动 lost 被动)myself my way, I had to ask police for help
Was got lost
A.losingB.lostC.IlostD.being lost
第五篇:动词的分类、考点
动词的分类和形式
动词的分类
考点一实义动词
1、定义及分类
实义动词是能独立作谓语的动词。
根据动词在句子中是否可以接宾语,可以把实义动词分为及物动词和不及物动词。按其持续性可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。(1)及物动词
及物动词本身意义不完整,需要接宾语才能使其意思完整。①动词+宾语,如:
My brother is flying the kite on the playground.我弟弟在操场上放风筝。②动词+宾语+宾补,如:
The teacher made his students happy by doing some games.老师通过做一些游戏让学生们很开心。We call the bird Polly.我们叫这只鸟Polly。[注意] 带省略to的不定式或现在分词作宾补的动词有:make, let, see, watch, notice, hear等。③动词+双宾语,如:
My mother gives me a new bike.我妈妈给我一辆新自行车。[注意] 有些双宾语动词间接宾语(人)放在直接宾语(事物)后时,间接宾语前要加to。常用的此类词有:bring、give、hand、pass、pay、post、return、sell、show、teach、tell、throw、lend等。如:
Hand me that book, please.= Hand that book to me, please.请把那本书递给我。
有些双宾语动词间接宾语(人)放在直接宾语(事物)后时,间接宾语前要加for。常用的此类词有buy、choose、cook、draw、book、find、get、make、order等。如:
My mom bought me a nice backpack.= My mom bought a nice backpack for me.我妈妈给我买了一个很好的背包。
(2)不及物动词
不及物动词一般不可以接宾语,但是有些不及物动词与一些介词、副词等词搭配在一起构成短语动词,它的作用等于一个及物动词。如:
We arrived at the station at five.我们五点钟到达车站。
He turned off the light when he left.当他离开的时候,把灯关了。He takes pride in doing a job well.他因为做得很好,很自豪。[注意] 有些动词既可作及物动词也可作不及物动词。常用的此类动词有:open、close、start、change、drive、play、meet、win、study等。如: The girl turned her head and smiled.这个女孩子转过头笑一笑。She turned and walked back to the classroom.她转过身走回教室。英语中存在着大量由两个词构成的动词短语。让许多同学感到困惑的是,为什么有的是动副短语,有的却是动介短语?区分它们到底有什么规律可循?下面就如何区分动介短语和动副短语,以及在使用上有哪些要求做一总结。
一、动介短语从构成短语的动词的角度来考虑。实意动词分为及物动词和不及物动词,其中不及物动词是不可以直接跟宾语的,如果必须跟宾语时,就需要在这个动词后加一介词,构成动介短语,此时,该短语相当于一个及物动词,后面必须加宾语(由名词、代词或动名词充当),且该宾语不能放在动介短语的中间。例如,May I come into this room?我可以进到这间屋子里来吗? come into是动介短语,宾语this room不能省略。
Look at my eyes,tell me who you are waiting for?看着我的眼睛,告诉我你在等着谁?
初中阶段的动介短语有: agree with同意......的意见(想法);符合 base on以......(为)根据
listen to听......get to到达......get off/get on 上车下车
fall off(从......)掉下
help...with...帮助(某人)做(某事)
knock at /on敲(门、窗)
laugh at嘲笑
learn...from...向......学习
live on继续存在;靠......生活
look after照顾,照看 look at看;观看
look for寻找
look like看起来像
pay for(sth.)付钱;支付
point at指示;指向
point to指向......prefer to...宁愿(选择);更喜欢
quarrel with(和某人)吵架
regard...as...把......当作......;当作
stop...from阻止......做......talk about说话;谈话;谈论
talk with与......交谈
think about考虑
think of认为;想起
二、动副短语中的动词有的是及物动词,因此,后接宾语时不需要加介词,加上副词后,该副词可以进一步说明动作的结果,从而,使得句意表达得更加准确。这些动副短语必须接宾语,但对其位置有一定的限制,如果宾语是名词,既可以放在短语的中间,又可以放在短语 的后面;如果宾语是代词,就只能放在两词的中间了。例如,You'd better pick the students up before7:00.你最好在7点前把这些学生接上车。Can you pick me up at 7:00?你能在7点时接我吗? 人称代词me做宾语要放在pick和up中间。如果动副短语中的动词是不及物动词时,则该短语不可以加宾语。
例如:May I come in?我可以进来吗?come是不及物动词,所以,come in后无宾语。
初中阶段的动副短语主要有: bring out 取出 cut down 砍倒
clean up 清扫,收拾干净 climb down/up 爬下/上
come back/go back 回来/回去 come round(走)过来 come out(花)开,出来 come over 顺便来访 eat up 吃光 fall asleep 睡着 fall behind 落后 fall down 跌倒 give back 退还 get back 取回 go out 外出 grow up 长大 hurry up 赶紧 knock down 击倒 look out 小心
look around 环顾,到处看 look up 查找
open up 开设,开放,开业 pass on 往前传递
put(sth.)down 把放下来 put away 收拾好 put on 穿上.put up 举起 run away 跑开了 rush out 冲出去
run away 逃跑,逃走 slow down 减缓,减速 set off 出发,动身 turn on/off 打开/关上 turn up/down 调大/调小 take out 取出 think over 考虑 take off 脱下,把……拿掉 take away 拿走 work out 算出 write down 记下 wash away 冲走 wake up 唤醒
(3)延续性动词
延续性动词表示动作是可持续的,如:live, stay, study, work, keep, teach等,可以和时间段连用。如:
We have lived in China since 2001.我们自从2001年起住在中国。You can keep this book for two weeks.你可以借这本书两周。
(4)非延续性动词
非延续性动词表示瞬间动作,如:buy, lend, borrow, die, begin, stop, finish, arrive, join, leave, come, catch等,不能和时间段连用。如果和时间段连用,就要用其他词代替。如:
He has been here for five days.(arrive)我们已经来这五天了。
The film has been on for ten minutes.(begin)电影已经开始十分钟了。常用瞬间动词相应持续性动词关系如下:
1、go——be away
2、come——be here
3、come back——be back
4、leave——be away(be not here)
5、buy——have
6、borrow——keep
7、die——be dead
8、begin——be on
9、finish——be over
10、open——be open
11、close——be closed
12、lose——be lost
13、get to know——know
14、turn on——be on
15、get up——be up
16、sit down——sit/be seated
17、join——be in…或be a…member
18、become——be
考点二连系动词
1、定义
连系动词也称为系动词,连系动词有一定词义,但不完整,不能单独做谓语,必须和表语连用,构成系表结构,表示主语身份、性质、状态。如:
You are a teacher, but not a good one.你是一个老师,但不是一个好老师。We feel very happy when we know it.当我们知道的时候非常开心。
2、分类
英语经常用到的连系动词有:
(1)状态连系动词:表示主语的状态、性质、身份。(be)如: My father is very strong.我的父亲很强壮。
(2)持续连系动词:表示继续或保持一种状态或情况。(stay,remain,keep等)如: You must keep healthy.你必须保持健康。(3)表象连系动词:用来表示“看起来”的这一概念的词。appear(看起来),seem(看似),look(看起来)。如:
Your mother looks much younger than I thought.你妈妈看起来比我想象的要年轻得多。(4)感官连系动词:feel(摸起来),taste(尝起来),smell(闻起来),sound(听起来)look(看起来)。如:
The milk tastes a little sour.牛奶尝起来有点酸。
(5)转变或结果连系动词:become(变为),get(成为),grow(长得),turn(变得),go(变得)等。如:
Our village is becoming more and more beautiful.我们村庄变得越来越美丽。
考点三助动词
助动词本身没有词意,或者意义不完全,不能单独作谓语,只能和别的动词一起在句子中作谓语,帮助动词构成各种时态、语态等及否定、疑问、强调等。
主要的助动词有:be,do,have,shall,will等。如:
Will you have a sports meeting next week?你们下周会有一个运动会吗? Is your mother cooking?你妈妈在做饭吗?
Don’t be late for class next time.下次上课别迟到了。
考点四情态动词
情态动词一般没有人称和数的变化,在句子中不能单独作谓语,只能和其他动词连用作谓语,表示说话人的语气和情感。
主要的情态动词有:can,may,must,need,would,could,might,dare等。使用情态动词要注意以下方面:(1)含must的一般疑问句。肯定回答仍用must;
否定回答则用needn’t或don’t have to,表示“不必”。
一般不能用mustn’t,因为mustn’t表示“不可以、禁止”,语气很强。
—Must I finish my homework now?我必须现在完成我的家庭作业吗? —No, you needn’t.不,你不必。(2)may开头的一般疑问句。肯定回答用may; 否定回答用mustn’t。
—May I smoke here?我可以在这吸烟吗? —No, you mustn’t.不,你不可以。(3)表示可能性或推测时。
can多用于否定句或疑问句,can’t表示“不可能”; may多用于陈述句,may not表示“可能不”; must只用于肯定句,表示“一定、准是”。
You may be right or may not be right.你可能是对的,可能不是对的。The news can’t be true.这则消息不可能是真的。She must be angry.她一定生气了。
(4)need用作情态动词主要用于否定句、疑问句和条件句,表示“需要”; 也可以作实义动词,后跟名词、代词、不定式、动词-ing形式等。need开头的一般疑问句,肯定回答用must。You needn’t come if you are busy.你如果忙的话就不必过来了。—Need I come tomorrow? 我明天需要来吗?
—No, you needn’t./ Yes, you must.不,没必要。/ 是的,你必须来。He needs to get some sleep.他需要睡一会。
(5)have to的意思接近must,但是must强调说话者的主观意愿。have to强调客观上的必要性,常译成“不得不“。
have to可以用于多种时态,其疑问句、否定句都要借助do构成。
Do you have to leave now? 你现在必须走了吗? You don’t have to get up early.你没有必要早起。
(6)be able to表示具体的能力,与can用法相近,can只有一般现在时和一般过去时,be able to 可用更多的时态。
was / were able to侧重有能力而且成功地做成了某事,而could只表示过去具备某种能力。如:
The math problem was hard but I was able to work it out.这道数学题很难,但我做出来了。1.---I forgot to bring my e-dictionary.Could I use yours?---Yes, you.(如东一模)A.can Key:A B.must
C.could
D.should 2.Melody has a great interest in planting flowers, but her sister ______.She can’t even stay in the garden for one minute.(崇川一模)
A.can’t
Key:C A.can
Key:C B.hasn’t
C.doesn’t
D.isn’t
3.—I don’t care what the teacher thinks.— But I think you _______.(崇川一模)
B.may
C.should
D.must 4.―Why are you taking a basket with you for shopping?
―The stores don’t _______ free plastic bags for shoppers to protect the environment.(通州一模)A.sell Key:A B.support
C.collect
D.provide 5.Sorry, sir.I ______ follow you.Would you please speak slower?(通州一模)A.can’t
B.mustn’t C.shouldn’t
Key:A 6.— What is Mom cooking in the kitchen?
— Fish, I guess.How nice it _________!(通州一模)A.looks
B.sounds
C.tastes
Key:D 7.—Tony is still in bed.He may miss the school bus.—Last night he ______ late to write the report of his survey.(通州一模)A.stayed up
B.cheered up
C.got up
Key:A 8.─ I think the man over there must be Douglas.D.needn’t
D.smells
D.dressed up
─ It ______ be him.He has ______ to Australia.(如皋一模)
A.can’t, gone
B.can’t, been
C.may not, been
Key:A
D.mustn’t, gone
9.─ These three problems are too hard to ______.Will you give me some advice? ─ There are many ways.The most important is to have a careful plan.(如皋一模)A.work out Key:A
B.look out
C.hand out
D.break out 10.— There were already five people in the taxi, but the driver managed to take me as well.— I see.It ________ be an uncomfortable journey.(海安一模)A.can't
B.shouldn't Key:C
C.must
D.need
11.— When did the first plane to Hong Kong leave? — Wait a minute.I'm just__________.(海安一模)
A.turning up
B.picking up
C.catching up
D.looking up Key:D 12.— Jack, , or you will get heavier.— OK.I will take your advice.(海安一模)
A.doesn't play sports any more
B.doesn't eat so much meat C.don't play sports any more
D.don't eat so much meat Key:D 13.Why are you taking the book away? I ______ before bed every day.(海安一模)
A.used for reading
B.am used to reading
D.used to read C.am used to read
Key:B 14.— Mum, must I stay there the whole day? — No, you _______.You may come back after lunch, if you like.(启东一模)A.can’t
B.won’t
C.needn’t
D.mustn’t Key:C 15.— What great fun we had ______ in the river last Sunday!— Well, let’s go there again next weekend.(启东一模)A.to swim Key:D B.in swiming
C.swum
D.swimming 16.— What’s wrong with you, Eric? You look tired.— I ______ to prepare for the final exam last night.(启东一模)
A.picked up
B.woke up
C.stayed up
D.put up Key:C 17.The local people like that Italian restaurant because it both delicious food and good service.(启东一模)A.produces Key:D
B.prevents
C.protects
D.provides
动词的形式
考点一动词原形
1、定义
动词原形就是词典中出现的动词原来的形式。
例如:be(是),work(工作),write(写)等。
2、用法
动词原形用法很多,经常在中考考查的用法有:
(1)在一般现在时中主语不是第三人称单数形式,其谓语动词接动词原形。例如:
We often watch TV at home after supper.我们经常在晚饭后看电视。(2)感官动词和使役动词后接动词原形作宾语补足语。例如: Your words make me feel angry.你的话让我很生气。(3)在祈使句的开头用动词原形。例如: Come and buy your books at our book shop.(4)在情态动词和do、will、would等助动词后用动词原形。例如: Can you swim across this river in an hour? 你能在一小时之内游过这条河吗? Did everybody want to go there last Monday?上星期一每个人都想去那吗?(5)常见的后面用动词原形的结构:
Why not do sth.? = Why don’t you do sth.? had better do sth.Let sb.do sth.help sb.do sth.Why not go there on foot?为什么不步行去那儿?
You’d better finish your homework before supper.你最好在晚饭之前完成作业。Let’s play volleyball after school!让我们放学后打排球吧!
考点二第三人称单数形式
1、用法
动词的第三人称单数形式就是句子的主语是第三人称单数形式,并且谓语是一般现在时,谓语动词应该用第三人称单数形式。例如:
My sister often watches TV with us at home.我姐姐经常在家里和我们一起看电视。
2、构成
动词的第三人称单数形式的构成:
(1)一般情况下在动词后加字母-s。例如: work-works write-writes take-takes(2)以字母s,x,ch,sh结尾或以字母o结尾的动词加-es。例如: watch-watches pass-passes catch-catches do-does go-goes(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先把字母y变为i再加-es。例如: carry-carries try-tries
考点三现在分词
1、用法
动词的现在分词形式由动词原形+ing构成,一般和be动词连用构成现在进行时、过去进行时或用作非谓语动词。例如:
The girl is studying English at home now.这个女孩现在在家里学习英语。
I saw a boy lying on the ground.我看到了一个男孩躺在地上。
2、构成
现在分词的构成:
(1)一般情况下直接加-ing。
buy-buying drink-drinking find-finding(2)以不发音的字母-e结尾的动词,去掉字母e加-ing。take-taking come-coming become-becoming
(3)以重读闭音节结尾的单词,末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写辅音字母,再加-ing。
sit-sitting stop-stopping begin-beginning forget-forgetting 类似的单词还有:Cut, put, swim, begin, get, forget, it, spit吐痰run, sit, split分开shut, win, shop, drop摔,掉plan, dig挖, prefer, let, step, set, mop拖, nod点头, fit适合, regret后悔等
(4)部分以ie结尾的单音节动词,先把ie变为y,然后加-ing。例如: die-dying tie-tying lie-lying
考点四过去式和过去分词
1、用法
动词的过去式主要用来构成一般过去时;过去分词是用来构成现在完成时、过去完成时和被动语态的,也可用作非谓语动词。
2、变化规则
规则动词的过去式和过去分词变化如下:(1)一般情况下直接加-ed。例如:
work-worked-worked help-helped-helped(2)以不发音字母e结尾的动词,直接加字母-d。例如: live-lived-lived like-liked-liked(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,先把字母y变为i,再加-ed。例如: carry-carried-carried study-studied-studied try-tried-tried(4)以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母,双写此辅音字母,然后加-ed。例如:
permit-permitted-permitted prefer-preferred-preferred(不规则的变化参见不规则动词表)单选:
1.---I didn't see you at the beginning of the party last night.Where were you?
---I on my history report at that time.(如东一模)
A.worked
Key:C
future.(如东一模)
A.will find
B.won't find
C.will be found
D.won't be found B.work
C.was working
D.am working 2.Although Flight MH370 has been missing for months, we do believe it ______ some day in the Key:C 3.Don’t waste food!all the vegetables on the plate.(如东一模)A.Wash up Key:B B.Eat up
C.Put up
D.Clean up 4.---Can I speak to Mrs Green?
---Sorry, wrong number.Please to 114 and check the number.(如东一模)A.put out Key:C
B.put off
C.put through
D.put away
5.Not only he but also his friends_______ eager to help those who lost their homes in the earthquake.(崇川一模)A.was
Key:D B.were
C.is
D.are 6.―When will Peter telephone us?
―As soon as he ______ home this afternoon.(通州一模)A.gets
Key:A B.got
C.will get
D.has got 7.Loud music and red chairs in the restaurant make people ______ fast.(如皋一模)
A.to eat
B.eating
C.eat
D.ate Key:C 8.─ There’s too much salt in the Chinese diet.─ So there is.The WHO says only 1.5 grams of salt ______ for each man every day.(如皋一模)
A.is needed
B.is needing
C.will need
D.has needed Key:A 9.─ Alice, would you mind not playing the guitar? I ______ on the phone.─ Oh, sorry, mom.(如皋一模)A.talked
B.talk
C.was talking
D.am talking Key:D 10.The girl is so helpful that she devoted all her spare time she had ______ others.(如皋一模)
A.to help
B.helping
C.to helping
D.helped Key:A 11.— I hear Sam has gone to Qingdao for his holiday.— Oh, how nice!Do you know when he ?(海安一模)
A.left
Key:A
B.was leaving
C.has left
D.had left 12.— Where is Tom? I haven’t seen him for several months.— He _______ America.He ______ there for half a year.(启东一模)
A.has gone to;has been
B.has gone to;has gone
C.has been to;has been
D.has been to;has gone Key:A 13.The rubbish near the river.Please clean it up as soon as possible.(启东一模)A.smells bad B.is smelt bad
C.smells badly
D.is smelt badly Key:A 14.The life we were used to ______ greatly in the recent ten years.(启东一模)A.has changed Key:A 词汇: B.changing
C.change
D.changed 1.(假定,料想)that you have a blog.Then you can write down anything you like and share it with your friends.(如东一模)Key:Suppose 2.My teachers often(鼓励)me not to give up when I face difficulty.(崇川一模)Key:encourage 3.---I wonder whether Brazil will win the match later tonight.---Go to bed first.I will wake you up as soon as the match.(start)(如东一模)Key:starts 4.---Haven’t you seen that sign, sir? It says “No swimming”.---Sorry, I it.(not notice)(如东一模)Key:didn’t notice
5.---Hey, Millie, you’re playing the computer game.How can you do that ?
---I all the work.Why can’t I play for a while ?(finish)(如东一模)Key:have finished 6.---Hello, this is Jim.I(call)to tell you that we’ll meet you at the airport at 4.00 pm tomorrow.---OK, thank you.(如东一模)Key:am calling 7.---Have you decided where to spend your summer holiday?
---We(discuss)it later on.(如东一模)Key:will discuss 8.My teacher(carry)over ten books out of the classroom when I came in just now.(崇川一模)
Key:was carrying
9.The rain.(stop)Let’s go out to take a walk.(崇川一模)
Key:has stopped
10.—Sam, come downstairs, please.I need your help.—Just a minute, Mum.I(sweep)the floor.(崇川一模)
Key:am sweeping 11.—Why didn’t you hand in your homework yesterday? —Sorry, I(leave)it at home.I have brought it here today.(崇川一模)
Key:left
12.His grandma(like)singing Beijing opera in her free time.(崇川一模)
Key:likes
13.The skirt __________(feel)soft as if it is made of silk.(通州一模)Key:feels 14.Last night I didn’t answer your phone because I __________(watch)an interesting TV programme.(通州一模)Key:was watching 15.—Do you know if Jack will drive to London this weekend? —Jack? Never!He __________(hate)driving so far.(通州一模)Key:has hated 16.—Where is your grandma, Ellen?
—She __________(water)the flowers in the garden.(通州一模)Key:is watering 17.The other day, a taxi driver __________(risk)his life to save the drowning pupil.(通州一模)
Key:risked 18.─ Do you know whether David will go cycling or not tomorrow? ─ David? Never!He outdoor activities.(如皋一模)Key:hates 19.─ Is your father at home, May?
─ No, he isn’t.And he back until next Friday.(如皋一模)Key:won't be
20.Mr.Wu heard from his mother yesterday and he to her at once.(如皋一模)Key:replied
21.─you the film Furious 7?(see)
─ Yes, twice.I love it very much.It’s really exciting.(如皋一模)Key:Have;seen 22.Sandy(watch)for the bus when she saw Mr.Wu.Then they went to school together.(如皋一模)
Key:was watching 23.— Do you know whether Helen will drive to Beijing this Sunday? — Helen? Completely possible!She(enjoy)driving so much.(海安一模)Key:enjoys 24Jack can’t enter the office because he(leave)his key at home.(海安一模)Key:has left
25.— the teacher(repeat)the question?
— Yes, she is.So we should listen carefully this time.(海安一模)Key:Is ;going to repeat 26.—Have the designers finished the work? — No, not yet.They(design)the whole morning.(海安一模)Key:were designing 27.My grandpa is in hospital.I(worry)about him these days.(海安一模)Key:am worrying 28.—Why didn’t you wave good-bye to Kitty just now? —Because she ________(dance)to music when I passed by her.(启东一模)Key:was dancing 29.I _______(spend)much money on fashionable clothes since 2 years ago.I can’t buy any more now.(启东一模)Key:have spent 30.He got up without saying any word and ________(hurry)away.(启东一模)Key:hurried 31.Just wait.They _______(email)you in one or two days.(启东一模)Key:will email 32.—Where’s Tom? He’s wanted on the phone.— He, with his sisters, _________(make)a plan in the next room.(启东一模)Key:is making